]rldl`i Fomfvfmulc0 Id`gtfvis Klcfmlm y [ipirtg Wofmlm mg Kihpgtgokfl0 Gotgomgr cl ^clofafklkfûo plrl gc [fstghl mg Jgstfûo mg cl Klcfmlm g Fotgrprgtlr cl Jgstfûo mg cis Tgkursis - [ipirtg Oihdrg y Lpgccfmis mgc ^lrtfkfplotg0 [icukfûo kirrgjfml iktudrg 4><:
^TG^LTLKFÛO V TG[ICWKFÛO MG WO ]TLDL@I FOMFQFMWLC Cl rgsicukfûo mg uo ]rldl`i Fomfvfmulc pgrhftg cl lmqufsfkfûo mg uol sgrfg mg bldfcfmlmgs kiokrgtls rgclkfiolmls kio cl Wofmlm mg Kihpgtgokfl go kugstfûo. Klml plrtfkfplotg, mgdgrì lolcfzlr g fotgrrgclkfiolr cl foairhlkfûo alkfcftlml go gc ]rldl`i Fomfvfmulc -]F kio gc Hltgrflc mg cl Wofmlm mg Kihpgtgokfl rgclkfiolml, dusklomi y lhpcflomi foairhlkfûo l trlvæs mg itrls augotgs gxtgrols kihi pugmgo sgr Fotgrogt, kio gc afo mg tihlr mgkfsfiogs y pripiogr sicukfiogs lmgkulmls go rgclkfûo kio cl sftulkfûo pclotglml. Wol vgz rgsugcti, gc plrtfkfplotg mgdgrì govflr cl sicukfûo lc ]utir. [g vlcirlrìo cis kioikfhfgotis y cl kiosfstgokfl lrjuhgotltfvl y oi cl gxtgosfûo mg cls rgspugstls. Cis plsis l ccgvlr l kldi plrl cl prgplrlkfûo y rgsicukfûo mgc ]rldl`i Fomfvfmulc sg gokugotrlo mfspiofdcgs go gc – Klhpus Qfrtulc‘, l trlvæs mg Tgkursis ? Mikuhgotlkfûo/ Mikuhgotlkfûo Jgogrlc.
AITHL]I MG GO]TGJL Cis mikuhgotis mg rgspugstl l cis ]rldl`is Fomfvfmulcgs, mgdgrìo kuhpcfr cis sfjufgotgs rgqufsftis airhlcgs0 <. Mgvicvgr gc mikuhgoti go gstg hfshi lrkbfvi Zirm. 4. Gc oihdrg mgc afkbgri mgdgrì tgogr cl sfjufgotg gstrukturl0 ]FYOihdrg]FYLpgccfmi
Jgstfûo mg cls Tgclkfiogs
‘
oihdrlrèl gc
afkbgri kihi0 ]FYJgstfioTgclkfiogsYMèlzYJlrkèl.mik =. Wtfcfzlr augotg Lrflc mg <> puotis. Cls pìjfols mgc mikuhgoti tfgogo qug gstlr ouhgrlmls. 7. Go cl plrtg supgrfir mgc mikuhgoti sg mgdgrì kuhpcfhgotlr gc klhpi Oihdrg y Lpgccfmis mgc ^lrtfkfplotg.
Gc ]rldl`i Fomfvfmulc qug sg prgsgotl l kiotfoulkfûo, gs uo g`ghpci mfmìktfki mgslrricclmi kio gc ðofki id`gtfvi pgmljûjfki mg lyumlr lc lprgomfzl`g mg cis lcuhois. Mg cl foairhlkfûo qug sg prgsgotl mg klml ghprgsl, sûci gs rglc lqugccl qug lplrgkg go su Zgd. Cis mltis lülmfmis sûci prgtgomgo pclotglr uol sftulkfûo qug sfrvl kihi g`ghpci plrl gc lcuhoi, sfo prg`uzjlr cl lktulkfûo mg cl ghprgsl.
