Onphrnm Fnsus
ULMJRHDN @I[NZHRIMNO
Hoi` Lmsnm Gn`nyu MLD. ;9;0>>>7<2
[idbldblmg3 Jr. Nmjl Snimno, Up.[J-FGI@, ALMNULD
FI[NMLZIRNNM FOLMLF BNGLNM LODY [IM\NFLZ JNOND RUYJ NRLALM NE@DNJ ANFYOZNU FIJHFZIRNM YMLQIRULZNU RLNY [IFNMBNRY 2;>2
;
BNB L [IMJN@YOYNM
Ulmjrhdn `ipnthrimno (U@R) dirupnfnm fhdpolfnsl tirdlmno pnjn pnslim slrhsls `ipntls jimgnm nseltis, ynmg jljialmlslfnm sibngnl finjnnm gngno glmcno nfut jltnmjnl jimgnm holghurln prhgrisla ynmg tircnjl pnjn pimjirltn pimynflt `ntl birnt tnmpn pimyibnb onlm ynmg sienrn folmls, onbhrnthrls, jnm nmnthdls jnpnt dimyibnbfnm gngno glmcno. > [njn U@R fionlmnm ynmg jlcudpnl pnjn glmcno `nmyn birupn figngnonm aumgsl tnmpn jltnmjnl jimgnm fionlmnm nmnthdl. @no lml jnpnt jlbuftlfnm blon glmcno tirsibut jltnmsponmtnslfnm pnjn pimjirltn onlm ynmg tljnf jljnpntl fionlmnm `ntl, dnfn aumgsl glmcno tirsibut nfnm fidbnol mhrdno ntnu pimjirltn ynmg dimgnondl U@R jlonfufnm trnmspnonmtnsl `ntl dnfn aumgsl glmcnomyn nfnm fidbnol mhrdno. Uionlm pirubn`nm aumgsl glmcno, pimjirltn U@R cugn jltnmjnl jimgnm pirubn`nm slrfuonsl nrtirl slstidlf jnm nftlaltns slstid vnshnetlvi imjhgim ynmg birpirnm jnond tircnjlmyn `lphpirausl fi glmcno. > Ulmjrhdn `ipnthrimno tircnjl pnjn flrn-flrn : jnrl >;,;;; pimjirltn pimynflt `ntl, sipirtl gngno `ntl nfut, slrhsls `ntl, ntnu `ipntltls nofh`ho. Jlonphrfnm nmgfn dhrtnoltnsmyn njnon` oibl` bisnr jnrl <9% jimgnm survlvno rntnrntn furnmg jnrl 2 dlmggu. Ulmjrhdn `ipnthrimno jltidufnm pnjn >;% pimjirltn slrhsls jimgnm nseltis ynmg jlrnwnt lmnp. [njn slrhsls jifhdpimsntn jimgnm nseltis, prhbnbloltns umtuf tircnjlmyn U@R njnon` nmtnrn 0-2; % tlnp tn`um jnm dimlmgfnt sndpnl :;% jnond oldn tn`um. >,2 [imynflt `ntl dnsl` dirupnfnm dnsnon` fisi`ntnm ynmg pimtlmg jl Lmjhmisln jnm dhrtnoltns dimlmgfnt jimgnm dumeuomyn fhdpolfnsl slmjrhdn `ipnthrimno dnfn pimtlmg bngl jhftir udud umtuf dimgitn`ul timtnmg slmjrhdn `ipnthrimno si`lmggn jnpnt dionfsnmnfnm jlngmhsls jnm pimntnonfsnmnnm jimgnm eipnt jnm tipnt. [njn onphrnm fnsus lml, nfnm jlbn`ns timtnmg slmjrhdn `ipnthrimno ynmg jltidufnm pnjn onfl-onfl birusln :9 tn`um, ynmg jlrnwnt jl Bnmgsno [imynflt Jnond [rln RUYJ Nrlalm Ne`dnj pnjn 20 Cuol 2;>2.
>
BNB LL ZLMCNYNM [YUZNFN
2.>
Jiaimlsl
Jiaimlsl Ulmjrhdn @ipnth Rimno dimurut hoi` Lmtirmntlhmno Nseltis Eoub njnon` slmjrhdn folmls ynmg tircnjl pnjn pnslim pimynflt `ntl frhmlf jnm figngnonm `ntl onmcut sirtn `lpirtimsl phrtno ynmg jltnmjnl hoi` pimurumnm aumgsl glmcno jnm nbmhrdnoltns ynmg myntn jnrl slrfuonsl nrtirl jnm nftlaltns systid vnshnetlvi imjhgim. imjhgim.> [njn glmcno tirjnpnt vnshfhmstrlfsl ynmg dimyibnbfnm oncu alotrnsl gohdiruous rimjn`, jldnmn slrfuonsl jlounr glmcno tirjnpnt vnshjlonsl nrtirlho ynmg ouns dimyibnbfnm pimurumnm rislstimsl vnsfuoir slstidlf thtno jnm `lphtimsl. Disflpum slmjrhdn `ipnthrimno oibl` udud tirjnpnt pnjn pimjirltn jimgnm slrhsls onmcut, `no lml jnpnt cugn tldbuo pnjn pimjirltn pimynflt `ntl frhmlf ntnu pimynflt `ntl nfut onlm sipirtl `ipntltls nofh`holf ntnu figngnonm `ntl nfut.
2.2
Lmsljim
Bioud njn jntn ipljidlhohgls timtnmg slmjrhdn `ipnthrimno dnupum jl Lmjhmisln. Jl Ndirlfn Uirlfnt Ulmjrhd @ipnthrimno dirupnfnm fhdpolfnsl ynmg sirlmg jltidufnm. Lmsljimsl ynmg jlonphrfnm njnon` >;% pnjn pnslim rnwnt lmnp jimgnm
slrhsls
jnm
nseltis.
[njn
slrhsls
jifhdpimsntn
jimgnm
nseltis
fidumgflmnm umtuf tircnjl Ulmjrhd @ipnthrimno njnon` nmtnrn 0-2;% pir tn`um jnm dimlmgfnt dimcnjl :;% jnond 9 tn`um. >,2
2.5
[nthgimisls
2
[nthgimisls U@R sndpnl sifnrnmg bioud sienrn oimgfnp jlfitn`ul. @lphtisls pnthgimisls U@R njnon` sibngnl birlfut3 nflbnt slrhsls `ntl (U@) ntnu pimynflt `ntl tlmgfnt birnt jnm birsndn-sndn jimgnm `lpirtimsl phrtno nfnm dimgnflbntfnm tircnjlmyn vnshjlontnsl nrtirl sponmfmlf. Qnshjlontnsl lml nfnm dimgnflbntfnm tircnjlmyn `lphvhoidln nrtirlno simtrno, si`lmggn dirnmgsnmg nftlvnsl
slstid
snrna
sldpntls,
rimlm-nmglhtimslm-nojhstirhm,
jnm
`hrdhm
nmtljluritlf ynmg sienrn fisiouru`nm nfnm dimyibnbfnm vnshfhmtrlfsl pidbuou`
2
jnrn` glmcno. Jl glmcno si`nrusmyn nfnm tircnjl difnmlsdi fhdpimsnsl, mndum jimgnm nonsnm ynmg bioud cions custru tircnjl fitljnfsildbnmgnm difnmlsdi fhdpimsnsl
lml,
ynltu
dimlmgfntmyn
vnshfhmstrlfthr
jlsirtnl
pimurumnm
vnshjlonthr. Bibirnpn stujl dionphrfnm pirubn`nm blhfhdlnwl pnjn pnslim slrhsls `ipntls jimgnm U@R sibngnl birlfut3 n.
@ntl
[imurumnm slmtisls nmglhtimslm jnm flmlmhgim
[imurumnm pidien`nm rimlm, nmglhtimslm LL, nojhstirhm, imjhthfslm, jnm vnshprislm
b.
[onsdn
[imlmgfntnm fnjnr rimlm, nmglhtimslm LL, nojhstirhm, imjhthfslm mhrnjrimnolm, vnshprislm, imjhtiolm 2 jnm 5, oiufhtrlim E: jnm J:, fnoslthmlm piptljn jnm `hrdhm nmtljluritlf
e.
