C ICOBNDC CO L[Í ]LKCH ]LKCH[UCJH [UCJH Iydpandhs co jacikrlo Rcth Ucknih
KLBCOCVCNOL
C icobndc jnstctucsjnon uo `ruppn ltlrn`loln kc olnpihscl jal nrc`cohon khi tlssutn icobhtcjn (icobnonkc, dcizh, tcdn, tnosciil, hklonckc, dckniin nssln) l, hi phrc kliil ilujldcl, vhoon jnoscklrhtl l trhtthtl jndl phtnin`cl scstldcjal. C icobndc snon sukkcvcsc co kul jhtl`nrcl prcojcphic, c icobndc kc Ank`gco (IA) lk c icobndc ono Ank`gco (IOA), co ehsl hiil jhrhttlrcstcjal dnrbnin`cjal lk cdduonblontcpcjal klc icobnjctc rlspnoshecic kli prnjlssn olnpihstcjn (E, [, [, OG). C IA I A oli ehdecon prlslothon jhrhttlrcstcjal jicocjn-phtnin`cjal hohin`al h quliil klii–hkuitn dlotrl covljl c IOA plkchtrcjc sc kcstco`unon kh quliic klii–hkuitn plr6 8) uo pcó rcstrlttn oudlrn kc vhrchotc cstnin`cjal tuttl jno uo hitn `rhkn kc dhic`octí6 icobndh kc Eurgctt, icobndc icobneihstcjc, icobndc hohpihstcjc h `rhokc jliiuil l icobndc h `rhokc jliiuil E kcbbusc7 5) uo turonvlr jliiuihrl dnitn rhpckn jno pnsscecil kcssldcohzcnol prljnjl hi dckniin l hi scstldh olrvnsn jlotrhil7 :) uoh uo h prlslothzcnol jicocjh lsslozchidlotl lxtrh-icobnonkhil, plr in pcó hkkndcohil n dlkchstcocjh.
L]CKLDCNIN@CH
C icobndc (IA l IOA) rhpprlslothon ci :½ tudnrl tudn rl pcó brlqulotl klii–ltí plkchtrcjh knpn il ilujldcl lk c tudnrc jlrlerhic l jnstctucsjnon jnstctucsjnon ci 8< % klc tudnrc dhic`oc olc phzclotc kc ltí coblrcnrl hc 5= hooc (IOA6 << % l IA6 ;< %). Lotrhdel il jhtl`nrcl kc icobndc snon dnitn rhrl hi kc snttn klc : hooc kc ltí l sc nsslrvh uoh dh``cnrl prlvhilozh oli slssn dhsjacil rcsplttn h quliin blddcocil.
LVCNIN@CH L ]H[N@LOLZC
Zleelol i–lzcnin`ch i–lzcnin` ch klc icobndc rcdho`h plr in pcó c`onth, co hijuoc hijuo c jhsc á pnsscecil pnssc ecil cokcvc cokcvckuhrl kuhrl uoh prlkcs prlkcspnscz pnsczcnol cnol `lolt `loltcjh cjh n uoh jnrrl jnrrlihzcn ihzcnol ol jno hijuol coblzcnoc vcrhic. Rc Rc á uo–hudlothth cojcklozh kc IA co bhdcichrc kc prcdn `rhkn kc phzclotc hbblttc. Coblzcnoc kh vcrus kc Lpstlco Lpstlco Ehrr l ACR rcvlstnon uo runin lzcnphtn`loltcjn lzcn phtn`loltcjn co hijuoc hijuo c jhsc kc IA l kc IOA (Eurgctt
hbrcjhon ). I–hthsschhbrcjhon). I–hthssch-tlilho`l tlilho`ljthsch, jthsch, ih scokrndl kc Pcsgntt-Hi Pcsgntt-Hikrcja, krcja, ci trhtthdlotn cdduonsnpprlsscvn hssnjchtn hc trhpchotc k–nr`hon snon conitrl rcjnonsjcutc jndl jnokczcnoc prlkcspnolotc hii–cosnr`lozh klc IOA.
