Sistema Político de La Unión Europea

Resumen - libro "El Sistema Político De La Unión Europea"

Sistema Político de la Unión Europea (UNED)

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L"#/22+))+ .") #7#4";/ )"(7#)/475+ ." )/ JE =L' A5? 8+'#3#63"2+' la llamada “crisis de la silla vacía” y el “Compromiso de Luxemburgo”? >9 2/$/;B& 2/9 "&1%/I& 3 4&63$ 2/;5%5&1/% ?&$ 63F&$:3 ;#395C5;323 %/ ?#%& /1 ;#/%45=1 3 6/2532&% 2/ 9&% %/%/143 ?&$ 93 &?&%5;5=1 C$31;/%3 3 93 J&43;5=1 ?&$ 63F&$:3 /1 390#1&% 4/63% 56?&$4314/%E 51%5%45/12& /1 L#/ ;323 >%432& 65/6A$& 2/A:3 ?&2/$ J/43$ #1 4/Q4& 9/05%9345J&E 3#1L#/ /9 V$3432& /%?/;5C5;3$3 L#/ %/ ?&2:3 #%3$ 93 63F&$:3 ;#395C5;323G >1 )W^,E /9 8$/%52/14/ C$31;P% [ e Gaulle provocó una crisis de “silla Jacía” al negarse a autorizar a sus ministros a participar en los consejos de ministros de la CEE hasta que 9&% 2/6K% 65/6A$&% 1& 3;/?43$31 %# ?&%5;5=1G La crisis se resolvió en 1966 mediante el “compromiso de Luxemburgo”, que estableció el principio de que si un Estado miembro declara que un “interés nacional vital” está en juego, el Consejo debe esforzarse para alcanzar un acuerdo unánime. G"2 1-(3'/ `\N

=M94+ #" 12+.5E+ )/ "B+)5839' ." )/ KL @/83/ 5' 4+.")+ 738/4"2/)F >1 )WZWE /9 "&1%/I& B3A:3 3?$&A32& #1 4/Q4& 9/05%9345J& %51 ;&1%#943$ 39 83$936/14&G i%4/ 2/1#1;5= 39 "&1%/I& 314/ /9 Vb>E L#/ anuló la legislación con el argumento de que el tratado requería que el Consejo “consultara” al

83$936/14&G >1 &?515=1 2/9 Vb>E /%4& %5015C5;3A3 L#/ /9 "&1%/I& 1& ?&2:3 3;4#3$ B3%43 L#/ /9 83$936/14& B#A5/$3 /65452& C&$6396/14/ #13 &?515=1 %&A$/ #1 4/Q4& 9/05%9345J&G "&1 /9 $/%?392& 2/ 93 %/14/1;53E /9 Parlamento tenía ahora un “poder de retrasar”. Este poder no es tan fuerte como el de establecimiento

2/ 30/123 & /9 J/4&E ?/$& 3%: /9 83$936/14& ?#/2/ 51C9#5$ /1 9&% $/%#9432&% 9/05%9345J&% 2/ 93 <> ;&1C&$6/ 39 ?$&;/2565/14& 2/ ;&1%#943G G"2 1-(3'/ `\G ¿Cuál fue la importancia de la sentencia “isoglucosa” a la hora de fijar los poderes del P/2)/4"'6+ L52+1"+F @3 %/14/1;5a del TJE de 1980 sobre “isoglucosa” anuló la legislación sobre el ?3$45;#93$ 3?$&A323 ?&$ /9 "&1%/I&E 3$0#6/14312& L#/ P%4/ 2/A:3 ;&1%#943$ ?$/J536/14/ 39 83$936/14& >#$&?/&E L#/ 2/A/$:3 /6545$ #13 &?515=1 %&A$/ /9 4/Q4& 9/05%9345J&G [/ /%43 C&$63E /9 %5%4/63 9/05%9345J& 2/ 93 <> %/ 3;/$;3A3 3 #1 6&2/9& A5;36/$39 4$325;5&139G G"2 1-(3'/ `\N ¿Qué tipo de poder concedía el poder de “consulta” al Parlamento Europeo? "&1 /9 $/%?392& 2/ 93 %/14/1;53 sobre la “isoglucosa”E L#/ &A9503A3 39 "&1%/I& 3 ;&1%#943$ ?$/J536/14/ 39 83$936/14& 9&% 4/Q4&% 9/05%9345J&% 314/% 2/ %# 3?$&A3;5=1E /9 83$936/14& &A4/1:3 un “poder de retrasar”. G"2 1-(3'/ `\G =>5? '5"B+# 12+8".343"'6+# )"(3#)/63B+# 3'62+.5E+ ") V86/ b'38/ L52+1"/F L:1)3A5" "' A5? 8+'#3#6C/'G >1 )W]ZE /9 H;43 \15;3 >#$&?/3 -H<>7 514$&2#I& #1 1#/J& ?$&;/2565/14& 9/05%9345J&M /9 12+8".343"'6+ ." 8++1"2/839'E L#/ ?/$654:3 L#/ /9 83$936/14& >#$&?/& /C/;4#3$3 #13 %/0#123 9/;4#$3E 2/%?#P% 2/ L#/ /9 "&1%/I& B#A5/$3 3?$&A32& #13 ?&%5;5=1 ;&6N1E F $/2#;:3 93 ;3?3;5232 2/9 "&1%/I& 2/ $/;B3D3$ /165/123% 2/9 83$936/14& >#$&?/& $/395D323% /1 93 %/0#123 9/;4#$3G >9 H<> 514$&2#I& 436A5P1 #1 12+8".343"'6+ ." /12+7/839'E ;&1C&$6/ 39 ;#39 %/ $/L#/$:3 93 3?$&A3;5=1 2/9 83$936/14& >#$&?/& 314/% 2/ L#/ /9 "&1%/I& ?#25/$3 3;4#3$G G"2 1-(3'/ `\N ¿En qué consiste el procedimiento de “codecisión” y cómo ha evolucionado” F >9 V$3432& 2/ `33%4$5;B4 514$&2#I& /9 ?$&;/2565/14& 2/ ;&2/;5%5=1E L#/ 514$&2#I& 93 1&$63 2/ L#/ %5 /9 83$936/14& F /9 "&1%/I& /%43A31 /1 2/%3;#/$2& %&A$/ #1 4/Q4& 9/05%9345J& %/ ;&1J&;3$:3 #1 ;&654P 2/ ;&1;5953;5=1E ;&6?#/%4& ?&$ #1 1N6/$& 50#39 2/ $/?$/%/14314/% 2/9 83$936/14& F 2/9 "&1%/I&G <13 J/D L#/ 25;B& ;&654P 39;31D3$3 #1 3;#/$2&E P%4/ 2/A:3 %/$ 3?$&A32& ?&$ 36A&%G >1 )WWWE /9 V$3432& 2/ a6%4/$236 $/C&$6= F 36?95= /9 ?$&;/2565/14&G HB&$3 %/ ?&2:3 3?$&A3$ 93 9/05%93;5=1 /1 #13 ?$56/$3 9/;4#$3 %5 /9 83$936/14& F /9 "&1%/I& F3 /%43A31 2/ 3;#/$2& /1 /%43 /43?3G H2/6K%E %5 /9 ;&654P 2/ ;&1;5953;5=1 1& ;&1%/0#:3 39;31D3$ #1 3;#/$2&E 1& B3A$:3 4/Q4& 9/05%9345J&G G"2 1-(3'/ `\G “El Parlamento ha desarrollado estrategias sofisticadas para maximizar su influencia en la negociación”. Explique esta afirmaciónG >9 83$936/14& >#$&?/& C#1;5&13 ;&6& ;#39L#5/$ &4$& 9/05%9345J&M %/ &$0315D3 F %/ 6&J595D3 ?3$3 51C9#5$ /1 93 9/05%93;5=1 2/ 93 <> F /1 /9 /I/;#45J& 2/ 93 <>G >9 83$936/14& >#$&?/& /% #1 9/05%9345J& $/9345J36/14/ 512/?/125/14/E ;&1 95A/$432 ?3$3 /16/123$ 93 9/05%93;5=1 ?$&?#/%43 ?&$ 93 "&65%5=1 F 3?$&A323 ?&$ /9 "&1%/I&E F 93 "&65%5=1 F /9 "&1%/I& 2/A/1 ;&1%4$#5$ ;&395;5&1/% /1 /9 83$936/14& ?3$3 ;323 4/63E #1& ?&$ #1&G G"2 1-(3'/ `^G =L' A5? #" 1/2"8" ") #3#6"4/ )"(3#)/63B+ ." )/ KL /) "#6/.+5'3."'#"F >9 25%/S& 51%454#;5&139 2/ 93 <> %5015C5;3 L#/ /9 83$936/14& >#$&?/& /% ?3$/;52& 39 "&10$/%& 2/ 9&% >>G< L#/ 2/?/123 2/9 3?&F& 2/ #13 63F&$:3 ?/$631/14/ /1 /9 83$936/14&G >9 ?$&;/2565/14& 2/ ;/1%#$3 /%4K 6K% ;/$;3 2/9 ?$&;/2565/14& 2/ /1I#5;5365/14& -341"/8@4"'6 7 4:?5;& 2/ 9&% %5%4/63% ?$/%52/1;539/% L#/ 2/ 93 ;#/%45=1 2/ ;&1C531D3 L#/ %#/9/ /6?9/3$%/ /1 9&% %5%4/63% ?3$936/143$5&%G G"2 1-(3'/ `^G =M94+ .32C/ A5" "# )/ B3'85)/839' .") P/2)/4"'6+ L52+1"+ 8+' #5# B+6/'6"#F !5#63<3A5" #5 2"#15"#6/N @3 J51;#93;5=1 ;&1 9&% J&4314/% /% 2PA59G "&6& 93% /9/;;5&1/% 39 83$936/14& >#$&?/& %/ ;/14$31 /1 2/A34/% %&A$/ ;#/%45&1/% 13;5&139/% 6K% L#/ %&A$/ ;#/%45&1/% /#$&?/3%E F ;&6& ?&;&% /9/;4&$/% %3A/1 3?/13% 1323 3;/$;3 2/ 9&% /#$&25?#432&%E P%4&% ?#/2/1 B3;/$ A5/1 ?&;& ?3$3 6/I&$3$ %#% ?&%5A595232/% 2/ %/$ $//9/052&%G G"2 1-(3'/ `^G