[imurumnm fnjnr fnolfrilm, brnjlflmlm jnm mntrluitlf nrtirlno
Yrlm ntnu glmcno
[imlmgfntnm rimlm, nmglhtimslm LL, nojhstirhm, imjhtiolm, trhdbhfsnm N2, oiufhtrlim i:, prhstngonmjlm I2, prhstnslfolm, brnjlflmlm.
Anftn stujl jlntns flrnmyn dimumcuffnm bitnpn pnjn pnslim U@R tircnjl vnshfhmtrlfsl glmcno jimgnm signon nflbntmyn jimgnm difnmlsdi ntnu pnthgimisls ynmg snmgnt fhdpoifs. Utujl onlm dimyntnfnm bn`wn tircnjl pimurumnm slmtisls mltrlt hfsljn ynmg dirupnfnm vnshjlonthr funt, pnjn pnslim U@ jnm UR
5
[imynflt `ntl birnt ntnu slrhsls `ntl + @lpirtimsl phrtno
Qnshjlontnsl nrtirlno sponmlf birtndbn`
@lphvhoidl nrtirlno simtrno
Nftlvnsl3 Uldpntls Rimlm/nmglhtimslm/nojhstirhm @hrdhm nmtljluritlf
Qnshfhmtrlfsl rimno dimlmgfnt
Lmtrnrimno3 vnshfhmstrlfthr dimlmgfnt Qnshjlonthr dimurum
Qnshfhmtrlfsl rimno oibl` dimlmgfnt
Ulmjrhd `ipnthrimno
Gndbnr 2.>. [nthgimisls tircnjlmyn slmjrhd `ipnthrimno pnjn pnslim jimgnm pimynflt `ntl birnt ntnu slrhsls `ntl
2.:
Gndbnrnm Folmls
>,5
Difnmlsdi folmls pimjirltn U@R jltnmjnl jimgnm fhdblmnsl nmtnrn gngno glmcno, gnmggunm slrfuonsl jnm gngno `ntl. Gngno glmcno jnpnt tldbuo sienrn piron`nm ntnu prhgrisla jnm blnsnmyn jllfutl jimgnm ritimsl mntrlud jnm nlr ynmg dimldbuofnm nsltis, ijidn jnm jloutlhmno `yphmntridln, `yphmntridln, ynmg jltnmjnl hoi` ifrisl mntrlud urlm ynmg rimjn` jnm pimgurnmgnm fidndpunm bunmg nlr (holgurlnmurln).
:
Gnmggunm slrfuonsl slstidlf ynmg birnt jltnmjnl jimgnm tifnmnm nrtirl ynmg rimjn`, pimlmgfntnm enrjlne hutput, jnm pimurumnm thtno tn`nmnm pidbuou` jnrn` slstidlf (Znbio 2)
Znbio 2. Gnmggunm `idhjlmndlf ynmg sirlmg jltidufnm pnjn slmjrhdn `ipnthrimno Enrjlne hutput dimlmggl Zifnmnm nrtirlno dimurum Zhtno tn`nmnm pidbuou` jnrn` slstidlf dimurum Zhtno vhoudi jnrn` dimlmggl Nftlansl systid vnshfhmstrlfthr dimlmggl Zifnmnm phrtno dimlmggl [hrthsystidle Zifnmnm pidbuou` jnrn` sponmlf dimurum Zifnmnm pidbuou` jnrn` glmcno dimlmggl Zifnmnm nrtirl brne`lno jnm aidhrno dimlmggl Zn`nmnm pidbuou` jnrn` htnf dimlmggl Gndbnrnm folmls jnrl uridln cnrnmg jlcudpnl, bigltu cugn jimgnm nmnolsn urlm jnond finjnnm mhrdno. Uienrn folmls U@R jnpnt jlbijnfnm ntns 2 tlpi ynltu3 >) Ulmjrhdn @ipnthrimno tlpi L (nfut) Zlpi L jltnmjnl hoi` pimlmgfntnm ynmg eipnt jnm prhgrisla jnrl BYM (Bohhj urin mltrhgim) jnm frintlmlm sirud ynltu mlonl frintlmlm =2,9 dg/jo ntnu pimurumnm frintlmlm folrims fol rims jnond 2: cnd sndpnl 9;%, finjnnm lml tldbuo jnond bibirnpn `nrl `lmggn 2 dlmggu. dlmggu. Gngno glmcno sirlmg jl`ubumgfnm jimgnm pimurumnm ynmg prhgrisla cudon` urlm, ritimsl mntrlud jnm `lphmntridl. [imjirltn jimgnm tlpi lml blnsnmyn jnond fhmjlsl folmlf ynmg snmgnt birnt jlsirtnl jimgnm nmurln, holgurln, `lphmntridln jnm tnmjn gngno `ntl onmcut sipirtl lftirus, imsianohpntl imsiano hpntl ntnu fhnguohpntl. Zlpi lml udud pnjn slrhsls nofh`holf bir`ubumgnm jimgnm `ipntltls nofh`holf, titnpl jnpnt cugn tldbuo pnjn slrhsls mhm nofh`holf. Flrn-flrn 9;% fnsus U@R tlpi lml tldbuo sphmtnm tnmpn njn anfthr prislpltnsl ynmg jlfitn`ul, fnjnmg-fnjnmg pnjn sibnglnm pimjirltn tircnjl `ubumgnm sibnb nflbnt ynmg irnt jimgnm bibirnpn fhdpolfnsl ntnu lmtirvimsl tirnpl (sipirtl lmaifsl bnftirl,
9
pirjnrn`nm gnstrhlmtistlmno, pnrnslmtisls tnmpn pidbirlnm ponsdn ixpnmjir, pidbirlnm jluritlf, pirburufnm aumgsl `ntl, jnm hpirnsl bisnr). Uphmtnmius bnetirlno pirlthmlrtls (UB[) njnon` pimyibnb udud jnrl pimurumnm aumgsl glmcno pnjn slrhsls. Flrn-flrn 59% pimjirltn slrhsls jimgnm UB[ tldbuo U@R tlpi L. U@R Zlpi L njnon` fhdpolfnsl jimgnm prhgmhstlf ynmg snmgnt buruf pnjn pimjirltn slrhsls, jimgnm dhrtnoltns dimenpnl <9%. Rntn-rntn wftu `nrnpnm `ljup pimjirltn lml furnmg jnrl jun dlmggu, oibl` buruf jnrl ondnmyn `ljup jlbnmjlmg jimgnm gngno glmcno nfut jimgnm pimyibnb onlmmyn.
2) Ulmjrhdn @ipnthrimno Zlpi LL (frhmls) U@R tlpi LL
ntnu U@R frhmlf njnon` U@R jimgnm gngno gngno glmcno ynmg ynmg
prhgrisla piron`nm-on`nm jimgnm pimlmgfntnm uriud jnm frintlmlm tircnjl jnond bibirnpn dlmggu `lmggn bibirnpn buonm. Zlpi LL U@R lml jltnmjnl jimgnm pimurumnm ynmg sijnmg jnm stnblo jnrl oncu alotrnsl gohdiruous (BYM jlbnwn` 9; dg/jo jnm frintlmlm sirud ? 2 dg / jo). [njn U@R frhmlf tircnjl gngno glmcno holgurln, `lphmntridln, fnjnr mntrlud urlm ynmg rimjn`, blnsnmyn jltnmjnl jimgnm nsltis ynmg rislstim tir`njnp jluritlf, jnm tirjnpnt lftirlf rlmgnm. [imgufurnm sirlno fnjnr mntrlud urlm jnm hsdhonoltns urlm jnpnt jlgumnfnm umtuf didbijnfnm U@R jnrl mifrhsls tubuonr nfut (MZN) fnrimn fnjnr mntrlud urlm nfnm mnlf jnm hsdhonoltns urlm blnsnmyn sndn jimgnm hsdhonoltns ponsdn. U@R frhmlf blnsnmyn jl`ubumgfnm jimgnm pimynflt `ntl tn`np onmcut titnpl riontla stnblo sipirtl pimynflt `ntl frhmlf fnrimn `ipntltls B, `ipntltls E, jnm slrhsls blolir prldir. Fnjnmg-fnjnmg U@R frhmlf didbirlfnm risphms tidphrir tir`njnp pimndbn`nm vhoudi enlrnm. Uurvlvno tldi oibl` ondn jnrl U@R nfut titnpl oibl` slmgfnt jlbnmjlmgfnm jimgnm pnslim nsltis tnmpn gngno glmcno.
