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Fhvlstfjabfòh y sus eætdnds. ^æbhfbas buaiftatfvas y buahtftatfvas. @ulhtls nl natds ndbuelhtails. Barabtlråstfbas y prdgileas nl ia fhvlstfjabfòh lh lh`lrelråa. \sd y eahlkd ea hlkd nl ias ^FBs
Gfgifdjra`åa
Arjfeòh, KE= Kfeæhlz, K. Eætdnds nl Fhvlstfjabfòh apifbands a ia Atlhbfòh _rfearfa nl Raiun. Ndyea. Garblidha. 1661. Bahails, @C= Aivarand, LI= _fhlna, LG. Eltdndidjåa nl ia Fhvlstfjabfòh. Eahuai para li nlsarrdiid nl plrsdhai nl saiun. D_R-Ifeusa. 1630. Bdhtahnrfdpduids, A_= Bcaepajhl, @= _dtvfh, I= Nlhfs, KI= Gdyil, _. _rlparar uh prdylbtd nl fhvlstfjabfòh. Lnftdrfai RJ. Garblidha. 1661. Jarbåa Wdináh, KI. Bòed liagdrar uh prdylbtd nl fhvlstfjabfòh. \hfvlrsfnan nl Aifbahtl. 166<. Hdstlr, I= Wdsl, K. _rfhbfpfds nl ia fhvlstfjabfòh lh lh`lrelråa. Ndyea. Garblidha. 1667. _dift, N@= Cuhjilr, G_. Fhvlstfjabfòh Bflhtå`fba lh Bflhbfas nl ia Raiun. Fhtlraelrfbaha-EbJraw-Cfii. 1661.
Dgkltfvds
Lstunfar ias tæbhfbas nl fhvlstfjabfòh buaiftatfvas y buahtftatfvas Aprlhnlr a rlaifzar uha lhbulsta y a rlnabtar r lnabtar uh bulstfdharfd Bdhdblr ias `asls nli eætdnd bflhtå`fbd Bdhdblr ias prfhbfpails gasls nl natds gfdeænfbas Bdhdblr bòed a`lbta a ia fhvlstfjabfòh li usd y eahkld nl ias ^FBs
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1. FHPLR^FJABFÒH FHPLR^ FJABFÒH V R\R EÆ^DNDR. ^ÆBHFBAR B\AIF^A^FPAR V B\AH^F^A^FPAR 1.1 Bdhblptd nl fhvlstfjabfòh Ia fhvlstfjabfòh tflhl su drfjlh lh ia fhqufltun nli cdegrl pdr bdhdblr li bòed y li pdrquæ nl ias bdsas qul il rdnlah. Rljûh li nfbbfdharfd, fhvlstfjar ls fhtlhtar nlsbugrfr d bdhdblr aijd lxaefhahnd atlhtaelhtl buaiquflr fhnfbfd d rlaifzahnd ias nfifjlhbfas prlbfsas para avlrfjuar d abiarar uh clbcd nltlrefhand. Aså, sl pulnl nl`fhfr ia fhvlstfjabfòh bded ia abtfvfnan lhbaefhana ai nlsbugrfeflhtd nl hulvds bdhdbfeflhtds para nar rlspulsta a uha prljuhta, elnfahtl uh prdblsd sfstleátfbd, drjahfzand y dgkltfvd. Li prdblsd nl fhvlstfjabfòh ls sfstleátfbd pdrqul prdblnl pdr prfhbfpfds, ya qul partflhnd nl ia `dreuiabfòh nl uha cfpòtlsfs u dgkltfvd, sl rlbdjlh ids natds sfjuflhnd uh prdtdbdid prllstagilbfnd. Ls drjahfzand pdrqul li lqufpd fhvlstfjandr apifba ids efseds tærefhds, nl`fhfbfdhls y brftlrfds a tdnds ids partfbfpahtls. Anleás nl rlaifzarsl nl `drea drnlhana y lstrubturana. V pdr ûitfed ls dgkltfvd pdrqul ias bdhbiusfdhls qul sl dgtflhlh hd sl gasah lh hulstra `drea nl plhsar d slhtfr, sfhd lh ids clbcds lh så, clbcds qul sl cah dgslrvand, elnfnd, ahaifzand l fhtlrprltand.
1.7 ^æbhfbas nl fhvlstfjabfòh; fhvlstfjabfòh; buahtftatfvas y buaiftatfvas buaiftatfvas A. ^æbhfbas ^æbhfbas buahtfta buahtftatfvas tfvas Ias tæbhfbas buahtftatfvas nl fhvlstfjabfòh sl blhtrah lh li lstunfd nl ias rliabfdhls lhtrl varfagils buahtf`fbanas, sl ahaifzah natds buahtftatfvds sdgrl varfagils. Lstas tæbhfbas fhbiuylh; rljfstrds lstrubturands nl dgslrvabfòh, lstunfds qul utfifzah `ulhtls nl rljfstrds ahtlrfdrls, sbrllhfhj, rljfstrds nfslñands para li lstunfd, tæbhfbas lstanåstfbas nl aháifsfs nl natds, ltb. Rus bdhbiusfdhls ranfbah lh li báibuid nl tasas, pdrblhtakls, rljrlsfdhls rljrlsfdhls (sfepils d eûitfpils), elnfnas nl `rlbulhbfa, bdrrliabfdhls, ltb.
G. ^æbhfbas buaiftat buaiftatfvas fvas Ias tæbhfbas buaiftatfvas sl gasah lh li lstunfd nl bdhtlxtds lstrubturails y sftuabfdhails, sl prltlhnl lhtlhnlr ids `lhòelhds sdbfails nlsnl ia plrsplbtfva nli abtdr, fhbiuylh ia tldråa `uhnaelhtana lh ia rlaifnan, ia fhvlstfjabfòh cfstòrfba, ia fhvlstfjabfòh `lhdelhdiòjfba, ia dgslrvabfòh, ltb. Abtuaielhtl ls `rlbulhtl utfifzar nfvlrsas tæbhfbas jrupails bded Nlipcf, jrupd `dbai d jrupd hdefhai. Rflhnd ia lhbulsta ia tæbhfba buaiftatfva eás utfifzana.
a. Fhstruelhtds para ia elnfbfòh nl ias varfagils Rdh ias clrraeflhtas qul sl eahfpuiah para dgtlhlr fh`dreabfòh y para iilvar a bagd i as dgslrvabfdhls nl uha fhvlstfjabfòh d lstunfd nltlrefhand. Bdh`drel a id qul sl nlsla lstunfar d fhvlstfjar, ia barabtlråstfba a dgslrvar, sus prdpflnanls y `abtdrls rliabfdhands bdh asplbtds haturails, lbdhòefbds, pdiåtfbds, sdbfails, ltb., buahnd sl slilbbfdha uhd nl lstds fhstruelhtds.
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Lh dtras paiagras, lstds sdh ids qul plreftlh l`lbtuar dgslrvabfdhls, nl uhd u dtrd `lhòelhd, lh uha `drea eás nlsplkana y prlbfsa nl ia nlsbrfpbfòh nl ids clbcds a lstunfar. Ia lhbulsta, li bulstfdharfd, ia lhtrlvfsta, ia dgslrvabfòh y ias lsbaias nl abtftunls y dpfhfdhls, bdhstftuylh tæbhfbas d clrraeflhtas qul sl utfifzah para elnfr ias varfagils, ias efseas nlglh rluhfr nds barabtlråstfbas `uhnaelhtails;
• Paifnlz Lsta barabtlråstfba sl rl`flrl a qul ia baif`fbabfòh d rlsuitand dgtlhfnd elnfahtl ia apifbabfòh nli fhstruelhtd, efna id qul rlaielhtl sl nlsla elnfr. Ia vaifnlz nl bdhtlhfnd pulnl nl`fhfrsl bded ia prdpflnan qul pdsll li fhstruelhtd para elnfr tdnds ids `abtdrls nl ia varfagil qul sl lstáh lstunfahnd. _ara nltlrefhar ids paráeltrds nl ia vaifnlz nl bdhtlhfnd nl uh fhstruelhtd, ls hlblsarfd; - Nl`fhfr dplratfva y tlòrfbaelhtl tlòrfbaelhtl ias varfagils qul sl vah a elnfr. - _rdjraear tdnas ias `dreas lh qul lsta varfagil sl pulnl prlslhtar para lstagilblr ids fhnfbandrls eás anlbuands, para liid ls hlblsarfd caglr rlaifzand uha aepifa rlvfsfòh gfgifdjrá`fba y bdhsuitand a lsplbfaifstas lh ia eatlrfa. - `lbtuar uha prulga pfidtd qul bdhtrfguya a elkdrar ia vaifnlz nli fhstruelhtd. fhstruelhtd. Ia vaifnlz nl prlnfbbfòh lsta rliabfdhana bdh ia l`fbabfa qul aibahza ia tæbhfba para prlnlbfr li bdepdrtaeflhtd nl ids `lhòelhds ahtl nltlrefhanas bfrbuhstahbfas. Rl pulnl vlrf`fbar bdeparahnd li rlsuitand dgtlhfnd a travæs nl ia apifbabfòh nli fhstruelhtd, sf prlnfbl li bdepdrtaeflhtd nli `lhòelhd lh lstunfd, lhtdhbls, ls bdhvlhflhtl bdepara li lstáhnar d prulga pfidtd bdh ids rlsuitands dgtlhfnds lh ias prulgas apifbanas a ia eulstra dgkltd nli lstunfd bdh ids rlsuitands dgtlhfnds lh li nlsleplñd nli tragakd.
• Bdh`fagfifna Bdh`fagfifnan n Ia bdh`fagfifnan lstá rl`lrfna a ia lstagfifnan, bdhsfstlhbfa y lxabtftun nl ids rlsuitands, ls nlbfr, qul ids rlsuitands dgtlhfnds pdr li fhstruelhtd slráh bdh`fagils sfleprl y buahnd slah sfefiarls a ids rlsuitands qul sl dgtlhjah sf sl vulivlh a apifbar li fhstruelhtd sdgrl ia efsea eulstra lh fjuainan nl bdhnfbfòh. Nlhtrd nl ia biasf`fbabfòh nl ids fhstruelhtds nl elnfbfòh sl pulnlh bdhsfnlrar gásfbaelhtl ids sfjuflhtls; ia dgslrvabfòh, ia lhbulsta (qul utfifza bulstfdharfds) y ia lhtrlvfsta. _ara utfifzar aijuhd nl lstds fhstruelhtds nl elnfbfòh ls fhnfsplhsagil qul sl buepiah bdh ias sfjuflhtls bdhnfbfdhls, lh ia qul, pdr id jlhlrai bdfhbfnlh ids trls; - Nl`fhfr li li dgkltd nl ia lhbulsta; @dreuiahnd bdh prlbfsfòh ids dgkltfvds dgkltfvds a bdhsljufr, nlsbrfgflhnd li prdgilea a fhvlstfjar, lifefhahnd id suplr`iud y blhtrahnd li bdhtlhfnd nl ia lhbulsta, y nfslñahnd ia eulstra. Rl fhbiuyl ia `drea nl prlslhtabfòh nl rlsuitands aså bded ids bdstds nl ia fhvlstfjabfòh. - Ia `dreuiabfòh `dreuiabfòh nli bulstfdharfd bulstfdharfd qul sl utfifzará d nl ids ids puhtds a dgslrvar ls `uhnaelhtai lh li nlsarrdiid nl uha fhvlstfjabfòh, fh vlstfjabfòh, nlgflhnd slr rlaifzand eltfbuidsaelhtl y bdeprdgand ahtls nl pasarid a ia eulstra rlprlslhtatfva nl ia pdgiabfòh. - Li tragakd nl baepd, bdhsfstlhtl bdhsfstlhtl lh ia dgtlhbfòh nl ids natds. _ara liid slrá slrá prlbfsd slilbbfdhar a ids lhtrlvfstandrls, `drearids y nfstrfgufrils li tragakd a rlaifzar nl `drea cdedjæhla. - Dgtlhlr ids rlsuitands, d sla, prdblsar, prdblsar, bdnf`fbar y taguiar ids natds dgtlhfnds para qul iuljd slah prlslhtands lh li fh`drel y qul sfrvah para pdstlrfdrls aháifsfs.
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g. Ia lhbulsta • Bdhblptd Bdh ia lhbulsta sl dgtflhl fh`dreabfòh sdgrl dpfhfdhls, sujlrlhbfas d abtftunls nl ids sukltds lh lstunfd, sflhnd lsta fh`dreabfòh f h`dreabfòh prdpdrbfdhana pdr liids efseds. Lsta ls uh nl ias clrraeflhtas eás utfifzana lh ia fhvlstfjabfòh nl bflhbfas sdbfails. _ara su fepilelhtabfòh, ia lhbulsta utfifza ids bulstfdharfds bded elnfd prfhbfpai para dgtlhlr fh`dreabfòh. Nl lsta eahlra, ias lhbulstas pulnlh rlaifzarsl para qul li fhnfvfnud lhbulstand prdblsl pdr så efsed ias rlspulstas lh li papli. Ls trasblhnlhtl qul li fhvlstfjandr lh ids bulstfdharfds sòid sdifbftl ia fh`dreabfòh fhnfsplhsagil, ia eåhfea para qul slah bdeprlhnfnas ias prljuhtas. Eás fh`dreabfòh, d fh`dreabfòh fhhlblsarfa, pulnl nlrfvar lh rlspulstas hd vlrabls. Nl ia efsea `drea, ai nfslñar ia lhbulsta y bdh`lbbfdhar li bulstfdharfd cay qul tdear lh bulhta ids rlbursds (tahtd cueahds bded eatlrfails) nl ids qul sl nfspdhlh, tahtd para ia rlbdpfiabfòh bded para ia ilbtura nl ia fh`dreabfòh, para aså idjrar uh nfslñd `uhbfdhaielhtl l`fbaz. Rljûh E. Jarbåa @lrrahnd, ’prábtfbaelhtl tdnd `lhòelhd sdbfai pulnl slr lstunfand a travæs nl ias lhbulstas―, y pdnleds bdhsfnlrar ias sfjuflhtls buatrd razdhls para sustlhtar æstds; - Ias lhbulstas lhbulstas sdh uha nl ias lsbasas tæbhfbas nl qul sl nfspdhl nfspdhl para li li lstunfd nl ias abtftuabtftunls, vaidrls, brllhbfas y edtfvds. - Ias tæbhfbas tæbhfbas nl lhbulsta sl anaptah a tdnd tfpd nl fh`dreabfòh y a buaiquflr pdgiabfòh. - Ias lhbulstas lhbulstas plreftlh plreftlh rlbuplrar fh`dreabfòh sdgrl sdgrl sublsds sublsds abdhtlbfnds abdhtlbfnds a ids lhtrlvfstalhtrlvfstands. - Ias lhbulstas lhbulstas plreftlh plreftlh lstahnarfzar lstahnarfzar ids natds para uh aháifsfs pdstlrfdr, dgtlhflhnd jrah jrah bahtfnan nl natds a uh prlbfd gakd y lh uh plrådnd nl tflepd bdrtd.
• ^fpds nl lhbulstas Rljûh Bandbcl y sus bdiagdrandrls, ias lhbulstas sl pulnlh biasf`fbar atlhnflhnd ai áegftd qul agarbah, a ia `drea nl dgtlhlr ids natds y ai bdhtlhfnd, aså;
Lhbulstas lxcaustfvas y parbfails Rl nlhdefha lxcaustfva buahnd agarba a tdnas ias uhfnanls lstanåstfbas qul bdepdhlh li bdilbtfvd, uhfvlrsd, pdgiabfòh d bdhkuhtd lstunfand. Buahnd uha lhbulsta hd ls lxcaustfva, sl nlhdefha parbfai. Lhbulstas nfrlbtas l fhnfrlbtas \ha lhbulsta ls nfrlbta buahnd ia uhfnan lstanåstfba sl dgslrva a travæs nl ia fhvlstfjabfòh prdpulsta rljfstráhndsl lh li bulstfdharfd. Rlrá fhnfrlbta buahnd ids natds dgtlhfnds hd bdrrlspdhnlh ai dgkltfvd prfhbfpai nl ia lhbulsta prltlhnflhnd avlrfjuar aijd nfstfhtd d gflh sdh nlnubfnds nl ids rlsuitands nl ahtlrfdrls fhvlstfjabfdhls lstanåstfbas.
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Lhbulstas sdgrl clbcds y lhbulstas nl dpfhfòh Ias lhbulstas nl dpfhfòh tflhlh pdr dgkltfvd avlrfjuar id qul li pûgifbd lh jlhlrai pflhsa ablrba nl uha nltlrefhana eatlrfa d id qul bdhsfnlra nlgl cablrsl lh uha bfrbuhstahbfa bdhbrlta. Rl rlaifzah bdh uh prdblnfeflhtd nl eulstrld y sdh apifbanas a uha partl nl ia pdgiabfòh ya qul uha nl sus vlhtakas ls ia lhdrel rapfnlz bdh qul sl dgtflhlh sus rlsuitands. Hd dgstahtl, ias lhbulstas nl dpfhfòh hd fhnfbah hlblsarfaelhtl id qul li pûgifbd pflhsa nli tlea, sfhd id qul plhsaråa sf il piahtlasl uha prljuhta a lsl rlsplbtd, ya qul cay plrsdhas qul hd tflhlh uha dpfhfòh `dreana sdgrl id qul sl ils prljuhta y bdhtlstah bdh id qul qu l nfblh ids plrfònfbds y ias rlvfstas. A vlbls ias plrsdhas lhbulstanas tflhlh eás nl uha rlspulsta a uha efsea prljuhta nlplhnflhnd nli earbd lh qul sl il caja ia lhbulsta y pdr bdhslbulhbfa ias rlspulstas qul sl nah hd tflhlh pdr quæ slr sfhblras.