JHUH[[LUCZ[CJAL JHUH [[LUCZ[CJAL JICOCJAL
C pcó jnduoc scotndc kc icobndh snon lilojhtc quc kc sl`uctn l snon rcjnokujcecic, kh uo ihtn, hiih injhiczzhzcnol kliih dhihttch, khii–hitrh h dhocblsthzcnoc scstldcjal. ]rcojcphic sl`oc l scotndc kc lsnrkcn6 Icobnhklonphtcl prnbnokl l suplrjchic ono knilotc hiih hiih phiphzcnol, kc jnoscstlozh kurh, slozh sl`oc kc n`nsc kliih jutl snvrhsthotl, splssn jnoulotc co ’phjjalttc icobnonkhic—. Oli IA á pnsscecil nsslrvhrl uoh trhosctnrch rl`rlsscnol spnotholh kliih icobnhklonphtch. [nssl l kcspolh7 scokrndl kliih vloh jhvh suplrcnrl plr il injhiczzhzcnoc dlkchstcocjal. Kninrc hkkndcohic l rhpckn hudlotn kliil kcdloscnoc klii–hkkndl, co rlihzcnol hk cdpnrthotl lphtnspilondl`hich n h icobndh cotlstcohil. Onkuic jutholc. Zcotndc scstldcjc, knvutc hiih prnkuzcnol kc jctnjacol (cotlrilujacol, [OB, ljj.) jndl6 bleerl l hstloch7 jhin pnoklrhil7 suknrhzcnol ontturoh7 prurctn (dlon brlqulotl oli ehdecon rcsplttn hii–hkuitn). §
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KCH@ONZC
Ih kch`onsc kc IA vclol lbblttuhth su ecnpsch icobnonkhil lsl`ucth su icobnhklonphtch suplrjchil jno i–cklotcjhzcnol kliih tcpcjh jliiuih kc Ullk-Ztldelr` jal lsprcdl c dhrglrs prnprc klc icobnjctc E, oli jnotlstn kc uo phrlojacdh icobnonkhil jndpilthdlotl snvvlrtctn. I–h`nhspcrhtn icobnonkhil puõ bhr lvnjhrl ih kch`onsc dh jliiuil kc hsplttn scdcil h quliin kliih jliiuih kc Ullk-Ztldelr` pnssnon rcsjnotrhrsc hojal co icobnhklonphtcl sljnokhrcl sljnokhrcl hk coblzcnoc vcrhic (ls. dnonoujilnsc) l plrthotn ih kch`onsc kc jlrtlzzh puõ lsslrl pnsth snin dlkchotl ecnpsch lk lshdl kliil jliiuil tudnrhic l kli tlssutn icobnonkhil. Ih ecnpsch vclol `lolrhidlotl rlhiczzhth su icobnonkc ihtlrnjlrvcjhic n snvrhjihvlhrc, prlslotc hiih kch`onsc co jcrjh i–1<% klc k lc jhsc. [cpcjhdlotl [cpcjhdlotl oli IA ci prnjlssn tudnrhil t udnrhil cotlrlssh sthzcnoc icobnonkhic jnotc`ul l olc 5/: klc jhsc sc rcsjnotrh uo jncovni`cdlotn kliil strutturl kli dlkchstcon, lvcklozchecil hiih rhkcn`rhh kli tnrhjl co kul prnclzcnoc. Co jcrjh ci 5= % klc jhsc kc IA sc vlrcjh hojal i–cotlrlsshdlotn kliil strutturl snttnkchbrhddhtcjal l oli 8= % jcrjh uoh kcbbuscnol dlthsthtcjh (pnidnoc, bl`htn, nssh, dckniin dck niin nssln).
Co ehsl hii–lstloscnol kc dhihttch vclol hssl`ohtn uon sthkcn kc dhihttch suiih ehsl kliih Jihsscjhzcnol kc Hoo Hrenr ([heliih 8). [he. 8 - Jihsscbjhzcnol kc Hoo Hrenr Z[HKCN
KLBCOCVCNOL KLIIN Z[HKCN
C
Cotlrlsshdlotn kc uo snih sthzcnol icobnonkhil
CC
Cotlrlsshdlotn kc pcó sthzcnoc icobnonkhic oliin stlssn vlrshotl kchbrhdd kchbrhddhtcjn htcjn
CC C
Cotlrlsshdlotn kc pcó sthzcnoc icobnonkhic co lotrhdec c vlrshotc kchbrhddh kchbrhddhtcjc tcjc
L (co h``c h``cuot uothh h`ic h`ic sthkc sthkc C, CC, CC, CCC) CCC)
Injhiczzh Injhic zzhzcn zcnol ol lxt lxtrhi rhicob cobnon nonkhi khill cot cotlrl lrlssh sshth th plr jno jno-tc`uctí jno uoh hklonphtch. Kcvlrsn khiin sthkcn CR
CR
Kcbbuscnol dlthsthtcjh h pnidnoc, bl`htn, nssh, dckniin nssln @U\]]N
ZL@OC ZCZ[LDCJC
H
Hsslozh kc sl`oc scstldcjc
E
Hidlon uon klc sl`ulotc sl`oc n scotndc6 ‚ jhi jhin n pnokl pnoklrhi rhill ? 8= % ol` ol`ic ic uitc uitcdc dc 2 dlsc dlsc ‚ ble bleerl erl kc kc nrc`co nrc`coll sjnons sjnonsjcu jcuth th ? :1½ plr plr hidlo hidlon n uoh slttcdhoh7 ‚ su sukn knrh rhzc zcno noll on ontt ttur uroh oh..
Olc IOA ono sldprl hiih kch`onsc snon prlslotc hklonphtcl suplrjchic7 il injhiczzhzcnoc coczchic pcó brlqulotc snon rcpnrthtl oliih theliih 5. [he. 5 - Kcstrceuzcnol klc IOA co ehsl ehsl hiih injhiczzhzcnol coczchil Injhiczzhzcnol hohtndcjh
%
Hkkndl
;=
[nrhjl
5<
Kcstrlttn NUI (holiin kli Phikhylr, jhvn nrhil)
8<
Icobnonkc plrcblrcjc
8=
Hitrl injhiczzhzcnoc (nssh, jutl, rloc, nssh, ZOJ, ljj.)
8=
C ICOBNDC HKKNDCOHIC sc hssnjchon hi rcsjnotrn neclttcvn kc uoh n pcó dhssl hiih phiphzcnol hkkndcohil l hiih ljn`rhh hkkndcohil7 qulst–uitcdh dlttlrí co lvcklozh ih prlslozh kc uoh dhssh jal nrc`coh snicthdlotl h icvliin kliih vhivnih ciln-jljhil, sch khiil pihjjal kli ]lylr
sch khc icobnonkc dlslotlrcjc, jno lstloscnol hiil strutturl icdctrnbl l thivnith jno vlrshdlotn hsjctcjn. Uhrhdlotl ci tudnrl puõ lsnrkcrl jno uoh covh`cohzcnol cotlstcohil oljlsscthotl kc uo cotlrvlotn jacrur`cjn jal knvrí lsslrl pcó jnoslrvhtcvn pnsscecil lk lvcthrl ih rlslzcnol kc trhttc cotlstcohic dnitn lstlsc. Hi kc bunrc kc qulstn jnotlstn kc ur`lozh á cdplrhtcvn lvcthrl cotlrvlotc jacrur`cjc h jclin hplrtn jal rcsuitlrleelrn coutcic nitrl jal rlspnoshecic kc uo plrcjninsn rcthrkn olii–coczcn kli trhtthdlotn jaldcntlrhpcjn. Ih kch`onsc cstnin`cjh puõ lsslrl lbblttuhth `rhzcl hii–lshdl jctnin`cjn lsl`uctn su icquckn hsjctcjn, icquckn pilurcjn n hspcrhtn dckniihrl, hitlrohtcvhdlotl `rhzcl hiih ecnpsch su uo–hklonphtch suplrjchil n `rhzcl hii–h`necnpsch trhosphrclthil trhosphrclthil kliih dhssh. Oli jhsn co juc sc rcjnrrh hk uoh ihphrntndch, ecsn`olrí icdcthrsc hc snic prliclvc ecnptcjc lk hstlolrsc kh cotlrvlotc kc rlslzcnol cotlstcohil pcó kldnictcvc. Oliih dh``cnr phrtl klc icobndc cotlstcohic ih olnpihsch nrc`coh kh icobnjctc E, snicthdlotl sc trhtth kc icobndc kc Eurgctt, pcó rhrhdlotl kc icobndc h `rhokc jliiuil E. C ICOBNDC [NUHJCJC nrc`cohon hectuhidlotl khi tcdn l snon snicthdlotl kc tcpn icobneihstcjn [. Ih rhkcn`rhh kli tnrhjl lvcklozclrí ih prlslozh kc uo dhssh dlkchstcocjh hotlrnsuplrcnrl l jal pntrí hjjnd ph`ohrsc hk hklonphtcl dlkchstcocjal, vlrshdlotn pilurcjn, vlrshdlotn plrcjhrkcjn. Co prlslozh kc uoh dhssh dlkchstcocjh lscstl uo lilvhtn rcsjacn kc kcstrlss rlspcrhtnrcn hjutn l kc hrrlstn jhrkchjn plr rcknttn rctnron vlonsn hi junrl co phrtcjnihrl jno ih dneciczzhzcnol n jno i–holstlsch `lolrhil, rh`cnol plr ih quhil qulst–uitcdh á jnotrncokcjhth. Ih kch`onsc vh lbblttuhth oli dconr tldpn pnsscecil httrhvlrsn i–lshdl jctnin`cjn su icquckn pilurcjn, hspcrhtn dckniihrl nppurl su uo icobnonkn suplrjchil7 pcó rhrhdlotl ih kch`onsc rcjaclkl ci rcjnrsn hk uo–h`necnpsch kliih dhssh dlkchstcocjh httrhvlrsn dlkchstconsjnpch. Ih sthkchzcnol coczchil kc uo icobndh prlvlkl6 Lshdl jicocjn hjjurhtn, jndprloscvn kliih phiphzcnol kc tuttl il sthzcnoc icobnonkhic suplrjchic, klii–lshdl neclttcvn olurnin`cjn l klii–lshdl tlstcjnihrl olc dhsjac. Lshdc kc ihenrhtnrcn ihenrhtnrcn jno ldnjrndn, ldnjrndn, prnvl kc ldnjnh`uihzcnol, ldnjnh`uihzcnol, lshdc lshdc ldhtnjacdcjc jno IKA, hjckn urcjn, RLZ, ]JU. Ux tnrhjl. Ljn hkkndl. [HJ jniin-tnrhjl-hkkndl-plivc. Hspcrhtn dckniihrl co kul slttnrc ¸ ecnpsch dckniihrl olc icobndc kc Ank`gco l olc icobndc hohpihstcjc h `rhokc jliiuil. Lshdl jctnin`cjn kli icqunr. icqunr. ]L[ sjho. Lshdc jndpildlothrc kh lbblttuhrl suiih ehsl kli jnotlstn jicocjn6 • sjcotc`rhh nsslh. • [HJ/UDO jrhocn jrhocn.. §
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• Ljn`rhh tlstcjnihrl. • Ux lpcbhrco`l. • Ih sjcotc`rhh hi @hiicn oli ehdecon á `rhvhth kh uo hitn oudlrn kc bhisc pnsctcvc (plr in pcó knvutc hi tcdn) lk ah uoh ehssh sloscecictí. • Httuhidlotl ono trnvhon pcó hijuoh cokcjhzcnol lshdc utciczzhtc co phsshtn jndl ih icobn`rhh plkckch l ih ihphrntndch lspinrhtcvh jno ecnpscl lphtnspilocjal.
[LUH]CH
Oli snsplttn kc uoh phtnin`ch icobnprnicblrhtcvh á cokcsploshecil6 8) Httcvhrl hi pcó pcó prlstn ci trhsblrcdlotn trhsblrcdlotn kli ehdecon ehdecon co uo rlphrtn spljchicstcjn kc ldhtn-nojnin`ch plkchtrcjh. 5) ]rcdh jal ci ehdecon vlo`h trhsblrctn co uo rlphrtn spljchicstcjn, spljchicstcjn, hstlolrsc khi snddcocstrhrl jnrtcjnstlrnckc jal pntrleelrn cojchrl ih kch`onsc l ih sthkchzcnol coczchic dh snprhttuttn cokurrl cokurr l n h``rhvhrl ci prnjlssn kc icsc tudnrhil. :) Hsscjurhrl uo hjjlssn vlonsn l `hrhotcrl uoh cplrckrhthzcnol hijhicoh h : ictrc/d5/kcl (Zuplrcbjcl (Zuplrcbjcl jnrpnrlh(d ) 4 ∖(]lsn(g`) x Hitlzzh(jd) /:2==))) kh sukkcvcklrl co 5/: kc sniuzcnol `iujnshth hi <% l co 8/: /:2==) kc OhAJN: hii–8,;‽. ;) Jnrrl``lrl `ic squcicerc lilttrnictcjc lilttrnictcjc (lvcthrl coczchidlotl kc snddcocstrhrl G + n Jh++, shivn co jhsn kc squcicerc slvlrc l scotndhtcjc). <) ]rlvlocrl lk lvlotuhidlotl trhtthrl uoh coczchil scokrndl kh icsc tudnrhil dlkchotl snddcocstrhzcnol kc h) hiinpurconin (Vy (Vy)) h 8= d`/g`/kcl co : knsc `cnrohiclrl plr vch nrhil, nppurl e) urhtnnssckhsc (\y (\y)6 )6 <==-8=== uoctí trl vnitl hi `cnron l.v nppurl j) kliih pcó rljlotl lk lbjhjl urhtn-nssckhsc rcjndecohotl6 rhseurcjhsl (B) B) hiih hiih knsl kc =,5 d`/g`/kcl co uocjh snddcocstrhzcnol `cnrohiclrh lv co := dcoutc. Dnoctnrczzhrl Dnoctnrczzhrl ih buozcnol rlohil (kcurlsc, ecihojcn ckrcjn, plsn, phrhdltrc vcthic, lshdc ldhtnjacdcjc). Jnoscklrhth i–ljjliilotl prn`onsc kli IA, jno snprhvvcvlozl h < hooc ? 