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CASO CLÍNICO Nº1 [Escribir texto] GRANULOMA PERIAPICAL
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CASO CLÍNICO Nº1 IMAGENOLOGÍA ESTOMATÓLOG ESTOMATÓLOGICA ICA II GRANULOMA PERIAPICAL
IMAGENOLOGÍA II
NOMBRE: Carlos Ravelo López IMAGENOLOGÍA II
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CASO CLÍNICO Nº1 [Escribir texto] GRANULOMA PERIAPICAL
Introducción Los procesos periapicales suelen ser precedidos por los problemas pulpares. Por lo general una necrosis pulpar no tratada puede ser la causa inicial de los prob proble lema mass peri periap apic ical ales es.. El tras trasva vase se de endo endoto toxi xina nas, s, bact bacter eria iass y rest restos os necróticos a la zona periapical causa, según el estado inmune del paciente, el establecimiento de un posible foco en el periapice.
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Esquema uno unos
proc rocesos esos
periapicales
Distinguimos procesos agudos y procesos crónicos. Los agudos son: •
Periodontitis periapical aguda
•
Absceso periapical agudo
Los crónicos son:
de
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CASO CLÍNICO Nº1 [Escribir texto] GRANULOMA PERIAPICAL
La periodontitis periapical aguda es una inflamación del periodonto relacionado con con la pulp pulpa, a, pued puede e ser ser debi debida da a un prob proble lema ma pulp pulpar ar,, trau trauma mati tism smos os,, manipulaciones durante el tratamiento de los conductos (sobreinstrumentación, paso del irrigador irrigador al periapice,s periapice,sobreo obreobtura bturación) ción),, prótesis prótesis malajustad malajustadas as que inducen a un trauma oclusal, etc. La pieza dentaria está dolorida y el dolor aumenta con la percusión, debemos eliminar la causa y la recuperación es rápida. En todos los casos por lo general debemos aliviar la oclusión de la pieza pieza dentar dentaria, ia, siendo siendo muy frecu frecuent ente e la instau instaurac ración ión de una period periodont ontits its periapical aguda después de realizar un tratamiento de conductos, el alivio oclusal suele ser suficiente para la remisión del cuadro doloroso. El absceso periapical agudo es un cuadro en el que se produce una supuración de forma rápida en el periapice, suele ser debido a una necrosis pulpar, la formación de pus hace que se vaya expandiendo y se produce un edema (hinchazón) de la zona gingival que se puede extender por la cara, produciendo una celulitis de los tejidos vecinos.
Pacientes con abscesos periapicales agudos, vemos los edemas faciales
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CASO CLÍNICO Nº1 [Escribir texto] GRANULOMA PERIAPICAL
Abscesos periapicales a nivel de la encía El inicio es muy doloroso, pero a medida que se va difundiendo la supuración y aumenta el edema, el dolor va cediendo. El diagnóstico lo hacemos por la clínica, la radiología no aporta datos significativos y el tratamiento será la apertura cameral para intentar el drenaje de la supuración, que a veces no se consigue. En este caso, haremos con una incisión directa sobre el absceso en el supuesto que presenta madurez. El tratamiento final será el tratamiento de los conductos (endododoncia).
Apertu Apertura ra camera cameral,l, absce absceso so y drenaj drenaje e del pus.
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CASO CLÍNICO Nº1 [Escribir texto] GRANULOMA PERIAPICAL
21 Absces Absceso o periap periapica ical,l, drenaj drenaje e a través de una incisión
Debemo Debemoss hacer hacer el diagnó diagnósti stico co difere diferenci ncial al con con los absce abscesos sos period periodont ontale ales, s, estos se forman en las bolsas periodontales, son muy dolorosos, su situación es más más próx próxim ima a al bord borde e ging gingiv ival, al, la vita vitalid lidad ad de la piez pieza a dent dentar aria ia está está conservada y el tratamiento será el drenaje directo a través del surco gingival, medi median ante te una una simp simple le punc punció ión n del del absc absces eso o y post poster erio iorr trat tratam amie ient nto o de la enfermedad periodontal.
Absceso periodontal, drenaje del absceso a través del surco gingival El absceso periapical crónico es un cuadro que suele ser asintomático y se descubre al hacer una radiografía. Es un proceso de evolución lenta, suele
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CASO CLÍNICO Nº1 [Escribir texto] GRANULOMA PERIAPICAL
sintomatologia y el paciente solo nota que la fístula aumenta o disminuye de tamaño (manifiestan que notan como un grano en la encía, que a veces se vacía y se vuelve a llenar). En el estudio radiológico veremos que los abscesos periapicales crónicos presentan una imagen radiolúcida no bien definida en el periapice.
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Imagen Imagen periap periapica icall radiol radiolúci úcida da compatible
con
absceso
o
granuloma periapical
Fístulas gingivales Para confirmar la pieza de la cual procede la fístula o para hacer el diagnóstico dife difere renc ncia iall con con físt fístul ulas as de orig origen en perio periodo dont ntal al,, colo coloca camo moss una una punt punta a de gutapercha por el conducto fistuloso hasta llegar a un tope final, y hacemos un
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CASO CLÍNICO Nº1 [Escribir texto] GRANULOMA PERIAPICAL
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Gutapercha en la fístula y en la RX vemos que se enrolla en el apice de la pieza causante El tratamiento del absceso periapical crónico es hacer la endodoncia de la pieza causante y al esterilizar y sellar bien los conductos, desaparece el foco de infección y hay cierre espontáneo del conducto fistuloso. Los granulomas son procesos crónicos periapicales en los que abunda el teji tejido do de gra granula nulaci ció ón, recu recub biert iertos os por por una una cáps ápsula ula conju onjunt ntiv iva, a, son asintomáticos, los descubrimos al hacer una radiografía y la imagen es como el anterior, aunque se suele decir que son las redondeados no tiene nucha importancia el diagnóstico exacto, ya que solo lo lograriamos mediante estudio anatomo patológico, y el tratamiento es el mismo que el absceso, o sea hacer
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CASO CLÍNICO Nº1 [Escribir texto] GRANULOMA PERIAPICAL
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Imágen Imágenes es de proces procesos os crónic crónicos os periap periapica icales les (granu (granulom lomas as y abscesos)
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CASO CLÍNICO Nº1 [Escribir texto] GRANULOMA PERIAPICAL
Los quistes periapicales son formaciones que se forman a partir de tejido granulomatoso, se ha dicho que son debidos al crecimiento de los granulomas. Hay varios tipos de quistes, los más frecuentes son los quistes por restos radiculares, los quistes de piezas retenidas y los quistes debido a la necrosis pulpar. Suelen ser indoloros, se descubren mediante radiografías y hay dos teorías sobre el tratamiento de los quistes: vía endodoncia, o sea tratar los conduc conductos tos radicu radicular lares, es, con con o sin sobreo sobreobtu bturac ración ión intenc intencion ionada ada con con pastas pastas reabsorbibles y la teoria quirúrgica, o sea la exéresis del quiste.
Esquemas de granuloma y quiste
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CASO CLÍNICO Nº1 [Escribir texto] GRANULOMA PERIAPICAL
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Radiografías de quistes
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CASO CLÍNICO Nº1 [Escribir texto] GRANULOMA PERIAPICAL
Quiste Quiste mandib mandibula ularr tratad tratado o con sobr sobreo eobt btur urac ació ión, n,
vemos mos
la
remisión de la zona radiolúcida
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Quiste que se ha reproducido
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CASO CLÍNICO Nº1 [Escribir texto] GRANULOMA PERIAPICAL
El Granul Granuloma oma surge surge en respue respuesta sta al estímu estímulo lo nocivo nocivo de baja baja intens intensida idad, d, proveniente
del
canal
radicular.
El
Granuloma
esta
constituido ido
morfológicamente de fibroblastos, macrófagos, capilares, fibras colágenas y sustan sustancia cia funda fundamen mental tal.. El Granul Granuloma oma puede puede tener tener excele excelente nte capac capacida idad d de regeneración y rápidamente se convierte en tejido periapical normal, cuando el irritante es removido, o sea, el canal radicular es tratado. Los granulomas se presentan en mayor incidencia que los quistes Es una reacción lenta y defensiva del hueso alveolar ante la irritación del conducto radicular. generalme lmente nte no hay respue respuesta sta a la percus percusión ión,, 3. Signo Signoss diagn diagnóst óstico icoss: genera movilidad, pruebas térmicas y eléctricas, la mucosa puede estar o no sensible a la palpación, se descubre en los exámenes radiológicos de rutina como una zona radiolúcida bien definida con falta de continuidad de la lámina dura del alveolo.