Ias lhbulstas sdgrl clbcds sl rlaifzah sdgrl abdhtlbfeflhtds ya dburrfnds, clbcds eatlrfails.
b. Li bulstfdharfd Li bulstfdharfd ls uh `dreatd rlnabtand lh `drea nl fhtlrrdjatdrfd, bdh li efsed sl dgtflhl fh`dreabfòh rliabfdhana bdh ias varfagils dgkltd nl ia fhvlstfjabfòh. _ulnl slr apifband plrsdhaielhtl d pdr bdrrld y lh `drea fhnfvfnuai d bdilbtfva. Lstá `dreand pdr uh bdhkuhtd nl prljuhtas liagdranas bufnandsaelhtl sdgrl ids clbcds y asplbtds qul sl nlslah bdhdblr ablrba nl uha pdgiabfòh d partl nl liia= lstl fhstruelhtd ls rlspdhnfnd pdr li partfbfpahtl sfh ia fhtlrvlhbfòh nfrlbta nli lhtrlvfstandr. Lh li bulstfdharfd sfepil li lhbulstand bdhtlsta, prlvfa ilbtura nli lsbrftd, sfh fhtlrvlhbfòh nfrlbta nl hfhjuha nl ias plrsdhas p lrsdhas qul partfbfpa lh ia fhvlstfjabfòh. Lh ia lhtrlvfsta, li bulstfdharfd ls apifband a ids sukltds fhvlstfjands, pdr plrsdhas lsplbfaifzanas lh lsa tarla. Lstás cablh a ids lhbulstands ias prljuhtas nli bulstfdharfd y ahdtah lh æi ias rlspulstas. Ias lsbaias sdh uha `drea lsplbfai nl bulstfdharfd= sl barabtlrfzah pdrqul ias prljuhtas y sus nf`lrlhtls rlspulstas tflhlh atrfgufnd uh vaidr hueærfbd, id qul plreftl bf`rar buahtftatfvaelhtl y lh bflrta `drea elnfr li hfvli qul aibahza lh bana basd ia abtftun d asplbtd fhvlstfjand. Li nfslñd nli bulstfdharfd cagrá nl `uhnaelhtarsl lh li earbd tlòrfbd, ia cfpòtlsfs, sus varfagils y ids dgkltfvds nl ia fhvlstfjabfòh. Bana prljuhta qul sl fhbiuya nlglrá lstar rliabfdhana bdh ias varfagils fhnfbandras. Ls euy bdhvlhflhtl qul buahnd sl liagdrl li bulstfdharfd sl tlhja a ia eahd ia dplratfvfnan nl ias varfagils, para asljurarsl nl qul tdnds ids fhnfbandrls lstáh sflhnd fhvlstfjands.
• ^fpds nl bulstfdharfd - Bulstfdharfd fhnfvfnuai; ls lh li qul li li lhbulstand bdhtlsta nl `drea fhnfvfnuai pdr lsbrftd lsbrftd y sfh qul fhtlrvlhja para hana li lhbulstandr. - Bulstfdharfd-ifsta; ls ls aquli qul ls prljuhtand ai lhbulstand lh uha lhtrlvfsta lhtrlvfsta pdr uhd nl ids lsplbfaifstas nl ia fhvlstfjabfòh.
• ^fpds nl prljuhtas Bded ids bulstfdharfds lstáh `dreands pdr prljuhtas, sl bdhsfnlra qul uha nl ias barabtlråstfbas gásfbas qul lstds nlglh rluhfr ls ia nl slr lxbiuylhtls y lxcaustfvas, id qul plreftfrá qul uha
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prljuhta hd prdnuzba nds rlspulstas sfeuitáhlaelhtl, pdr id tahtd, a bana prljuhta sdiaelhtl il bdrrlspdhnlrá uha y sòid uha rlspulsta. _dr dtrd iand, uha eahlra nl biasf`fbar ias prljuhtas, ls pdr ia `drea nl su rlspulsta, aså; - _rljuhtas blrranas; qul bdhsfstl lh prdpdrbfdhar prdpdrbfdhar ai sukltd dgslrvand dgslrvand uha slrfl nl dpbfdhls para qul lsbdka uha bded rlspulsta. ^flhlh ia vlhtaka nl qul pulnlh slr prdblsanas eás `ábfielhtl y su bdnf`fbabfòh sl `abfifta= plrd taegfæh tflhlh ia nlsvlhtaka nl qul sf lstáh eai nfslñanas ias dpbfdhls, li sukltd lhbulstand hd lhbdhtrará ia dpbfòh qul æi nlslaråa y ia fh`dreabfòh sl vfbfaråa. \ha `drea nl lvftarid ls rlaifzar prfelrd uh lstunfd pfidtd y aså dgtlhlr ias pdsfgils dpbfdhls para ias rlspulstas nl uha eahlra eás bdh`fagil. ^aegfæh sl bdhsfnlrah blrranas ias prljuhtas qul bdhtflhlh uha ifsta nl prl`lrlhbfas u drnlhabfòh nl dpbfdhls, qul bdhsfstl lh prdpdrbfdhar uha ifsta nl dpbfdhls ai lhbulstand y æstl ias drnlhará nl abulrnd a su fhtlræs, justds, ltbætlra. - _rljuhtas agflrtas; qul bdhsfstlh lh nlkar tdtaielhtl ifgrl ai sukltd dgslrvand dgslrvand para lxprlsarsl, sljûh bdhvlhja. ^flhl ia vlhtaka nl prdpdrbfdhar uha eaydr rfqulza lh ias rlspulstas= eas, pdr id efsed, pulnl iiljar a bdepifbar li prdblsd nl trataeflhtd y bdnf`fbabfòh nl ia fh`dreabfòh. \ha pdsfgil eahlra nl eahfpuiar ias prljuhtas agflrtas ls iilvahnd a bagd uh prdblsd nl batljdrfzabfòh, li buai bdhsfstl lh lstunfar li tdtai nl rlspulstas agflrtas dgtlhfnas y biasf`fbarias lh batljdråas nl tai `drea qul rlspulstas slelkahtls lhtrl så qulnlh lh ia efsea batljdråa. Ls fepdrtahtl slñaiar qul ls li dgkltfvd nl ia fhvlstfjabfòh ia qul nltlrefha li tfpd nl prljuhtas a utfifzar. Rljûh Bandbcl y sus bdiagdrandrls, ias prljuhtas pulnlh slr biasf`fbanas nl abulrnd a su bdhtlhfnd; - _rljuhtas nl fnlhtf`fbabfòh; lnan, slxd, prd`lsfòh, habfdhaifnan, ltbætlra. ltbætlra. - _rljuhtas nl clbcd; rl`lrfnas a abdhtlbfeflhtds bdhbrltds. _dr lklepid; ´ca abagand ia lnubabfòh gásfba4 - _rljuhtas nl abbfòh; rl`lrfnas a abtfvfnanls nl ids lhbulstands. _dr lklepid; ´ca rlaifzand aijûh bursd nl bapabftabfòh4 - _rljuhtas nl fh`dreabfòh; para bdhdblr ids bdhdbfeflhtds nli lhbulstand. _dr lklepid; ´sagl quæ ls uh cfplrtlxtd4 - _rljuhtas nl fhtlhbfòh; para bdhdblr bdhdblr ia fhtlhbfòh nli lhbulstand. _dr lklepid; ´va a utfifzar aijûh prdjraea nl fh`dreátfba para su pròxfea biasl4 - _rljuhtas nl dpfhfòh; para bdhdblr bdhdblr ia dpfhfòh nli lhbulstand. _dr lklepid; ´quæ barrlra bursarás nlspuæs nli gabcfiilratd4 Lxfstl dtra biasf`fbabfòh nl ids bulstfdharfds qul tdea lh ia `uhbfòh qul ias prljuhtas nlsarrdiiarah nlhtrd nli bulstfdharfd. Nl lsta eahlra tlhleds; - _rljuhtas `fitrd; sdh sdh aquæiias qul sl rlaifzah prlvfaelhtl a dtras para lifefhar a ids qul hd ils a`lbtl. _dr lklepid; ´^flhl ustln bdbcl4 ´_flhsa bdeprarsl uhd4 - _rljuhtas traepa d nl bdhtrdi; bdhtrdi; sdh ias qul su utfifzah para para nlsbugrfr ia fhtlhbfòh bdh qul sl rlspdhnl. _ara liid sl fhbiuylh prljuhtas lh nfvlrsds puhtds nli bulstfdharfd qul parlblh fhnlplhnflhtls lhtrl så, plrd lh rlaifnan gusbah nltlrefhar ia fhtlhbfdhaifnan nli lhbulstand ai `drzarid a qul ias bdhtlstl bdclrlhtlelhtl bdclrlhtlelhtl (aegas y pdr slparand) lh li basd nl qul sla cdhlstd, puls nl id bdhtrarfd ’balråa― lh bdhtranfbbfdhls.
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- _rljuhtas nl fhtrdnubbfòh fhtrdnubbfòh d rdeplcflids; utfifzanas utfifzanas para bdelhzar li li bulstfdharfd d para lhiazar uh tlea bdh dtrd. - _rljuhtas euliil, bdibcòh bdibcòh d aedrtfjuandras; sdh prljuhtas sdgrl tleas tleas plifjrdsds plifjrdsds d fhbdhvlhflhtls, `dreuianas suavlelhtl. - _rljuhtas lh gatlråa; gatlråa; bdhkuhtd nl prljuhtas prljuhtas lhbanlhanas lhbanlhanas uhas bdh dtras dtras bdepilelhtáhndsl. bdepilelhtáhndsl. - _rljuhtas legund; sl lepflza pdr bulstfdhls jlhlrails casta iiljar a ids puhtds eás lslhbfails.
^F_DR NL _WLJ\H^AR Rljûh ia `drea nl su rlspulsta
- Nl dpfhfòh
- Agflrtas
Rljûh su `uhbfòh
- Blrranas
- @fitrd
Rljûh su bdhtlhfnd
- ^raepa d nl bdhtrdi
- Nl fnlhtf`fbabfòh
- Nl fhtrdnubbfòh d rdeplcflids
- Nl clbcd - Nl abbfòh
- Euliil, bdibcòh d aedrtfjuandras - Lh gatlråa
- Nl fh`dreabfòh - Nl fhtlhbfòh
- Legund
• Wljias `uhnaelhtails para ia liagdrabfòh nl uh bulstfdharfd _ara ia liagdrabfòh nl uh bulstfdharfd l`fbaz y ûtfi, Bandbcl y su lqufpd prdpdhlh 1: rljias `uhnaelhtails para su bdh`lbbfòh; 1. Ias prljuhtas cah nl slr pdbas (hd eás nl 2?). 7. Ias prljuhtas prl`lrlhtlelht prl`lrlhtlelhtll blrranas y hueærfbas. 2. Wlnabtar ias prljuhtas bdh ilhjuakl slhbfiid. >. @dreuiar ias prljuhtas prljuhtas nl `drea `drea bdhbrlta y prlbfsa. <. Lvftar utfifzar paiagras agstrabtas agstrabtas y aegfjuas. 0. @dreuiar ias prljuhtas nl `drea hlutrai. :. Lh ias prljuhtas prljuhtas agflrtas agflrtas hd nar hfhjuha dpbfòh aitlrhatfva. aitlrhatfva. 3. Hd cablr prljuhtas qul dgifjulh a ls`ulrzds ls`ulrzds nl eledrfa. eledrfa. 6. Hd cablr prljuhtas qul dgifjulh a bdhsuitar arbcfvds. 1?. Hd cablr prljuhtas qul dgifjulh a báibuids hueærfbds bdepifbands. 11. Hd cablr prljuhtas fhnfsbrltas. 17. Wlnabtar ias prljuhtas nl `drea plrsdhai y nfrlbta. 12. Wlnabtar ias prljuhtas para qul sl bdhtlstlh nl `drea nfrlbta l fhlquåvdba.
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1>. Qul hd ilvahtlh prlkufbfds lh ids lhbulstands. 1<. Wlnabtar ias prljuhtas ifeftanas a uha sdia fnla d rl`lrlhbfa. 10. Lvftar prljuhtas bdhnfbfdhahtls qul bdhiilvlh uha barja ledbfdhai jrahnl. 1:. Lvftar lstfeuiar uha rlspulsta bdhnfbfdhana. Ls li basd nl prljuhtas qul prlslhtah varfas rlspulstas aitlrhatfvas y uha nl liias va uhfna a uh dgkltfvd tah aitrufsta qul nf`åbfielhtl pulnl uhd hljarsl.
• _rljuhtas qul hd nlglh cablrsl Asfefsed, cay qul bdhsfnlrar qul hd tdnas ias prljuhtas, d tdnas ias `dreuiabfdhls, sdh pdsfgils nl utfifzar, aijuhas nl ias i as prljuhtas qul hd nlglh cablrsl sdh; - _rljuhtas nl fhtlilbtuails; fhtlilbtuails; _dr _dr lklepid; ´Quæ asplbtds asplbtds partfbuiarls partfbuiarls nli nli abtuai nlgatl pdsftfpdsftfvfsta-fhtlrprltatfvd il justaråa vlr rl`ilkands lh uh bursd nl psfbdidjåa nli nlsarrdiid nfrfjfnd a uha aunflhbfa nl ealstrds4 - _rljuhtas bdepilkas; _dr _dr lklepid; ´Buahnd prlpara sus biasls prl`flrl bdhsuitar uh ifgrd nltlrefhand fhbdrpdrahnd ia tlrefhdidjåa qul lstl prdpdhl d lsbdjl varfds ifgrds nl ids qul lxtral uh pdbd nl bana uhd plrd qul lxpifba bdh sus prdpfas paiagras para cablrids eás abblsfgils a sus aiuehds y hd bdh`uhnfrids4 - _rljuhtas d fhstrubbfdhls fhstrubbfdhls frrftahtls; frrftahtls; _dr _dr lklepid; ´Ca asfstfnd aijuha vlz lh tflepd nl slrvfslrvfbfd a uh bursd nl buaiquflr biasl nurahtl su barrlra lhtlra nl ealstrd4. Rf tflhl eás nl >? añds y huhba ca asfstfnd a uh bursd, pdhja uha earba lh ia basfiia rdtuiana H\HBA y dtra lh ia basfiia rdtuiana PFLKD. - _rljuhtas qul lepilah hljabfdhls; _dr lklepid; ´Buái ls su sfhblra dpfhfòh sdgrl qul hfhjûh ealstrd nlglråa nlkar nl rlaifzar bursds nl plr`lbbfdhaeflhtd nurahtl su lklrbfbfd prd`lsfdhai4 - _rljuhtas nleasfand agflrtas; _dr lklepid; \sl ias pájfhas <, 0 y : rlsplbtfvaelhtl para rlspdhnlr a bana uha nl ias bulstfdhls a blrba nl sus abtftunls rlsplbtd a ids bursds nl plr`lbbfdhaeflhtd lh jlhlrai y a sus dpfhfdhls a blrba nl su vaidr lh ia vfna prd`lsfdhai nli ealstrd.
_WLJ\H^AR Q\L HD NLGLH CABLWRL - Fhtlilbtuails - Bdepilkas - Frrftahtls - Ias qul lepilah hljabfdhls - Nleasfand agflrtas ^deahnd lh bulhta id ahtl elhbfdhands sl pulnl bdeprlhnlr ia fepdrtahbfa nli piahtlaeflhtd y ia liagdrabfòh nli bulstfdharfd, ya qul nl ia `drea lh qul sl liagdrl lstl fhstruelhtd y sl rlnabtlh ias `dreuiabfdhls, nlplhnlráh ids rlsuitands nl ia fhvlstfjabfòh qul sl nlsla rlaifzar. \ha lhbulsta hd pulnl dgtlhlr gulhds rlsuitands bdh uh bulstfdharfd eai liagdrand, pulstd qul sf li bulstfdharfd ls dsburd, aegfjud d feprlbfsd, ids rlsuitands dgtlhfnds taegfæh id slráh y hd sl pdnrá bdh`far lh ids rlsuitands qul sl dgtlhjah para leprlhnlr ia fhvlstfjabfòh.
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n. Ia lhtrlvfsta Lh lstl basd sl lstagilbl uha bdeuhfbabfòh fhtlrplrsdhai lhtrl li fhvlstfjandr y li sukltd lh lstunfd, bdh li dgkltfvd nl dgtlhlr rlpulstas vlrgails a ias bulstfdhls piahtlanas sdgrl li prdgilea prdpulstd. Ia lhtrlvfsta ls eás l`fbaz qul li bulstfdharfd ya qul plreftl rlbdpfiar fh`dreabfòh eás aepifa y bdepilta, aså bded agdrnar asplbtds psfbdiòjfbds prd`uhnds. Anleás ls abblsfgil a tdna ia pdgiabfòh. Ia utfifzabfòh nl lstl fhstruelhtd rlquflrl nl uha eaydr cagfifnan pdr partl nli lhbulstandr u dgslrvandr para iilvar li tlea nl ia lhtrlvfsta, nlgfnd a qul ias rlspulstas sdh pdr id jlhlrai agflrtas y aneftlh fepilelhtar hulvas prljuhtas hd vfsiuegranas pdr li lhbulstandr fhfbfaielhtl. Lstd `abfifta ia vlhtaka nl lxpidtar tleas hd bdhtlepiands fhfbfaielhtl d acdhnar lh aijuhds nl ids bdhtlepiands. Hd dgstahtl, tflhl ia nlsvlhtaka nl qul, sf hd sl tflhl ia su`fbflhtl cagfifnan para eahtlhlr li tlea, ia lhtrlvfsta sl ’pflrnl― l, fhbiusd, pulnl fhvaifnarsl= pdr id tahtd, li lhtrlvfstandr nlgl pdsllr aptftunls lsplbå`fbas para utfifzar li artl nl ia lhtrlvfsta Ias rlbdelhnabfdhls y barabtlråstfbas barabtlråstfbas sujlrfnas sdh ias efseas qul sl utfifzah para li basd nli bulstfdharfd, sfh legarjd, sl nlgl utfifzar uha jragandra (nl aun fd d nl vånld) para ia i a pdstlrfdr bdpfa nl ids nfáidjds. Ia lhtrlvfsta pulnl slr lstrubturana d hd lstrubturana. lstrubturana. Lh li prfelr basd, basd, li lhtrlvfstandr lhtrlvfstandr tflhl ifeftana ia ifglrtan nl abiarabfdhls, rlaifzáhndsl rlaifzáhndsl nl fnæhtfba `drea a tdnds ids partfbfpahtls. Ls `ábfi nl prdblsar plrd hd plreftl prd`uhnfzar lh tleas tleas qul surkah nurahtl ia efsea. Li sljuhnd tfpd nl lhtrlvfsta ls eás `ilxfgil, sl utfifza lh nfslñds nlsbrfptfvds y `asls nl lxpidrabfòh, pdsfgfifta ia prd`uhnfzabfòh lh tleas nl fhtlræs y drflhta pdsfgils cfpòtlsfs. Rfh legarjd, ias rlspulstas sdh nf`åbfils nl prdblsar, sflhnd hlblsarfd eubcd tflepd y lxplrflhbfa para dgtlhlr ia fh`dreabfòh gusbana.
l. Ia dgslrvabfòh Ls ia tæbhfba nl rlbdilbbfòh nl fh`dreabfòh pdr lxblilhbfa y sl utfifza lh tdnas ias raeas nl ia bflhbfa. Ru usd lstá rljfnd pdr aijuha tldråa y æstas nltlrefhah ids asplbtds qul sl vah a dgslrvar. Cay qul tlhlr prlslhtl qul para qul sla váifnd lstl fhstruelhtd nl dgslrvabfòh, sl nlglh buepifr ias sfjuflhtls sujlrlhbfas;
• Bdh rlsplbtd a ias bdhnfbfdhls prlvfas a ia dgslrvabfòh - Li dgslrvandr nlgl lstar `aefifarfzand bdh li elnfd. - Rl nlglh nlglh rlaifzar lhsayds nl ia dgslrvabfòh, prlvfds a ia dgslrvabfòh dgslrvabfòh nl`fhftfva. - Li dgslrvandr nlgl eledrfzar id qul sl va a dgslrvar.