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932& $/%?/;4& 2/ 93 6/253E F %=9& L#/$$K1 2/I3$ %# ?#/%4& J3;314/ %5 /9 /I/;#45J& %/ #A5;3 /1 %# 65%6& 932& $/%?/;4& 2/ 93 6/253G P?;? 'C AEAD4J9 C4L9C K4 C9 0' : 4C -6E5HM9C K4 ^HADEFE9 'H67B47 El “derecho de la UE” constituye un sistema legal aparte, que es distinto del derecho

514/$13;5&139 F 2/ 9&% %5%4/63% 9/039/% 2/ 9&% >%432&% 65/6A$&%E ?/$& L#/ 436A5P1 /%4K /%4$/;B36/14/ 514/0$32& /1 /99&%G >%4/ 2/$/;B& 45/1/ %# &$50/1 /1 4$/% C#/14/% ?$51;5?39/%G >1 ?$56/$ 9#03$E /%4K1 9&% “actos primarios” entre los gobiernos de los >%432&% 65/6A$&% 2/ 93 <>E 439 F ;&6& /%4K1 ;&25C5;32&% /1 9&% 25%4514&% 4$3432&% F &4$3% ;&1J/1;5&1/% L#/ $/C&$631 93 /%4$#;4#$3 51%454#;5&139 AK%5;3 2/ 93 <>G >1 %/0#12& 9#03$E /%4K1 9&% “actos secundarios” legislativos y ejecutivos del Consejo, el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n tercer lugar, están los “principios generales del derecho”. El Tratado de la UE instruye al TJE para que se garantice “el respeto del derecho”, y el TJE ha interpretado que

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!327#.76678' .") :27A3'/) ." !3#4767/ E32+B"+ b#5;5&% ?&$ 51;#6?9565/14& 2/ 9&% >%432&% 65/6A$&%G [/63123% ?$/%/14323% ?&$ 93 "&65%5=1 & 9&% >%432&% 65/6A$&%G 8&9:45;3 2/ ;&6?/4/1;53 F 3F#23% ?NA95;3%G Y/J5%5=1 I#25;539 2/ 9&% 3;4&% 9/05%9345J&% F /I/;#45J&% 2/ 93 <>G H;4&% 9/05%9345J&% F /I/;#45J&% 2/ 93% 4$/% 51%454#;5&1/%G 8$/$$&0345J3% 2/ 93% 2/6K% 51%454#;5&1/% -e">E "&YE V"7G "5#23231&% ;&14$3 2/;5%5&1/% 51%454#;5&1/%G "5#23231&% ;&14$3 93 3A%4/1;5=1 2/ 3;4#3;5=1 2/ 93% 51%454#;5&1/%G "#/%45=1 ?$/I#25;539 -;#/%45&1/% $/654523% ?&$ 4$5A#139/% 13;5&139/%7G "#39L#5/$ V$5A#139 13;5&139G X399& 1& J51;#9314/G T6?3;4& 6#F ?$&C#12& /1 /9 %5%4/63G

>9 Vb> 45/1/ I#$5%25;;5=1 436A5P1 %&A$/ #1 J3$532& 1N6/$& 2/ K$/3% %&A$/ 93% ;#39/% 345/12/ #1 ?/L#/S& 1N6/$& 2/ ;3%&% ;323 3S&G >%4&% 51;9#F/1 9&% 954505&% $/9345J&% 3 93 512/615D3;5=1 ?&$ 23S&% ;&14$3 51%454#;5&1/% 2/ 93 <> ?9314/32&% ?&$ #1 >%432& 65/6A$& & ?&$ #1 ;5#23231& ?3$45;#93$E 9&% 3;4&% 2/9 "&1%/I& >#$&?/& $/9345J&% 3 #13 /J/14#39 J5&93;5=1 2/ 9&% 2/$/;B&% C#1236/1439/% ?&$ ?3$4/ 2/ #1 >%432& 65/6A$& F 9&% 954505&% 93A&$39/% /14$/ 93 <> F /9 ?/$%&139 2/ 93% 25J/$%3% 51%454#;5&1/% 2/ 93 <>G >1 $/%#6/1E /9 V$3432& 2/ Y&63 ;$/= #1 1#/J& %5%4/63 I#$:25;& F #1 ?&4/14/ 4$5A#139 %#?$313;5&139 ?3$3 B3;/$ $/%?/43$ /%4/ %5%4/63G .51 /6A3$0&E ;#312& C5$63$&1 /9 4$3432&E 9&% ?32$/% C#1232&$/% ?$&A3A9/6/14/ 1& %/ 25/$&1 ;#/143 2/ 93% ?&%5A9/% ;&1%/;#/1;53% 3 93$0& ?93D& 2/ %# 3;;5=1M 93 0$32#39 ;&1%454#;5&1395D3;5=1 2/ 93 <> 6/25314/ /9 C#1;5&1365/14& 2/9 %5%4/63 I#$:25;& F 93% %/14/1;53% 2/9 Vb>G P?P? )7MADEDHFE7M9CEV9FESM K4 C9 0' En una sentencia de 1986, el TJE describió los tratados fundacionales como una “carta ;&1stitucional”. Esta fue la primera vez que el tribunal utilizó el término “constitución” para