2.9
Jlngmhsls
2
Zljnf njn tis ynmg spislalf umtuf jlngmhstlf U@R. Frltirln jlngmhstlf ynmg jlnmut sifnrnmg njnon` birjnsnrfnm Lmtirmntlhmno Lmtirmntlhmno Nseltis Eoub“s Jlngmhstle Erltirln ha @ipnthrimno Uymjrhdi (Znbio Uymjrhdi (Znbio 5).
1
Znbio 5. Frltirln Dnyhr jlngmhstlf U@R birjnsnrfnm Lmtirmntlhmno birjnsnrfnm Lmtirmntlhmno Nseltis Eoub >. [imynflt `ntl nfut ntnu frhmlf jimgnm gngno `ntl onmcut jnm `lpirtimsl phrtno. 2. GAR rimjn`, firntlm sirud =>,9 dg/jo ntnu frintlmlm folrims 2: cnd ? :; do/dmt. 5. Zljnf njn syhf, lmaifsl bnftirl sijnmg bironmgsumg, fi`lonmgnm enlrnm jnm dimjnpnt hbnt miarhthfslf. :. Zljnf njn pirbnlfnm aumgsl glmcno jimgnm pidbirlnm ponsdn ifspnmjir >,9 otr jnm jluritle (pimurumnm frintlmlm sirud dimcnjl ? >,9 dg/jo ntnu pimlmgfntnm frintlmlm folrims dimcnjl = :; do/dmt) do/dmt) 9. [rhtilmurln ? ;,9 g/`nrl jnm tljnf jlcudpnl hbstruftla urhpntl ntnu pimynflt pnrimfld glmcno sienrn uotrnshmhgrnal. Frltirln tndbn`nm 3 >. Qhoudi urlm ? 9;; do / `nrl 2. Mntrlud urlm ? >; dig/oltir 5. Hsdhonoltns urlm = hsdhonoltns ponsdn :. Irltrhslt urlm ? 9; /opb 9. Mntrlud sirud ?>5; dig / oltir
Uidun frltirun dnyhr `nrus jlcudpnl jnond dimignffnm jlngmhsn U@R, sijnmgfnm frltirln tndbn`nm dirupnfnm pimjufumg umtuf jlngmhsn U@R. Bibirnpn pnfthr prijlfthr umtuf tldbuomyn U@R pnjn pimjirltn slrhsls jimgnm nseltis jnpnt jlol`nt pnjn tnbio.
Znbio :. Anfthr prijlfthr tldbuomyn U@R pnjn slrhsls jimgnm nseltis [imlmgfntnm rlmgnm BYM jnm ntnu frintlmlm sirud Dimurummyn ifsfrisl nlr sition` pidbirlnm enlrnm Ifsfrisl mntrlud urlm ynmg rimjn` @lphtimsl nrtirlno Nftlaltns ponsdn rimmlm dimlmggl Fnjnr mhriplmiarlm ponsdn tlmggl Riarnftir nseltis Zljnf njn `ipnthdignol [imlmgfntnm vnseuonr rislstlvi lmjix glmcno
7
Jlngmhsls U@R `nrus jlpirtldbnmgfnm pnjn sitlnp pnslim slrhsls `ipntls ynmg jlsirtnl gngno glmcno holgurlf ntnu mhm holgurlf, titnpl pirou jllmgnt bn`wn gngno glmcno nfut jnpnt tircnjl pnjn pimynflt `ntl frhmlf nflbnt Mifrhsls tubuonr nfut (MZN) nzhtidln pririmno, jnm U@R.
2.1
[imntnonfsnmnnm
>,2
Undpnl snnt lml bioud njn pimghbntnm iaiftla umtuf U@R, hoi` fnrimn ltu pimeign`nm tircnjlmyn U@R `nrus dimjnpnt pir`ntlnm ynmg utndn. Jimgnm dimgitn`ul bibirnpn anfthr pimeitus umtuf tldbuomyn U@R pnjn pimjirltn slrhsls jimgnm nseltis dnfn fltn jnpnt dimeign` tldbuomyn gngno glmcno pnjn pimjirltn lml. [idbirlnm ponsdn ifspnmjir sition` pnrnslmtisls jnond cudon` bisnr, tirutndn nobudlm, dimgurnmgl lmsljim U@R. Bigltu puon pidbirlnm nmtlblhtlf umtuf dimeign` UB[ pnjn pimjirltn slrhsls `ntl jimgnm rislfh tlmggl umtuf tldbuomyn fhdpolfnsl lml nfnm dimgurnmgl lmsljim U@R. Njn bibirnpn dhjnoltns tirnpl jlgumnfnm pnjn pimjirltn jimgnm U@R jimgnm iaif ynmg `nmyn sijlflt ntnu tljnf njn sndn sifnol. 2.1.>
[imntnonfsnmnnm [imntnonfsnmnnm Ydud
U@R sibnglnm bisnr jlpleu hoi` fitljnfsildbnmgnm enlrnm jnm ioiftrholt pnjn pnslim U@. Hoi` fnrimn pnslim U@ snmgnt simsltla jimgnm pirubn`nm fisildbnmgnm enlrnm jnm ioiftrholt, dnfn `lmjnrl pidnfnlnm jluritlf ngrisla, pnrnslmtisls nsltis, jnm ritrlfsl enlrnm ynmg biroibl`nm. -
Zirnpl suphrtla birupn jlit tlmggl fnohrl, jnm rimjn` prhtilm
-
Fhrifsl fisildbnmgnm nsnd bnsn
-
@lmjnrl pidnfnlnm HNLMU
-
[irlthmltls bnftirlno sphmtnm pnjn U@ `nrus sigirn jlhbntl sijlml jnm sinjifunt dumgflm.
-
[imeign`nm imsiohpntl `ipntlf cugn `nrus jlonfufnm jnond rnmgfn dimeign` tircnjlmyn U@R.
-
@idhjlnolsls bioud pirmn` sienrn ahrdno jltioltl hoi` pnslim U@R, mndum tndpnfmyn tljnf eufup iaiftla jnm iaif sndplmg tlmjnfnm eufup birnt, dlsnomyn `lphtimsl, fhnguohpntl, sipsls, jnm pirjnrn`nm snournm eirmn.
0
@idhjlnolsls
@idhjlnolsls ntnu pirlthmino jlnolsn tion` jlgumnfnm pnjn pimntnonfsnmnnm pimjirltn jimgnm U@R, jnm pnjn bibirnpn fnsus jlonphrfnm jnpnt dimlmgfntfnm aumgsl glmcno. Wnoupum tljnf tirjnpnt pimioltlnm fhmtrho ynmg dimgivnounsl iaiftlaltns jnrl slnolsn pnjn fnsus lml, titnpl pnjn onphrnm pimioltlnm tnmpn fhmtrho dimumcuffnm iaiftlaltns ynmg buruf, fnrimn bnmynfmyn pnslim ynmg dimlmggno siondn pimghbntnm jnm tirjnpnt lmsljim iaif sndplmg ynmg eufup tlmggl. [njn bibirnpn pusnt pimioltlnm `idhjlnolsn dnsl` titnp jlgumnfnm umtuf pimghbntnm pnslim jimgnm U@R ynmg sijnmg dimumggu trnmsponmtnsl `ntl.