• Bdh rlsplbtd ai prdblnfeflhtd lh ia dgslrvabfòh - Ias hdtas nlglh slr rljfstranas bdh prdhtftun (lh efhutds). efhutds). - Ias hdtas nlglh fhbiufr ias abbfdhls abbfdhls rlaifzanas pdr li li dgslrvandr. dgslrvandr.
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• Bdh rlsplbtd ai bdhtlhfnd nl ias hdtas - Ias hdtas nlglh bdhtlhlr tdnds ids natds qul plreftah plreftah fnlhtf`fbar li nåa, li iujar iujar y ia cdra cdra nl ia dgslrvabfòh, aså bded ias bfrbuhstahbfas, ids abtdrls, ltbætlra, qul lstuvflrdh fhvdiubrands. - Rl nlglh lifefhar aprlbfabfdhls aprlbfabfdhls sugkltfvas sdgrl li barábtlr d plrsdhaifnan nl ids sukltds. Lh su iujar sl nlgl fhbiufr ia nlsbrfpbfòh nl ids clbcds. - Ias bdhvlrsabfdhls vah trahsbrftas lh lstfid nfrlbtd. - Ias dpfhfdhls dpfhfdhls y nlnubbfdhls nlnubbfdhls nli dgslrvandr dgslrvandr sl nlglh cablr apartl, nl nl prl`lrlhbfa prl`lrlhbfa ai earjlh earjlh para aså hd plrnlr ia rliabfòh lhtrl ia dpfhfòh nli dgslrvandr y ia partl nl ias hdtas a qul il bdrrlspdhnl.
• Bdh rlsplbtd a ia drnlhabfòh nl ias hdtas - Ias hdtas hdtas nlglh slr rlvfsanas rlvfsanas y bdrrljfnas a ia eaydr grlvlnan grlvlnan pdsfgil. - Asfefsed, ias hdtas nlglh slr biasf`fbanas biasf`fbanas y drnlhanas para plreftfr su eahlkd eás ájfi, anleás nl lvftar qul sl pflrnah, sl bdh`uhnah bdh dtras partls nl ia dgslrvabfòh, sl traspaplilh, ltbætlra.
`. Ia lsbaia nl abtftunls y dpfhfòh Rdh fhstruelhtds qul sl utfifzah para elnfr ia fhtlhsfnan nl ias abtftunls y dpfhfdhls nl uha pdgiabfòh cabfa uh `lhòelhd nltlrefhand. Rl iiaeah lsbaias pdrqul sl `dreah nl uh bdhtfhud nl vaidrls qul tflhlh nfvlrsds puhtds fhtlrelnfds. \ha abtftun sl nl`fhl bded li jrand nl a`lbtd pdsftfvd d hljatfvd asdbfand a uh dgkltd psfbdiòjfbd. Lxfstlh fh`fhfnan nl lsbaias nl abtftun y nl dpfhfòh ya lstahnarfzanas d qul li efsed fhvlstfjandr pulnl nfslñar. Lhtrl lstas lsbaias ias eás utfifzanas sdh; ia lsbaia nl ^curstdhl, ia nl Ifmlrt, ia nl Juttaeae, ias lsbaias nl drnlhabfòh, lhtrl dtrds.
1.2 Lstrubtura eltdndiòjfba nl uh tragakd bflhtå`fbd A. Bdhblptd nl eætdnd bflhtå` bflhtå`fbd fbd Eætdnd sl nl`fhl bded li bdhkuhtd nl dplrabfdhls drnlhanas bdh qul sl prltlhnl dgtlhlr uh rlsuitand. Li eætdnd bflhtå`fbd tuvd su drfjlh, apifbabfòh y nlsarrdiid lh ias bflhbfas, bdhbrltaelhtl lh ia `åsfba. Lh æi, sl sfjulh nfvlrsas ltapas qul sl pulnlh vlrf`fbar, dgslrvar, elnfr y rlprdnubfr. Jlhlra uh earbd tlòrfbd y a partfr nl acå nlsarrdiia uha slrfl nl cfpòtlsfs. Rus prfhbfpails barabtlråstfbas sdh; ls sfstleátfbd, nlsfjha li prdblsd pdr li qul sl gusbah natds gasands lh ia rlaifnan dgkltfva, `abfifta ia jlhlraifzabfòh a travæs nli lstagilbfeflhtd nl tldråas y prlsupdhl qul lxfstl uha rlaifnan dgkltfva.
G. _rfhbfpails `asls nli eætdnd bflhtå`fbd a. @asl bdhblptuai d tlòrfba - Dgslrvabfòh nl clbcds
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- Fnlhtf`fbabfòh nli prdgilea jlhlrai - Wlvfsfòh gfgifdjrá`fba Ls feprlsbfhnfgil feprlsbfhnfgil bdhsuitar bdhsuitar ia iftlratura rliabfdhana bdh li tlea, para para bdhdblr bdhdblr ids lstunfds lxfstlhtls y ayunar ai fhvlstfjandr a lh`dbar su atlhbfòh lh uh prdgilea partfbuiar y a `dreuiar prljuhtas anlbuanas nl fhvlstfjabfòh. Ia rlvfsfòh gfgifdjrá`fba sfrvl nl gasl para aslhtar hulvds bdhdbfeflhtds, a ia vlz qul lvfta fhvlstfjar sdgrl aijd ya fhvlstfjand. - Lstagilbfeflhtd nli earbd tlòrfbd \ha tldråa tldråa sl pulnl nl`fhfr nl`fhfr bded ia lxpifbabfòh jlhlraifzana y agstrabta agstrabta sdgrl ia rliabfòh rliabfòh lhtrl `lhòelhds, bdh li `fh nl lxpifbarids y prlnlbfrids. Lh uh prdylbtd nl fhvlstfjabfòh, ia `uhbfòh nli earbd tlòrfbd pulnl slr ndgil. _dr uh iand, ia fhvlstfjabfòh pulnl rliabfdharsl bdh li nlsarrdiid nl ias tldråas, lstl nlsarrdiid tflhl barábtlr lxpidrandr y sl bdhnubl a `dreuiar d eahfpuiar hdbfdhls rliatfvas a ias rliabfdhls lhtrl bdhblptds. _dr li dtrd, pulnl utfifzarsl para prdgar tldråas prlvfas. - Nl`fhfbfòh nli prdgilea nl fhvlstfjabfòh Buahnd sl sl ca liljfnd li tlea jlhlrai nli lstunfd, lstunfd, nlgl nl`fhfrsl nl ia `drea eás lxabta pdsfgil li prdgilea lsplbå`fbd qul va a fhvlstfjarsl. ^dna gulha fhvlstfjabfòh nlplhnl lh jrah partl nl gulhas prljuhtas. Li lhuhbfand nli prdgilea ls uha `asl gastahtl nf`åbfi para li fhvlstfjandr fhvlstfjandr,, æstl nlgl slr lsplbå`fbd, biard, slhbfiid y bdepiltd. Rl pulnlh nltlrefhar trls brftlrfds para `dreuiar uh prdgilea; Li prdgilea lxprlsa uha rliabfòh lhtrl nds d eás varfagils. Li prdgilea nlgl `dreuiarsl biaraelhtl, lh `drea nl prljuhta. Li prdgilea y su `dreuiabfòh nlglh plreftfr vlrf`fbabfòh lepårfba. - Nl`fhfbfòh nl ids sugprdgileas - Nl`fhfbfòh nl dgkltfvds - Nl`fhfbfòh dplrabfdhai nl tærefhds Ls fepdrtahtl fepdrtahtl qul tdnds ids partfbfpahtls partfbfpahtls lh lh li prdylbtd nl fhvlstfjabfòh, fhvlstfjabfòh, utfifblh utfifblh ia efsea tlreftlrefhdidjåa a id iarjd nl tdnd li prdblsd. - Nl`fhfbfòh nl varfagils Lh lsta lsta `asl sl nlsbrfgl nlsbrfgl ia `drea nl nl`fhfr l fnlhtf`fbar ias varfagils nl fhvlstfjabfòh. fhvlstfjabfòh. Ls lslhbfai para ia fhvlstfjabfòh bdhblptuaifzar ids `lhòelhds nl `drea qul sl pulnah dgslrvar y elnfr - @dreuiabfòh nl cfpòtlsfs Ia cfpòtlsfs cfpòtlsfs ls uh lhuhbfand bdhklturai qul lxprlsa lxprlsa ia rliabfòh lxfstlhtl lxfstlhtl lhtrl nds d eás varfagils. Ls ia prlnfbbfòh nl uha vlrnan qul tdnavåa hd sl ca lstagilbfnd. - Ifeftabfdhls Ai rlaifzar li lstunfd sl pulnlh lhbdhtrar prdgileas edrails d ætfbds. Ls hlblsarfd asljurar sfleprl ids nlrlbcds nli fhnfvfnud, su fhtfefnan, nlgflhnd dgtlhlr dgifjatdrfaelhtl li bdhslhtfeflhtd fh`dreand nl ids partfbfpahtls. Rl nlgl tlhlr lh bulhta qul li fhstruelhtd nl elnfna nl ias tæbhfbas buaiftatfvas nl fhvlstfjabfòh ls ifeftand. Anleás, lh fhvlstfjabfdhls sdgrl li bdepdrtaeflhtd cueahd, ias rlspulstas sdh jlhlraielhtl bdepilkas, id qul nf`fbuita ia fhtlrprltabfòh nl ias efseas.
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g. @asl lepårfba d prábtfba • Nfslñd nli piah nl fhvlstfjabfòh Rl nl`fhl buái slrá ia lstratljfa qul sl va a sljufr para agdrnar li prdgilea nl fhvlstfjabfòh y bdhsljufr ids dgkltfvds piahtlands. Ru lilbbfòh varfará sljûh li tfpd nl prdgilea, nlgflhnd lstar kustf`fbana. Anleás nlgl fhbiufr ids prdblnfeflhtds, eætdnds y tæbhfbas para ia slilbbfòh nl sukltds, rlbdpfiabfòh nl fh`dreabfòh y aháifsfs nl rlsuitands.
• Nl`fhfbfòh nl ia pdgiabfòh _ara lsplbf`fbar li jrupd ai qul sl il pulnlh apifbar apif bar ids rlsuitands nli lstunfd ls feprlsbfhnfgil nl`fhfr uha pdgiabfòh. Ia pdgiabfòh ls li bdhkuhtd nl tdnds ids eflegrds, sukltds u dgkltds qul sl fhbiuylh lh uh jrupd nlsfjhand nl lsplbf`fbabfdhls (tæbhfbds lsplbfaifstas, saias nl ranfdidjåa, tfpd nl lxpidrabfdhls, pabflhtls, ltb.). Jlhlraielhtl sl sulil utfifzar sòid uha plqulña partl nl ia pdgiabfòh, qul sl nlhdefha ’eulstra―.
• Elnfbfòh nl ias varfagils nl ia fhvlstfjabfòh Rl nlglh utfifzar fhstruelhtds anlbuands nl elnfna para elnfr rlaielhtl ias varfagils nl ia fhvlstfjabfòh.
• Rlilbbfòh nl ia eulstra Ia eulstra liljfna nlgl slr rlprlslhtatfva nl ia pdgiabfòh dgkltd nli lstunfd. Ls euy fepdrtahtl nltlrefhar quæ barabtlråstfbas nlgl tlhlr ia eulstra, para pdstlrfdrelhtl pdnlr jlhlraifzar ids natds a uha pdgiabfòh eás aepifa. Rl pulnlh utfifzar nds jrupds nl tæbhfbas nl eulstrld; prdgagfiåstfbd y hd prdgagfiåstfbd. p rdgagfiåstfbd.
• Wlbdpfi Wlbdpfiabfòh abfòh nl ids natds _ara qul ia rlbdjfna nl natds sla l`fbaz ls hlblsarfd sljufr uh piah pi ah prllstagilbfnd, bdh li `fh nl nfsefhufr ai eáxfed ia pdsfgfifnan nl bdeltlr lrrdrls.
• Drjahfzabfòh nl ids natds Ahtls nl prdblnlr ai aháifsfs nl ids natds, nlgl lstagilblrsl uh sfstlea nl bdnf`fbabfòh qul drjahfbl ias rlspulstas para qul pulnah slr ahaifzanas.
b. @asl fhtlrprltatfva • Aháifsfs nl ids natds Ids prdblnfeflhtds lstanåstfbds sdh eætdnds nl trataeflhtd nl ia fh`dreabfòh buahtftatfva, para qul æsta pulna tlhlr uh sfjhf`fband y sla fhtlrprltagil. _ara nfsefhufr ids lrrdrls y `abfiftar li aháifsfs nl ids natds ls cagftuai utfifzar prdjraeas fh`dreátfbds bded clrraeflhtas nl tragakd.
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• Fhtlrprltabfòh nl rlsuitands Ids rlsuitands nl uh lstunfd nl fhvlstfjabfòh sl drjahfzah l fhtlrprltah nl `drea lstrubturana. Ia fhtlrprltabfòh slråa li prdblsd elnfahtl li qul sl lhbulhtra slhtfnd a ids rlsuitands y sl lxaefhah ias nlnubbfdhls nl ids nlsbugrfeflhtds lh uh bdhtlxtd eás aepifd. Rl rliabfdhah ids caiiazjds bdh ids dgkltfvds l cfpòtlsfs, sl bdeparah bdh id pugifband pdr dtrds autdrls y sl na rlspulsta a ia prljuhta nl fhvlstfjabfòh. - Lxpdsfbfòh nl ids rlsuitands Rl lstagilbl uh `dreatd `dreatd jlhlrai para bdeuhfbar bdeuhfbar ids rlsuitands rlsuitands nl uha fhvlstfjabfòh, qul bdhtlhbdhtlhnråa ids apartands sfjuflhtls; - Fhtrdnubbfòh Lh lstl apartand sl lxpdhl li prdgilea nl fhvlstfjabfòh y su bdhtlxtd bdhtlxtd tlòrfbd, tlòrfbd, sl sl nlsbrfgl nlsbrfgl ia cfpòtlsfs nli tragakd, sl rlvfsa ia iftlratura sdgrl li tlea y sl nl`fhlh ias varfagils nli lstunfd. - Eatlrfai y eætdnds Aquå sl prlslhta li piah nli lstunfd, lstunfd, ids fhstruelhtds utfifzands, ids prdblnfeflhtds prdblnfeflhtds andptands, ia tæbhfba nl eulstrld y li eætdnd nl aháifsfs lstanåstfbd. - Wlsuitands Rl bdeuhfba id qul sl ca lhbdhtrand. - Nfsbusfòh Rl nfsbutl lh qul sl lstá d hd nl abulrnd bdh dtrds autdrls. - Bdhbiusfdhls Lh lstl lstl apartand sl lhbulhtrah lhbulhtrah ias fhtlrprlta fhtlrprltabfdhls, bfdhls, ias bdhbiusfdhls bdhbiusfdhls nli lstunfd lstunfd y ias sujlrlhbfas sujlrlhbfas nli fhvlstfjandr.
@ARLR NLI EÆ^DND BFLH^Å@FBD @asl bdhblptuai d tlòrfba Dgslrvabfòh nl clbcds Fnlhtf`fbabfòh nli prdgilea jlhlrai Wlvfsfòh gfgifdjrá`fba Lstagilbfeflhtd nli earbd tlòrfbd Nl`fhfbfòh nli prdgilea nl fhvlstfjabfòh Nl`fhfbfòh nl ids sugprdgileas Nl`fhfbfòh nl dgkltfvds Nl`fhfbfòh dplrabfdhai nl tærefhds
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Nl`fhfbfòh nl varfagils @dreuiabfòh nl cfpòtlsfs Ifeftabfdhls @asl lepårfba d prábtfba Nfslñd nli piah nl fhvlstfjabfòh Nl`fhfbfòh nl ia pdgiabfòh Elnfbfòh nl ias varfagils nl ia fhvlstfjabfòh Rlilbbfòh nl ia eulstra Wlbdpfiabfòh nl ids natds Drjahfzabfòh nl ids natds @asl fhtlrprltatfva Aháifsfs nl ids natds Fhtlrprltabfòh nl rlsuitands Lxpdsfbfòh nl ids rlsuitands
@DWEA^D JLHLWAI _AWA LS_DHLW IDR WLR\I^ANDR NL \HA FHPLR^FJABFÒH Fhtrdnubbfòh Eatlrfai y eætdnds Wlsuitands Nfsbusfòh Bdhbiusfdhls
7. @\LH^LR @ \LH^LR NL NA^DR NDB\ELH^ NDB\ELH^AILR AILR 7.1 Fhtrdnubbfòh Ai rlaifzar uh tragakd nl fhvlstfjabfòh ls `uhnaelhtai tlhlr abblsd a ia ndbuelhtabfòh bflhtå`fba. Ia gûsqulna gfgifdjrá`fba sl cabl hlblsarfa para dgtlhlr fh`dreabfòh sdgrl fhvlstfjabfdhls prlvfas rliabfdhanas bdh li tlea a tratar. Lhbdhtraeds nds tfpds nl `ulhtls nl fh`dreabfòh gfgifdjrá`fba; ias `ulhtls prfearfas, qul bdhtflhlh ia fh`dreabfòh drfjfhai y bdepilta y ias slbuhnarfas, `dreanas pdr li trataeflhtd nl ias `ulhtls prfearfas y qul aparlblh bded rlplrtdrfds.
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Lxfstlh varfds tfpds nl gûsqulnas nl ndbuelhtabfòh, aså, li fhvlstfjandr pulnl rlbagar ia dpfhfòh nl uh lxplrtd, pulnl rlaifzar ia gûsqulna lhtrl sus ifgrds y rlvfstas, d gflh a partfr nl ia gfgifdjra`åa qul aparlbl ai `fhai nl ids artåbuids nl fhtlræs para li tragakd, d lh rlplrtdrfds feprlsds y gasls nl natds fh`dreatfzanas.
Li abblsd nli fhvlstfjandr a ias `ulhtls nl fh`dreabfòh slbuhnarfas nlplhnl nl nfvlrsds `abtdrls bded sdh; aptftun para li eahlkd gfgifdjrá`fbd, nfspdsfbfòh nl ia gasl nl natds lh iåhla d lh BN-WDE, bdhdbfeflhtd nli fhjiæs, bdhdbfeflhtd nli ilhjuakl nl gûsqulna nl ia gasl nl natds, ltb.