3=%, c rljlotc prntnjniic tlrhplutcjc cotlrohzcnohic, ehshtc suii–cdpcl`n jndecohtn kliih jaldcntlrhpch l kliih rhkcntlrhpch , snon dcrhtc hk nttcdczzhrl c rcsuithtc nttloutc co tlrdcoc kc thssc kc `uhrc`cnol lk, hiin stlssn tldpn, h rckurrl `ic lbblttc jniihtlrhic h erlvl l h iuo`n tlrdcol, coknttc khiih jaldcn l khiih rhkcntlrhpch (jhrkcntnsscjctí, stlrcictí, tudnrc sljnokhrc, ernsc pnidnohrc, hondhicl tcrnckll), dlkchotl kljrldlotn kliil knsc juduihtcvl kc bhrdhjc l kliil knsc l klc vniudc kliih rhkcntlrhpch. ]lr quli jal jnojlrol c IOA, khi puotn kc vcsth tlrhplutcjn, ol`ic uitcdc := hooc snon sthtc jndpcutc ontlvnic prn`rlssc `rhzcl h prntnjniic ehshtc suii–cdpcl`n lsjiuscvn kliih jaldcntlrhpch7 c IOA kli ehdecon 5
jnstctucsjnon cobhttc uo `ruppn kc tudnrc hithdlotl jaldcnsloscecic l jaldcnjurhecic7 vhoon conitrl jnoscklrhtc jndl dhihttcl scstldcjal hojal oliil bnrdl hpphrlotldlotl injhiczzhtl l plrthotn oljlsscthon kc uo trhtthdlotn scstldcjn quhil ih jaldcntlrhpch. Ih jacrur`ch ah uo runin dnitn dhr`cohil6 klvl icdcthrsc uocjhdlotl hiil ecnpscl coczchic oljlsshrcl h oc kch`onstcjc l, co olssuo jhsn, lsslrl kldnictcvc l bnotl kc coutcic jndpicjhozl jal rcthrklrleelrn bhthidlotl i–coczcn kli trhtthdlotn jaldcntlrhpcjn. Il plrjlotuhic kc `uhrc`cnol h < hooc jno `ic httuhic prntnjniic tlrhplutcjc snon lstrldhdlotl lilvhtc6 3=% plr c icobndc kc Eurgctt7 0=-1=% plr c icobndc icobneihstcjc7 0<% plr c icobndc hohpihstcjc h `rhokc jliiuil.
Eceicn`rhbh lsslozchil - Dcohrk-Jnico R, Eru`cárls I, lt hi. Ono-Ank`gco Iydpandh co Jacikrlo hok Hknilsjlots6 ]rn`rlss [arnu`a Lbbljtcvl Jniihenrhtcno, Jurrlot Gonwilk`l, hok Jahiilo`ls Halhk. F Jico Nojni. 5=8<. - Dhuz-Gòraniz J, Dltz`lr DI, lt hi. ]lkchtrcj Ank`gco Iydpandh. F Jico Nojni. 5=8<. - Zhokiuok F[, F[, ]lrgcos ZI. \ojnddno ono-Ank`gco iydpandhs nb jacikannk6 phtanin`cjhi phtanin`c jhi kch`onscs kch`onscs,, jicocjh jicocjhii blhturl blhturlss hok trlhtdl trlhtdlot ot hpprnhjals hpprnhjals.. Er F Ahldhtni. 5=8<782362:8-;2. - @cuicon-Unta I, Gliilr B@, lt hi. Jurrlot hpprnhjals co tal dhoh`ldlot nb inw rcsg Ank`gco iydpandh co jacikrlo hok hknilsjlots. Er F Ahldhtni. 5=8<782362;0-2=. - Rho Rho Rurlo Rurlo H, Dlylr-Plotrup Dlylr-Plotrup B. Olw thr`lts bnr hotcenky hot cenky talrhpy t alrhpy nb n b plkchtrcj plkch trcj E jlii iydpandhs. i ydpandhs. ]lkchtr Einnk Jhojlr. 5=8;728658<1-2:. 5=8;728658<1-2:.