2/%;$5A5$ 9&% 4$3432&%E %5 A5/1 9&% 3;32P65;&% 2/9 2/$/;B& F3 B3A:31 %/S3932& 93 134#$39/D3 ;&1%454#;5&139 2/ 9&% 4$3432&%G >1 ;#39L#5/$ ;3%&E 93 ;&1%454#;5=1 2/ 93 <> /%4$5A3 1& 4314& /1 9&% 4$3432&% C#123;5&139/% ;&6& /1 93 0$32#39 ;&1%454#;5&1395D3;5=1 2/9 %5%4/63 I#$:25;& 2/ 93 <>G @&% 2&% ?$51;5?5&% ;/14$39/% 2/ /%43 ;&1%454#;5=1 %&1 /9 "<"86+ .32"86+ F 93 1234/8C/ 2/9 2/$/;B& 2/ 93 <>E L#/ %&1 2&;4$513% ;9K%5;3% /1 9&% %5%4/63% I#$:25;&% C/2/$39/%G P?P?=? 'T4FD7 KE64FD7Q 4C K464F_7 K4 C9 0' F7J7 K464F_7 IEL4MD4 B969 C7A FEHK9K9M7A M9FE7M9C4A >9 /C/;4& 25$/;4& 2/9 2/$/;B& 2/ 93 <> %5015C5;3 L#/ 9&% ;5#23231&% -93% ?/$%&13% C:%5;3%7 45/1/1 2/$/;B&% ;&1C&$6/ 39 2/$/;B& 2/ 93 <> L#/ B31 2/ %/$ 2/C/1252&% ?&$ 9&% 4$5A#139/% nacionales. Esto hace del derecho de la UE el “derecho vigente” en los Estados miembros. >9 Vb> %&%4#J& ?&$ ?$56/$3 J/D /9 /C/;4& 25$/;4& 2/9 2/$/;B& 2/ 93 <> /1 #13 %/14/1;53 2/ )W^R L#/ 63$;= #1 B54&E 93 %/14/1;53 G/' *"'. "' J++#G >1 /%4/ ;3%&E #13 /6?$/%3 ?$5J323 ?$/4/12:3 51J&;3$ /9 2/$/;B& 2/ 93 "> ;&14$3 93 3#4&$5232 32#31/$3 B&9312/%3 /1 #1 4$5A#139 B&9312P%E F P%4/ ;&1%#94= 39 Vb> %&95;54312& #1 C399& ?$/I#25;539 ?3$3 %3A/$ %5 /9 2/$/;B& 2/ 93 "> /$3 3?95;3A9/G "#34$& 2/ 9&% %/5% >%432&% 65/6A$&% /1 3L#/9 6&6/14& /Q?#%5/$&1 39 Vb> L#/ /9 3$4:;#9& ;&1;$/4& 2/9 V$3432& 2/ 93 "> 39 L#/ %/ $/C/$:3 /9 ;3%& 1& 4/1:3 /C/;4& 25$/;4&G 8/%/ 3 93 &?&%5;5=1 2/ 93 63F&$:3 2/ 9&% %501343$5&% 2/9 4$3432&E /9 Vb> C399= L#/ 93% ?/$%&13% C:%5;3% %: tenían derecho a invocar el derecho de la CE porque “la Comunidad ;&1%454#F/ #1 1#/J& &$2/1365/14& I#$:25;& qGGGr ;#F&% %#I/4&% %&1E 1& %=9& 9&% >%432&% 65/6A$&%E %51& 436A5P1 %#% nacionales”. El tribunal holandés 25& ?&$ JK9523 /%43 514/$?$/43;5=1E L#/ %5015C5;323 L#/ /9 /C/;4& 25$/;4& %/ 3?95;3A3 3 9&% 3$4:;#9&% 2/ 9&% 4$3432&% ?$563$5&%G >1 %/14/1;53% ?&%4/$5&$/%E /9 Vb> 36?95= 93 2&;4$513 3 4&23% 93% ;34/0&$:3% 2/ 3;4&% 9/039/% 2/ 93 <>G .51 /6A3$0&E /9 /C/;4& 25$/;4& C#1;5&13 2/ 631/$3 25%45143 ?3$3 9&% $/0936/14&% F ?3$3 93% 25$/;45J3%G @&% $/0936/14&% 45/1/1 #1 /C/;4& 25$/;4& J/$45;39 F B&$5D&1439E 9& L#/ %5015C5;3 L#/ 9&% ;5#23231&% ?#/2/1 2/C/12/$ %#% 2/$/;B&% 4314& ;&14$3 /9 >%432& -J/$45;397 ;&6& ;&14$3 &4$3% ?/$%&13% C:%5;3% & I#$:25;3% -B&$5D&14397G 8/$& ?3$3 93% 25$/;45J3%E /9 Vb> B3 32&?432& /9 ?#14& 2/ J5%43 2/ L#/ P%43% %&936/14/ 45/1/1 #1 /C/;4& 25$/;4& J/$45;39 ?&$L#/


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2/A/1 %/$ 4$31%?#/%43% /1 /9 &$2/1365/14& I#$:25;& 13;5&139 ?3$3 9&% >%432&% 65/6A$&%G 83$3 ;&6?/1%3$ 93 C3943 2/ /C/;4& 25$/;4& B&$5D&1439 2/ 93% 25$/;45J3%E /9 Vb> B3 2/%3$$&9932& 93 doctrina de “responsabilidad estatal”. Esto implica que el Estado debe responder de cualquier

J5&93;5=1 & 51;#6?9565/14& 2/ 93% 25$/;45J3% 2/ 93 <>G @3 ;&1%/;#/1;53 ;/14$39 2/9 /C/;4& 25$/;4& /% L#/ /9 2/$/;B& 2/ 93 <> %/ ?3$/;/ 6K% 39 2/$/;B& 13;5&139 L#/ 39 514/$13;5&139G @&% %#I/4&% 2/9 2/$/;B& 514/$13;5&139 %&1 9&% >%432&%_ %5 #1 >%432& 2/I3 2/ ;#6?95$ %#% &A9503;5&1/% ;&1C&$6/ 3 #1 ;&1J/15& 514/$13;5&139E 9&% ?3$45;#93$/% 1& ?#/2/1 51J&;3$ /9 ;&1J/15& /1 %#% 4$5A#139/% 13;5&139/% 3 6/1&% L#/ /9 ;&1J/15& B3F3 %52& 51;&$?&$32& 39 2/$/;B& 13;5&139G H 25C/$/1;53 2/9 2/$/;B& 514/$13;5&139E 9&% %#I/4&% 2/9 2/$/;B& 13;5&139 F 2/9 2/$/;B& 2/ 93 <> %&1 ;5#23231&% ?3$45;#93$/% L#/ ?#/2/1 51J&;3$ %#% 2/$/;B&% /1 4$5A#139/% 13;5&139/%G >9 /%43A9/;565/14& 2/ 93 2&;4$513 2/9 /C/;4& 25$/;4& ;&12#I& 3 #1 3#6/14& /%?/;43;#93$ /1 /9 1N6/$& 2/ ;3%&% ?$/%/1432&% ?&$ ?3$45;#93$/% 314/ 4$5A#139/% 13;5&139/% ?3$3 2/C/12/$ %#% 2/$/;B&% ;&1C&$6/ 39 2/$/;B& 2/ 93 <>G >9 /C/;4& C#/ L#/ 9&% ?3$45;#93$/% %/ transformaron en los “guardianes” de la integridad jurídica del derecho comunitario en

>#$&?3E 2/ C&$63 %56593$ 3 ;&6& 9&% ?3$45;#93$/% /1 >>G<>G<
93 <>E P%4/ 4/103 ?$563;:3G .51 /6A3$0&E ?&;& 45/6?& 2/%?#P% 2/ /%43A9/;/$ /9 /C/;4& 25$/;4& 2/9 2/$/;B& 2/ 93 <>E /9 Vb> 3C5$6= 93 ?$563;:3 2/9 2/$/;B& 2/ 93 <>E FE ;&6& &;#$$5= ;&1 /9 /C/;4& 25$/;4&E /%43 2&;4$513 C#/ ;&1C5$6323 F C&$439/;523 /1 %/14/1;53% ?&%4/$5&$/%G @3 %/14/1;53 L#/ 63$;= #1 B54& ?3$3 /%43 2&;4$513 C#/ /9 ;3%& 2/ M+#6/ 8+'62/ LeLJ /1 )W^*G <1 4$5A#139 5439531& ?525= 39 Vb> L#/ %/ ?$&1#1;53$3 ;&1 #1 C399& 2/ ;3$ K;4/$ ?$/I#25;539 /1 #1 ;3%& /1 /9 L#/ /Q5%4:3 #13 ;93$3 ;&14$325;;5=1 /14$/ /9 2/$/;B& 5439531& F /9 2/ 93 <>G >9 Vb> /Q?#%& L#/E 39 51%454#5$ #13 "&6#15232 2&4323 2/ 51%454#;5&1/% ?$&?53%E ?/$%&1395232 F ;3?3;5232 I#$:25;3E 9&% >%432&% B3A:31 9565432& %# %&A/$31:3 F ;$/32& #1 ;#/$?& 1&$6345J& aplicable a sus nacionales y así mismos. “Esta integración en el derecho de cada país miembro