^LT]G L0 ID@G]FQI[ MG CL KLCFMLM Lolcfzl gc gouokflmi mg cis sfjufgotgs id`gtfvis g fomfkl kio sf sio lkgptldcgs. Mg ci kiotrlrfi fomfkl kuìcgs mg cls klrlktgrèstfkls – [.H.L.T.].‘ oi gstìo prgsgotgs sgülcìomicls go kicir ri`i y tlkbìomicls G`ghpci0
▮
[pgkèafki
▮
Hgmfdcg
▮
Lcklozldcg
▮
Tglcfstl
▮
]fghpi (cèhftg)
▮
[pgkèafki
▮
Hgmfdcg
▮
Lcklozldcg
Oi sldghis kuìc gs cl sftulkfûo lktulc. Oi sldghis go kuloti tfghpi cl qugrghis lcklozlr.
▮
Tglcfstl
▮
]fghpi (cèhftg)
;. Kgri qug`ls mg kcfgotgs.
▮
[pgkèafki
▮
Hgmfdcg
▮
Lcklozldcg
▮
Tglcfstl
▮
]fghpi (cèhftg)
▮
[pgkèafki
▮
Hgmfdcg
▮
Lcklozldcg
▮
Tglcfstl
▮
]fghpi (cèhftg)
7. Tgmukfr gc oðhgri mg mlüis l cl klrrikgrèl go kikbgs tgrhfolmis, mgsmg gc
▮
[pgkèafki
<,7% vfjgotg l <,47% go gc pclzi mg uo lüi.
▮
Hgmfdcg
▮
Lcklozldcg
▮
Tglcfstl
▮
]fghpi (cèhftg)
<. Cl [gkkfûo ]= rgmukfrì gc rgkblzi mg cgotgs jrlo lojuclr go uo 7% Kihgotlrfis0 OI gs uo Id`gtfvi [HLT]
Oi gspgkfafkl gc tfghpi y gc pirkgotl`g oi gstì kclri l qug sg rgclkfiol 4. Tgmukfr cl cfstl mg gspgrl plrl kfrujèls irtipæmfkls. Kihgotlrfis0 OI gs uo Id`gtfvi [HLT]
Kihgotlrfis0 OI gs uo Id`gtfvi [HLT]
Oi sldghis kuìc gs cl sftulkfûo lktulc. Oi sldghis go kuloti tfghpi cl qugrghis lcklozlr. Gs prìktfklhgotg folcklozldcg y piki rglcfstl.
=. Tgmukfr gc tfghpi mg sgrvfkfi plrl gc prikgslhfgoti mg uol pgcèkucl l kicir
gstìomlr mg ;7hh y ;1 gxpisfkfiogs, mgsmg cls 4 birls lktulcgs l < birl, go uo pclzi mg 1 hgsgs Kihgotlrfis0 [f gs uo id`gtfvi [.H.L.T.]
Kuhpcg kio timis cis id`gtfvis.
Kihgotlrfis0 [f gs uo id`gtfvi [.H.L.T.]
Kuhpcg kio timis cis id`gtfvis.
Id`gtfvis Klcfmlm y [ipirtg 4
1. Luhgotlr cl primukkfûo go uo ;>% sidrg gc hfshi pgrèimi mgc lüi
lotgrfir. Kihgotlrfis0 OI gs uo Id`gtfvi [HLT]
Oi sldghis kuìc gs cl sftulkfûo lktulc. Oi sldghis go kuloti tfghpi cl qugrghis lcklozlr. Oi gspgkfafkl qug primukkfûo bly qug luhgotlr. :. Tgmukfr gc ofvgc mg rgtrldl`i mg primuktis mg <>% lc mèl mg biy, lc :,7%. Kihgotlrfis0 OI gs uo Id`gtfvi [HLT]
Oi sldghis kuìc gs cl sftulkfûo lktulc. Oi sldghis go kuloti tfghpi cl qugrghis lcklozlr. Oi gspgkfafkl qug primuktis bly qug rgmukfr.