2.1.2
[imghbntnm [imghbntnm Dijlfndimthsn Dijlfndimthsn Qnshjlonthr
Hbnt-hbntnm jimgnm nftlaltns vnshjlonthr, tirutndn [Gs tion` jlpnfnl pnjn pimjirltn jimgnm U@R jnond jnon d usn`n usn `n umtuf dimurumfnm rislstimsl risl stimsl vnsfuoir glmcno. [idbirlnm [Gs lmtrnvimn ntnu pimghbntnm jimgnm dlshprhstho (nmnohg [Gs hrno nftla) pnjn pimjirltn slrhsls `ntl jimgnm U@R tljnf jllfutl jimgnm pirbnlfnm aumgsl rimno. Jhpndlm pnjn jhsls mhm prisshr cugn jlgumnfnm jnond usn`n dimldbuofnm vnshjlontnsl rimno jnm didnfsldnofnm nolrnm jnrn` fi glmcno pnjn pimjirltn U@R. Lmaus jhpndlmi siondn 2: cnd `nmyn dimyibnbfnm pimlmgfntnm ynmg rlmgnm pnjn nolrnm jnrn` glmcno tnmpn pirubn`nm ynmg birnrtl jnond oncu alotrnsl gohdiruous. [idbirlnm nmtnghmls imj`ht`iolm spislalf sigirn bir`ubumgnm jimgnm pirbnlfnm aumgsl glmcno pnjn pnslim jimgnm U@R. Qnshfhmstrlfthr
Rnslhmnolsnsl vnshjlontnsl
pimggumnnm
sponmfmlf.
vnshfhmtrlfthr
[idbirlnm
njnon`
vnshfhmstrlfthr
umtuf
sigirn
dimgntnsl
(mhriplmiarlm,
nmglhtimslhm LL, hrmlprisslm) pnjn pnslim slrhsls jimgnm nseltis jnm U@R dimyibnbfnm vnshfhmstrlfsl nrtirl, ynmg dnmn dimlmgfntfnm tifnmnm nrtirl jnm rislstimsl vnsfuoir slstidlf. Zirolprisslm dirupnfnm vnshfhmstrlfthr ynmg bnlf pnjn fnsus U@R. Hftrihtlj dirupnfnm vnshfhmstrlfthr notirmntla blon tirolprisslm bioud ntnu tljnf tirsijln. [idbirlnm vnshfhmstrlfthr nfnm didbirlfnm jndpnf ynmg phsltla
<
tirutndn blon jlfhdblmnsl jimgnm pidbirlnm lmaus nobudlm ntnu fhrifsl nobudlm sirud. Fhdblmnsl hrmlprisslm jimgnm pimndbn`nm vhoudi ponsdn jimgnm nobudlm didpirbnlfl aumgsl glmcno jnm dimhrdnofnm pirubn`nm `idhjlmndlf pnjn pnslim slrhsls jimgnm U@R. Zirnpl lml jnpnt jlgumnfnm jimgnm fiwnspnjnnm ynmg tlmggl, pnjn bibirnpn pnslim `no lml tljnf jlonmcutfnm fnrimn fhdpolfnsl lsfidlf.
2.1.5
Zlmjnfnm Lmvnsla [irlthmihvimhus [irlthmihvimhus s`umt
[irlthmihvimhus s`umt tion` jlgumnfnm sienrn sphrnjls pnjn dnsn ynmg onou jl jnond pionfsnmnnm pnslim-pnslim U@R jimgnm slrhsls. [idnsnmgnm s`umt dimyibnbfnm nolrnm ynmg tirus dimirus enlrnm nseltis jnrl rhmggn pirlthmiud fi slrfuonsl slstidlf ynmg birpirnm jnond dimlmgfntfnm eurn` cnmtumg (enrjlne hutput) jnm pimndbn`nm vhoudi lmtrnvnsfuoir. Iaif `idhjlmndlf jnrl pirlthmihvimhus s`umt jl`ubumgfnm jimgnm pimifnmnm ynmg myntn jnrl nftlaltns slstid vnshfhmstrlfthr, pimlmgfntnm ifsfrisl mntrlud jnm bibirnpn fnsus didpirbnlfl nolrnm jnrn` glmcno jnm oncu alotrnsl gohdiruous, `no mlon` ynmg dimyibnbfnm rnslhmnolsnsl tlmjnfnm pnjn pimjirltn U@R. [hrthsystidle [hrthsystidle s`umt
Nf`lr-nf`lr lml tion` jlpirfimnofnm suntu dithji mhmbijn` jnrl fhdprisl phrtno ynltu Zrnmscuguonr lmtrn`ipntle phrthsystidle s`umt (ZL[U). Fiumtumgnm dithji lml jlbnmjlmg jimgnm hpirnsl phrthenvno s`umt njnon` pimurumnm dhrtnoltns nflbnt hpirnsl. Fhdpolfnsl ynmg pnolmg sirlmg pnjn pnslim ynmg dimjnpnt pimghbntnm jimgnm ZL[U njnon` `ipntle imeip`nohp`nty imeip`nohp`nty jnm hbstrufsl jnrl stimt. Bibirnpn onphrnm ynmg diolbntfnm sicudon` pnslim eimjrumg didpirol`ntfnm bn`wn prhsijur lml dimlmgfntfnm aumgsl glmcno pnjn pnslim slrhsls `ntl jimgnm U@R ynmg ynmg tljnf jnpnt ongl umtuf jlonfufnm trnmsponmtnsl `ntl. [imioltlnm jlntns dimumcuffnm bn`wn ZL[U didbirlfnm bnmynf fiumtumgnm pnjn pimntnonfsnmnnm U@R. Wnonupum jidlflnm, pimggumnnm ZL[U dnsl` didiroufnm pimioltlnm fhmtrho umtuf jnpnt dirhfhdimjnslfnm.
>;
Zrnmsponmtnsl @ntl
Zrnmsponmtnsl `ntl lml sienrn tihrl njnon` tirnpl ynmg tipnt umtuf pimjirltn U@R, ynmg jnpnt dimyidbu`fnm bnlf pimynflt `ntl dnupum jlsaumgsl glmcnomyn. Zlmjnfnm trnmspnomtnsl lml dirupnfnm dnsnon` utndn dimglmgnt prhgmhsls buruf jnrl U@R jnm jnatnr tumggu ynmg ondn umtuf tlmjnfnm tirsibut jl pusnt trnmsponmtnsl. Uigirn sition` trnmsponmtnsl `ntl, figngnonm aumgsl glmcno jnpnt jlndntl siondn :0 cnd sndpnl 72 cnd. Uition` ltu oncu alotrnsl gohdiruous duonl dimgnondl pirbnlfnm.
2.7. [imeign`nm
:,9
Rislfh U@R jnpnt jlfurnmgl jimgnm pidnfnlnm tirnpl jluritlf sienrn bir`ntl-`ntl jnm pidnmtnunm fitnt, pimidunm jlml sitlnp fhdpolfnsl sipirtl fitljnfsildbnmgnm ioiftrholt, pirjnrn`nm ntnu lmaifsl. Hbnt miarhthfslf jl`lmjnrl. Rislfh pirburufnm glmcno sition` pnrnslmtisls vhoudi bisnr jlfurnmgl jimgnm pidbirlnm nobudlm rimjn` gnrnd. -
[imeign`nm lmaifsl Rislfh sirnmgnm uonmgnm pirlthmltls bnftirlno sphmtnm jlfurnmgl jimgnm pidbirlnm nmtlblhtlf prhalonfsls. Blon pnslim UB[ dimjnpnt tirnpl nmtlblhtlfn, pidbirlnm nobudlm nfnm dimgurnmgl arifuimsl jlsaumgsl glmcno. Lmaifsl bnftirl tircnjl pnjn `ndplr 9;% pnslim jimgnm pirjnrn`nm vnrlsis jnm pimeign`nm lmaifsl bnftirl jimgnm nmtlblhtlfn prhalonfsls didpirbnlfl survlvno sifltnr >;%.
-
Ifspnmsl vhoudi Ifspnmsl vhoudi dimeign` tircnjlmyn gngno glmcno pnjn pnslim UB[, jlrifhdimjnslfnm pidbirlnm ifspnmsl vhoudi ponsdn jimgnm nobudlm 2;% (>->,9 grnd/fgBB siondn >-5 `nrl) pnjn snnt jlngmhsls umtuf dimeign` jlsaumgsl slrfuonsl, gnmggunm glmcno, jnm dhrtnoltns.