4 Histopatología Histopat ología : el tejido periapical es estéril . Un granuloma no es un sitio
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CASO CLÍNICO Nº1 [Escribir texto] GRANULOMA PERIAPICAL
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CASO CLÍNICO Nº1 [Escribir texto] GRANULOMA PERIAPICAL
OCUPACION: EMPLEADA DOMESTICA GRADO DE INSTRUCIION: SECUNDARIA COMPLETA B) MOTIVO DE LA CONSULTA Paciente refiere que tiene movilidad en pieza 2.4 en la cual le colocaron corona.
21 C) ANTECEDENTES •
Del estado de salud general
No prese presenta nta ningun ninguna a enferm enfermeda edad d sistém sistémica ica ni tratam tratamien iento to quirurg quirurgico icoss anteriores ni ninguna alergia.
•
Del estado de salud estomatológico Presenta tratamientos odontológicos anteriores como exodoncias, pernos,
coronas, curaciones.
INTERPRETACIÓN Y RESUMEN
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CASO CLÍNICO Nº1 [Escribir texto] GRANULOMA PERIAPICAL
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•
Resumen pieza 2.4 imagen radioopaca a nivel coronal y radicular compatible con corona y perno, imagen radiolúcida sin bordes definidos a nivel del apice y de toda la raiz hasta zona cervical alterado tejidos periodontales compatible con granuloma, pieza 4.5 se observa remanente radicular con imagen radiolúcida a nivel radicular compatible con tratamiento de conductos
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CASO CLÍNICO Nº1 [Escribir texto] GRANULOMA PERIAPICAL
Radiografía panorámica:
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Descripcion general: Línea media esquelética desviada a la izquierda, senos maxilares en posición superior, resorción ósea por ausencia de piezas.
Pza 1.7 imagen radioopaca a nivel coronal compatible con restauración con
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CASO CLÍNICO Nº1 [Escribir texto] GRANULOMA PERIAPICAL
Pza 2.7 imagen radioopaca a nivel coronal compatible con restauración con amalgama tejidos periodontales sin alteración. Ausencia de piezas 1.5, 3.5, 3.7, 4.4, 4.6, 4.7 desfav avor orab able le al trata tratami mien ento to piez pieza a 2.4, 2.4, favo favora rabl ble e al E) PRONÓSTICO: desf tratamiento pza. 2.5
F) TRATAMIEN TRATAMIENTO: TO: exodoncia de pieza 2.4 y recuperación de espacio pieza 2.5
G) PROCEDIMIENTO Paso1: Se procedió a la exodoncia de la pieza 1.4 ya que tenia un pronostico desfavorable a tratamiento
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CASO CLÍNICO Nº1 [Escribir texto] GRANULOMA PERIAPICAL
Paso4: luego se realiza la Elevación del colgajo se coloca la legra en la parte convexa hacia la encia adherida de grosor masomenos de 2-3mm tratando de no pasar la linea mucogingival
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CASO CLÍNICO Nº1 [Escribir texto] GRANULOMA PERIAPICAL
Paciente respondió favorablemente. Posteriormente se realizó el tratamiento protésico a la pieza con recuperación y a la pza: 2.4 extraída.
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CASO CLÍNICO Nº1 [Escribir texto] GRANULOMA PERIAPICAL
1.- PHILIP PHILIP SAPP SAPP J, Patolo Patología gía oral oral y Maxilo Maxilofac facial ial contem contempor poráne ánea. a. Madrid Madrid.. España Editorial. Harcourt Brace. 1998. 2.- REGEZI-SCIUBA-JORDAN. 2008. Patología oral. 3.- ROBBINS, S. 1996. "Patología Estructural y Funcional". W. B. Saunders Company. Philadelphia
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