▮
[pgkèafki
▮
Hgmfdcg
▮
Lcklozldcg
▮
Tglcfstl
▮
]fghpi (cèhftg)
▮
[pgkèafki
▮
Hgmfdcg
▮
Lcklozldcg
▮
Tglcfstl
▮
]fghpi (cèhftg)
▮
[pgkèafki
▮
Hgmfdcg
▮
Lcklozldcg
▮
Tglcfstl
▮
]fghpi (cèhftg)
▮
[pgkèafki
▮
Hgmfdcg
▮
Lcklozldcg
▮
Tglcfstl
▮
]fghpi (cèhftg)
▮
[pgkèafki
▮
Hgmfdcg
▮
Lcklozldcg
▮
Tglcfstl
▮
]fghpi (cèhftg)
2. Tgmukfr cl hloi mg idrl pir tiogclml mg primukkfûo mg <2 l <7, mgsmg ldrfc
mgc lüi plslmi. Kihgotlrfis0 OI gs uo Id`gtfvi [HLT]
Oi gstldcgkg gc tfghpi plrl cijrlrci. ^lrgkg qug qufgrg rgsicvgr uol sftulkfûo qug sg mfi lotgrfirhgotg, oi gs uo id`gtfvi lcklozldcg go gc auturi. Tgsicvgr uol sftulkfûo, oi ci blkg rglcfstl. 6. Luhgotlr gc vicuhgo mg vgotls mgc Ìrgl mg Gxpirtlkfûo go uo 7% go gc
pclzi mg uo lüi. Kihgotlrfis0 [f gs uo id`gtfvi [.H.L.T.]
^imrèl lkgptlrsg y kiosfmgrlrsg Lcklozldcg y Tglcfstl sf uol pclofafklkfûo ridustl y kibgrgotg ci sipirtlsg. <>. Lmqufrfr uol ougvl tgkoicijèl mg fhprgsfûo mg primuktis hgmflotg usi mg
tfotls go dlsg mg ljul plrl oi kiotlhfolr gc hgmfilhdfgotg. Kihgotlrfis0 OI gs uo Id`gtfvi [HLT]
Oi gstldcgkg kulc gs cl sftulkfûo lktulc, of gs gspgkèafki of gstldcgkg go kuloti tfghpi ci qugrghis lcklozlr. Of sg sldg sidrg qug sg sipirtl gstg id`gtfvi.
Id`gtfvis Klcfmlm y [ipirtg ;
^LT]G D KWG[]FIOLTFI [I^IT]G ▮ Cfstl cis rgkursis qug cl irjlofzlkfûo mgdg utfcfzlr plrl pimgr gotrgjlr lc
kcfgotg rgsuctlmis sgjðo sus rgqufsftis. ▮ Fmgotfafkl lqugccis rgkursis kudfgrtis go cl F[I 6>><04><7 y cis qug oi. ▮ Fmgotfafkl cls kcìusucls mg rgagrgokfl plrl klml rgkursi cfstlmi.
Tgkursis
Kudfgrti go
Kcìusucl
F[I 6>><
Hìqufols (Foarlgstrukturls)
[F
:.<.;
Hloi mg idrl
[F
:.<.4
Hltgrflcgs
[F
:.<.< ‛ :.<.;
Hætimis
[F
=.=.< k)
Lhdfgotg
[F
:.<.=
OI mg hlogrl gxpcfkftl
:.<.< ‛ :.<.; [g foafgrg mg cls Jgogrlcfmlmgs
Kioikfhgfotis mg cl irjlofzlkfûo, gxpgrfgokfl y pripfgmlm fotgcgktulc
[F
:.<.1
Gqufpis mg sgjufhfgoti y hgmfkfûo
[F
:.<.7
Hiogml (Mfogri)
Id`gtfvis Klcfmlm y [ipirtg =
^lrtg D-<
Tgspiomg cls sfjufgotgs kugstfiogs rgcltfvls lc klpètuci : mg cl Oirhl F[I 6>><04><70 ^<.
¹\ufæo mgkfmg cis ofvgcgs mg rgkursis go cl irjlofzlkfûo9
Cl lctl mfrgkkfûo mgdg lsgjurlrsg mg qug cis rgkursis ogkgslrfis tloti plrl cl fhpclotlkfûo mg cls gstrltgjfls pclofafklmls kihi plrl gc cijri mg cis id`gtfvis mg cl irjlofzlkfûo, gstæo titlchgotg fmgotfafklmis y cl irjlofzlkfûo mfspiog mg gccis.
^4. ¹[g ogkgsftl uol picètfkl mg rgkcutlhfgoti9 (^rikgsi mg lmhfsfûo mg ougvls pgrsiols) ¹^ir quæ9
[è. Gc pgrsiolc qug rglcfkg trldl`is qug lagktgo l cl klcfmlm mgc primukti mgdg sgr kihpgtgotg go kuloti l cl airhlkfûo, bldfcfmlmgs y gxpgrfgokfl.
^;.
¹Mg quæ hlogrl sg pugmgo mgtgrhfolr cls kihpgtgokfls plrl uo trldl`i gspgkèafki9
Cls kihpgtgokfls sg pugmgo mgtgrhfolr kioikfgomi qug cl gmuklkfûo, airhlkfûo i gxpgrfgokfl sio lmgkulmls plrl gsg pugsti.
^=.
¹\uæ gvfmgokfl mg airhlkfûo y kihpgtgokfls sg pugmg suhfofstrlr9
Kgrtfafklmi mg airhlkfûo tloti mg gstumfis blyl rglcfzlmi kihi mg airhlkfûo kihpcghgotlrfl. Go kuloti l cl gxpgrfgokfl sg pugmg kiostltlr hgmflotg gc KQ mg cl pgrsiol, cl vfml cldirlc y/i pfmfgomi rgagrgokfls l cls ghprgsls miomg lotgrfirhgotg blyl trldl`lmi.
^7. ¹\uæ tfpis mg foarlgstrukturls y klrlktgrèstfkls mg lhdfgotg mg trldl`i sg pugmgo kiosfmgrlr9
Go gc puoti :.<.= mg cl Oirhl pugmgs gokiotrlr cis mfagrgotgs tfpis. Alktirgs buhlois y aèsfkis, tlcgs kihi0
Id`gtfvis Klcfmlm y [ipirtg 7
[ikflcgs (pir g`ghpci oi mfskrfhfoltirfis, go klchl, oi kioacfktfvis).
^sfkicûjfkis (pir g`ghpci, plrl rgmukfr gc gstræs, prgvgokfûo mg duroiut, pritgkkfûo ghikfiolc).
Hgtimicijèls mg trldl`i krgltfvls y ipirtuofmlmgs mg luhgotlr cl plrtfkfplkfûo lktfvl plrl qug sg piojl mg hlofafgsti gc pitgokflc mgc pgrsiolc.
Tgjcls y irfgotlkfiogs mg sgjurfmlm, fokcuygomi gc usi mg gqufpis mg pritgkkfûo.
Grjioihèl.
Alktirgs psfkicûjfkis, fokcuygomi cl klrjl mg trldl`i y gc gstræs.
Wdfklkfûo mgc cujlr mg trldl`i.
Fostlclkfiogs plrl gc pgrsiolc go cl irjlofzlkfûo.
Hlxfhfzlkfûo mg cl gafkfgokfl y cl hfofhfzlkfûo mg cis rgkursis.
]ghpgrlturl Klcir, buhgmlm, cuz y acu`i mg lfrg.
Bfjfgog, cfhpfgzl, rufmi, vfdrlkfiogs y kiotlhfolkfûo.
^lrtg D-4
Go timl irjlofzlkfûo kigxfstgo mis gstrukturls qug mgdgo sgr l`ustlmls0 ▮ ▮
Cl gstrukturl mg prikgsis0 ci qug sg blkg. Cl gstrukturl mg cls pgrsiols qug g`gkutlo cis prikgsis0 qufgo ci blkg.
Cl mgafofkfûo mg klml pugsti mg trldl`i gs gc ogxi mg uofûo gotrg gstls mis gstrukturls. Go auokfûo mg lqugcci bly qug blkgr, mgdghis mgtgrhfolr quæ kihpgtgokfl priagsfiolc gs gxfjfdcg l cl pgrsiol qug ikupg gc pugsti mg trldl`i. ^ir tloti, uol vgz qug sg blo mgafofmi cls tlrgls gokihgomlmls l klml pugsti mg trldl`i krglmi, ci prfhgri qug mgdg rglcfzlrsg gs mgtgrhfolr cl kihpgtgokfl ogkgslrfl plrl klml pugsti mg trldl`i fomfklomi quæ airhlkfûo, quæ gxpgrfgokfl, y quæ bldfcfmlmgs mgdg pisggr cl pgrsiol i pgrsiols qug ikupgo klml pugsti mg trldl`i. ]iml gstl foairhlkfûo sg pugmg mikuhgotlr utfcfzlomi pir g`ghpci uol Afkbl mg ^ugsti mg ]rldl`i, y mg bgkbi, gs kihðo qug gstls afkbls gstæo fokcufmls mgotri mgc Hloulc mg Klcfmlm mg cls irjlofzlkfiogs. Go dlsg l gstl foairhlkfûo sg pfmg l cis lcuhois0 ▮ Gcldirlr gc airhlti qug pimrèl utfcfzlr uol ghprgsl plrl rgkijgr cls
kihpgtgokfls mg klml pugsti mg trldl`i. Wol vgz gcldirlmi gc airhlti,
Id`gtfvis Klcfmlm y [ipirtg 1
kihpcætlci kio cls kihpgtgokfls qug krggs qug mgdgrèl mg pisggr gc rgspiosldcg mg klcfmlm mg uol irjlofzlkfûo kulcqufgrl.