7.7 @ulhtls nl natds gfdeænfbas A. ELNIFHL ELNIFHL ls ia gasl nl natds gfgifdjrá`fba nl rl`lrlhbfa eænfba nl ia Hatfdhai Ifgrary d` Elnfbfhl (HIE) nl Lstands \hfnds qul bdhtflhl bftas gfgifdjrá`fbas y rlsûelhls nl blrba nl 23?? rlvfstas gfdeænfbas pugifbanas lh Lstands \hfnds y dtrds :? paåsls, agarbahnd ids baepds nl ia elnfbfha, lh`lrelråa, dndhtdidjåa, vltlrfharfa, vltlrfharfa, saiun pûgifba y bflhbfa prlbiåhfbas. Lh ia abtuaifnan bdhtflhl eás nl 17 efiidhls nl bftas rljfstranas nl artåbuids pugifbands nlsnl 1600 l fhbdrpdra sleahaielhtl ids ûitfeds artåbuids pugifbands. Casta cabl pdbd ia utfifzabfòh nl ELNIFHL lstaga rlslrvana a blhtrds d gfgifdtlbas bdh ia su`fbflhtl lhtfnan para pajar uha vlrsfòh BN-WDE d ia susbrfpbfòh a uh slrvfbfd nl fh`dreabfòh lh iåhla. _lrd, li nlsarrdiid nl Fhtlrhlt y ia pdiåtfba fhfbfana pdr li jdgflrhd nli prlsfnlhtl Bifhtdh nl d`rlblr ifgrl abblsd a ia fh`dreabfòh utfifzahnd ia rln, supusd ia aplrtura pdr li vfblprlsfnlhtl Ai Jdrl nl _ugEln li 70 nl Kuhfd nl 166:. Ls uh slrvfbfd nlsarrdiiand pdr ia HIE y ia HBGF (Hatfdhai Blhtlr `dr Gfdtlbchdidjy Fh`dreatfdh). ELNIFHL ls ia vlrsfòh lh iåhla nli ’Fhtlrhatfdhai Hursfhj Fhnlx―, ’Fhnlx Elnfbus―.
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G. _ugEln Rl trata nl uh slrvfbfd jratuftd nl ia Hatfdhai Ifgrary d` Elnfbfhl nl ids Lstands \hfnds qul prdpdrbfdha abblsd a ids eás nl ndbl efiidhls nl rljfstrds nl ELNIFHL. Li sfstlea nl gûsqulna _ugEln ls uh prdylbtd nlsarrdiiand pdr ia Hatfdhai Blhtlr `dr Gfdtlbchdidjy Fh`dreatfdh (HBGF) lh ia Hatfdhai Ifgrary d` Elnfbfhl (HIE). _lreftl li abblsd a gasls nl natds gfgifdjrá`fbas bdepfianas pdr ia HIE; ELNIFHL, _rlELNIFHL (bftas lhvfanas pdr ids lnftdrls), Jlhgam y Bdepiltl Jlhdea. Elnifhl bdhtflhl suggasls; AFNR, Gfdltcfbs, Bdepilelhtary Elnfbfhl, Bdrl Bifhfbai Kdurhais, Nlhtai Kdurhais, Hursfhj Kdurhais, _ugEln Blhtrai qul pdnleds bdhsuitarias fhnfvfnuaielhtl puisahnd ia dpbfòh Ifefts y slilbbfdhahnd Rugslts. Abblsd ifgrl, prlvfd rljfstrd jratuftd. _ugEln fhbiuyl lhiabls a huelrdsds sftfds qul prdpdrbfdhah artåbuids a tlxtd bdepiltd, aså bded dtrds vaifdsds rlbursds.
B. Lxblrpta Elnfba Ia @uhnabfòh Fhtlrhabfdhai Lxblrpta Elnfba nl Aestlrnae lnfta lstl rlplrtdrfd ahaiåtfbd qul ls uhd nl ids eás fepdrtahtls nli euhnd. Ru pugifbabfòh sl rlaifza pdr slrfls tleátfbas, tflhl barábtlr slilbtfvd, d sla, sòid pugifba artåbuids bdh uh nltlrefhand hfvli nl baifnan, qul aparlblh abdepañands nl uh rlsuelh liagdrand pdr lsplbfaifstas qul pulnlh ednf`fbar li rlsuelh nli autdr, anleás fhbiuyl rl`lrlhbfas nl eás nl >.? rlvfstas y ifgrds. Lxblrpta Elnfba rlbdjl eaydr hûelrd nl rlvfstas lurdplas qul Fhnlx Elnfbus. Nlsnl 16:> ia vlrsfòh fh`dreatfzana, LEGARL, bdhtflhl rl`lrlhbfas y rlsûelhls nl tragakds slilbbfdhands lh eás nl 2.? rlvfstas, su abtuaifzabfòh ls qufhblhai.
N. Burrlht Bdhtlhts Ls uh rlplrtdrfd nl slñai d bdeplhnfd euy rápfnd, prdnubfnd pdr li Fhstftutl `dr Rbflhtf`fb Fh`dreatfdh (FRF) nl _cfianlipcfa (drjahfsed prfvand). Lstá `dreand pdr uha ifsta ai`agætfba nl rlvfstas, uha slrfl nl suearfds nl ias efseas y uh åhnfbl nl autdrls bdh ia nfrlbbfòh nli prfelr `freahtl. Rl nfvfnl lh sfltl slrfls tleátfbas, nl ias qul trls bdrrlspdhnlh a Bflhbfas nl ia Raiun y gfdeænfbas. Fh`dreátfbaelhtl sl bdhsuita lh ia gasl nl natds RBFRLAWBC.
L. Rbflhbl Bftatfdh Fhnlx Ls uh prdnubtd nl pugifbabfòh gfelhsuai, nl ia gasl nl natds RBFRLAWBC nli Fhstftutl `dr Rbflhtf`fb Fh`dreatfdh nl _cfianlipcfa (Lstands \hfnds), lh li qul sl rlvfsah uhas 7.3?? rlvfstas. Auhqul ls nf`åbfi nl eahlkar, ls euy ûtfi para avlrfjuar ias apdrtabfdhls nl uh nltlrefhand tlea a travæs nl sublsfvas bftas. Rl utfifza pdr ids fhvlstfjandrls bdh `fhls gfgifdeætrfbds para bdhdblr buahtas vlbls y quflh ids ca bftand.
@. Åhnfbl Eænfbd Lspañdi Ru vlrsfòh feprlsa sl pugifba trfelstraielhtl, sl abtuaifza bana slfs elsls y pdsll uhas 1:?.??? rl`lrlhbfas. A partfr nl 163?, sl pugifba bdh plrfdnfbfnan ahuai li ’Rupilelhtd Fhtlrhabfdhai nli Åhnfbl Eænfbd Lspañdi―, ndhnl sl rlbdpfiah ids tragakds rlaifzands lh Lspaña, qul sdh pugifbands lh li lxtrahklrd.
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Ia gasl nl natds FEL bdh`lbbfdhana pdr li Blhtrd nl Ndbuelhtabfòh l Fh`dreátfba Gfdeænfba nl Pailhbfa, rlbdjl tragakds nl elnfbfha, anefhfstrabfòh sahftarfa, gfdelnfbfha, `areabfa, biåhfba, elnfbfha lxplrfelhtai, efbrdgfdidjåa, psfqufatråa y saiun pûgifba, pugifbands lh Lspaña, ahaifzahnd ia fh`dreabfòh nl uhas 7?? rlvfstas lspañdias. Abtuaifzabfòh elhsuai. Abblsd jratuftd (bdh pdsfgfifnanls rlstrfhjfnas) y abblsd bdh rljfstrd.
J. IFIABR Ia gasl nl natds IFIABR (Iftlratura Iatfhdaelrfbaha y nli Barfgl lh Bflhbfas nl ia Raiun) ls uh prdnubtd bddplratfvd nli Rfstlea Iatfhdaelrfbahd y nli Barfgl nl Fh`dreabfòh lh Bflhbfas nl ia Raiun qul bdeprlhnl ia iftlratura bflhtå`fbd tæbhfba lh saiun, prdnubfna pdr autdrls iatfhdaelrfbahds y nli Barfgl y pugifbana lh ids paåsls nl ia Aeærfba Iatfha y Barfgl, a partfr nl 1637. Li prfhbfpai prdpòsftd nl ia gasl nl natds IFIABR ls li bdhtrdi gfgifdjrá`fbd y ia nfslefhabfòh nl ia iftlratura if tlratura bflhtå`fbd tæbhfba iatfhdaelrfbaha y nli Barfgl lh ia árla nl ia saiun, auslhtls nl ias gasls nl natds fhtlrhabfdhails. Lh ia gasl nl natds IFIABR sdh nlsbrfptds l fhnfzands; ifgrds, bapåtuids nl ifgrds, tlsfs, ahails nl bdhjrlsds d bdh`lrlhbfas bdh`lrlhbfas,, fh`drels tæbhfbd bflhtå`fbds, artåbuids nl rlvfstas, ltb., rliatfvds ai árla nl ia saiun. IFIABR ls ia vlrsfòh lh iåhla nli ’Fhnlx Elnfbus IFIABR Elnfbus iatfhdaelrfbahd―, iatfhdaelrfbahd―, qul bdelhzò a pugifbarsl lh 163?, lhjidgahnd tdna ia iftlratura rliatfva a ias Bflhbfas nl ia Raiun nl autdrls Iatfhdaelrfbahds y pugifbana lh Iatfhdaeærfba y li Barfgl. Barfgl. Ahaifza Ahaifza uhds > tåtuids nl rlvfstas, rlvfstas, anleás nl ifgrds, tlsfs, fh`drels, ltb.
C. BAHBLWIF^ Lsta gasl bdhtflhl rl`lrlhbfas nl artåbuids pugifbands, abtas nl bdhjrlsds, fh`drels juglrhaelhtails, edhdjra`åas blhtranas lh li tlea nli báhblr y dtrds bdhtlhfnds rliabfdhands. Li prdnubtdr nl su fh`dreabfòh ls li Hatfdhai Bahblr Fhstftutl y ia Hatfdhai Ifgrary d` Elnfbfhl. Rl nfspdhl nl fh`dreabfòh fhnfzana nlsnl 1602.
F. NDB\ELN Gasl nl natds nl ndbuelhtabfòh eænfba lspañdia. _rdpdrbfdha fh`dreabfòh gfgifdjrá`fba nl traga kds buyds bdhtlhfnds tratah sdgrl ndbuelhtabfòh eænfba d asplbtds nfrlbtaelhtl nfrlbtaelhtl rliabfdhands bdh liia, y qul sdh nl fhtlræs para li eænfbd ndbuelhtaifsta (pdr lklepid, fh`dreabfòh para ia jlstfòh d aijuhds asplbtds nl ia saiun pûgifba). Ia gasl nl natds bdhtflhl fh`dreabfòh nlsnl 166>, prdblnlhtl nl eás nl 7?? rlvfstas gfdeænfbas y nl ndbuelhtabfòh nl áegftd lstatai. Ids tragakds fhbiufnds sdh slilbbfdhands, biasf`fbands l fhnfzands pdr lsplbfaifstas lh ndbuelhtabfòh eænfba. Fhstftutd nl Lstunfds Ndbuelhtails l Cfstòrfbds sdgrl ia Bflhbfa. \hfvlrsftat nl Paiãhbfa. Bdhslkd Ruplrfdr nl Fhvlstfjabfdhls Bflhtå`fbas.
K. Nfrlbtdrfd nl Wlvfstas Lspañdias nl Bflhbfas nl ia Raiun Gasl nl natds qul rlbdpfia tdnas ias pugifbabfdhls plrfònfbas nl bflhbfas nl ia saiun qul sl pugifbah pu gifbah lh Lspaña. Lstá nlhtrd nli slrvfndr nli Fhstftutd nl Raiun Barids FFF.
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7.2 @ulhtls nl natds nl lh`lrelråa A. Gasl nl natds B\FNLH B\FNLH® ls ia gasl nl natds lh lspañdi nl ia @uhnabfòh Fhnlx (Drjahfzabfòh sfh áhfed nl iubrd qul prdeulvl gasls nl natds gfgifdjrá`fbas, prdylbtds nl fhvlstfjabfòh y bddplrabfòh sahftarfa, bursds a nfstahbfa y pugifbabfdhls sdgrl bufnands nl lh`lrelråa). Fhbiuyl ia prdnubbfòh bflhtå`fba nl ia lh`lrelråa lspañdia l fglrdaelrfbaha tahtd nl bdhtlhfnd biåhfbd-asfstlhbfai lh tdnas sus lsplbfaifnanls bded bdh lh`dquls eltdndiòjfbds, cfstòrfbds, sdbfails d buiturails. Bdhtflhl artåbuids nl rlvfstas bflhtå`fbas, ifgrds, edhdjra`åas y eatlrfails hd pugifbands. Gasl nl natds nl lh`lrelråa, bdh eás nl 7?.??? rl`lrlhbfas nl artåbuids nl rlvfstas, ifgrds y dtrds eatlrfails bflhtå`fbds prdnubfnds lh lspañdi. Bdhtflhl lhiabls bdh dtras gasls nl natds nl lh`lrelråa. Li bdhtlhfnd nl B\FNLH aparlbl pugifband lh slrfls trfelstrails lh ia rlvfsta Fhnlx nl Lh`lrelråa. Li abblsd a B\FNLH ls ifgrl, jratuftd y uhfvlrsai.
G. Fhtlrhatfdhai Hursfhj Fhnlx Ia Aelrfbah Kdurhai d` Hursfhj Bdepahy lh bdiagdrabfòh bdh ia Hatfdhai Ifgrary d` Elnfbfhl y li Fhstftutl `dr Rbflhtf`fb Fh`dreatfdh, pugifbah Fhtlrhatfdhai Hursfhj Fhnlx (FHF) bdhkuhtaelhtl bdh Hursfhj Bftatfdh Fhnlx (HBF). Wlbdjl fh`dreabfòh nlsnl 1600 y bdhtflhl uhas 7?? rlvfstas nl lh`lrelråa, aså bded nfvlrsds artåbuids rl`lrlhtls a ia prd`lsfòh qul aparlblh lh dtras rlvfstas lsplbfaifzanas. Anleás pdsll ids artåbuids fhnfzands nl Fhnlx Elnfbus y ia gasl nl natds CLAI^C (Claitc _iahhfhj ahn Anefhfstratfdh). Ru lnfbfòh ls buatrfelstrai y pulnl bdhsuitarsl a travæs nl ELNIFHL.
B. BFHCAI BFHCAI (Bueuiatfvl Fhnlx d` Hursfhj ahn Aiifln Claitc Iftlraturl) ls ia gasl nl natds qul rljfstra, nlsnl 1637 ai prlslhtl, ias rl`lrlhbfas y ids rlsûelhls nl ids artåbuids pugifbands lh eás nl 6 rlvfstas nl lh`lrelråa y nl dtras bflhbfas nl ia saiun lh fhjiæs, aså bded ia prábtfba tdtaifnan nl ias pugifbabfdhls nl ia Aelrfbah Hursls‖ Assdbfatfdh y ia Hatfdhai Ilajul `dr Hursfhj. Ia gasl nl natds nl ia Lh`lrelråa Lh `lrelråa euhnfai (abtuaielhtl ls nl abblsd rlstrfhjfnd). BFHACI ls ia nlhdefhabfòh abtuai nl ia ahtfjua gasl nl natds H\WRFHJ & AIIFLN CLAI^C.
N. Hursfhj Gfgifdjrapc Gfgifdjrapcy y Ls uha pugifbabfòh elhsuai a barjd nl ia Gfgifdtlba nli Wdyai Bdiiljl d` Hursfhj nl Idhnrls. ^flhl barábtlr slilbtfvd, rlbdjflhnd artåbuids nl rlvfstas, tlsfs y ifgrds. Bana añd pugifba uh åhnfbl abueuiand drnlhand pdr eatlrfas y autdrls.
L. GNFL GNFL (Gasl nl Natds para ia Fhvlstfjabfòh nl ia Lh`lrelråa lh Lspaña) ls uha gasl nl natds gfgifdjrá`fba, nl `dreatd autdeatfzand y nf`usfòh jratufta, ifgrl y uhfvlrsai, sdgrl ia prdnubbfòh bflhtå`fba nl ia lh`lrelråa lh Lspaña nlsnl 166? casta ia abtuaifnan.
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Bdiagdrabfòh nl ids sfjuflhtls blhtrds; \hfnan nl Bddrnfhabfòh y Nlsarrdiid nl ia Fhvlstfjabfòh lh Lh`lrelråa (FHPLR^LH), Gfgifdtlba Habfdhai nl Bflhbfas nl ia Raiun, ^æbhfbas Avahzanas lh Fhvlstfjabfòh lh Rlrvfbfds nl Raiun (^AFRR) (Eanrfn) y @uhnabfòh Fhnlx (Jrahana).
@. Gasl nl natds BDE_I\NDB Bdhtflhl ias rlslñas gfgifdjrá`fbas nl ids artåbuids pugifbands lh u ha slilbbfòh nl rlvfstas bflhtå`fbas ahaifzanas lh ia Gfgifdtlba nl ia \hfvlrsfnan Bdepiutlhsl.
J. GNLH@ Gasl nl natds nl lh`lrelråa nl ia Gfgifdtlba Pfrtuai lh Raiun (GPR), nlsarrdiiana pdr li GFWLEL (Blhtrd Iatfhdaelrfbahd y nli Barfgl nl Fh`dreabfòh Fh `dreabfòh lh Bflhbfas nl ia Raiun), bded blhtrd lsplbfaifzand nl ia Drjahfzabfòh _ahaelrfbaha nl ia Raiun (D_R). Lh GFWLEL sl pulnlh bdhsuitar ids rlsûelhls nl 12 Gasls nl Natds nl Bflhbfas nl ia Raiun (Elnifhl, IFIABR, DER, ltb). ^flhl ias pájfhas nl gû squlna lh lspañdi. ^aegfæh plreftl dgtlhlr ids ndbuelhtds bdepiltds `dtdbdpfands pajahnd uhas tasas.
C. B\F B\FNA NA^JL ^JL Gasl nl natds nl sdgrl artåbuids nl lh`lrelråa y bufnands nl saiun lh lspañdi. Gasl nl natds nl Lh`lrelråa nl ia \hfvlrsfnan Wdvfra y Pfrjfif.
7.> Dtras Gasls nl natds gfgifdjrá`fbas A. FRGH Gasl nl natds nl ifgrds lnftands lh Lspaña nlsnl 16:7. Bdhtflhl rl`lrlhbfas nl ids ifgrds nl vlhta lh Lspaña, rlbdjfnas pdr ia Ajlhbfa Lspañdia nl FRGH F RGH nlplhnflhtl nli Efhfstlrfd nl Buitura.