2/ 25%?&%5;5&1/% ?$&;/2/14/% 2/ C#/14/% ;&6#1543$53% 45/1/1 ;&6& ;&$&93$5& 93 56?&%5A595232 2/ L#/ 9&% >%432&% B3031 ?$/J39/;/$ qGGGr #13 6/2523 #15934/$39 ?&%4/$5&$E L#/ 1& ?#/2/ ?&$ tanto oponerse a dicho ordenamiento” (el aceptado por los Estados). En otras palabras, el TJE

6314#J& L#/ 93 2&;4$513 2/ 93 ?$563;:3 /%43A3 56?9:;543 /1 93 4$31%C/$/1;53 2/ ;&6?/4/1;53% 39 15J/9 2/ 93 "> F /1 /9 /C/;4& 25$/;4& 2/9 2/$/;B& 2/ 93 <>G >1 4P$651&% C&$639/%E /9 2/$/;B& 2/ 93 <> %=9& /% %#?/$5&$ 39 2/$/;B& 13;5&139 /1 93% K$/3% /1 L#/ /% 2/ 3?95;3;5=1 /9 2/$/;B& 2/ 93 <>G 8/$& ;&6& 93% ;&6?/4/1;53% 2/ 93 <> %/ B31 36?9532& B3%43 39;31D3$ ?$K;45;36/14/ 4&23% 93% K$/3% 2/ 93% ?&9:45;3% ?NA95;3%E 93 3?95;3;5=1 2/ la primacía ya no se circunscribe a las “materias específicas”. Además, en sentencias

?&%4/$5&$/%E /9 Vb> B3 /%43A9/;52& L#/ 93 ?$563;:3 %/ 3?95;3 3 4&23% 93% 1&$63% 2/ 93 <>G >1 ;&1%/;#/1;53E 93 2&;4$513 2/ 93 ?$563;:3 B3 39/I32& 3N1 6K% /9 &$2/1365/14& I#$:25;& & /9 %5%4/63 9/039 2/ 93 <> 2/9 2/$/;B& 514/$13;5&139G >9 /C/;4& 25$/;4& 1& A3%43 ?3$3 /%43A9/;/$ /9 %5%4/63 9/039 2/ 93 <> ;&6& %5%4/63 2/ 2/$/;B& 13;5&139G "#312& 9&% ;&1J/15&% 514/$13;5&139/% %/ 51;&$?&$31 39 2/$/;B& 13;5&139E 93% ?/$%&13% ?#/2/1 51J&;3$9&% 314/ 4$5A#139/% 13;5&139/%G 8/$& %5 /9 9/05%9345J& 13;5&139 3?$#/A3 2/%?#P% #13 9/F 13;5&139 ;&14$3$53 39 ;&1J/15& 514/$13;5&139E 93% 25%?&%5;5&1/% 2/9 2/$/;B& 514/$13;5&139 F3 1& %&1 2/ 3?95;3;5=1G >1 ;36A5&E ;&1 93 ?$563;:3 2/9 2/$/;B& 2/ 93 <>E 93% 63F&$:3% 9/05%9345J3% 13;5&139/% /%4K1 J51;#9323% ?&$ 93% 25%?&%5;5&1/% 2/9 2/$/;B& 2/ 93 <>G H9 /%43A9/;/$ 93% 2&;4$513% 2#39/% 2/9 /C/;4& 25$/;4& F 2/ 93 ?$563;:3 2/9 2/$/;B& 2/ 93 <>E /9 Vb> B3 4$31%C&$632& 93 <>E L#/ B3 ?3%32& 2/ %/$ #13 &$0315D3;5=1 514/$13;5&139 3 %/$ #1 /14/ ?&9:45;& ;3%5 C/2/$39G P?P?P? *MD4L69FESM J4KE9MD4 4C K464F_7 : F7MADEDHFE7M9CEAJ7 4F7MSJEF7 @3 3?95;3;5=1 2/ /%43% 2&;4$513% AK%5;3% B3 ?/$65452& L#/ /9 Vb> 2/%/6?/S/ #1 ?3?/9 ;/14$39 /1 93 514/0$3;5=1 /;&1=65;3 F ?&9:45;3 2/ 93 <>G 8&$ /I/6?9&E /1 93 /%C/$3 2/ 93%


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libertades económicas, el Artículo 34 establece simplemente que “quedarán prohibidas entre

9&% >%432&% 65/6A$&% 93% $/%4$5;;5&1/% ;#31454345J3% 3 93 56?&$43;5=1E 3%: ;&6& 4&23% 93% medidas de efecto equivalente”. Basándose en el mismo, el TJE ha transformado el sistema

/;&1=65;& 2/ 93 <> 6/25314/ #13 %/$5/ 2/ %/14/1;53%G >1 )WZ*E /1 93 2/;5%5=1 ;/##+'B3))"E /9 Vb> 2/;93$= 59/039 ;#39L#5/$ 1&$63 13;5&139 L#/ ?#25/$3 &A%43;#95D3$ /9 ;&6/$;5& 514$3;&6#1543$5&G @3% ;&1%/;#/1;53% L#/23$&1 ?34/14/% /1 93 %/14/1;53 2/ M/##3# ." ;3E+' /1 )WZWG >1 /%43 2/;5%5=1E /9 Vb> %/14/1;5= L#/ #13 9/F 39/6313 L#/ /%?/;5C5;3A3 L#/ #1 95;&$ 2/A/ ?&%//$ #1 ;&14/152& 39;&B=95;& 2/4/$65132& 1& ?&2:3 56?/25$ 93 ;&6/$;5395D3;5=1 2/ 93 A/A523 C$31;/%3 M/##3# ." ;3E+' /1 H9/63153 ;&6& 95;&$E ?/%/ 3 L#/ ?&%/F/$3 #1 ;&14/152& 39;&B=95;& 51C/$5&$G >%4& %/ ;&1&;/ ;&6& ?$51;5?5& 2/ “reconocimiento mutuo”: esto es, que cualquier producto que se puede vender legalmente en

#1 >%432& 65/6A$& 436A5P1 %/ ?&2$K J/12/$ 9/0396/14/ /1 ;#39L#5/$ 9#03$ 2 /14$& 2/ 93 <>G P?P?U? 39FHCD9K4A B964FEK9A 9 C9A K4C 'AD9K7Q A75469M@9 4\D46E76 : F746FESM EMD46M9 >9 Vb> B3 %52& 2/;5%5J& /1 ;&1;/2/$ 3 93 <> C3;#9432/% F ?$&?5/232/% ?3$/;523% 3 93% 2/ 9&% >%432&%G >1 ?$56/$ 9#03$E /1 /9 3%?/;4& /Q4/$1&E 93 <> %5/6?$/ 4#J& /9 ?&2/$ 2/ ;&1;9#5$ 4$3432&% ;&1 4/$;/$3% ?3$4/%G >1 )WZ)E /9 Vb> /%43A9/;5= L#/ ;#312& /%43A3 1/0&;5312& F ;&1;9#F/12& 3;#/$2&% ;&1 4/$;/$&% ?3:%/%E 93 <> %/$:3 %&A/$313 %&A$/ ;#39L#5/$ 3;4& /Q5%4/14/ & C#4#$& /14$/ 9&% >%432&% 65/6A$&% 4&632&% 5125J52#396/14/ F 9&% 4/$;/$&% ?3:%/% 2/ 9&% L#/ %/ 4$343$3G H%:E /9 Vb> ;&1C5$5= 1#/J3% C3;#9432/% ?3$3 ;&1;9#5$ 4$3432&% 3 93 <> F $/45$= 3 9&% >%432&% 65/6A$&% %#% ?&2/$/% 512/?/125/14/% /1 $/93;5=1 ;&1 ;&6?/4/1;53% 2/ 93 <>G >1 %/0#12& 9#03$E /1 /9 3%?/;4& 514/$1&E /9 H$4:;#9& * 2/9 4$3432& 51%4$#F/ 3 9&% >%432&% miembros a que “adoptarán todas las me 2523% qGGGr 3?$&?5323% ?3$3 3%/0#$3$ /9 ;#6?9565/14& 2/ 93% &A9503;5&1/% 2/$5J323% 2/ 9&% V$3432&% & $/%#94314/% 2/ 9&% 3;4&% 2/ 93% 51%454#;5&1/% 2/ la Unión”. La mayoría de los Estados miembros supusieron al principio que este artículo estaba

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>%432&% 2/9 1&$4/G H2/6K% 2/ 93 /C5;5/1;53 2/ 93% A#$&;$3;53% 514/$13% -/9 /C/;4& 6/$525&1397E /9 63F&$ ?&2/$ ?&9:45;& F /;&1=65;& 2/ 9&% >%432&% 2/9 1&$4/ /1 ;#314& 3 %# ?/%& /1 93% J&43;5&1/% /1 /9 "&1%/I& F %# 56?&$431;53 /1 93 /;&1&6:3 /#$&?/3 $/2#;/1 93 ?$&A3A595232 2/ L#/ %/31 &AI/4& 2/ 2/63123% ?&$ 51;#6?9565/14& ?$/%/14323% 314/ /9 Vb>G P?U?;? )H9CED9DEI7Q 9F4BD9FESM K4C AEAD4J9 C4L9C K4 C9 0' B76 B96D4 K4 C7A D6E5HM9C4A M9FE7M9C4A c& 4&2&% 9&% >%432&% %/ B31 $/1252& 314/ 93 ;$/;5/14/ ;&1%454#;5&1395D3;5=1 2/ 93 <>G >1 /%?/;539E /9 V$5A#139 "&1%454#;5&139 39/6K1 3;/?4= /1 #1 ?$56/$ 6&6/14& /9 /C/;4& 25$/;4& F 93 ?$563;:3E ?/$& 6K% $/;5/14/6/14/ B3 ;#/%45&132& 93 9/054565232 2/ 93 /%4$#;4#$3 2/ 93 <>G >1 93 %/14/1;53 d25''"2 E /9 4$5A#139 39/6K1 C399= L#/ 93 @/F eK%5;3 39/6313 956543A3 93 4$31%C/$/1;53 2/ ?&2/$/% 3 93 <> F 3$0#6/14= L#/ 93 <> /$3 #13 &$0315D3;5=1 %#5 0/1/$5% F 1& #1 >%432& A3%32& /1 1&$63% 2/6&;$K45;3%G >9 4$5A#139 39/0= L#/E ;&6& 93 ;&1%454#;5=1 39/6313 9/ ;&16513A3 3 2/C/12/$ 9&% 2/$/;B&% F ?$51;5?5&% AK%5;&% 2/ 2/6&;$3;53 /%43A9/;52&% /1 93 @/F eK%5;3 39/6313E 4/1:3 I#$5%25;;5=1 ?3$3 2/;93$3$ 3;4&% 2/ 93 <> 5)62/ B32"# -6K% 399K 2/ 93 3#4&$5232 2/ 93 <>7 %5 51C$510:31 93 @/F eK%5;3G >1 ;36A5&E /1 /9 Y/51& <152& 9&% 4$5A#139/% 3;/?43$&1 516/253436/14/ /9 /C/;4& 25$/;4& 4$3% 93 32B/%5=1 2/9 ?3:% 3 93 <>G .51 /6A3$0&E C#/ 25C:;59 ?3$3 /9 Y/51& <152& 3;/?43$ 93 ?$563;:3 2/9 2/$/;B& 2/ 93 <>E F3 L#/ /%4& /14$3A3 /1 ;&1C95;4& ;&1 /9 ;&1;/?4& ;&1%454#;5&139 2/ %&A/$31:3 ?3$936/143$53E /% 2/;5$E L#/ 93% 2/;5%5&1/% 2/9 ?3$936/14& 31#93A31 4&23% 93% 9/F/% & 93 9/05%93;5=1 /Q5%4/14/G c& &A%4314/E /1 )WW(E 93 "K63$3 2/ 9&% @&$/% B399= 93 631/$3 2/ ;&1;5953$ 93 %&A/$31:3 ?3$936/143$53 ;&1 93 ?$563;:3 2/ 93 <>G >9 ?3$936/14& A$54K15;& B3A:3 3;/?432& J&9#143$536/14/ /9 %5%4/63 9/039 2/ 93 <>E 2/9 ;#39 C&$63A3 ?3$4/ ;/14$39 93 ?$563;:3 2/9 2/$/;B& 2/ 93 <>G @3 "K63$3 2/ 9&% @&$/% 3$0#6/14= L#/ /%4& 1& ?&1:3 /1 /14$/25;B& 93 %&A/$31:3 ?3$936/143$53E ?#/%4& L#/ #1 C#4#$& ?3$936/14& A$54K15;& ?&2$:3 $/J&;3$ 93 9/F 2/ 32B/%5=1 F $/45$3$ 2/ /%4/ 6&2& 39 Y/51& <152& 2/ 93 <>G O4$& ;3%& 514/$/%314/ /% /9 2/ .#/;53E /1 L#/ B#A& #13 25C/$/1;53 2/ &?515&1/% %&A$/ %5 B3A$:3 L#/ ;36A53$ 93 ;&1%454#;5=1 514/$13 %5 .#/;53 %/ 4$31%C&$63A3 /1 65/6A$& 2/ 93 <>G <13 /165/123 ;&1%454#;5&139 56?&1:3 956543;5&1/% 39 2/$/;B& 2/ 93 <> L#/ %/ 2/$5J3A31 25$/;436/14/ 2/ 93 %/14/1;53 d25''"2 39/6313G .5 #13 9/F 2/ 93 <> /14$3A3 /1 ;&1C95;4& ;&1 #1 2/$/;B& C#1236/1439 ?$&4/052& ?&$ 93 ;&1%454#;5=1 13;5&139 F $/%?39232& ?&$ #13 63F&$:3 2/6&;$K45;3 13;5&139E #1 4$5A#139 %#/;& %/ J/$:3 &A95032& /14&1;/% 3 $/;B3D3$ 93 9/F 2/ 93 <> 3 6/1&% L#/ L#/23$3 ;93$& L#/ /9 2/$/;B& /1 ;#/%45=1 /%43A3 %#C5;5/14/6/14/ ?$&4/052& 3 15J/9 2/ 93 <> ?&$ #13 ;3$43 /#$&?/3 2/ 2/$/;B&% C#1236/1439/%G P?>? '\BCEF9FE7M4A A7564 /7C@DEF9 ^HKEFE9C K4 C9 0'Q a4A 4C -^' HM 9L4MD4 AEM F7MD67Cb @&% ?$56/$&% 4$3A3I&% 3;32P65;&%E 3;&6/452&% 2/%2/ #13 ?/$%?/;45J3 9/0395%43 F C&$6395%43E ;&1%52/$3A31 39 Vb> ;&6& #1 B/$&5;& ?$&6&4&$ F 2/C/1%&$ 2/ 93 514/0$3;5=1 /#$&?/3E /1C$/1432& 3 9&% 2/%/&% 2/ 9&% >%432&% 65/6A$&%G >1 45/6?&% 6K% $/;5/14/%E B31 52& 3?3$/;5/12& 2&% ?#14&% 2/ J5%43 394/$1345J&% %&A$/ /9 Vb>G e3%K12&%/ /1 /9 /1C&L#/ 514/$0#A/$136/1439E #13 /%;#/93 2/ ?/1%365/14& ;&1%52/$3 39 Vb> ;&6& #1 30/14/ 2/ 9&% >%432&% 65/6A$&%E ;&1 /9 ?&2/$ 2/ B3;/$ $/%?/43$ 93 514/0$3;5=1 /1 1&6A$/ 2/ 9&% 0&A5/$1&%G >9 ?#14& 2/ J5%43 394/$1345J&E L#/ %/ 2/$5J3 2/9 /1C&L#/ 2/ 93 ?&9:45;3 %#?$313;5&139E 3$0#6/143 L#/ /9 Vb> B3 %52& ;3?3D 2/ 4$3A3I3$ ;&1 4$5A#139/% 13;5&139/% 2/ 6/1&$ $310& L#/ 65$31 ?&$ %# ?$&?5& 514/$P%E ;&1 I#/;/% ?3$4523$5&% 2/ 93 514/0$3;5=1 /#$&?/3E F ;&1 514/$/%/% ?$5J32&%E B3%43 B3;/$ 3J31D3$ 93 514/0$3;5=1 2/ 93 <> 6K% 399K 2/ 93% 514/1;5&1/% 2/ 9&% 0&A5/$1&%G P?>?=? /HMD7 K4 IEAD9 C4L9CEAD9 : T76J9CEAD9Q 4C K4T4MA76 K4 C9 EMD4L69FESM 4H67B49 Según Weiler, “la doctrina formalista establece que el p $&;/%& I#25;539 %/ /1;#/14$3 ?&$ /1;563 & C#/$3 2/ 93 ?&9:45;3E F qGGGr 9&% 4$5A#139/% 514/$?$/431 ;5/14:C5;36/14/ /9 %5015C5;32& de políticas decididas por otros”. El TJE aplica el derecho de la UE tal y como está establecido

/1 9&% 4$3432&% F /1 93 9/05%93;5=1 %/;#123$53 2/ 93 <>E %51 1510N1 2/%/& ;&1%;5/14/ 2/ 3;$/;/143$ %# ?$&?5& ?&2/$ 15 %#% 514/$/%/% 51%454#;5&139/%G ./ B3 2/%3$$&9932& #13 ;&1%454#;5=1 2/ 93 <> ?&$L#/ /9 &$2/1365/14& I#$:25;& 2/ 93 <15=1 4/1:3 %# ?$&?53 9=05;3 514/$13 “integracionista”. En lugar de establecer una jerarquía de normas, los gobiernos /%43A9/;5/$&1


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el objetivo de “una unión siempre más estrecha” como norma definitiva. Esto obligó al TJE a

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6/1#2& ?$&;/2/1 2/ ?$&C#123% 52/145232/% B5%4=$5;3% & ;#94#$39/%E 439/% ;&6& 93 52/145232 13;5&139E 93 $/9505=1 & /9 525&63G @3% ?$/C/$/1;53% ?&9:45;3% 436A5P1 %#$0/1 3 $3:D 2/ 9&% intereses económicos. El “modelo de fractura” ( 8)"/B/("7 2/ 93 ?&9:45;3 %&%45/1/ L#/ 93% divisiones políticas proceden de “coyunturas críticas” en el d esarrollo de un sistema político. .5 #4595D36&% /9 6&2/9& @5?%/4+Y&nn31 ?3$3 ;&1;/?4#395D3$ 93% A3%/% %&;539/% 2/ 93 ?&9:45;3 3 15J/9 /#$&?/&E /Q5%4/1 2&% C$3;4#$3% ?$51;5?39/% /1 93 ?&9:45;3 2/ 93 <>M 37 '/83+'/)g6"2236+23/) _ F A7 62/'#'/83+'/)g#+83+g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/14$/ 0$#?&% C#1;5&139/% /1 9#03$ 2/ 0$#?&% 4/$$54&$539/% -;&6& 93% ?&9:45;3% 2/9 6/$;32& 2/ 4$3A3I&7 F ;#/%45&1/% %&A$/ J39&$/% %&;539/% F ?&9:45;&% -;&6& 93% ?&9:45;3% 6/25&36A5/1439/%7G >%43% 52/3% /Q?95;31 ?&$ L#P 25%4514&% ?3:%/% F 0$#?&% %&;539/% 45/1/1 514/$/%/% 25%4514&% /1 93 ?&9:45;3 2/ 93 <>E ?/$& 1& /Q?95;31 ;=6& ;36A531 /%43% 3;454#2/% 3 9& 93$0& 2/9 tiempo. Para esto, resulta útil la teoría de David Easton sobre el apoyo “afectivo” y “utilitario”

3 93% 51%454#;5&1/% ?&9:45;3%G >9 3?&F& 3C/;45J& /% #1 45?& 2/ 3?/0& 52/&9=05;& & 1& 634/$539 B3;53 #13 51%454#;5=1 ?&9:45;3E 65/14$3% L#/ /9 3?&F& #459543$5& /% 93 ;$//1;53 2/ L#/ 93 51%454#;5=1 C&6/143 9&% 514/$/%/% /;&1=65;&% & ?&9:45;&% 2/ 93 ?/$%&13G >1 9#03$ 2/ ;&1%52/$3$ /%4&% 2&% 45?&% 2/ 3?&F& ;&6& C/1=6/1&% /1 ;&6?/4/1;53 & ;&14$325;4&$5&%E >3%4&1 9&% ;&1%52/$= $/93;5&132&% /14$/ %:G .# 52/3 /$3 L#/ /9 3?&F& 3C/;45J& 2/ #1 ;5#23231& B3;53 #13 51%454#;5=1 ?$&?&$;5&13 #13 $/%/$J3 AK%5;3 2/ 3?&F& B3;53 #1 ;&1I#14& 2/ 51%454#;5&1/%G .5 #1 ;5#23231& ?/$;5A/ L#/ #13 51%454#;5=1 C&6/143 %#% 514/$/%/% 634/$539/% & ?$/C/$/1;53% ?&9:45;3%E /%4/ 15J/9 AK%5;& 2/ 3?&F& 3#6/143$KE F J5;/J/$%3E %5 3;4N3 /1 ;&14$3 2/ %#% 514/$/%/%E /%4/ 3?&F& 25%651#5$KG 8&$ 4314&E 9&% ;K9;#9&% #459543$5&% 2/ ;&%4/+A/1/C5;5& 2/4/$65131 %5 /9 15J/9 52/&9=05;& & %#AF3;/14/ 2/ 3?&F& %#A5$K & A3I3$K ;&1 /9 45/6?&G U?;? 3EM9C K4C F7MA4MA7 B46JEAEI7 ./0N1 @512A/$0 F .;B/510&92E 4$3% 93 C5$63 2/ 9&% V$3432&% 2/ Y&63 F 83$:%E B#A& #1 “consenso permisivo” entre los ciudadanos europeos a favor de la integración europea. Como /Q?95;= T109/B3rt, “había una actitud generalmente favorable, pero tenía poca relevancia como

;#/%45=1 ?&9:45;3E 9& ;#39 2/I3A3 95A$/% 3 9&% L#/ 4&63A31 2/;5%5&1/% 3 15J/9 13;5&139 ?3$3 tomar medidas a favor de la integración *y+ una amplia libertad de elección”. En otra % ?393A$3%E 93 63F&$:3 2/ 93 0/14/ /1 >#$&?3 & 1& /%43A3 514/$/%323 /1 93 514/0$3;5=1 /#$&?/3E F ?&$ 4314& 1& 4/1:31 &?515=1 %&A$/ 93 3;;5=1 2/ %#% 0&A5/$1&% 39 $/%?/;4&E & /1 0/1/$39 3?&F3A31 9&% /%C#/$D&% 2/ %#% 0&A5/$1& ?&$ C&6/143$ #13 63F&$ 514/0$3;5=1G H ?$51;5?5& 2/ 9&% &;B/143E 390& 6K% 2/9 ,( ?&$ ;5/14& 2/ 9&% ;5#23231&% /%43A31 3 C3J&$ 2/ L#/ %# ?3:% C#/$3 65/6A$& 2/ 93% entonces “Comunidades Europeas”. A lo largo de la 2P;323E /9 3?&F& ?3$3 93 514/0$3;5=1 /#$&?/3 3#6/14= ;&1%4314/6/14/E 439 J/D ;&6& $/%#9432& 2/9 514/$P% ?NA95;& F 2/9 /14#%53%6& ?&$ /9 ?$&F/;4& 2/ ;&1;9#5$ /9 6/$;32& N15;& ?3$3 )WW'G d3%43 /14&1;/%E ?3$/;:3 L#/ /9 3?&F& 3 93 514/0$3;5=1 /#$&?/3 /$3 #1 C/1=6/1& L#/ 3#6/143A3 /9 3?&F& ;#312& 93 /;&1&6:3 5A3 A5/1 F 25%651#:3 ;#312& J/1:31 639&% tiempos. Esto tenía sentido, puesto que a grandes rasgos la integración significaba “integración económica” para la mayoría de la población en Europa.

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forma, el “déficit de información” significa que las actitudes de los ciudadanos haci 3 93 <> %/ J/1 51C9#523% ?&$ %# ;&14/Q4& 13;5&139G G"2 1-(3'/ RIG =>5? 341/86+ 63"'" ") .?<3836 ." 3'<+24/839' #+72" ") /1+D+ / )/ KLF >9 2PC5;54 2/ 51C&$63;5=1 %5015C5;3 L#/ 93% 3;454#2/% 2/ 9&% ;5#23231&% B3;53 93 <> %/ J/1 51C9#523% ?&$ %# ;&14/Q4& 13;5&139G G"2 1-(3'/ RIG =>5? 631+ ." 12"<"2"'83/# /8"28/ ." )/ KL ."7"2C/' 6"'"2 )/# 1"2#+'/# ." 3,A53"2./#F =_ )/# ." ."2"8@/#F >1 93 ?&9:45;3 2/ 93 <> 2/A/$:36&% /%?/$3$ L#/ 93% ?/$%&13% 2/ 93 5DL#5/$23 /%4P1 3 C3J&$ 2/ 93 514/$J/1;5=1 /;&1=65;3 ?&$ ?3$4/ 2/ 93 <>E 3%: ;&6& 3 C3J&$ 2/ 93% ?&9:45;3% 2/ 93 <> ?3$3 C&6/143$ 93 95A/$432 %&;539G H 93 51J/$%3E 2/A/$:36&% /%?/$3$ L#/ 93% ?/$%&13% 2/ 93 2/$/;B3 /%4P1 3 C3J&$ 2/ ?&9:45;3% 2/ 93 <> L#/ C3J&$/D;31 93% 95A/$432/% /;&1=65;3% F 3 C3J&$ 2/ 93 3#4&$5232 %&;539G G"2 1-(3'/ RIG =>5? .3<"2"'83/# #" +7#"2B/' "' )/# 12"<"2"'83/# "52+1"/# ." )/# 1"2#+'/# ." 3,A53"2./ D ." ."2"8@/F =>5? 6"4/# 123+23,/' 5'+# D +62+#F @&% ;5#23231&% %54#32&% 3 93 5DL#5/$23 /%4K1 6K% 3 C3J&$ 2/ L#/ 93 <> C&6/14/ 9&% 4/63% %&;539/% F %31543$5&%E 9&% 6/25&36A5/1439/%E 93 %&9523$5232 ;&1 93% $/05&1/% 6K% ?&A$/% F 93 9#;B3 ;&14$3 /9 ;36A5& ;956K45;&G >1 ;36A5&E 9&% %54#32&% 3 93 2/$/;B3 /%4K1 6K% 3 C3J&$ 2/ L#/ 93 <> C&6/14/ 9&% 4/63% 2/ 93 /1/$0:3E 93 9#;B3 ;&14$3 93 2/951;#/1;53E 93 51650$3;5=1E /9 6/$;32& 514/$5&$ F 93 ?&9:45;3 /Q4/$5&$ F 2/ 2/C/1%3 2/ 93 <>G G"2 1-(3'/ RIG =;" A5? 4/'"2/ 4".3/ ") 8+'6":6+ 1+)C638+ '/83+'/) / )/ @+2/ ." 3'<)532 #+72" )/# 12"<"2"'83/# "52+1"/# ." )+# 835././'+#F [5J/$%&% C3;4&$/% ;&14/Q4#39/% 13;5&139/% /Q?95;31 ;=6& /%43% &?515&1/% %/ 4$32#;/1 /1 3;454#2/% B3;53 93 <>G <1 C3;4&$ ;93J/ /% /9 ?3?/9 L#/ 2/%/6?/S31 9&% ?3$452&% ?&9:45;&%G >1


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>#$&?/& 2/A/$:3 %/$ /9/052& 25$/;436/14/_ F A7 2/A/$:3 $/;5A5$ ?&2/$/% 6K% 36?95&% /1 /9 ?$&;/%& 9/05%9345J& F /1 /9 1&6A$365/14& 2/9 /I/;#45J&G [/%2/ )WZWE ;323 ;51;& 3S&% %/ J5/1/1 celebrando “elecciones directas” al Parlamento Europeo. Y mediante una serie de reformas de

9&% 4$3432&%E /9 83$936/14& B3 $/;5A52& #1 63F&$ ?&2/$ /1 /9 ?$&;/%& 9/05%9345J& 2/ 93 <> $/%?/;4& 2/9 ;&1%/I& F 2/ 93 "&65%5=1E 3%: ;&6& /1 93 /9/;;5=1 2/ 93 "&65%5=1G 8&$ 9& L#/ $/%?/;43 /%4$5;436/14/ 39 ?$&;/2565/14&E 93 /9/;;5=1 2/9 83$936/14& >#$&?/& F 9&% 1#/J&% ?&2/$/% 9/05%9345J&% F 2/ 1&6A$365/14& 2/9 /I/;#45J& L#/ ?&%// /9 83$936/14& >#$&?/& %#05/$/1 L#/ /9 2PC5;54 2/6&;$K45;& /1 93 <> B3 %52& %#?/$32&G .51 embargo, en lo sustancial, la UE carece de una verdadera “política democrática”, que

1/;/%543$:3 9& %50#5/14/M 37 #13 J/$232/$3 ;&145/123 /14$/ ?3$452&% F 9:2/$/% ?&9:45;&% ?3$3 ;&14$&93$ 93 30/123 ?&9:45;3 3 15J/9 /#$&?/& F ?3$3 &;#?3$ 9&% ?$51;5?39/% ;3$0&% ?&9:45;&% /1 93 <>_ A7 2/;5%5&1/% 2/ 9&% J&4314/% /Q?$/%323% /1 93% /9/;;5&1/% 39 83$936/14& >#$&?/& %&A$/ 93 A3%/ 2/ ?$&0$363% ?&9:45;&% $5J39/% & ;3125234&% L#/ ;&6?54/1 ?&$ ;3$0&% ?&9:45;&%_ F ;7 L#/ 9&% $/%#9432&% J/1;/2&$/% /1 93% /9/;;5&1/% %/ 4$32#D;31 /1 6/2523% 9/05%9345J3% F /I/;#45J3% 3 15J/9 /#$&?/& ?&$ 6/25& 2/ ?3$452&% ?&9:45;&% ;&B/%5&132&%G .5 /%43 ?3#43 2/ ;&6?&$4365/14& 1& /Q5%4/ /1 93 <>E /14&1;/% 1& /% ?&%5A9/ ;&1%52/$3$ 3 93 <> ;&6& #13 /145232 ?&9:45;3 2/6&;$K45;3 /1 /9 %/1452& L#/ 93 ;5/1;53 ?&9:45;3 1&$6396/14/ &4&$03 3 /%4/ ;&1;/?4&G 5.2. El debate sobre “déficit democrático”

c& /Q5%4/ #13 N15;3 2/C515;5=1 2/9 2PC5;54 2/6&;$K45;& /1 93 <>G .51 /6A3$0&E o/59/$ B3 descrito una “versión estándar” del mismo. Si añadimos algunos elementos a la definición de Weiler, la “versión estándar” del déficit democrático incluye cinco conjuntos de afirmaciones:

)7 m/D+2 1+."2 "E"8563B+ – 4"'+2 8+'62+) 1/2)/4"'6/23+ "#6/6/) G "&6& 9&% ?&2/$/% %/ B31 &$5/1432& B3;53 /9 "&1%/I& F 9&% "&65%3$5&%E %/ B3 $/2#;52& /9 ?&2/$ 2/ 9&% ?3$936/14&% /%43439/%M ?$56/$&E ?&$L#/ 9&% 0&A5/$1&% ?#/2/1 501&$3$ 3 %#% ?3$936/14&% ;#314& 4&631 2/;5%5&1/% /1 e$#%/93%_ %/0#12&E ?&$L#/ ;&6& /1 /9 "&1%/I& %/ /6?9/3 93 63F&$:3 ;#395C5;323E ?#/2/1 L#/23$ /1 651&$:3 /1 #13 J&43;5=1_ F 4/$;/$&E ?&$L#/ 93 "&65%5=1 /#$&?/3 /%4K 6K% 399K 2/9 ;&14$&9 2/ 9&% ?3$936/14&% /%43439/%G '7 L) P/2)/4"'6+ L52+1"+ "# ."4/#3/.+ .?73) G >9 "&1%/I& %50#/ 2&651312& 39 83$936/14& 3 93 B&$3 2/ 3?$&A3$ 93 9/05%93;5=1 F /9 ?$/%#?#/%4&E F 9&% ;5#23231&% 1& /%4K1 431 A5/1 ;&1/;432&% ;&1 %#% /#$&25?#432&% ;&6& 9& /%4K1 ;&1 %#% ?3$936/143$5&% /%43439/%G R7 No hay elecciones “europeas”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w/ 2/ 9&% 2/A34/%G g /9 ?$&;/%&