-
[idnfnlnm jluritlf jimgnm blcnfsnmn Dimgljimtlalfnsl jhsls iaiftla tirimjn` jluritlf umtuf sitlnp lmjlvlju pnslim njnon` snmgnt pimtlmg fnrimn gnmggunm aumgsl glmcno nflbnt jluritlf tircnjl pnjn sifltnr 2;% pnslim nsltis si`lmggn tircnjl pimurumnm vhoudi lmtrnvnsfuonr.
>>
-
Dimg`lmjnrl pidnfnlnm hbnt miarhthfslf 3 pnslim jimgnm slrhsls jnm nsltis dirupnfnm prijlsphslsl dimjnpnt ndlmhgolfhsljn jimgnm gngno glmcno tircnjl sifltnr 55%. [imyibnb pimtlmg onlm figngnonm glmcno njnon` pidnfnlnm MUNLJs. Hbnt lml dimg`ndbnt pidbimtufnm prhstngonmjlm lmtrn rimno ynmg dimgnflbntfnm pimurumnm myntn aumgsl glmcno jnm ifsrisl Mn+/@ 2H2 pnjn pnslim slrhsls jimgnm nsltis.
2.0
[rhgmhsls
:,9
[rhgmhsls U@R buruf jnm ududmyn antno jimgnm dhrtnoltns nmtnrn 0;<;% ynmg birgnmtumg pnjn itlhohglmyn. Blnsnmyn pnslim U@R nfnm dimlmggno jnond bibirnpn `nrl ntnu bibirnpn
dlmggu. Fidntlnm blnsnmyn bufnm `nmyn `nmyn
fnrimn gngno glmcno dionlmfnm fnrimn gngno hrgnm duotlpio, titnpl tljnf jlfitn`ul finjnnm dnmn ynmg oibl` birpirnm. Furnmg oibl` 79% pnslim dimlmggno jnond wnftu 5 dlmggu jnm <;% jnond wnftu 0 dlmggu jimgnm dinm survlvno blnsnmyn >;->: `nrl. Fionmgsumgnm `ljup pnjn U@R tlpi LL blnsnmyn oibl` ondn jnm sifltnr :->;% pnslim jnpnt dimgnondl piduol`nm aumgsl glmcno. Fionlmnm pnjn U@R jnpnt rivirslbio sition` trnmsponmtnsl `ntl hrththplf ntnu clfn pimynflt `ntl prldir jnpnt jlhbntl. Clfn sidbu`, sidbu`, blnsnmyn tircnjl fnrimn pirbnlfnm pimynflt `ntl jnm bufnm fnrimn pimyidbu`nm prldir U@R. Anfthr onlm ynmg cugn birpirnm jnond fidntlnm njnon` pirjnrn`nm snournm eirmn, lmaifsl bnftirl, jnm fnrslmhdn `ipnthsiouonr.
>2
BNB LLL ON[HRNM FNUYU
LJIMZLZNU3
Mndn
3 Zm. UU
Cimls fiondlm 3 Onfl-onfl Ydur
3 :9 tn`um
[ifircnnm
3 Uwnstn
Ngndn
3 [rhtistnm
Nondnt
3 [ifnmbnru
Mh. DR
3 71 ;1 75
Dnsuf RU
3 20 Cuol 2;>2
NMNDMIULU Fiou`nm Ytndn3
Bnjnm tirnsn oidn` sicnf > `nrl UDRU Rlwnynt [imynflt Uifnrnmg
Uicnf > `nrl UDRU pnslim dimgiou`fnm bnjnm tirnsn oidn`, tljnf dnu dnfnm jnm dlmud. [nslim cugn dirnsnfnm duno, mndum tljnf njn dumtn`. Bntuf birjn`nf, jn`nf birwnrmn putl` jnm sisnf mnans ynmg sidnflm birtndbn` clfn pnslim tljur tioimtnmg. BNF pnslim cudon`myn sijlflt jlbnmjlmgfnm blnsnmyn, BNF birwnrmn fumlmg firu`.
2 buonm ynmg onou pnslim dimgiou`fnm pirut sidnflm didbisnr. [irut didbisnr jlsirtnl jimgnm rnsn sisnf. Uisnf sidnflm birtndbn` clfn pnslim tljur tioimtnmg, jnm birfurnmg blon pnslim jujuf. [nslim cugn dimgiou`fnm bimgfnf pnjn fijun fnfl. Fijun dntn fumlmg, BNB birwnrmn `ltnd. `lt nd. BNF fumlmg pifnt, tljnf myirl jnm onmenr. Birnt bnjnm cugn dimurum jrnstls.
9 buonm ynmg onou pnslim dimgiou`fnm myirl pnjn uou `ntl, `lonmg tldbuo, tljnf dimcnonr. dimcnonr. Myirl Myirl uou`ntl jlsirtnl duno jnm dumtn`. BNB
pnslim
mhrdno, tljnf njn BNB birwnrmn `ltnd. Dntn fumlmg jnm [irut jlrnsnfnm duonl didbisnr. [nslim birhbnt fi RUYJ jnm jlngmhsls dimgnondl pimynflt `ntl.
>5
Rlwnynt [imynflt Jn`uou
Zljnf njn rlwnynt tifnmnm jnrn` tlmggl
Rlwnynt pimynflt JD jlsnmgfno hoi` pnslim
Rlwnynt [imynflt Fiounrgn
Zljnf njn nmgghtn fiounrgn ynmg dimjirltn pimynflt sipirtl lml Rlwnynt fiblnsnnm
Dlmud nofh`ho (+)
Dirhfhf (+)
[IDIRLFUNNM ALULF (20 Cuol 2;>2)
Utntus gimirnols Finjnnm udud
3 Zndpnf snflt birnt
Fisnjnrnm
3 ehdphsdimtls
Znmjn vltno Zifnmnm jnrn`
3 <;/1; dd@g
Mnjl
3 >;; x/dimlt riguoir, iquno, lsl eufup
[irmnansnm
3 52 x/dimlt
Zidpirntur
3 51,9;E
Fipnon/Oi`ir3 Fhmcumgtlvn nmidls (-/-), sfoirn lftirlf (+/+), ijidn pirlhrbltn (-/-), slnmhsls (-), aithr `ipntlfud (-), aithr uridlfud (-), pidbisnrnm FGB (-), jivlnsl trnfin (-), pimlmgfntnm CQ[ (-).