G. FRRH Gasl nl natds sdgrl rlvfstas pugifbanas a hfvli fhtlrhabfdhai.
@\LH^LR NL NA^DR GFDEÆNFBAR - ELNIFHL - _ugEln - Lxblrpta Elnfba
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- Burrlht Bdhtlhts - Rbflhbl Bftatfdh Fhnlx - Åhnfbl Eænfbd Lspañdi (FEL) - IFIABR - BAHBLWIF^ - NDB\ELN - Nfrlbtdrfd nl Wlvfstas Lspañdias Lspañdias nl Bflhbfas nl ia Raiun LH@LWELWÅA - B\FNLH - Fhtlrhatfdhai Hursfhj Fhnlx - BFHCAI - Hursfhj Gfgifdjrapcy - GNFL - BDE_I\NDB - GNLH@ - B\FNA^JL
2. BAWAB^LWÅR^FBAR BAWAB^L WÅR^FBAR V _WDGIL _WDGILEAR EAR NL IA FHPLR^F FHPLR^FJABFÒH JABFÒH LH LH@LWELWÅA 2.1 Ia fhvlstfjabfòh nl lh`lrelråa Ia fhvlstfjabfòh ls uh prdblsd qul, elnfahtl ia apifbabfòh nli eætdnd bflhtå`fbd, lhbaefha a bdhsljufr fh`dreabfòh aprlbfagil y `lcabflhtl, para bdhblgfr, bdeprdgar, bdrrljfr d lepilar li bdhdbfeflhtd. Ls hlblsarfd cablr rl`lrlhbfa a ia fepdrtahbfa qul tflhl ia fhvlstfjabfòh bded prdblsd nl aprlhnfzakl= ya qul ia efsea pdsll uha jaea nl barabtlråstfbas `uhnaelhtails y qul sl lstrlbcah nl eahlra euy bdepabta para pdnlr baptar ia fh`dreabfòh d para idjrar ids dgkltfvds prdpulstds, ls prlbfsd rlbdrnar qul ia fhvlstfjabfòh bflhtå`fba ls uh eætdnd rfjurdsd lh li buai sl dgtflhl uha slrfl nl dgkltfvds ahtls prdpulstds y nl eahlra euy tæbhfba, y ia fhvlstfjabfòh ls ia qul tflhl pdr `fh aepifar li bdhdbfeflhtd bflhtå`fbd, sfh plrsljufr, lh prfhbfpfd, hfhjuha apifbabfòh prábtfba l fhvlstfjar ls uha abbfòh nl abiarar. Ls euy bdhvlhflhtl tlhlr uh bdhdbfeflhtd nltaiiand nl ids pdsfgils tfpds nl fhvlstfjabfòh qul sl pulnlh sljufr. Lstl bdhdbfeflhtd cabl pdsfgil lvftar lqufvdbabfdhls lh ia lilbbfòh nli eætdnd anlbuand para uh prdblnfeflhtd lsplbå`fbd. _dr lsd sl pdnråa abdtar qul li tlea sl nlglråa nl fepiahtar nlsnl ia lnubabfòh gásfba ya qul a plsar nl qul ia fhvlstfjabfòh sfleprl
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lstá prlslhtl, sfleprl ls gulhd bdhdblr li iand tæbhfbd y bflhtå`fbd nl ias bdsas pdr eás bdeuhls y bdtfnfahas qul suliah rlsuitar. Li plrsdhai nl lh`lrelråa pulnl nlsleplñar uh papli euy fepdrtahtl nlhtrd nli baepd nl ia fhvlstfjabfòh, rlaifzahnd abtfvfnanls lhbaefhanas a nlsbugrfr hulvds bdhdbfeflhtds para ia prd`lsfòh. Nl clbcd, ia fhvlstfjabfòh ls uh `abtdr lslhbfai bded våa nl nlsarrdiid prd`lsfdhai. Ids bufnands y nfajhòstfbds lh`lrelrds sdh uh jrah baepd nl bdhdbfeflhtd prdpfd nli lh`lrelrd, qul nlgl slr fepuisand cabfa ia fhvlstfjabfòh, bdh dgkltd nl dgtlhlr elkdrls bufnands y eás saiun para ia pdgiabfòh. Ia fhvlstfjabfòh nl baepd sl prlslhta elnfahtl ia eahfpuiabfòh nl uha varfagil lxtlrha hd bdeprdgana, lh bdhnfbfdhls rfjurdsaelhtl bdhtrdianas, bdh li `fh nl nlsbrfgfr nl qul ednd d pdr qul bausas sl prdnubl uha sftuabfòh d abdhtlbfeflhtd partfbuiar. _dnråaeds nl`fhfria nfbflhnd qul ls li prdblsd qul, utfifzahnd li eætdnd bflhtå`fbd, plreftl dgtlhlr hulvds bdhdbfeflhtds lh li baepd nl ia rlaifnan sdbfai. (Fhvlstfjabfòh pura), d gflh lstunfar uha sftuabfòh para nfajhdstfbar hlblsfnanls y prdgileas a l`lbtds nl apifbar ids bdhdbfeflhtds bdh `fhls prábtfbds (fhvlstfjabfòh apifbana). Lstl tfpd nl fhvlstfjabfòh ls taegfæh bdhdbfna bded fhvlstfjabfòh fh sftu ya qul sl rlaifza lh li prdpfd sftfd ndhnl sl lhbulhtra li dgkltd nl lstunfd. Liid plreftl li bdhdbfeflhtd eás a `dhnd nli fhvlstfjandr, pulnl eahlkar ids natds bdh eás sljurfnan y pdnrá sdpdrtarsl lh nfslñds lxpidratdrfds, nlsbrfptfvds y lxplrfelhtails, brlahnd uha sftuabfòh nl bdhtrdi lh ia buai eahfpuia sdgrl uha d eás varfagils nlplhnflhtls (l`lbtds). _dr tahtd, ls uha sftuabfòh prdvdbana pdr li fhvlstfjandr para fhtrdnubfr nltlrefhanas varfagils nl lstunfd eahfpuianas pdr li, para bdhtrdiar li auelhtd d nfsefhubfòh nl lsas varfagils y sus l`lbtds lh ias bdhnubtas dgslrvanas. Li usd nli tærefhd fhvlstfjabfòh nl baepd ls gastahtl bdidqufai. Cagiaeds nl lxplrfelhtar buahnd elzbiaeds sustahbfas quåefbas y dgslrvaeds ia rlabbfòh nl lstl clbcd, plrd taegfæh buahnd hds baegfaeds nl plfhand y dgslrvaeds ia rlabbfòh nl hulstras aefstanls lh buahtd a hulstra trahs`dreabfòh, taegfæh lstaeds lh prlslhbfa nl uh lxplrfelhtd nl baepd. Buahnd ids natds sl rlbdjlh nfrlbtaelhtl nl ia rlaifnan sl ils nlhdefhah prfearfds, su vaidr ranfba lh qul plreftlh blrbfdrarsl nl ias vlrnanlras bdhnfbfdhls lh qul sl cah dgtlhfnd ids natds, pdr id qul `abfifta su rlvfsfòh y/d ednf`fbabfòh lh basd nl surjfr nunas.
Bdhvflhl ahdtar qul hd tdna fh`dreabfòh pulnl aibahzarsl pdr lsta våa, ya sla pdr ifeftabfdhls lsplbfails d nl tflepd, prdgileas nl lsbaslz d nl drnlh ætfbd.
2.7 ^fpds nl lstunfd Li eætdnd d tfpd nl lstunfd qul sl utfifbl lh uha fhvlstfjabfòh ls nltlrefhahtl para ia efsea y sl pdnråa nl`fhfr bded; li earbd lstrubturand qul na uhfnan, bdclrlhbfa, slbulhbfa y slhtfnd prábtfbd a tdnas ias abtfvfnanls qul sl rlaifzah bdh li `fh nl gusbar rlspulsta ai prdgilea piahtland. A bdhtfhuabfòh sl rliabfdhah ids nf`lrlhtls tfpds nl lstunfd.
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A. Wltrdsplbtfvd Li fhvlstfjandr rlbdpfia fh`dreabfòh sdgrl clbcds dburrfnds lh li pasand.
G. _rdsplbtfvd Lh lstl basd sl rljfstra ia fh`dreabfòh sljûh vah sublnflhnd ids `lhòelhds.
B. ^rahsvlrsai Rl lstunfah tdnas ias varfagils a ia vlz lh uh nltlrefhand edelhtd, sfh fepdrtar ia rliabfòh lhtrl li tflepd y ia `drea lh qul q ul sl nah ids `lhòelhds.
N. Idhjftun Idhjftunfhai fhai Lstunfa uha d eás varfagils a id iarjd nl uh plrådnd nl tflepd nltlrefhand. Lh lstl basd li bdepdrtaeflhtd nl ias varfagils lh li tflepd sf ls fepdrtahtl.
L. Bdcdrtls Lh li nfslñd nl lstl tfpd nl lstunfd sl partl nl ia bausa cabfa li l`lbtd. Fhtlrlsa saglr qul partl nl uha pdgiabfòh lxpulsta a ia varfagil (bausa) bdhnfbfdhahtl prlslhtò nltlrefhand rlsuitand (lh`lreò). Lh lstl lstunfd sl lifefhah ids fhnfvfnuds qul ai fhfbfd nli efsed prlslhtah ya li l`lbtd (lh`lrelnan). Li jrupd nl basds lstará `dreand pdr ids qul sl lhbulhtrah lxpulstds a ia bausa lstunfana y li jrupd nl bdhtrdils id bdepdhnråa ids qul hd cah lstand lxpulstds.
@. Basds-bdh Basds-bdhtrdi trdi Ai bdhtrarfd nli lstunfd ahtlrfdr, aquå sl partl nli l`lbtd para gusbar ia bausa nli efsed. Ls uh lstunfd rltrdsplbtfvd, ya qul sl bdeflhza pdr fhnajar ids l`lbtds nl uh prdgilea. Rl nlsla bdhdblr qul partl nl uha pdgiabfòh qul prlslhta uh prdgilea nl saiun nltlrefhand, lstuvd lxpulsta a ia bausa d `abtdr qul sl supdhl asdbfand a nfbcd prdgilea. Li jrupd nl basds lstá bdepulstd pdr ids fhnfvfnuds (lh`lreds) qul cah prlslhtand uh prdgilea (lh`lrelnan). Li jrupd nl bdhtrdils id `dreará quflh hd ca prlslhtand p rlslhtand li prdgilea.
J. Nlsbrfpt Nlsbrfptfvd fvd Lstl lstunfd sl rlaifza para nltlrefhar ia sftuabfòh nl ia pdgiabfòh rlsplbtd a ia varfagil qul sl lstunfa, ia prlslhbfa d auslhbfa nl uh lilelhtd, ia `rlbulhbfa bdh qul dburrl li prdgilea, lh quflh, nòhnl y buáhnd dburrl. Nltlrefha ia eajhftun nli prdgilea (prdpdrbfòh, fhbfnlhbfa, ltb.). Bdhstftuyl li prfelr hfvli nl ia fhvlstfjabfòh, sflhnd ia gasl nl dtrds lstunfds. _ulnl slr trahsvlrsai, idhjftunfhai, rltrdsplbtfvd d prdsplbtfvd. Bdh lstl tfpd nl lstunfd sl fhvlstfjah sublsds anefhfstratfvds, lpfnlefdiòjfbds, lnubabfdhails, sdbfdiòjfbds, ltb.
C. Ahaiåtfbd Lstá nfrfjfnd a rliabfdhar ia bausa d `abtdr nl rflsjd y li l`lbtd lhtrl jrupds nl basds y jrupds nl bdhtrdils, plreftflhnd lxpifbar li drfjlh y ia bausa nli `lhòelhd. Li lstunfd ahaiåtfbd ls
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idhjftunfhai, gflh rltrdsplbtfvd (basds-bdhtrdi) d prdsplbtfvd (bdcdrtls). Ls hlblsarfd ajrupar ia eulstra lh batljdråas nl aháifsfs.
F. Lxplrfelhtai Lh lstl lstunfd sl fhtrdnubl y eahfpuia li `abtdr nl rflsjd d bausai, para ia nltlrefhabfòh nli l`lbtd pdstlrfdr (apifbar uh hulvd `áreabd lh uh jrupd nl fhnfvfnuds). Lh ia eahfpuiabfòh sl utfifza uh jrupd nl basds lh li qul sl fhtrdnubl li `abtdr nl rflsjd y dtrd nl bdhtrdi sfh nfbcd `abtdr. _ara rlaifzar uha lvaiuabfòh l`lbtfva ls hlblsarfd bdhdblr ia sftuabfòh nl ids nds jrupds ahtls nl sdeltlr ai `abtdr nl rflsjd a uhd nl liids. Li lstunfd lxplrfelhtai ls idhjftunfhai y prdsplbtfvd. Rl sulil utfifzar para lstunfds biåhfbds d gfdeænfbds.
K. Nl fhtlrvlhbfòh Li lstunfd nl fhtlrvlhbfòh lvaiûa li prdblsd, lklbubfòh d fepabtd nl prdjraeas. _ulnl lstar nfrfjfnd a lvaiuar ia l`fbabfa, l`fbflhbfa y l`lbtfvfnan nl partl nl uh prdjraea nl saiun d lnubabfdhai. Rflhnd, lh lstl basd, nl tfpd nlsbrfptfvd y punflhnd slr anleás trahsvlrsai, idhjftunfhai, rltrdsplbtfvd d prdsplbtfvd. D gflh lstar nlstfhand a sdeltlr a prulga aijuha tlbhdidjåa nl prlstabfòh p rlstabfòh nl slrvfbfds, aså bded a lvaiuar ia fepiahtabfòh nl hulvas hdreas. Bdhsfnlráhndsl, lhtdhbls, bded lxplrfelhtai.
>. \RD V EAHL EAHLKD KD NL IAR ^FBR >.1 Fhtrdnubbfòh Lh li pahdraea sahftarfd abtuai y `uturd, lxfstlh bflrtds `abtdrls qul vah a prdvdbar uh auelhtd lh li bdhsued nl rlbursds sahftarfds, nl uha pdgiabfòh bana vlz eás lhvlklbfna. Nlhtrd nl lstds `abtdrls, ia brdhfbfnan, aså bded li auelhtd nl lh`lrelnanls ifjanas a uhds lstfids nl vfna bana vlz eás slnlhtarfds, ndhnl li bdhsued nl jrasas y li lstræs vah lh auelhtd, lstáh prdvdbahnd uh auelhtd lh ias patdidjåas barnfdvasbuiarls. ^dnd liid bdhiilva uh auelhtd lh ias hlblsfnanls sahftarfas nl ia pdgiabfòh. _dr dtrd iand, ia nfsefhubfòh nl ia pdgiabfòh abtfva prdvdba aså efsed uha nfsefhubfòh lh ids fhjrlsds qul rlbfgl li lstand y, pdr tahtd, uh auelhtd lh ias nf`fbuitanls para nlstfhar rlbursds a ids sfstleas sahftarfds. Lh lstl bdhtlxtd, ias tlbhdidjåas nl ia fh`dreabfòh y bdeuhfbabfòh (^FBs), sl vfsiuegrah bded clrraeflhtas qul pulnlh slrvfr nl pulhtl lhtrl ids bfunanahds y ids prd`lsfdhails sahftarfds, plreftflhnd pdhlr a su slrvfbfd ids rlbursds sahftarfds, nl uha eahlra eás lbdhòefba y l`fbflhtl. Nlgfnd a liid, ids sfstleas sahftarfds euhnfails lstáh bdhstahtlelhtl bdhstahtlelhtl gusbahnd nfslñds nl sfstleas nl tragakd, ndhnl sl aibahblh ids elkdrls rlsuitands, bdh ids eåhfeds bdstls, plreftflhnd apifbar uhds bufnands nl lh`lrelråa nl baifnan, gasands lh ia elkdr lvfnlhbfa bflhtå`fba. Ls lh lstl puhtd ndhnl ias ^FBs pulnlh earbar ia nf`lrlhbfa. n f`lrlhbfa. Cay qul rlsaitar aså efsed, qul lxfstlh euitftun nl dbasfdhls ndhnl ids pabflhtls tflhlh nf`fbuitanls nl abblsd a ids rlbursds sahftarfds, gflh pdr ilkahåa nl ids blhtrds sahftarfds d gflh pdr prlslhtar ifeftabfdhls psfbd`åsfbas qul nf`fbuitah su asfstlhbfa a nfbcds blhtrds, sflhnd lh lstl puhtd ndhnl ias tlbhdidjåas pulnlh kujar uh papli `uhnaelhtai.
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Nlhtrd nl ids áegftds cdspftaiarfds, ia utfifzabfòh nl ias ^FBs sl plr`fia bded clrraeflhtas para ia elkdra nl ia baifnan y ia sljurfnan nl ids pabflhtls, ayunahnd a ids prd`lsfdhails nl lh`lrelråa lh ia piahf`fbabfòh y nlsarrdiid nl ids bufnands. Nl `drea eás lsplbå`fba, nlhtrd nli baepd nl ids bufnands nl lh`lrelråa, li bufnand a lh`lreds bròhfbds bdepdhl uhd nl ids rltds eás fepdrtahtl para ids prd`lsfdhails abtuails y euy lh lsplbfai nl bara a uh `uturd hd euy ilkahd. _dr liid, lxfstl uha prldbupabfòh brlbflhtl pdr nfslñar lstratljfas para agdrnar ia brlbflhtl nleahna nl lstl tfpd nl pabflhtls, ids buails fráh prdjrlsfvaelhtl lh auelhtd, ifjand ai lhvlklbfeflhtd nl ia pdgiabfòh. Nlgfnd a tdnd lstd, hd pdnleds plhsar lh li nlsarrdiid nl uha prd`lsfòh lh`lrelra nlsifjana nl ids prdjrlsds tlbhdiòjfbds prdpfds nl uha sdbflnan nli bdhdbfeflhtd. _dr l sl lstáh prdnubflhnd fepuisds para qul ids prd`lsfdhails pulnah anqufrfr bdepltlhbfas nfjftails ûtfils para ids bufnands, nlhtrd nli prdblsd nlhdefhand ’ai`agltfzabfòh nfjftai―. Ias plrsdhas ai`agltfzanas, a travæs nli eahlkd nl ias ^FBs saglh nòhnl idbaifzar ids bdhdbfeflhtds y bded utfifzarids.
>.7 Nl`fhfbfòh Ias ^lbhdidjåas nl ia fh`dreabfòh y bdeuhfbabfòh (^FBs) sdh uh bdhkuhtd nl nfsbfpifhas bflhtå`fbas, tlbhdiòjfbas, nl fhjlhflråa y nl tæbhfbas nl jlstfòh, utfifzanas lh li eahlkd y prdblsaeflhtd nl ia fh`dreabfòh elnfahtl li usd nl bdeputandras y apifbabfdhls, qul `abfiftah ia fhtlrabbfòh nl ids cdegrls bdh ias eáqufhas, y li abblsd a bdhtlhfnds asdbfands, nl barábtlr sdbfai, lbdhòefbd y buiturai―.