Ciji ghprgsl
MG[KTF^KFÛO MGC ^WG[]I MG ]TLDL@I M-<>.>
^WG[]I MG ]TLDL@I
TG[^IO[LDCG MGC [F[]GHL FO]GJTLMI MG JG[]FÛO MG[KTF^KFÛO MG CL[ ]LTGL[
Lsgjurlrsg qug sg bl fhpcghgotlmi y sg hlotfgog mg hlogrl gafklz gc sfstghl mg jgstfûo mg klcfmlm. Lsgjurlr cl fotgjrlkfûo mg cis rgqufsftis mgc kcfgotg go timis cis ofvgcgs mg cl irjlofzlkfûo. Foairhlr l cl Mfrgkkfûo sidrg cl sftulkfûo mgc [fstghl mg Jgstfûo y cls ogkgsfmlmgs mg hg`irl. Gstldcgkgr, jgstfiolr, fhpcghgotlr y hlotgogr cis prikgsis mgc [fstghl mg Jgstfûo Fotgjrlmi. Jlrlotfzlr qug cis primuktis y sgrvfkfis qug sg mgslrricclo go cl ghprgsl sltfsaljlo cis gstìomlrgs gstldcgkfmis pir cl ghprgsl, y mghlomlmis pir gc kcfgotg. [gosfdfcfzlr l timls cls ìrgls mg cl ghprgsl mg cl fhpirtlokfl qug supiog cl lpcfklkfûo mg cis prijrlhls mg klcfmlm. Kiotric y hlotgofhfgoti mg cl mikuhgotlkfûo mgc sfstghl mg jgstfûo. Gcldirlkfûo y kiotric mg cl mikuhgotlkfûo dìsfkl mgc sfstghl mg mg Jgstfûo. Kiirmfolkfûo kio gc [^L y cl Hutul mg Lkk fmgotgs. Tglcfzlr cl fmgotfafklkfûo y gvlculkfûo mg cis privggmirgs. Mgtgrhfolr gc pgrafc y auokfiogs mgc pgrsiolc mg cl irjlofzlkfûo `uoti kio cl Mfrgkkfûo. Jgstfiolr cl mikuhgotlkfûo mg prgvgokfûo (sudkiotrltls, Gpfs, vfjfclokfl [lcum, Gqufpis mg trldl`i, gtk). Tglcfzlr cl Fmgotfafklkfûo y gvlculkfûo mg lspgktis lhdfgotlcgs. Gcldirlkfûo y sgjufhfgoti mg cis pclogs mg jgstfûo mg rgsfmuis mg klml idrl ipgrltfvl. Kiotric hgmfi lhdfgotlc mg cl gvicukfûo mg cl idrl (jgstfûo mg rgsfmuis, kiotlkti kio jgstirgs, gtk). Jgstfûo hgmfilhdfgotlc mg cl Ghprgsl (rgsfmuis). Lktulr mg fotgrcikutir kio cls lmhfofstrlkfiogs pðdcfkls go trìhftgs lmhfofstrltfvis rgclkfiolmis kio gc Hgmfi Lhdfgotg. G`grkgr mg @gag mg Ghgrjgokfls go cls fostlclkfiogs mg cl Ghprgsl. [gjufhfgoti mg cis Id`gtfvis g fomfklmirgs mg cl Ghprgsl `uoti kio cl Mfrgkkfûo. ^lrtfkfplr go gc Kihftæ mg Jgstfûo Lsgjurlr qug sg prihugvg cl tihl mg kiokfgokfl mg cis rgqufsftis mgc kcfgotg go timis cis ofvgcgs mg cl ghprgsl Tgkipfclkfûo mg cl mikuhgotlkfûo gxtgrol qug lagktl lc sgrvfkfi prgstlmi Lkijfml mgc pgrsiolc Tgjfstrlr cl airhlkfûo, rglcfzlr y vlcirlr su gafklkfl ^clofafklr y lpridlr gc pclo loulc mg lumftirèls fotgrols Lolcfzlr, `uoti kio gc lumftir, cls oi kioairhfmlmgs gokiotrlmls murlotg cls lumftirèls fotgrols Kuhpcfhgotlr cis foairhgs mg oi kioairhfmlm Kìckuci mg cis fomfklmirgs y cldirgs mg lrkbfvi qug sglo mg su kihpgtgokfl go gc [fstghl Fotgjrlmi mg Jgstfûo Hlotgogr lktulcfzlml cl cgjfsclkfûo lpcfk ldcg go hltgrfl mg hgmfi lhdfgotg y mg sgjurfmlm y slcum go gc trldl`i y gvlculr pgrfûmfklhgotg gc jrlmi mg kuhpcfhfgoti mg cl hfshl
Id`gtfvis Klcfmlm y [ipirtg :
Kicldirlr go cl fhpclotlkfûo, mfvucjlkfûo y sfhuclkris mg pclogs mg ghgrjgokfl y gvlkulkfûo Tgvfslr y hlotgogr lktulcfzlmi gc pclo mg ghgrjgokfl Jlrlotfzlr qug gc [grvfkfi mg ^rgvgokfûo L`goi gstæ foairhlmi y go mfspisfkfûo mg fmgotfafklr cls klrlktgrèstfkls mg cis pugstis mg trldl`i y rfgsjis cldirlcgs mgc pgrsiolc lsfjolmi l su irjlofzlkfûo l afo mg hlotgogr lktulcfzlmis cis foairhgs mg gvlculkfûo mg rfgsjis y su kirrgspiomfgotg vfjfclokfl mg cl slcum Aihgotlr go cls pgrsiols mg cl irjlofzlkfûo gc gspèrftu mg sgjurfmlm go gspgkflc l sus sudirmfolmis, gspgkflchgotg go ci qug rgspgktl l cl kiosuctl y plrtfkfplkfûo.
TG\WF[F]I[ MG KIH^G]GOKFL -[upgrlr gc pgrfimi mg lmlptlkfûo lc pugsti
AITHLKFÛO -^grhfsi mg kiomukfr D. -Airhlkfûo ]ækofkl mg klrìktgr hgmfl i supgrfir i Jrlmi (Fojgofgri, Lrquftgkti, gtk.) -]ækofki supgrfir go ^rgvgokfûo mg Tfgsjis Cldirlcgs.
QLCITLDCG0 -Kioikfhfgotis mg iafhìtfkl, ^rgsti y/i LutiKLM. -Kioikfhfgotis mg cl oirhltfvl F[I 6>><, F[I <=>>< V IB[L[ <2>><. -Kioikfhfgotis mg Gusegrl.
GR^GTFGOKFL
L^TIDLMI ^IT0 Kihftæ mg Mfrgkkfûo
QLCITLDCG0 -Kioikfhfgotis sidrg gc auokfiolhfgoti fotgroi mg ghprgsls mgc sgktir mg cl gxklvlkfûo y/i idrl kfvfc y/i kiostrukkfûo. ID[GTQLKFIOG[0
Afrhl0 Agkbl0 >;/4><1
Govèl cl rgspugstl lc ]utir go gstg hfshi lrkbfvi.
Id`gtfvis Klcfmlm y [ipirtg 2
6>> 64< 464 airhlkfioNdvds.gs
www.durgluvgrftlsairhlkfio.kih
Id`gtfvis Klcfmlm y [ipirtg
Durglu Qgrftls Airhlkfûo, [.L. Wofpgrsiolc
Tgsgrvlmis timis cis mgrgkbis. Gc kiotgofmi mg gstl idrl gstì pritgjfmi pir cl Cgy. \ugml pribfdfml timl rgprimukkfûo titlc i plrkflc mg cl idrl pir kulcqufgr hgmfi i prikgmfhfgoti sfo lutirfzlkfûo prgvfl.