Z`hrnfs3 [uodh3
Lmspifsl
3 bimtuf jnm girnfnm slditrls, ritrnfsl lmtirfhstn (-), spljir
mivl (-), vimiftnsl (-)
[nopnsl
3 aridltus rnbn jifstrn 4 slmlstrn
[irfusl
3 shmhr jl siouru` onpnmgnm pnru
Nusfuotnsl
3 sunrn mnans vislfuoir, rhmf`l (-/-), w`iizlmg (-/-)
>:
Ehr3
Lmspifsl
3 letus ehrjls tljnf tndpnf
[nopnsl
3 letus ehrjls tljnf tirnbn
[irfusl
3 bntns cnmtumg jnond bntns mhrdno
Nusfuotnsl
3 U>, U2 riguonr, sunrn tndbn`nm (-)
Nbjhdim3
Lmspifsl
3 eidbumg, enput dijusni (+)
Nusfuotnsl
3 blslmg usus (+) dimurum
[nopnsl
3 jlstimsl (+), myirl tifnm (-) pnjn sidun funjrnm,
`ipnr/olim/glmcno suolt umtuf jlmlonl, jianms duseuonr (-), O[ 4 <0 ed
[irfusl
3 s`latlmg juoomiss (+)
Ifstridltns3 Nfrno `nmgnt, irltidn pnodnrls (-), oiufhmlfln (-), `ipntle aonpplmg (-), eoubblmg almgir (-), ijidn (+)
[IDIRLFUNNM [IDIRLFUNNM [IMYMCNMG
Jnrn` rutlm (20 Cuol 2;>2) @b3 >5,0 g/jo @t3 5<,: % Oiufhslt3 >5.0;; /¹o Zrhdbhslt3 7:.;;; /¹o
Fldln jnrn` (20 Cuol 2;>2) Gou3 7: dg/jo BYM3 05 dg/jo ER-U3 :,;1 dg/jo NUZ3 2;< LY/O NOZ3 9; LY/O NOB3 >,7 dg/jo Z.Blo3 52,7 dg/jo J.Blo3 >:,9 dg/jo Yriud3 >77,1 dg/jo
>9
RIUYDI
Zm Us, :9 tn`um jntnmg fi RUYJ NN jimgnm fiou`nm fiou`nm bnjnm tirnsn oidn` sicnf > `nrl UDRU. Jnrl nmndmisls jljnpntfnm bnjnm tirnsn oidn`, duno (+), tljnf dnu dnfnm jnm dlmud, fijun dntn fumlmg. [irut didbisnr, bntuf birjn`nf (+), sisnf mnans snnt birbnrlmg. Qhoudi BNF sijlflt, BNF fumlmg pifnt, BNB birwnrmn `ltnd. Birnt bnjnm dimurum jrnstls, myirl jl uou `ntl jnm jljlngmhsls dimgnondl pimynflt `ntl 9 buonm ynmg onou. Rlwnynt fiblnsnnm Dlmud nofh`ho (+) Dirhfhf (+). Jnrl pidirlfsnnm alslf jljnpntfnm sfoirn lftirlf, pirut jlstimsl, enput dijusni (+), nsltis, s`latlmg juoomiss (+), ujid tumgfnl (+). Jnrl pidirlfsnnm pimumcnmg jljnpntfnm oiufhslt >5.0;; /¹o trhdbhslthpimln (Zrhdbhslt3 7:.;;; /¹o), `lphnobudlmidln (>,7 dg/jo), BYM dimlmgfnt (05 dg/jo), frintlmlm dimlmgfnt :,;1 dg/jo).
JNAZNR DNUNON@
>. Bnjnm oidn` 2. Lftirus 5. Nsltis :. Oiufhslthsls 9. Zrhdbhslthpimln 1. @lphnobudlmidln 7. [imlmgfntnm BYM jnm frintlmlm sirud 0. Holghurln <. Ulrhsls `ntl
JLNGMHULU
Ulrhsls `ipntls jimgnm @ipnthrimno Uymjrhdi
JLNGMHULU BNMJLMG
Mifrhssl tubuonr nfut Nzhtidln pririmno
>1
RIMENMN [IDIRLFUNNM
Eif ioiftrholt YUG glmcno
[IMNZNONFUNMNNM
LQAJ J9 % >; tpd
Lmcifsl aurhsidlj 5 x > ndpuo
Lmcifsl Rnmltljlm 2 x > ndpuo
Lmcifsl Eiatrlnxhm 2 x > gr
Uubstltusl Nobudlm
Rimenmn @idhjlnolsn elth
[RHGMHULU
Qltnd
3 dnond
Aumetlhmnd
3 dnond
AHOOHW Y[
Znmggno 2<-;7-2;>2 Uubciftla 3 oidn`, giolsn`, sisnf (+), bntuf(+), tljnf blsn tljur Hbciftla
Fisnjnrnm 3 shdmhoim ZJ3 <;/1; M 3>;; x/l RR 320 x/l Z351 ;E Qhoud urlm/2:cnd3 ?>;;do Nssisdimt 3 slmjrhdn `ipnthrimno+imsianohpntl [onmlmg
Zirnpl onmcut [nsnmg MGZ EZD 2x > Ndbrhxho 5x> Znmggno 5;-;7-2;>2 (pngl) Uubciftla 3 sidnflm oidn`, giolsn`, sisnf, bntuf(+), tljnf blsn tljur
>7
Hbcietla
Fisnjnrnm 3 Uhdmhoim ZJ3 <;/1; <;/1; M 3 >>;x/l RR 320 x/l Z351 ;E Qhoud urlm/2:cnd3 ?>;;do Nssisdimt3 slmjrhd `ipnthrimno +imsianohpntl [onmlmg
Zirnpl onmcut Znmggno 5;-;7-2;>2 (shri) Uubciftla 3 sidnflm oidn`, sidnflm sisnf, Hbcietla
Fisnjnrnm 3 Uhdmhoim ZJ3 0;/1; 0;/1; M 3 >>9x/l RR 352 x/l Z351 ;E Nssisdimt3 slmjrhd `ipnthrimno +imsianohpntl [onmlmg
Jrlp jhpndlm >2 tpd
BNB LQ [IDBN@NUNM
Jlonphrfnm pnslim onfl-onfl birudur :9 tn`um ynmg jlrnwnt jl runmg [imynflt jnond prln RUYJ Nrlalm Nrlalm Ne`dnj jnrl jnrl tnmggno 20 Cuol 2;>2 jimgnm jlngmhsls U@R. Jlngmhsls U@R jljnsnrfnm ntns nmndmisls, pidirlfsnnm alslf sirtn pidirlfsnnm pimumcnmg.
NMNDMIULU Jnrl nmndmisls jljnpntfnm bnjnm tirnsn oidn`, duno (+), tljnf dnu dnfnm jnm dlmud, fijun dntn fumlmg. [irut didbisnr, bntuf birjn`nf (+), sisnf mnans snnt birbnrlmg. Qhoudi BNF sijlflt, BNF fumlmg pifnt, BNB birwnrmn `ltnd. Birnt bnjnm dimurum jrnstls, myirl jl uou `ntl jnm jljlngmhsls dimgnondl pimynflt `ntl 9 buonm ynmg onou. Rlwnynt fiblnsnnm Dlmud nofh`ho (+) Dirhfhf (+).
>0
Gndbnrnm folmls pimjirltn U@R jltnmjnl jimgnm jimgnm fhdblmnsl nmtnrn gngno glmcno, gnmggunm slrfuonsl, jnm gngno `ntl. Gngno glmcno jnpnt tldbuo sienrn piron`nm ntnu prhgrisla jnm blnsnmyn jllfutl jimgnm ritimsl mntrlud jnm nlr ynmg dimldbuofnm nseltis, ijidn, jnm jloutlhmno `yphmntridln, ynmg jltnmjnl hoi` ifsfrisl mntrlud urlm ynmg rimjn` jnm pimgurnmgnm fidndpunm bunmg nlr (holghurln sndpnl nmurln). Yjid pnjn fnfl ynmg tircnjl pnjn pnslim lml jnpnt dirupnfnm nflbnt gngno `ntl (gnmggunm slmtisls nobudlm) dnupum gngno glmcno. Fibnmynfnm pimjirltn slrhsls jimgnm slmjrhdn `ipnthrimno dimgnondl gicnon mhmspislalf sipirtl antlgui, dnonlsi, ntnu rnsn tljnf imnf jl jnond duout (jlsgiusln). Zldbuomyn U@R blnsnmyn jlfitn`ul fitlfn pnslim didpir`ntlfnm njnmyn pimurumnm cudon` urlm ntnu fitlfn `nslo pidirlfsnnm jnrn` dimumcufnm pimurumnm aumgsl rimno. Ulmjrhdn `ipnthrimno ududmyn dirupnfnm fhdpolfnsl ynmg tircnjl pnjn slrhsls `ipntls jimgnm nseltis, titnpl jnpnt cugn tircnjl pnjn `ipntltls auodlmnm jimgnm nseltis. Ulmjrhd `ipnthrimno dirupnfnm suntu bimtuf jnrl GGN ntnu subnfut ynmg jltnmjnl hoi` tircnjlmyn vnshfhmstrlfsl birnt glmcno jnm vnshjlontnsl nrtirlno pirlair pnjn pimjirltn slrhsls `ntl jifhdpimsntn ntnu gngno `ntl auodlmnm. Disflpum U@R oibl` sirlmg jltidufnm pnjn pimjirltn jimgnm slrhsls onmcut, `no lml jnpnt cugn tldbuo pnjn pimjirltn pimynflt `ntl frhmlf ntnu pimynflt `ntl nfut onlm sipirtl `ipntltls nofh`holf ntnu figngnonm `ntl nfut.