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-4J9 W? +7A L6HB7A K4 EMD46cA N"4B64A4MD9FESM K4 EMD464A4AO @&% 0$#?&% 2/ 514/$P% 2/%/6?/S31 #1 ?3?/9 C#1236/1439 /1 4&2&% 9&% %5%4/63% ?&9:45;&% 2/6&;$K45;&%E 2&12/ &$0315D3;5&1/% ?$5J323% $/?$/%/1431 a la “sociedad civil” en el ?$&;/2565/14& 2/ 25%/S& 2/ 93% ?&9:45;3%G H#1L#/ 93 %&;5/232 ?&9:45;3 3 15J/9 /#$&?/& ?#/2/ ;&1%52/$3$%/ 2PA59 $/%?/;4& 2/9 15J/9 13;5&139E 93 %&;5/232 ;5J59 /1 e$#%/93% /%4K 6K% 2/%3$$&99323E /% 6K% 2/1%3 F ;&6?9/I3 L#/ /1 93 63F&$:3 2/ ;3?5439/% 13;5&139/% /#$&?/3%G W?=? -476@9A A7564 B7C@DEF9 K4 C7A L6HB7A K4 EMD46c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opinión contraria. Si las divisiones sociales se entrecruzan, habrá “múltiples oposiciones” a cualquier grupo determinado. En otras palabras, siempre hay un “poder compensatorio”

C$/14/ 3 ;#39L#5/$ 0$#?& A5/1 &$0315D32& L#/ 514/14/ C3J&$/;/$ %#% 514/$/%/% ?$5J32&% ;&14$3 un “interés público” más amplio. Por lo tanto, es requisito fundamental del modelo pluralista

L#/ 9&% 514/$/%/% &?#/%4&% 4/1031 50#39232 2/ 3;;/%& 39 ?$&;/%& ?&9:45;&G 83$3 C3J&$/;/$ /9 514/$P% ?NA95;&E 9&% C#1;5&13$5&% 2/9 0&A5/$1& 2/A/1 3;4#3$ ;&6& K$A54$&% 1/#4$39/%G 8/$& 93 4/&$:3 ?9#$395%43 %#?&1/ 510/1#36/14/ L#/ 9&% 0$#?&% &?#/%4&% 4/12$K1 #13 igualdad natural de acceso al poder. Olson explica que esto no siempre ocurre: “Los grupos

?$5J59/0532&% / 514/$6/25&% 3 6/1#2& 4$5#1C31 C$/14/ 3 C#/$D3% 1#6P$5;36/14/ %#?/$5&$/% /1 0$#?&% 36?95&% & 934/14/% ?&$L#/ 9&% ?$56/$&% 0/1/$396/14/ /%4K1 &$0315D32&% F %#/9/1 %/$ 3;45J&%E 65/14$3% L#/ 9&% %/0#12&% 1&$6396/14/ /%4K1 2/%&$0315D32&% F %#/9/1 %/$ 513;45J&% ”G >9 6&45J& 2/ /%43 disparidad, según Olson, es la “lógica 2e la acción colectiva”, donde B3F 56?&$4314/ 51;/145J&% 3 93 B&$3 2/ #15$%/ 3 #1 0$#?& L#/ ?/$%50#/ A/1/C5;5&% %&936/14/ ?3$3 9&% 65/6A$&% 2/9 0$#?& -514/$/%/% ?$5J32&%7E 65/14$3% L#/ B3F /%;3%&% 51;/145J&% 3 93 B&$3 2/ #15$%/ 3 #1 0$#?& L#/ ?/$%50#/ A/1/C5;5&% ?3$3 4&23 93 %&;5/232 -514/$/%/% ?NA95;&%7G En lo que atañe a los intereses públicos, la gente puede simplemente “subirse al carro” de las

3;;5&1/% 2/ 9&% 2/6K%G >1 $/93;5=1 ;&1 /%43 52/3E /% 6K% ?$&A3A9/ L#/ ?#/231 &$0315D3$%/ 9&% “intereses concentrados”, como los grupos que representan intereses particulares de productores, y es menos probable que se puedan organizar los “intereses difusos”, que

$/?$/%/1431 9&% 514/$/%/% 2/ 93 %&;5/232 /1 %# ;&1I#14&G >%43% 9=05;3% %#05/$/1 L#/E /1 9#03$ 2/ #13 50#39232 2/ ;&125;5&1/% ?9#$395%43E #1 3;;/%& 3A5/$4& 39 0&A5/$1& ?#/2/ ;&12#;5$ 3 C#/$4/% ?$/%5&1/% %&A$/ 9&% ;3$0&% ?NA95;&% F 9&% C#1;5&13$5&% ?&$ ?3$4/ 2/ 0$#?&% A5/1 &$0315D32&% F ;&1;/14$32&%E 2312& 9#03$ 3 $/%#9432&% 2/ ?&9:45;3 L#/ A/1/C5;53$:31 3 9&% 514/$/%/% /%?/;539/% 3 /Q?/1%3% 2/ 93 %&;5/232 /1 %# ;&1I#14&G 83$3 %#?/$3$ /%4&% $/%#9432&% ?&4/1;5396/14/ %/%032&%E B31 %#$052& 2&% 6&2/9&% 394/$1345J&% 2/ 514/$6/253;5=1 2/ 9&% 0$#?&% 2/ 514/$P%G >1 36A&% /9 >%432& C&6/143 3;45J36/14/ #13 /%4$#;4#$3 ?&9:45;3 /%?/;:C5;3 2/ 9&% 0$#?&% 2/ 514/$P%E ;&1 J5%43% 0/1/$3$ #13 $/?$/%/143;5=1 F #1&% $/%#9432&% ?&9:45;&% 6K% /L#595A$32&%G >1 ?$56/$ 9#03$E /1 /9 6&2/9& 8+21+2/63B3#6/E /9 >%432& %#?&1/ L#/ 93 ?$51;5?39 25J5%5=1 2/ 93 %&;5/232 %/ #A5;3 /14$/ /6?$/%3$5&% F 4$3A3I32&$/%G 83$3 C&6/143$ #1 /L#595A$5& 2/ ?&2/$ 50#39543$5& /14$/ /%43% 2&% C#/$D3%E /9 >%432& $/;&1&;/E &4&$03 95;/1;53% F ;&1;/2/ 6&1&?&95&% 2/ $/?$/%/143;5=1 3 93% 2&% ?3$4/% 2/ ;323 932& 2/ 93 25J5%5=1 2/ ;93%/%M %&1 9&% “interlocutores sociales”. En lugar de usar redes políticas abiertas, los representantes de los empresarios y los sindicatos participan en reuniones “tripartitas” cerradas con altos


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93 512#%4$53E & 2/ 4&2&% 9&% 514/$/%/% ;#94#$39/%v13;5&139/%E $/2#;/ 93 ;3?3;5232 2/ 9&% L#/ 25%/S31 93% ?&9:45;3% ?3$3 ?&2/$ ;36A53$93%G *7 T1;9#%& /1 /9 1/&+?9#$395%6&E ?$&?&$;5&13$ C&12&% /%43439/% 3 0$#?&% 2/ 514/$/%/% ?NA95;&% 514$&2#;/ #1 51;/145J& ?/$J/$%& ?3$3 L#/ 9&% 0$#?&% %/ &$0315;/1 ;&1 93 C51395232 2/ 3%/0#$3$ 9&% %#A%525&% /%43439/% 3 %#% &$0315D3;5&1/%E /1 9#03$ 2/ 514/143$ ?$&6&J/$ 93% &?515&1/% ?&9:45;3% 2/ %#% 65/6A$&%G C2I476/# / )+# ;+.")+# /)4"2'/475+# /) B)32/)7#;+ 8$51;5?39/% ;$:45;3%M .&1 /Q;9#F/14/%M A9&L#/31 3 1#/J&% 3;4&$/% / 514/$/%/%G >%4K1 %/%032&% 3 C3J&$ 2/ 9&% ?$&2#;4&$/% F /1 ;&14$3 2/ 9&% ;&1%#652&$/%G X3J&$/;/1 93 51/$;53M 93 1/;/%5232 2/ ;&1%/1%& 56?52/ /9 ;36A5&G U/1/$31 51;/145J&% ?/$J/$%&%M %#AJ/1;5&1/% /1 9#03$ 2/ 3C59532&%G "&1;9#%5=1M @&% 514/$/%/% %: L#/ %/ &$0315D31 ;#312& /9 4/63 /% $/9/J314/G @3 51C&$63;5=1 /% 431 56?&$4314/ ;&6& /9 ?&2/$ &$0315D345J&G

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