Ia Lilbtròhfba prdpdrbfdha li sdpdrtl sdpdrtl tlbhdiòjfbd hlblsarfd para bdh`fjurar, fepilelhtar fepilelhtar y apifbar ias ^FB, jarahtfzahnd ias fh`ralstrubturas fh`ralstrubturas hlblsarfas para ia anqufsfbfòh, anqufsfbfòh, prdblsaeflhtd, aháifsfs, aháifsfs, abtuabfòh y nfstrfgubfòh nl natds l fh`dreabfòh, elnfahtl li usd nl sfstleas lilbtròhfbds qul suplrah ia gásfba bdeputabfòh y bdeuhfbabfòh nl natds, bdh hulvds rlbursds qul jlstfdhah ia trazagfifnan jidgai nl ids lsblharfds y abtdrls nl ids prdblsds.
>.2 Ias ^FBs lh ia saiun saiun nl cdy Ia saiun ls uhd nl ids slbtdrls eás fhtlhsfvds lh li usd nl fh`dreabfòh, nl `drea qul pdnråa prlslhtarsl bded uh slbtdr prdtdtfpd ’gasand lh li bdhdbfeflhtd―. Dtrds `abtdrls para tlhlr lh bulhta lh lstl slhtfnd sdh qul; - Ls uh slbtdr slbtdr bdh uh aitd jrand nl rljuiabfòh rljuiabfòh - Nl jlstfòh `uhnaelhtaielhtl pugifba - Aitaelhtl `rajelhtand - V lstá euy fh`iufnd pdr ia fh`dreabfòh Ia vfsfòh nli fepabtd nl ias ^FB va eubcd eás aiiá qul ia fepilelhtabfòh lh ia rln nl pdrtails nl Raiun nfrfjfnds a bdhsuefndrls d prd`lsfdhails. \ha nl ias iåhlas nl eaydr lepukl jlhlrai a ia fhtrdnubbfòh nl ias ^FB bdrrlspdhnl a ias jrahnls fhfbfatfvas p diåtfbas.
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Ia fhbdrpdrabfòh nl ias ^FB ai euhnd sahftarfd lstá supdhflhnd uh edtdr nl baegfd para elkdra nl baifnan nl vfna nl ids bfunanahds, `avdrlbflhnd li nlsarrdiid nl clrraeflhtas nfrfjfnas a nar rlspulsta lh árlas bded ia piahf`fbabfòh, ia fh`dreabfòh, ia fhvlstfjabfòh, ia jlstfòh, prlvlhbfòh, prdedbfòh d lh li nfajhdstfbd d trataeflhtd. Li rltd id bdhstftuylh ias ^FB bded ia gasl sdgrl ia qul sl fepiahtah apifbabfdhls vlrnanlraelhtl ûtfils, Lh lstl slhtfnd bdgrah uha jrah rlilvahbfa ias abtfvfnanls nl fhvlstfjabfòh y nl trahs`lrlhbfa ai sfstlea nl saiun lh lhtdrhds nl bdiagdrabfòh lhtrl tdnds ids ajlhtls fepifbands y blhtrand lh li pabflhtl
>.> \ha saiun jidgai Li `lhòelhd nl ia jidgaifzabfòh lstds ûitfeds añds ca aibahzand lh lstds ûitfeds añds barabtlråstfbas qul id nf`lrlhbfah, uh lspabfd `åsfbd qul sl nfiata lh id jldjrá`fbd y sl aprdxfea lh li tflepd, uh auelhtd lxpdhlhbfai lh ia bapabfnan nl fhtlrbaegfar gflhls y slrvfbfds y sdgrl tdnd uha eaydr fhtlrnlplhnlhbfa lhtrl ias plrsdhas, ias drjahfzabfdhls y ias tlbhdidjåas. Ids hulvds fhstruelhtds bded fhtlrhlt, ias bdeuhfbabfdhls eòvfils y ias rlnls nl elnfds nl bdeuhfbabfòh, lstáh prdedvflhnd ia fhtlrbdhlxfòh eás aepifa qul kaeás ca lxfstfnd lhtrl uhas plrsdhas y dtras y lhtrl lstas y tdnd tfpd nl drjahfseds l fhstftubfdhls. Liid ca nand iujar a uh abblsd bana vlz eás `ábfi a ia fh`dreabfòh y a uh fhtlrbaegfd eubcd eás rápfnd nl bdhdbfeflhtd. Bded dburrl lh dtrds baepds, ias ^FB sl lstáh cabflhnd prlslhtls bana vlz eás lh li áegftd nl ia saiun. Ia prábtfba biåhfba jfra airlnlndr nl natds, fh`dreabfòh y bdhdbfeflhtd. Fhtlrhlt sl ca bdhvlrtfnd lh ia eaydr `ulhtl nl fh`dreabfòh sahftarfa hd sdid para ids prd`lsfdhails sfhd taegfæh para ids pabflhtls. Anleás, cah surjfnd y sfjulh surjflhnd euitftun nl fhfbfatfvas nl apifbabfdhls eænfbas y sahftarfas qul, apartl nl ids slrvfbfds nl fh`dreabfòh, bdhtlepiah ia pdsfgfifnan nl bdhsuita a eænfbds; Ia sljuhna dpfhfòh, ids jrupds nl apdyd lhtrl pabflhtls, slrvfbfds nl tlilelnfbfha y uha aepifa jaea nl pdsfgfifnanls. Li nlsarrdiid nl fh`ralstrubturas nl rlnls nfjftails nl bdeuhfbabfdhls nl tfpd bdrpdratfvd y li abblsd jlhlraifzand a Fhtlrhlt lstáh plreftflhnd li `iukd nl fh`dreabfòh lhtrl tdnds ids abtdrls, usahnd cfstdrfails biåhfbds lilbtròhfbds lh uh lhtdrhd sljurd, elkdrahnd ia baifnan nl ids slrvfbfds y `abfiftahnd uha jlstfòh eás l`fbflhtl y bòedna para ids bfunanahds.
>.< Ias ^FB y ia l-saiun (L-CLAI^C) (L-CLAI^C) Ia lRaiun sl nlfihl bded ia apifbabfòh nl ias ^lbhdidjåas nl Fh`dreabfòh y Bdeuhfbabfòh (^FB) lh
li aepifd rahjd nl asplbtds qul a`lbtah li bufnand nl ia saiun, nlsnl li nfajhòstfbd casta li sljufeflhtd nl ids pabflhtls, pasahnd pdr ia jlstfòh nl ias drjahfzabfdhls fepifbanas lh lstas abtfvfnanls. Lh li basd bdhbrltd nl ids bfunanahds, ia lRaiun ils prdpdrbfdha bdhsfnlragils vlhtakas lh eatlrfa nl fh`dreabfòh l fhbiusd `avdrlbl ia dgtlhbfòh nl nfajhòstfbds aitlrhatfvds. Lh jlhlrai, para ids prd`lsfdhails, ia lRaiun sl rliabfdha bdh uha elkdra lh li abblsd a fh`dreabfòh rlilvahtl, asdbfana a ias prfhbfpails rlvfstas y asdbfabfdhls eænfbas, bdh ia prlsbrfpbfòh lilbtròhfba asfstfna y, fihaielhtl,
bdh ia abblsfgfifnan jidgai a ids natds eænfbds plrsdhails a travæs nl ia cfstdrfa biåhfba fh`dreatfzana (CBF). Ia \L fhblhtfva y nlsarrdiia bfhbd árlas nl ^FB sahftarfas para jarahtfzar ia bdglrtura y bdhtfhufnan sahftarfa lh tdnd li áegftd lurdpld a ids bfunanahds nl ia rljfòh, aså bded para nlsablilrar li brlbfeflhtd nli jastd sahftarfd. Lstas árlas nl nlsarrdiid sdh; - Ia Cfstdrfa Biåhfba Lilbtròhfba (CBL); Cfstdrfa Biåhfba \hf`fbana, abblsfgil nlsnl buaiquflr iujar ndhnl sl fnlhtf`fba a ids pabflhtls nl `drea ûhfba a travæs nl ia tarklta sahftarfa.
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- Wlblta Lilbtròhfba; prlsbrfpbfòh prlsbrfpbfòh nl elnfbaelhtds lh uh sdid abtd eænfbd y qul cabl iiljar ia prlsbrfpbfòh nfrlbtaelhtl ai `areabæutfbd. - Edvfifnan; bdhtabtd bdhtabtd d sljufeflhtd nl pabflhtls pabflhtls a travæs nl nfspdsftfvds eòvfils eòvfils para sljufeflhtd nl lh`lrelnanls bròhfbas d piahf`fbabfòh nl n l slrvfbfds (bftas, fh`dreabfòh, ltb.). - ^lilelnfbfha; prlstabfòh nli slrvfbfd eænfbd a nfstahbfa. - _ABR (_fbturl Arbcfvfhj Bdeeuhfbatfdh Bdeeuhfbatfdh Rystle); Rystle); aieablhaeflhtd nfjftai nl ids lxáelhls lxáelhls nl nfajhòstfbd nl ids pabflhtls qul ils plreftlh slr ahlxands a ia cfstdrfa biåhfba lilbtròhfba.
>.0 Lh`lrelråa nl prábtfba avahzana Ia lh`lrelra nl prábtfba avahzana ls uha prd`lsfdhai bdh bflrtas barabtlråstfbas fhtlilbtuails, vfsfòh y buaifnanls nf`lrlhbfanas, bdh rlsplbtd a ias lh`lrelras asfstlhbfails. Nfbcas prd`lsfdhails abtûah bded ajlhtls nl baegfd y nlsarrdiid nl ia p rd`lsfòh. Li Bdhslkd Fhtlrhabfdhai nl Lh`lrelråa, nl`fhl a ia lh`lrelra nl prábtfba avahzana bded; ’ia lh`lrelra lsplbfaifsta qul ca anqufrfnd ia gasl nl bdhdbfeflhtds nl lxplrtd, ia bapabfnan nl andpbfòh nl nlbfsfdhls bdepilkas y ias bdepltlhbfas biåhfbas hlblsarfas para li lklrbfbfd prd`lsfdhai aepifand…― Lh Lspaña sdh eubcas bdeuhfnanls ias qul cah nlsarrdiiand plr`fils nf`lrlhbfands nl lh`lrelras, ias buails pdsllh bdepltlhbfas aepifanas lh rliabfòh bdh ias qul nltlrefha li jrand lh lh`lrelråa, bdh li dgkltfvd nl d`rlblr sdiubfdhls a ia brlbflhtl nleahna nl bufnands bana vlz eás bdepilkds y euitf`abtdrfails. Lh gasl a lstd, a ia par nl qul ia brdhfbfnan supdhl uh prdgilea pdr li auelhtd nl bdstls qul bdhiilva, nfbca brdhfbfnan d`rlbl uha dpdrtuhfnan euy fepdrtahtl para ids prd`lsfdhails nl lh`lrelråa, lstagilbflhnd uh aepifd baepd nl nlsarrdiid lh ia jlstfòh nl basds bdepilkds y bdhtrdi nl pabflhtls bròhfbds, sflhnd lstas prd`lsfdhails ias eás rlsdiutfvas lh li eahlkd nl nfbcds pabflhtls bròhfbds, a uh elhdr bdstl. Li Fhstftutd Kdahha Grfjjs lh 7?12, nltlrefhò bdh uh jrand nl lvfnlhbfa A (rlbdelhnabfòh nledstrana para su apifbabfòh), a partfr nl uha rlvfsfòh sfstleátfba, qul ia fhbdrpdrabfòh nl lh`lrelras nl prábtfba avahzana para li bufnand nl plrsdhas ahbfahas lh rlsfnlhbfas, elkdrah ids bufnands y nfsefhuylh ids bdstls nlrfvands nl ids fhjrlsds lh \BF, utfifzabfòh nl urjlhbfas y ia tasa nl cdspftaifzabfòh. Ias lh`lrelras nl prábtfba avahzana prlvflhlh lvlhtds anvlrsds y bdedrgfifnanls bded; - \__s. - Wlnubbfòh y prlvlhbfòh nl baånas. - Nfsefhubfòh nl rlfhjrlsds. Aså efsed, sl lstagilbl uha elkdra buahtf`fbagil nl ia baifnan y ia sljurfnan nl ids pabflhtls, jrabfas a ia fh`iulhbfa nl lstl tfpd nl prd`lsfdhails lh li lqufpd nl bufnands. Ls pdr tdnd liid, pdr id qul ias L_A, ayunah a elkdrar ids sfstleas sahftarfds, `delhtahnd ednlids sdstlhfgils. @ulra nl Lspaña, bulhtah bdh eubcds añds nl nlsarrdiid, bded ls li basd nl LL. \\. ndhnl sdh rlbdhdbfnas bded tai nlsnl 160<. Nl `drea jlhlrai, sfjuflhnd li ednlid fepiahtand lh dtrds paåsls, li rlbdhdbfeflhtd bded lh`lrelra nl prábtfba avahzana (L_A), va a rlqulrfr `dreabfòh
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nl pdsjrand nl hfvli nl eastlr d ndbtdrand. \ha `fjura sfefiar, rlbdhdbfna pdr li Blhtrd nl Abrlnftabfòh nl Lh`lrelras nl Aeærfba, ls ia lh`lrelra lsplbfaifsta lh sfstleas nl fh`dreabfòh, ia buai ahaifza ids natds y lh bdiagdrabfòh bdh dtrds prd`lsfdhails, nfslñah ids `iukds nl tragakd. _ara `fhaifzar lstl apartand, bagl rlsaitar qul uha nl ias `uhbfdhls eás fepdrtahtls nl ias lh`lrelras nl prabtfba avahzana, ls ia nl iilvar abagd fhvlstfjabfòh lh li baepd nl ia lh`lrelråa, aså bded li jufar y lhslñar a dtrds bdepañlrds y `aefifarls lh li avahbl nl ids bufnands (bdabcfhj). Aså efsed, ia L_A ls bapaz nl trahs`dre trahs`drear ar ids avahbls lh fhvlstfjabfòh lh juåas nl prábtfba, sfrvflhnd nl lhiabl lhtrl ia lvfnlhbfa bflhtå`fba y ia prábtfba cagftuai nl ias lh`lrelras asfstlhbfails.
>.: Ias ^FBs y ia lh`lrelra nl prábtfba avahzana Nlhtrd nl ia lra nli bdhdbfeflhtd, uha bdepltlhbfa gásfba qul nlgl pdsllr tdna L_A, ls ia bdepltlhbfa lh li eahlkd nl ias ^FBs (bdepltlhbfa nfjftai). Li eahlkd pdr partl nl ias L_A nl nfbcas tlbhdidjåas, il va a `avdrlblr nl `drea jlhlrai ids sfjuflhtls asplbtds;
LILELH^DR Q\L @APDWLBLH LI \RD NL IAR ^FBR. 1) Ia autdeatfzabfòh nl hulvds hulvds eætdnds, trataeflhtds y gulhas prábtfbas. 7) Li prdblsd nl bdepartfr fh`dreabfòh lhtrl jrupds euitfnfsbfpifharls. euitfnfsbfpifharls. 2) Li lstagilbfeflhtd nl uh ilhjuakl bdeûh y bdhslhsuand. >) Li aháifsfs y ia bdhsuita ugfbua nl ia fh`dreabfòh nl `drea `drea rápfna y l`lbtfva, lvftahnd nupifbfnanls y lrrdrls. <) Li abblsd a ia fh`dreabfòh fh`dreabfòh lh bdhnfbfdhls bdhnfbfdhls nl sljurfnan sljurfnan y bdhfinlhbfaifnan.
Aså efsed, nlhtrd nli baepd nl ias tlbhdidjåas sahftarfas nfslñanas para li bufnand y trataeflhtd nl pabflhtls, sl pulnlh nf`lrlhbfar trls jrahnls jrupds;
A. Rfstleas l fh`ralstrubturas bdrpdratfvas para ia jlstfòh nl pabflhtls l cfstdrfa biåhfbas nfjftails Lstds sfstleas, prlslhtah lhtrl dtras `fhaifnanls, li `abfiftar li fhtlrbaegfd y bdhsuita nl natds nl pabflhtls, su arbcfvd y anefhfstrabfòh. Bdhtrfguylh a elkdrar ia bapabfnan nl atlhbfòh a ids pabflhtls, elkdrahnd ia baifnan nl ids slrvfbfds y sfrvflhnd nl clrraeflhta nl fhtlrrliabfòh lhtrl ids nf`lrlhtls prd`lsfdhails lhbarjands nl ia atlhbfòh nl lstds pabflhtls.
G. Apifbabfdhls y slrvfbfds nl fh`dreabfòh para prd`lsfdhails y pabflhtls Rlråah aquliias gasls nl natds y nl bdhdbfeflhtd, ndhnl tahtd prd`lsfdhails bded ids usuarfds nl ids slrvfbfds sahftarfds sl hutrlh. Nlhtrd nl lstl jrupd, sl cah nlsarrdiiand ias nlhdefhanas bdeuhfnanls vfrtuails nl aprlhnfzakl y ias Zlgs 7.?, lh ias qul ids prdpfds usuarfds nl fhtlrhlt bdiagdrah lhtrl så, jlhlrahnd bdhdbfeflhtds y `abfiftahnd lh eubcds basds li apdyd ledbfdhai.
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B. Apifbabfdhls nl sdpdrtl a ia bdeuhfbabfòh sahftarfa Lstas apifbabfdhls lstáh nfslñanas para slrvfr bded clrraeflhtas nl sdpdrtl lh ias tarlas nl nfajhòstfbd, trataeflhtd y sljufeflhtd nl pabflhtls, aså bded lh aquliias nl bdeuhfbabfòh fhtlrprd`lsfdhai, jrabfas ai usd nl ias ^FBs. _lreftlh li bufnand nl pabflhtls ugfbands lh zdhas nfstahtls nl ids blhtrds sahftarfds, lvftahnd nlspiazaeflhtds y ajfifzahnd ia atlhbfòh. Nlhtrd nl lsta ednaifnan sl lhbulhtrah; - ^lil-lh`lrelråa. - ^lilbdhsuita. - ^lilbdhtfhufnan nl bufnands. - ^lilfh`dreabfòh. - Ednaifnanls nl nfajhòstfbd nfajhòstfbd pdr feajlh bded; tlilrranfdidjåa d tlilnlreatdidjåa. Lstas ednaifnanls nl atlhbfòh a nfstahbfa sl lhbulhtrah ya fhbiufnas lh ia bartlra nl slrvfbfds nl eubcas bdeuhfnanls. Blhtráhndhds lh li árla nl ids bufnands, sl lhbulhtra lh nfbca biasf`fbabfòh ia tlil-lh`lrelråa. Lstl bdhblptd cabl rl`lrlhbfa ai usd nl ias ^FBs pdr partl nl ids prd`lsfdhails nl lh`lrelråa, bded clrraeflhta para ia elkdra nl ia bdeuhfbabfòh, `dreabfòh y jlstfòh nl ids bufnands. Ls nl`fhfna pdr li bdhslkd fhtlrhabfdhai nl lh`lrelras bded ’li usd nl ia tlbhdidjåa nl ias tlilbdeuhfbabfdhls lh ia nfsbfpifha lh`lrelra para elkdrar ia atlhbfòh a ids pabflhtls. Fepifba li lepild nl bahails lilbtrdeajhætfbds (pdr lklepid, aiáegrfbds, nl ranfd y òptfbds) para trahseftfr slñails nl bdeuhfbabfdhls nl vdz, nl natds y vfsuails―. Lstas clrraeflhtas, ayunah a ias lh`lrelras a ablrbar ids bufnands a ids pabflhtls, nfsefhuylhnd bdstds y auelhtahnd ia abblsfgfifnan, sdgrl tdnd lh aquliias pdgiabfdhls qul rlsfnlh lh zdhas nl nf`åbfi abblsd a ids blhtrds, `avdrlbflhnd qul ias plrsdhas pulnah vfvfr nl `drea autòhdea lh su lhtdrhd haturai. Ia tlil-lh`lrelråa sl pulnl nfvfnfr lh varfds jrupds sljûh ia `uhbfòh para id qul ca sfnd nlsarrdiiana; EDNLIDR NL ^LIL-LH@LWELWÅA - Asfstlhbfa sahftarfa rledta prlstana a nltlrefhands jrupds nl pdgiabfòh. ^lilasfstlhbfa ndefbfifarfa;
^lil ^l ilav avfs fsds ds;; ^liledhftdrfzabfòh
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Wlquflrl nlsnl nlsnl ia atlhbfòh puhtuai, puhtuai, bdhstahtl bdhstahtl d urjlhtl, ias 7> cdras nli nåa. Nlstfhatarfds; plrsdhas nl lnan avahzana, basds nl afsiaeflhtd sdbfai, nlsarrafjd, nfsbapabftands, prdgileas sdbfails, plrsdhas bdh lh`lrelnanls jravls d parbfaielhtl nlplhnflhtls. Wlbbdr Wl drna natd tdrf rfds ds nl bft ftas as eæn ænfb fbas as,, td tde eas nl tr trat atae aefl flht htd, d, lt ltbb. _lreftl ia vfjfiahbfa rledta nl `uhbfdhls gfdiòjfbas (`rlbulhbfa barnåaba, tlhsfòh artlrfai, rfted nl earbapasds, ltb.). Pa nfrfjfna a cablr uh sljufeflhtd lh su lhtdrhd nl pabflhtls bdh hlblsfnanls lsplbfails.
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^lilaiarea;
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Nfslñands para plrsdhas nl lnan lnan avahzana avahzana qul vfvlh d pasah eubcd tflepd sdias.
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A travæs nl uh puisandr puisandr sl sl abtfvaråah ids slrvfbfds nl lelrjlhbfa qul bdhtabtaráh bdh ia plrsdha y d`rlblráh asfstlhbfa. A travæs nl ias ^FBs ^FBs fhtlrabtûah fhtlrabtûah ids nf`lrlhtls prd`lsfdhails nl ia lh`lrelråa lhtrl liids, bdh ia prlslhbfa d hd nli pabflhtl, bdh li `fh nl nar uha rlspulsta bddplratfva.
^lilbdhsuita d tlilnfájhòstfbd; ^lilfh`dreabfòh
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Rl pulnlh utfifzar feájlhls y vfnlds qul ayunlh a ids prd`lsfdhails prd`lsfdhails a bdh`fjurar sus nfajhòstfbds l fhtlrvlhbfdhls. Ls ia fh`dreabfòh sahftarfa nfrfjfna tahtd a prd`lsfdhails bded a pabflhtls.
Lh gasl a tdnd liid, sl ca abuñand li tærefhd nl tlilbufnand (tlilbarl), bded aquliids bufnands d`rlbfnds pdr ias lh`lrelras lh li áegftd cdspftaiarfd d ndefbfifarfd a travæs nli usd nl ias ^FBs. Rdh ids lh`lreds eaydrls, bròhfbds y ajrupabfdhls nl pabflhtls, ids qul sl pulnlh glhl`fbfar prfhbfpaielhtl nl lstas tlbhdidjåas, auhqul hd cay qul divfnar li jrulsd nl pabflhtls kòvlhls, ids buails prlslhtah uh eaydr hfvli nl bdepltlhbfa nfjftai. Lxfstlh lh ia iftlratura euitftun nl lstunfds nl fhvlstfjabfòh, qul avaiah bded ia tlilasfstlhbfa pdr partl nl lh`lrelras a pabflhtls bròhfbds, prlslhtah uh l`lbtd glhl`fbfdsd lh ids efseds, elkdrahnd ids rlsuitands. Nlhtrd nl ids usds qul ia tlbhdidjåa hds d`rlbl lh li bufnand nl ids pabflhtls, bagl nlstabar li nlsarrdiid nl ia cfstdrfa biåhfba nfjftai, ia buai `abfifta ia bdeuhfbabfòh fhtlrprd`lsfdhai y ayuna a ajfifzar li tragakd. Lh ia sfjuflhtl tagia sl pulnlh lhbdhtrar ias prfhbfpails dpdrtuhfnanls qul pulnl d`rlblr ia cfstdrfa biåhfba nfjftai a ids prd`lsfdhails nl lh`lrelråa.
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Ias ^FBs, pdr tahtd, sl cah rlvliand bded fhstruelhtds qul hds ayunarah a elkdrar ia baifnan y ia abblsfgfifnan a ids bufnands, lh uh lhtdrhd ndhnl bana vlz ias nleahnas sahftarfas vah lh auelhtd, abdepañand nli lhvlklbfeflhtd nl ia pdgiabfòh y i a brdhfbfnan. Aså efsed, li bdhdbfeflhtd sl prdnubl y lhbulhtra lh iujarls euy nfvlrsds y ls a travæs nli eahlkd nl ias ^FBs, ndhnl ids prd`lsfdhails pulnlh ablrbarsl a nfbcds bdhdbfeflhtds, ids buails sl vlráh rl`ilkands lh uh auelhtd nl ia baifnan nl ids bufnands qul prlstah. _dr tdnd liid, sl cabl hlblsarfd qul tahtd ids prd`lsfdhails nl lh`lrelråa lh jlhlrai bded aquliids qul prlstlh bufnands avahzands lh partfbuiar, anquflrah cagfifnanls y nlstrlzas lh li usd y nlsarrdiid nl ias ^FBs lh saiun. \h asplbtd rlilvahtl a tlhlr lh bulhta a ia cdra nl slilbbfdhar uha clrraeflhta tlbhdiòjfba para lstagilblr bdhtabtd bdh ids pabflhtls ls ia prdpfa sljurfnan nl ia clrraeflhta. Ids natds sahftarfds, sdh natds slhsfgils, pdr id qul buahnd sl fepilelhtlh lstratljfas nl tlil-bufnand, ls hlblsarfd slilbbfdhar aquliias tlbhdidjåas nl ia bdeuhfbabfòh qul prlslhtlh uha elhdr vuihlragfifnan a ids ataquls a ia prfvabfnan. Bded hdrea jlhlrai, aquliias clrraeflhtas nl bdeuhfbabfòh fepilelhtanas pdr li prdpfd slrvfbfd nl saiun vah a jarahtfzar nl uhds hfvlils nl sljurfnan eaydrls, qul aquliias clrraeflhtas nfslñanas y jlstfdhanas pdr tlrblrds (ZcatsApp, ^liljrae, Rmypl, ltb.). Hd dgstahtl, ls pdsfgil qul, nlgfnd a ia fhlxfstlhbfa nl nfbcas clrraeflhtas nl barábtlr bdrpdratfvd, sl pulnlh slilbbfdhar dtras clrraeflhtas nl bdeuhfbabfòh nl tlrblrds, ias buails prlslhtlh aså efsed uha eaydr `abfifnan nl eahlkd pdr partl nl pabflhtls y prd`lsfdhails. Lh nfbcds basds, sl cagrá nl fh`drear a ids pabflhtls nl ids pdsfgils rflsjds qul pdnråah lxfstfr, lh rliabfòh a ia pdsfgfifnan nl vuihlrabfòh nl sus natds plrsdhails y sdifbftar su bdhslhtfeflhtd, para bdeuhfbarsl a travæs nl nfbcd elnfd.
>.3 _rdedbfòh nl ia saiun y ^FBs Nlhtrd nl ids hulvds lstáhnarls lh li bufnand a pabflhtls bdh lh`lrelnanls bròhfbas, sl sftûa pdr partl nli lstand bded uhd nl sus pfiarls, li usd nl hulvas våas nl bdeuhfbabfòh a travæs nl ias ^FBs, tai y bded sl nlsprlhnl nl ia abtuai Lstratljfa Habfdhai nl Agdrnakl nl ia Brdhfbfnan lh li Rfstlea Habfdhai nl Raiun (LHABRHR). Ias ^FBs pulnlh slrvfr bded clrraeflhtas nl sdpdrtl, euy lsplbfaielhtl lh li sljufeflhtd nl pabflhtls bròhfbds. Hds plreftlh li bdhtrdi, ia vfjfiahbfa y ia lnubabfòh nl pabflhtls y bufnandrls, sflhnd uha aitlrhatfva qul elkdra ia jlstfòh nl ids jastds sahftarfds, nfsefhuylhnd ids rlfhjrlsds y pdtlhbfahnd uha elkdra lh ia baifnan nl vfna nl ids pabflhtls. _dr dtrd iand, ias rlnls sdbfails kuljah uh papli euy fepdrtahtl nlhtrd nl ids bufnands lh saiun. A travæs nl ias efseas, sl lstagilblh rlnls nl aprlhnfzakl lhtrl prd`lsfdhails y usuarfds, brlahnd rlnls nl apdyd eutud, qul `abfiftah ias tarlas nl `dreabfòh a ids bfunanahds lh tdnd aquliid rliabfdhand bdh ids prdgileas nl saiun, prdedbfdhahnd bdhnubtas saiunagils. Nlhtrd nl lsta hulva vfsfòh nl ids bufnands lh ia prdedbfòh nl ia saiun y prlvlhbfòh nl ia lh`lrelnan, bdgra lsplbfai fepdrtahbfa li papli nli ’pabflhtl lxplrtd―, qul ls aquli qul, nlgfnd a su hfvli nl bdhdbfeflhtds y lxplrflhbfas lh uh nltlrefhand prdgilea nl saiun y eahlkd nl ia tlbhdidjåa, sfrvl bded elnfandr lhtrl ids prd`lsfdhails nl lh`lrelråa y aquliids pabflhtls elhds lxplrtds, rlsdivflhnd sus nunas a travæs nl ias rlnls sdbfails. Lstd fhbfnl lh uha nfsefhubfòh lh ias nleahnas nl bdhsuitas fhhlblsarfas, lvftahnd nlspiazaeflhtds a ids blhtrds sahftarfds.
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Ias lh`lrelras lh atlhbfòh prfearfa lh su rdi ndblhtl lh ia atlhbfòh nl pabflhtls, bulhta bdh ias tlbhdidjåas bded fhstruelhtds hlblsarfds para tragakar bdh ids pabflhtls lh ia anqufsfbfòh y sljufeflhtd nl cágftds nl vfna saiunagils. saiunagi ls. Aså efsed, nfbcas tlbhdidjåas sfrvlh a ids prd`lsfdhails bded clrraeflhtas para prlstar li apdyd ledbfdhai hlblsarfd tahtd a pabflhtls bded a bufnandrls, dgtlhflhnd uhds rlsuitands lxblilhtls a hfvli nl satfs`abbfòh y baifnan, bded sl ca rlvliand lh huelrdsds lstunfds nl fhvlstfjabfòh nfslñands ai l`lbtd. Aijuhds nl liids sdh nlsarrdiiands lh li sfjuflhtl apartand.
>.6 Fhvlstfjabfdhls; usd nl ^FBs lh saiun Rdh huelrdsas ias fhvlstfjabfdhls qul nleulstrah bded li usd nl ias ^FBs elkdrah ids rlsuitands lh saiun, nfsefhuylhnd ids bdstls sahftarfds y elkdrahnd ia baifnan nl vfna nl ids pabflhtls. Cay lstunfds rlaifzands cabl eás nl nds næbanas qul fhtlhtah lvaiuar ias vlhtakas qul pulnlh apdrtar ias ^FBs lh saiun y ias abtftunls nl ids prd`lsfdhails cabfa ias efseas.
>.1? Bdhbiusfdhls Bded bdhbiusfdhls sl cah nl rlsaitar, qul ias ^FBs sl plr`fiah bded clrraeflhtas qul pulnlh ayunar a ids prd`lsfdhails nl lh`lrelråa, a pdhlr a nfspdsfbfòh nl ids usuarfds ids rlbursds sahftarfds, nl uha eahlra `ilxfgil y bdh a uh elhdr bdstl. _ulnlh ayunar a ablrbar ia atlhbfòh sahftarfa a ia pdgiabfòh, lh lsplbfai lh aquliids basds ndhnl gflh pdr ilkahåa d gflh pdr ifeftabfdhls `åsfbas, prlslhtlh tahtd pabflhtls bded bufnandrls, nf`fbuitanls nl nlspiazaeflhtd a ids blhtrds sahftarfds. Aså efsed, pulnlh slr nlbfsfvas a ia cdra nl prlstar uhds bufnands sljurds y nl baifnan, plreftflhnd, ia atlhbfòh nl pabflhtls bròhfbds nl uha eahlra eás l`fbflhtl. Lh rliabfòh bdh ids sfstleas nl saiun a hfvli euhnfai, cay qul nlstabar qul prlslhtah uha jrah prldbupabfòh pdr li lhvlklbfeflhtd nl ia pdgiabfòh y li auelhtd nl ia brdhfbfnan nlgfnd a ids abtuails lstfids nl vfna, id buai va a prdvdbar uh auelhtd lh ids bdstls sahftarfd. _dr liid li nlsarrdiid l fepiahtabfòh nl ias tlbhdidjåas nl ia fh`dreabfòh y ia bdeuhfbabfòh apifbanas a ia saiun, ls uh lilelhtd biavl ya prlslhtl, qul vah a fr lh auelhtd lh uh `uturd hd euy ilkahd y para ids qul ids prd`lsfdhails nl lh`lrelråa nlglh nl lstar prlparands, auelhtahnd sus bdepltlhbfas nfjftails l fhtljrand nl `drea prdjrlsfva ias ^FBs, bded clrraeflhtas nl bdeuhfbabfòh bdh ids pabflhtls y dtrds prd`lsfdhails, aså bded para ia jlstfòh nl basds biåhfbds y su `dreabfòh. Ia bdepltlhbfa nfjftai ls, pdr tahtd, uha bdepltlhbfa gásfba qul tdnd prd`lsfdhai nl lh`lrelråa nlgl pdsllr, sdgrl tdnd lh li basd nl lh`lrelras nl prabtfba avahzana, ias buails cah nl lhbarjarsl nli eahlkd nl pabflhtls bdepilkds, para id buai hlblsfta nl hutrfrsl nl ia elkdr lvfnlhbfa bflhtå`fba nfspdhfgil, a travæs nli usd nl ias ^FBs. Aså efsed, nfbcas clrraeflhtas ils plreftlh li abblsd a jrah bahtfnan nl natds lh saiun, ids buails vah a slrvfr para slr ahaifzands y nfrfjfr ids piahls nl abtuabfòh. _ara `fhaifzar, sl ca nl rlsaitar qul bded sl ca lvfnlhbfand lh eûitfpils lstunfds nl fhvlstfjabfòh, ias clrraeflhtas tlbhdiòjfbas vah a slrvfr a ias lh`lrelras nl prábtfba avahzana para nar sdpdrtl y apdyd tahtd a pabflhtls bded a bufnandrls, `delhtahnd su lepdnlraeflhtd y satfs`abbfòh bdh ia atlhbfòh rlbfgfna.
Lsqulea <
FHPLR^FJABFÒH V R\R EÆ^DNDR. ^ÆBHFBAR B\AIF^A B\A IF^A^FPAR ^FPAR V B\AH^ B\ AH^F^A F^A^FPAR ^FPAR Bdhblptd nl fhvlstfjabfòh Ia fhvlstfjabfòh tflhl su drfjlh lh ia fhqufltun nli cdegrl pdr bdhdblr li bòed y li pdrquæ nl ias bdsas qul il rdnlah Rljûh li nfbbfdharfd, fhvlstfjar ls fhtlhtar nlsbugrfr d bdhdblr aijd lxaefhahnd atlhtaelhtl buaiquflr fhnfbfd d rlaifzahnd ias nfifjlhbfas prlbfsas para avlrfjuar d abiarar uh clbcd nltlrefhand. Aså, sl pulnl nl`fhfr ia fhvlstfjabfòh bded ia abtfvfnan lhbaefhana ai nlsbugrfeflhtd nl hulvds bdhdbfeflhtds para nar rlspulsta a uha prljuhta, elnfahtl uh prdblsd sfstleátfbd, drjahfzand y dgkltfvd
^æbhfbas ^æbhfb as nl fhvlstfjabfòh; buahtftatfvas y buaiftatfvas ^æbhfbas buahtftatfvas ^æbhfbas buaiftatfvas Fhstruelhtds para ia elnfbfòh nl ias varfagils Paifnlz Bdh`fagfifnan Ia lhbulsta Bdhblptd ^fpds nl lhbulstas Li bulstfdharfd ^fpds nl bulstfdharfd ^fpds nl prljuhtas Wljias `uhnaelhtails para ia liagdrabfòh nl uh bulstfdharfd _rljuhtas qul hd nlglh cablrsl Ia lhtrlvfsta Ia dgslrvabfòh Bdh rlsplbtd a ias bdhnfbfdhls prlvfas a ia dgslrvabfòh Bdh rlsplbtd ai prdblnfeflhtd lh ia dgslrvabfòh Bdh rlsplbtd ai bdhtlhfnd nl ias hdtas Bdh rlsplbtd a ia drnlhabfòh nl ias hdtas Ia lsbaia nl abtftunls y dpfhfòh
Lstrubtura eltdndiòjfba nl uh tragakd bflhtå`fbd Bdhblptd nl eætdnd bflhtå`fbd Eætdnd sl nl`fhl bded li bdhkuhtd nl dplrabfdhls drnlhanas bdh qul sl prltlhnl dgtlhlr uh rlsuitand. Li eætdnd bflhtå`fbd tuvd su drfjlh, apifbabfòh y nlsarrdiid lh ias bflhbfas, bdhbrltaelhtl lh ia `åsfba. Lh æi,
sl sfjulh nfvlrsas ltapas qul sl pulnlh vlrf`fbar, dgslrvar, elnfr y rlprdnubfr. Jlhlra uh earbd tlòrfbd y a partfr nl acå nlsarrdiia uha slrfl nl cfpòtlsfs
_rfhbfpails `asls nli eætdnd bflhtå`fbd @asl bdhblptuai d tlòrfba @asl lepårfba d prábtfba Nfslñd nli piah nl fhvlstfjabfòh Nl`fhfbfòh nl ia pdgiabfòh Elnfbfòh nl ias varfagils nl ia fhvlstfjabfòh Rlilbbfòh nl ia eulstra Wlbdpfiabfòh nl ids natds Drjahfzabfòh nl ids natds @asl fhtlrprltatfva Aháifsfs nl ids natds Fhtlrprltabfòh nl rlsuitands Lxpdsfbfòh nl ids rlsuitands
@\LH^LR NL NA^DR NDB\ELH^AILR Fhtrdnubbfòh Ai rlaifzar uh tragakd nl fhvlstfjabfòh ls `uhnaelhtai tlhlr abblsd a ia ndbuelhtabfòh bflhtå`fba. Ia gûsqulna gfgifdjrá`fba sl cabl hlblsarfa para dgtlhlr fh`dreabfòh sdgrl fhvlstfjabfdhls prlvfas rliabfdhanas bdh li tlea a tratar. Lhbdhtraeds nds tfpds nl `ulhtls nl fh`dreabfòh gfgifdjrá`fba; ias `ulhtls prfearfas, qul bdhtflhlh ia fh`dreabfòh drfjfhai y bdepilta y ias slbuhnarfas, `dreanas pdr li trataeflhtd nl ias `ulhtls prfearfas y qul aparlblh bded rlplrtdrfds
@ulhtls nl natds gfdeænfbas ELNIFHL ELNIFHL ls ia vlrsfòh lh iåhla nli ’Fhtlrhatfdhai Hursfhj Fhnlx―, ’Fhnlx Elnfbus― _ugEln Rl trata nl uh slrvfbfd jratuftd nl ia Hatfdhai Ifgrary d` Elnfbfhl nl ids Lstands \hfnds qul prdpdrbfdha abblsd a ids eás nl ndbl efiidhls nl rljfstrds nl ELNIFHL Lxblrpta Elnfba Nlsnl 16:> ia vlrsfòh fh`dreatfzana, LEGARL, bdhtflhl rl`lrlhbfas y rlsûelhls nl tragakds slilbbfdhands lh eás nl 2.? rlvfstas, su abtuaifzabfòh ls qufhblhai Burrlht Bdhtlhts Ls uh rlplrtdrfd nl slñai d bdeplhnfd euy rápfnd, prdnubfnd pdr li Fhstftutl `dr Rbflhtf`fb Fh`dreatfdh (FRF) nl _cfianlipcfa (drjahfsed prfvand) Rbflhbl Bftatfdh Fhnlx Ls uh prdnubtd nl pugifbabfòh gfelhsuai, nl ia gasl nl natds RBFRLAWBC nli Fhstftutl `dr Rbflhtf`fb Fh`dreatfdh nl _cfianlipcfa (Lstands \hfnds), lh li qul sl rlvfsah uhas 7.3?? rlvfstas
Åhnfbl Eænfbd Lspañdi Ru vlrsfòh feprlsa sl pugifba trfelstraielhtl, sl abtuaifza bana slfs elsls y pdsll uhas 1:?.??? rl`lrlhbfas. A partfr nl 163?, sl pugifba bdh plrfdnfbfnan ahuai li ’Rupilelhtd Fhtlrhabfdhai nli Åhnfbl Eænfbd Lspañdi―, ndhnl sl rlbdpfiah ids tragakds rlaifzands lh Lspaña, qul sdh pugifbands lh li lxtrahklrd IFIABR IFIABR ls ia vlrsfòh lh iåhla nli ’Fhnlx Elnfbus iatfhdaelrfbahd―, qul bdelhzò a pugifbarsl lh 163?, lhjidgahnd tdna ia iftlratura rliatfva a ias Bflhbfas nl ia Raiun nl autdrls Iatfhdaelrfbahds y pugifbana lh Iatfhdaeærfba y li Barfgl. Ahaifza uhds > tåtuids nl rlvfstas, anleás nl ifgrds, tlsfs, fh`drels, ltb. BAHBLWIF^ Lsta gasl bdhtflhl rl`lrlhbfas nl artåbuids pugifbands, abtas nl bdhjrlsds, fh`drels juglrhaelhtails, edhdjra`åas blhtranas lh li tlea nli báhblr y dtrds bdhtlhfnds rliabfdhands NDB\ELN Gasl nl natds nl ndbuelhtabfòh eænfba lspañdia. _rdpdrbfdha fh`dreabfòh gfgifdjrá`fba nl tragakds buyds bdhtlhfnds tratah sdgrl ndbuelhtabfòh eænfba d asplbtds nfrlbtaelhtl rliabfdhands bdh liia, y qul sdh nl fhtlræs para li eænfbd ndbuelhtaifsta (pdr lklepid, fh`dreabfòh para ia jlstfòh d aijuhds asplbtds nl ia saiun pûgifba) Nfrlbtdrfd nl Wlvfstas Lspañdias nl Bflhbfas nl ia Raiun Gasl nl natds qul rlbdpfia tdnas ias pugifbabfdhls plrfònfbas nl bflhbfas nl ia saiun qul sl pugifbah lh Lspaña. Lstá nlhtrd nli slrvfndr nli Fhstftutd nl Raiun Barids FFF
@ulhtls nl natds nl lh`lrelråa Gasl nl natds B\FNLH B\FNLH® ls ia gasl nl natds lh lspañdi nl ia @uhnabfòh Fhnlx (Drjahfzabfòh sfh áhfed nl iubrd qul prdeulvl gasls nl natds gfgifdjrá`fbas, prdylbtds nl fhvlstfjabfòh y bddplrabfòh sahftarfa, bursds a nfstahbfa y pugifbabfdhls sdgrl bufnands nl lh`lrelråa) Fhtlrhatfdhai Hursfhj Fhnlx Ia Aelrfbah Kdurhai d` Hursfhj Bdepahy lh bdiagdrabfòh bdh ia Hatfdhai Ifgrary d` Elnfbfhl y li Fhstftutl `dr Rbflhtf`fb Fh`dreatfdh, pugifbah Fhtlrhatfdhai Hursfhj Fhnlx (FHF) bdhkuhtaelhtl bdh Hursfhj Bftatfdh Fhnlx (HBF) BFHCAI BFHACI ls ia nlhdefhabfòh abtuai nl ia ahtfjua gasl nl natds H\WRFHJ & AIIFLN CLAI^C Hursfhj Gfgifdjrapcy Ls uha pugifbabfòh elhsuai a barjd nl ia Gfgifdtlba nli Wdyai Bdiiljl d` Hursfhj nl Idhnrls GNFL GNFL (Gasl nl Natds para ia Fhvlstfjabfòh nl ia Lh`lrelråa lh Lspaña) ls uha gasl nl natds gfgifdjrá`fba, nl `dreatd autdeatfzand y nf`usfòh jratufta, j ratufta, ifgrl y uhfvlrsai, sdgrl ia prdnubbfòh bflhtå`fba nl ia lh`lrelråa lh Lspaña nlsnl 166? casta ia abtuaifnan Gasl nl natds BDE_I\NDB Bdhtflhl ias rlslñas gfgifdjrá`fbas nl ids artåbuids pugifbands lh uha slilbbfòh nl rlvfstas bflhtå`fbas ahaifzanas lh ia Gfgifdtlba nl ia \hfvlrsfnan Bdepiutlhsl
GNLH@ Gasl nl natds nl lh`lrelråa nl ia Gfgifdtlba Pfrtuai lh Raiun (GPR), nlsarrdiiana pdr li GFWLEL (Blhtrd Iatfhdaelrfbahd y nli Barfgl nl Fh`dreabfòh lh Bflhbfas nl ia Raiun), bded blhtrd lsplbfaifzand nl ia Drjahfzabfòh _ahaelrfbaha nl ia Raiun (D_R) B\FNA^JL Gasl nl natds nl sdgrl artåbuids nl lh`lrelråa y bufnands nl saiun lh lspañdi. Gasl nl natds nl Lh`lrelråa nl ia \hfvlrsfnan Wdvfra y Pfrjfif
Dtras Gasls nl natds gfgifdjrá`fbas FRGH Gasl nl natds nl ifgrds lnftands lh Lspaña nlsnl 16:7. Bdhtflhl rl`lrlhbfas nl ids ifgrds nl vlhta lh Lspaña, rlbdjfnas pdr ia Ajlhbfa Lspañdia nl FRGH nlplhnflhtl nli Efhfstlrfd nl Buitura FRRH Gasl nl natds sdgrl rlvfstas pugifbanas a hfvli fhtlrhabfdhai
BAWAB^LWÅR^FBAR V _WDGILEAR NL IA FHPLR^FJABFÒH NL LH@LWELWÅA Ia fhvlstfjabfòh nl lh`lrelråa Ia Fhvlstfjabfòh ls uh prdblsd qul, elnfahtl ia apifbabfòh nli eætdnd bflhtå`fbd, lhbaefha a bdhsljufr fh`dreabfòh aprlbfagil y `lcabflhtl, para bdhblgfr, bdeprdgar, bdrrljfr d lepilar li bdhdbfeflhtd
^fpds nl lstunfd Li eætdnd d tfpd nl lstunfd qul sl utfifbl lh uha fhvlstfjabfòh ls nltlrefhahtl para ia efsea y sl pdnråa nl`fhfr bded; li earbd lstrubturand qul na uhfnan, bdclrlhbfa, slbulhbfa y slhtfnd prábtfbd a tdnas ias abtfvfnanls qul sl rlaifzah bdh li `fh nl gusbar rlspulsta ai prdgilea piahtland. A bdhtfhuabfòh sl rliabfdhah ids nf`lrlhtls tfpds nl lstunfd
Wltrdsplbtfvd _rdsplbtfvd ^rahsvlrsai Idhjftunfhai Bdcdrtls Basds-bdhtrdi Nlsbrfptfvd Ahaiåtfbd Lxplrfelhtai Nl fhtlrvlhbfòh
\RD V EAHLKD NL IAR ^FBR Fhtrdnubbfòh Lh li pahdraea sahftarfd abtuai y `uturd, lxfstlh bflrtds `abtdrls qul vah a prdvdbar uh auelhtd lh li bdhsued nl rlbursds sahftarfds, nl uha pdgiabfòh bana vlz eás lhvlklbfna. Nlhtrd nl lstds `abtdrls, ia brdhfbfnan, aså bded li auelhtd nl lh`lrelnanls ifjanas a uhds lstfids nl vfna bana vlz eás slnlhtarfds, ndhnl li bdhsued nl jrasas y li lstræs vah lh auelhtd, lstáh prdvdbahnd uh auelhtd lh ias patdidjåas barnfdvasbuiarls. ^dnd liid bdhiilva uh auelhtd lh ias hlblsfnanls sahftarfas nl ia pdgiabfòh
Nl`fhfbfòh Ias ^lbhdidjåas nl ia fh`dreabfòh y bdeuhfbabfòh (^FBs) sdh uh bdhkuhtd nl nfsbfpifhas bflhtå`fbas, tlbhdiòjfbas, nl fhjlhflråa y nl tæbhfbas nl jlstfòh, utfifzanas lh li eahlkd y prdblsaeflhtd nl ia fh`dreabfòh elnfahtl li usd nl bdeputandras y apifbabfdhls, qul `abfiftah ia fhtlrabbfòh nl ids cdegrls bdh ias eáqufhas, y li abblsd a bdhtlhfnds asdbfands, nl barábtlr sdbfai, lbdhòefbd y buiturai―
Ias ^FBs lh ia saiun nl cdy Ia saiun ls uhd nl ids slbtdrls eás fhtlhsfvds lh li usd nl fh`dreabfòh, nl `drea qul pdnråa prlslhtarsl bded uh slbtdr prdtdtfpd ’gasand lh li bdhdbfeflhtd―
\ha saiun jidgai Li `lhòelhd nl ia jidgaifzabfòh lstds ûitfeds añds ca aibahzand lh lstds ûitfeds añds barabtlråstfbas qul id nf`lrlhbfah, uh lspabfd `åsfbd qul sl nfiata lh id jldjrá`fbd y sl aprdxfea lh li tflepd, uh auelhtd lxpdhlhbfai lh ia bapabfnan nl fhtlrbaegfar f htlrbaegfar gflhls y slrvfbfds y sdgrl tdnd uha eaydr fhtlrnlplhnlhbfa lhtrl ias plrsdhas, ias drjahfzabfdhls y ias tlbhdidjå as. Ids hulvds fhstruelhtds bded fhtlrhlt, ias bdeuhfbabfdhls eòvfils y ias rlnls nl elnfds nl bdeuhfbabfòh, lstáh prdedvflhnd ia fhtlrbdhlxfòh eás aepifa qul kaeás ca lxfstfnd lhtrl uhas plrsdhas y dtras y lhtrl lstas y tdnd tfpd nl drjahfseds l fhstftubfdhls. Liid ca nand iujar a uh abblsd bana vlz eás `ábfi a ia fh`dreabfòh y a uh fhtlrbaegfd eubcd eás rápfnd nl bdhdbfeflhtd
Ias ^FB y ia l-saiun (L-CLAI^C) (L-CLAI^C) Ia lRaiun sl nlfihl bded ia apifbabfòh nl ias ^lbhdidjåas nl Fh`dreabfòh y Bdeuhfbabfòh (^FB)
lh li aepifd rahjd nl asplbtds qul a`lbtah li bufnand nl ia saiun, nlsnl li nfajhòstfbd casta li sljufeflhtd nl ids pabflhtls, pasahnd pdr ia jlstfòh nl ias drjahfzabfdhls fepifbanas lh lstas abtfvfnanls
Lh`lrelråa nl prábtfba avahzana Li Bdhslkd Fhtlrhabfdhai nl Lh`lrelråa, nl`fhl a ia lh`lrelra nl prábtfba avahzana bded; ’ia lh`lrelra lsplbfaifsta qul ca anqufrfnd ia gasl nl bdhdbfeflhtds nl lxplrtd, ia bapabfnan nl andpbfòh nl nlbfsfdhls bdepilkas y ias bdepltlhbfas biåhfbas hlblsarfas para li lklrbfbfd prd`lsfdhai aepifand…―
Ias ^FBs y ia lh`lrelra nl prábtfba avahzana Rfstleas l fh`ralstrubturas bdrpdratfvas para ia jlstfòh nl pabflhtls l cfstdrfa biåhfbas nfjftails Lstds sfstleas, prlslhtah lhtrl dtras `fhaifnanls, li `abfiftar li fhtlrbaegfd y bdhsuita nl natds nl pabflhtls, su arbcfvd y anefhfstrabfòh. Bdhtrfguylh a elkdrar ia bapabfnan nl atlhbfòh a ids
pabflhtls, elkdrahnd ia baifnan nl ids slrvfbfds y sfrvflhnd nl clrraeflhta nl fhtlrrliabfòh lhtrl ids nf`lrlhtls prd`lsfdhails lhbarjands nl ia atlhbfòh nl lstds pabflhtls
Apifbabfdhls y slrvfbfds nl fh`dreabfòh para prd`lsfdhails y pabflhtls Rlråah aquliias gasls nl natds y nl bdhdbfeflhtd, ndhnl tahtd prd`lsfdhails bded ids usuarfds nl ids slrvfbfds sahftarfds sl hutrlh. Nlhtrd nl lstl jrupd, sl cah nlsarrdiiand ias nlhdefhanas bdeuhfnanls vfrtuails nl aprlhnfzakl y ias Zlgs 7.?, lh ias qul ids prdpfds usuarfds nl fhtlrhlt bdiagdrah lhtrl så, jlhlrahnd bdhdbfeflhtds y `abfiftahnd lh eubcds basds li apdyd ledbfdhai Apifbabfdhls nl sdpdrtl a ia bdeuhfbabfòh sahftarfa Lstas apifbabfdhls lstáh nfslñanas para slrvfr bded clrraeflhtas nl sdpdrtl lh ias tarlas nl nfajhòstfbd, trataeflhtd y sljufeflhtd nl pabflhtls, aså bded lh aquliias nl bdeuhfbabfòh fhtlrprd`lsfdhai, jrabfas ai usd nl ias ^FBs
_rdedbfòh nl ia saiun y ^FBs Nlhtrd nl ids hulvds lstáhnarls lh li bufnand a pabflhtls bdh lh`lrelnanls bròhfbas, sl sftûa pdr partl nli lstand bded uhd nl sus pfiarls, li usd nl hulvas våas nl bdeuhfbabfòh a travæs nl ias ^FBs, tai y bded sl nlsprlhnl nl ia abtuai Lstratljfa Habfdhai nl Agdrnakl nl ia Brdhfbfnan lh li Rfstlea Habfdhai nl Raiun (LHABRHR)
Fhvlstfjabfdhls; usd nl ^FBs lh saiun Rdh huelrdsas ias fhvlstfjabfdhls qul nleulstrah bded li usd nl ias ^FBs elkdrah ids rlsuitands lh saiun, nfsefhuylhnd ids bdstls sahftarfds y elkdrahnd ia baifnan nl vfna nl ids pabflhtls. Cay lstunfds rlaifzands cabl eás nl nds næbanas qul fhtlhtah lvaiuar ias vlhtakas qul pulnlh apdrtar ias ^FBs lh saiun y ias abtftunls nl ids prd`lsfdhails cabfa ias efseas
Bdhbiusfdhls Bded bdhbiusfdhls sl cah nl rlsaitar, qul ias ^FBs sl plr`fiah bded clrraeflhtas qul pulnlh ayunar a ids prd`lsfdhails nl lh`lrelråa, a pdhlr a nfspdsfbfòh nl ids usuarfds ids rlbursds sahftarfds, nl uha eahlra `ilxfgil y bdh a uh elhdr bdstl. _ulnlh ayunar a ablrbar ia atlhbfòh sahftarfa a ia pdgiabfòh, lh lsplbfai lh aquliids basds ndhnl gflh pdr ilkahåa d gflh gfl h pdr ifeftabfdhls `åsfbas, prlslhtlh tahtd pabflhtls bded bufnandrls, nf`fbuitanls nl nlspiazaeflhtd a ids blhtrds sahftarfds