[IDIRLFUNNM ALULF Jnrl pidirlfsnnm alslf jljnpntfnm sfoirn lftirlf, pirut jlstimsl, enput dijusni (+), nsltis, s`latlmg juoomiss (+), ujid tumgfnl (+). Zljnf jltidufnm njnmyn stlgdn slrhsls `ipntls sipirtl irltidn pnodnrls, spljir mivl, `lonmgmyn rndbut nfslon jnm publs. Ulmjrhd `ipnthrimno tljnf didlolfl tnmjn ynmg spislalf. Dimjitifsl njnmyn stlgdntn pimynflt `ntl frhmlf pimtlmg umtuf jlonfufnm fnrimn fibnmynfnm pnslim Ulmjrhd `ipnthrimno dimgnondl slrhsls. Birlfut njnon` `no-`no ynmg jnpnt jltidufnm
pnjn
pidirlfsnnm
alslf
pnslim
Ulmjrhd
`ipnthrimno.
[njn
Fipnon/Oi`ir/Z`hrnfs tirjnpnt sfoirn lftirlf, spljir mivl (blnsnmyn tirbntns pnjn jnirn` jrnlmnsi vimn envn supirlhr), aithr `ipntlfud, xnmt`ionsdn, glmifhdnstln,
><
sirtn `lonmgmyn rndbut nfslon. [njn nbjhdim tirjnpnt enput dijusni, `ipnthspoimhdignol, nseltis, `irmln pnrnudblolfnols, jnm brults. [njn [njn gimltnoln tirjnpnt @lonmgmyn rndbut publs. [njn ifstridltns tirjnpnt irltidn pnodnrls, oiufhmlfln, nstirlxls, duseoi wnstlmg, eoubblmg almgir, jnm ijidn pirlair.
[IDIRLFUNNM [IMYMCNMG [njn pidirlfsnnm jnrn` oimgfnp rutlm jljnpntfnm `nslo oiufhslt ynltu >5.0;;/¹o jnm trhdbhslthpimln jimgnm mlonl 7:.;;; /¹o. Zrhdbhslthpimln pnjn pnslim slrhsls `ntl njnon` tircnjl fnrimn pimlmgfntnm phholmg trhdbhslt pnjn spoimhdignol, sibngnl nflbnt pirubn`nm `idhjlmndlf ynmg jlsibnbfnm hoi` `lpirtimsl phrtno. Fnjnr uriud jnm frintlmlm pnslim lml tlmggl pnjn snnt dnsuf rudn` snflt dimnmjnfnm
tircnjlmyn
lmsualsimsl
rimno.
Fnjnr
nobudlm
ynmg
rimjn`
(`lphnobudlmidln) dimnmjnfnm aumgsl slmtisls `ntl ynmg tirgnmggu jnm fhmslstim jimgnm finjnnm gngno `ntl. [idirlfsnnm ioiftrholt si`nrusmyn jlonfufnm. Ymtuf diol`nt fnjnr Mn+ sirud ynmg blnsnmyn dimgnondl pimurumnm jnm fnjnr F+ ynmg dimlmgfnt (`lpirfnoidln) ynmg sirlmg jltidufnm pnjn gngno glmcno. [idirlfsnnm YUG glmcno cugn pirou jlonfufnm umtuf didnstlfnm tljnf njnmyn fionlmnm nmnthdl pnjn glmcno. [njn U@R fionlmnm ynmg jlcudpnl pnjn glmcno `nmyn birupn figngnonm aumgsl tnmpn jltnmjnl jimgnm fionlmnm nmnthdl.
JLNGMHULU Jnrl nmndmisls, pidirlfsnnm alslf, jnm pidirlfsnnm pimumcnmg jnpnt jlsldpuofnm bn`wn pnslim didimu`l gndbnrnm slrhsls fnrimn didimu`l frltirln lftirlf, nsltis. [nslim cugn didimu`l `ndplr sidun frltirln dnyhr umtuf jlngmhsls slmjrhdn `ipnthrimno. Gndbnrnm `nslo pidirlfsnnm onbhrnthrlud pnslim dimgnrn` fi slmjrhdn `ipnthrimno tlpi >, jldnmn tircnjl pimlmgfntnm uriud (bohhj urin mltrhgim) jnm frintlmlm ynmg prhgrisla jnond wnftu riontla slmgfnt. [imjirltn jimgnm tlpi lml blnsnmyn jnond fhmjlsl folmlf ynmg snmgnt birnt jimgnm tnmjn gngno `ntl onmcut sipirtl lftirus jnm imsianohpntl. Jlngmhsls bnmjlmg pnjn pnslim lml njnon` Mifrhsls tubuonr nfut (MZN).
2;
MZN riontla sirlmg tircnjl t ircnjl pnjn slrhsls `ipntls jimgnm nsltis, `lphtimsl, sipsls, jnm miarhthfslf fnrimn hbnt sipirtl ndlmhgolfhsljn tirutndn clfn hbnt lml jlfhdblmnsl jimgnm siahtnfsld. [njn MZN blnsnmyn sijldim urlm didpirol`ntfnm slolmjir grnmuonr jnm ifsfrisl mntrlud urlm = >; dIq/o. Imzld urlm sipirtl gnddn goutndlotrnms piptljnsi, oiuslm ndlmhpiptljnsi, jnm β-2 dlfrhgohbuolm jnpnt jlgumnfnm umtuf didbijnfnm MZN jimgnm U@R. Jlngmhsls bnmjlmg onlmmyn njnon` nzhtidln pririmno. [njn U@R tirjnpnt pimurumnm vhoudi vnsfuonr jnm vnshfhmstrlfsl glmcno ynmg jltnmjnl jimgnm mntrlud sirud ynmg rimjn`, hsdhonoltns urlm ynmg dimlmgfnt, rnslh hsdhonoltns urlm/ponsdn ynmg dimlmgfnt, jnm rnslh frintlmlm urlm/ponsdn ynmg tlmggl. Gndbnrnm onbhrnthrlud jnond jnrn` jnm urlm sndn jimgnm nzhtidln pririmno. Finjnnm lml birbijn jimgnm MZN ynmg jltnmjnl jimgnm dimlmgfntmyn mntrlud jnond urlm (=5; dIq/O), hsdhonoltns urlm sndn jimgnm ponsdn, rnslh hsdhonoltns urlm ponsdn ynmg rimjn`, jnm rnslh frintlmlm urlm ponsdn ynmg rimjn` (? 2; 3 >).
[IMNZNONFUNMNNM [imntnonfsnmnnm slmjrhdn `ipnthrimno ynmg jlonfufnm njnon` birslant suphrtla ynltu dhmlthrlmg fnjnr urlmi jnm ristrlfsl enlrnm. Zirnpl jialmltla slmjrhdn `ipnthrimno njnon` trnmsponmtnsl `ntl titnpl tljnf jnpnt jlonfufnm. >.
[imntnonfsnmnnm nsltis pnjn pnslim lml njnon` jimgnm didbirlfnm tirnpl jluritlf. Hbnt jluritlf ynmg jlgumnfnm njnon` lmcifsl aurisidlj. [imntnonfsnmnnm nsltis jnpnt jlonfufnm jimgnm enrn tlrn` bnrlmg jnm jlnwnol jlit rimjn` gnrnd, fhmsudsl gnrnd sibnmynf 9,2 grnd ntnu <; ddho/`nrl. Jlit rimjn` gnrnd jlfhdblmnsl jlfhdblmnsl jimgnm hbnt-hbnt jluritlf. Nwnomyn jnpnt jlbirlfnm splrhmhonfthm jimgnm jhsls
>;;-2;; dg sifnol si`nrl. Risphm
jluritlf blsn jldhmlthr jimgnm pimurumnm birnt bnjnm ;,9 fg/`nrl. Blon pidbirlnm splrhmhonfthm tljnf njifunt blsn jlfhdblmnsl jimgnm aurhsidlj jimgnm jhsls 2;-:; dg/`nrl. [idbirlnm aurhsidlj blsn jltndbn` jhslsmyn blon tljnf njn risphm jimgnm jhsls dnfsldno >1; dg/`nrl. [nrnslmtisls jlonfufnm npnblon nsltis snmgnt bisnr. [imgiounrnm nsltis blsn `lmggn :-1 oltir jnm jlolmjumgl jimgnm pidbirlnm nobudlm. Hoi` fnrimn pnslim U@ snmgnt simsltla jimgnm pirubn`nm fisildbnmgnm
2>
enlrnm jnm ioiftrholt, dnfn pidnfnlnm jluritlf ngrisla, pnrnslmtisls nsltis, jnm ritrlfsl enlrnm ynmg biroibl`nm `nrus jl`lmjnrl. 2.
[idbirlnm nmtlblhtlf Eiatrlnxhm >g/>2 cnd pnjn pnslim lml birtucunm umtuf dimeign` sphmtnm bnetirlno pirlthmltls (UB[). Rislfh sirnmgnm uonmgnm UB[ jlfurnmgl jimgnm pidbirlnm nmtlblhtlf prhalonfsls. Blon pnslim UB[ dimjnpnt tirnpl nmtlblhtlfn, pidbirlnm nobudlm nfnm dimgurnmgl arifuimsl jlsaumgsl glmcno.
5.
[njn pnslim lml jlrimenmnfnm umtuf dimjnpnt substltusl nobudlm. [idbirlnm nobudlm jnpnt dimeign` jlsaumgsl slrfuonsl jnm tldbuomyn U@R. Nobudlm dimeign` umjiraloolmg nrtirl jnm nftlvnsl slstid vnshfhmstrlfthr nflbnt lmaifsl.
:.
[nslim lml tljnf jlbirlfnm hbnt vnshjlonthr ntnu vnshfhmstrlfthr. Hbnt-hbntnm vnshjlonthr jlpnfnl pnjn pimjirltn U@R umtuf dimurumfnm rislstimsl vnsfuoir glmcno. Uijnmgfnm vnshfhmtrlfthr umtuf dimgntnsl vnshjlontnsl sponmfmlf.
9.
@idhjlnolsn tljnf sidpnt jlonfufnm pnjn pnslim lml. Ui`nrusmyn @idhjlnosn jlonfufnm sigirn pnjn pnslim lml fnrimn fnjnr uriud jnm frintlmlm ynmg tlmggl. Zirnpl
suphrtla
tir`njnp
glmcno
jlonfufnm
clfn
dumgflm
tircnjl
pimyidbu`nm `ntl ntnu fidumgflmnm trnmsponmtnsl `ntl, fnrimn clfn tljnf dnfn tirnpl suphrtla tir`njnp glmcno `nmynon` didpirondbnt fidntlnm. Birbngnl tirnpl jnpnt jlonfufnm sipirtl jlnolsls pirlthmino, `idhjlnolsls, ntnu `idhalotrnsl. @idhjlnolsls jnm jlnolsls pirlthmino jlonfufnm umtuf dimggnmtl aumgsl glmcno sndblo dimumggu pirbnlfnm pimynflt `ntl ntnu trnmsponmtnsl `ntl. @idhjlnolsls jnpnt dimgntnsl fitljnfsildbnmgnm nlr jnm ioiftrholt, mndum tljnf jnpnt dimyidbu`fnm U@R.
[RHGMHULU [nslim lml sujn` tirdnsuf fi jnond fntighrl ynmg didbutu`fnm trnmsponmtnsl `ntl, titnpl fnrimn prhsijur tirsibut tljnf jnpnt jlonfufnm dnfn prhgmhsls pnslim dimcnjl buruf (dnond). Uionlm ltu slmjrhdn `ipnthrimno tlpi > didnmg birfnltnm jimgnm prhgmhsls ynmg buruf.
22
BNB Q FIULD[YONM
Zion` jlonphrfnm sihrnmg prln usln :9 tn`um jntnmg jimgnm bnjnm tirnsn oidn`, duno (+), tljnf dnu dnfnm jnm dlmud, fijun dntn fumlmg. [irut didbisnr, bntuf birjn`nf (+), sisnf mnans snnt birbnrlmg. Qhoudi BNF sijlflt, BNF fumlmg pifnt, BNB birwnrmn `ltnd. Birnt bnjnm dimurum jrnstls, myirl jl uou `ntl jnm jljlngmhsls dimgnondl pimynflt `ntl 9 buonm ynmg onou. Rlwnynt fiblnsnnm Dlmud nofh`ho (+) Dirhfhf (+). [njn pidirlfsnnm alslf jljnpntfnm njnmyn lftirlf, enput dijusni, nseltis jnm, ijidn pirlair. Zljnf jltidufnm njnmyn stlgdn slrhsls `ipntls. Ulmjrhd `ipnthrimno tljnf didlolfl tnmjn ynmg spislalf. Dimjitifsl njnmyn stlgdntn pimynflt `ntl frhmlf pimtlmg umtuf jlonfufnm fnrimn fibnmynfnm pnslim Ulmjrhd `ipnthrimno dimgnondl slrhsls. Jnrl nmndmisls, pidirlfsnnm alslf, jnm pidirlfsnnm pimumcnmg jnpnt jlsldpuofnm bn`wn pnslim didimu`l gndbnrnm slrhsls `ipntls. [nslim cugn didimu`l `ndplr sidun frltirln dnyhr umtuf jlngmhsls slmjrhdn `ipnthrimno. [imntnonfsnmnnm slmjrhdn slmjrhdn `ipnthrimno `ipnthrimno ynmg jlonfufnm njnon` birslant suphrtla ynltu nmthblhtlf, dhmlthrlmg fnjnr urlmi jnm ristrlfsl enlrnm. Zirnpl jialmltla slmjrhdn `ipnthrimno njnon` trnmsponmtnsl `ntl titnpl tljnf jnpnt jlonfufnm. [rhgmhsls slmjrhd `ipnthrimno bnlf vltnd dnupum aumetlhmnd njnon` dnond. [nslim dimcnonml pirnwntnm siondn 2 `nrl, jnm fidujlnm dimlmggno.
25
Jnatnr [ustnfn
>. Uutnjl UD. Ulmjrhdn @ipnthrimno Bnglnm Lodu [imynflt Jnond
Anfuotns Fijhftirnm Ymlvirsltns Uudntirn Ytnrn. Jlumju` jnrl `ttp3//olbrnry.usu.ne.lj/jhwmohnj/af/pimyjnond-srldnrynml1.pja VJlnfsis 5 Ngustus 2;>2T. 2. Uujhyh, Nrl W jff. Bufu Ncnr Lodu [imynflt Jnond Clolj L Ijlsl LQ.
[usnt
[imirbltnm
Jipnrtidim
Lodu
[imynflt
Jnond
Anfuotns
Fijhftirnm Ymlvirsltns Lmjhmisln. Cnfnrtn. Cuml 2;;1. :92-:9: 5. Uujumg H. [nrjiji. Ulmjrhd @ipnthrimno. Eirdlm Jumln Fijhftirnm
Mh. >:;, 2;;5 Bnglnm Lodu Fisi`ntnm Nmnf Anfuotns Fijhftirnm Ymlvirsltns Lmjhmisln/ Rudn` Unflt Ydud [usnt Mnslhmno Jr. Elpth Dnmgumfusudh, Cnfnrtn :. @nrlshm. [rlmslp [rlmslp Lodu [imynflt Jnond Ijlsl >5 Qhoudi LQ.
IGE [imirblt Bufu Fijhftirnm. Cnfnrtn. 2;;;. >155->150 9. E`nrois FA Mg, Dle`nio @D E`nm, Dhrrls @O Znl, E`rlsthp`ir WF
Ond. Dlml-rivliw3 @ipnthrimno Uymjrhdi. Uymjrhdi. Jipnrtdimt ha E`idleno [nt`hohgy, Z`i E`lmisi Ymlvirslty ha @hmg Fhmg, [rlmei ha Wnois @hspltno,
U`ntlm,
@hmg
Fhmg.
`ttp3//www.pubdijeimtrno.ml`.ghv/aprimjir.aegl VJlnfsis 5 Ngustus 2;>2T.
2:
