“PROBLEMAS DE APRENDIZAJE”
1. ¿QUÉ SON LOS PROBLEMAS DE APRENDIZAJE? El concepto Proble! "e Apren"#$!%e e& con'(&o. )!* n(ero&o& e&t("#o& &obre el te! pero &e b!&!n +& en "e&cr#pc#one& ,(e en (n! cl!r#'#c!c#-n "el concepto. Po"eo& "ec#r ,(e lo& proble!& "e !pren"#$!%e &on !,(ello& proble!& ,(e &on c!(&!"o& por l!& "#er&!& !ner!& ,(e t#ene el cerebro "e '(nc#on!r/ * l! 'or! en l! c(!l e&te proce&! l! #n'or!c#-n. Un proble! "el !pren"#$!%e p(e"e c!(&!r ,(e (n! per&on! ten0! "#'#c(lt!"e& !pren"#en"o * (&!n"o c#ert!& "e&tre$!&. L!& "e&tre$!& ,(e &on !'ect!"!& con !*or 'rec(enc#! &on lect(r!/ orto0r!'2!/ e&c(c3!r/ 3!bl!r/ r!$on!r/ * !te+t#c!. Lo& proble!& "e !pren"#$!%e &e 3!cen e#"ente& en lo& pr#ero& !4o& "el per#o"o e&col!r p(e& e&t+n "#rect!ente rel!c#on!"o& con !ter#!& ! p!rt#r "e l!& c(!le& &e "eter#n! el correcto ren"##ento !c!"5#co. E&te concepto &e !pl#c! pr#nc#p!lente ! n#4o& en e"!" e&col!r/ !nte& "el #n0re&o ! pr#ero "e pr#!r#!/ o "(r!nte lo& 6 pr#ero& !4o& "e #"!. L! "#'#c(lt!" e&pec2'#c! en l! lect(r! &e "eno#n! "#&le7#!/ en l! e&cr#t(r! &e "eno#n! "#&0r!'2! * en l! !r#t5t#c! &e "eno#n! "#&c!lc(l#!. Lo& proble!& "e !pren"#$!%e !r2!n "e (n! per&on! ! otr!/ * &e pre&ent!n en (c3!& per&on!&/ e& "ec#r/ &on co(ne&/ !n#'e&t+n"o&e por lo 0ener!l en lo& pr#ero& !4o& "e e"!" e&col!r. 8ener! 8ener!le lente nte lo& proble! proble!&& "e !pren"#$! !pren"#$!%e %e no #pl#c #pl#c!n !n poc! c!p!c# c!p!c#"!" "!" ent!l/ ent!l/ no por el contr!r#o &(elen pre&ent!r&e en per&on!& con !lto& n#ele& "e #ntel#0enc#! o con n#ele& proe"#o&. 1.1. 9!(&!& "e lo& proble!& "e !pren"#$!%e. A(n,(e en (c3o& c!&o& &e "e&conocen l!& c!(&!& "e lo& proble!& "e !pren"#$!%e/ lo& e7perto& op#n!n ,(e &on el re&(lt!"o "e (n! !no!l2! en l! e&tr(ct(r! * '(nc#on!#ento "el cerebro o "el &te! ner#o&o centr!l. Al0(no& '!ctore& ,(e p(e"en c!(&!r o #n'l(enc#!r e&t!& !no!l2!& &on : )erenc#! o 0en5t#c! lo& proble!& "e !pren"#$!%e &(elen !'ect!r ! #ebro& "e l! #&! '!#l#!. : Proble!& "(r!nte el eb!r!$o o el p!rto p! rto l!& (#ente& t(!c#one& p(e"en contr#b(#r ! tener proble!& "e !pren"#$!%e en'ere"!"e& o leone& "(r!nte o !nte& "el n!c##ento/ (&o "e "ro0!& o !lco3ol "(r!nte el eb!r!$o/ p!rto pre!t(ro o l!r0o/ c!renc#! "e o7#0eno o b!%o pe&o !l n!cer. : Proble!& "e&p(5& "el n!c##ento l!& leone& en l! c!be$!/ l! !ln(tr#c#-n/ el enenen!#ento por ploo * lo& !ltr!to& #n'!nt#le& p(e"en &er l! c!(&! "e !l0(no& proble!& "e !pren"#$!%e. 1.;. ¿9-o &!beo& ,(e pre&ent! (n proble! "e !pren"#$!%e? No 3!* n#n0(n! &e4!l
=ener proble!& en !pren"er el !l'!beto/ 3!cer r#!r l!& p!l!br!& o conect!r l!& letr!& con &(& &on#"o&. 9oeter errore& !l leer en o$ !lt!/ * repet#r o "etener&e ! en("o. No copren"er lo ,(e lee. =ener "#'#c(lt!"e& con "eletre!r p!l!br!&. =ener (n! letr! "e&or"en!"! o to!r el l+p#$ torpeente. L(c3!r p!r! e7pre&!r &(& #"e!& por e&cr#to. Apren"er el len0(!%e en 'or! !tr!&!"! * tener (n oc!b(l!r#o l##t!"o. =ener "#'#c(lt!"e& en recor"!r lo& &on#"o& "e l!& letr!& o e&c(c3!r pe,(e4!& "#'erenc#!& entre l!& p!l!br!& =ener "#'#c( "#'#c(lt! lt!"e& "e& en copre copren"er n"er bro!&/ bro!&/ 3#&tor# 3#&tor#et! et!&& c-#c! c-#c!&& #l(&tr #l(&tr!"!& !"!&// * &!rc!&o &!rc!&o.. =ener "#'#c(lt!"e& en &e0(#r #n&tr(cc#one&. Pron(nc#!r !l l!& p!l!br!& o (&!r (n! p!l!br! #ncorrect! ,(e &(en! #l!r. =ener proble!& en or0!n#$!r lo ,(e 5l o ell! "e&e! "ec#r o no p(e"e pen&!r en l! p!l!br! ,(e necet! p!r! e&cr#b#r o coner&!r. No &e0(#r l!& re0l!& &oc#!le& "e l! coner&!c#-n/ t!le& coo to!r t(rno&/ * p(e"e !cerc!r&e "e!!"o ! l! per&on! ,(e le e&c(c3!. 9on'(n"#r lo& &2bolo& !te+t#co& * leer !l lo& n<ero&. No po"er repet#r (n c(ento en or"en >lo ,(e oc(rr#- pr#ero/ &e0(n"o/ tercero. No &!ber "-n"e coen$!r (n! t!re! o c-o &e0(#rl!. S# el n#4o t#ene proble!& #ne&per!"o& !l !pren"er ! leer/ e&cr#b#r/ e&c(c3!r/ 3!bl!r/ o e&t("#!r !te+t#c!&/ entonce& lo& !e&tro& * lo& p!"re& p(e"en #ne&t#0!r +&. E& poble ,(e el n#4o ten0! ,(e &er e!l(!"o p!r! er t#ene (n proble! "el !pren"#$!%e. 1.3. Características. L!& "#e$ c!r!cter2&t#c!& +& 'rec(ente& enc#on!"!&/ pre&ent!"!& por or"en "e #port!nc#! &on )#per!ct##"!" (n! con"(ct! otr#$ ,(e no !p!rece rel!c#on!"! con (n ob%et#o '#n!l */ ! en("o e& "#&t(rb!"or!. Deter#oro& percept#o@otr#ce& proble!& p!r! coor"#n!r l! recepc#-n !("#t#! * #&(!l con (n! re&p(e&t! otr#$ >E%. cop#!r p!l!br!& o n<ero&. L!b#l#"!" Eoc#on!l !pl#o& c!b#o& "e 3(or * coport!#ento/ ,(e no p!recen e&t!r "#rect!ente rel!c#on!"o& con l! t(!c#-n. D5'#c#t "e or#ent!c#-n 0ener!l "#'#c(lt!" en l! re!l#$!c#-n "e "#er&o& o##ento& otr#ce& >torpe$! "e o##ento&. =r!&t =r!&torn orno& o& "e !tenc#!tenc#-n n per#o" per#o"o& o& corto& corto& "e !tenc# !tenc#-n -n * "#&tr! "#&tr!cc# cc#-n -n 0ener!l 0ener!l >E%. >E%. "#'#c( "#'#c(lt! lt!" " p!r! p!r! !ntener l! !tenc#-n !nte e&t2(lo& o t!re!& rele!nte&. Ip(l#"!" coport!#ento poco re'le7#o/ n pen&!r en l!& con&ec(enc#!&. =r!&torno& "e l! eor#! * "el pen&!#ento "#'#c(lt!" p!r! recor"!r #n'or!c#-n/ ,(e "eber2! "e 3!ber&e !pren"#"o * proble!& p!r! copren"er concepto& !b&tr!cto&.
Proble!& e&pec2'#co& "el !pren"#$!%e "#'#c(lt!" p!r! l!& 3!b#l#"!"e& !c!"5#c!& coo l! lect(r!/ !r#t5t#c!/ e&cr#t(r! *o "eletreo =r!&torno& "el "#&c(r&o "el e&c(c3!r "#'#c(lt!" p!r! copren"er o recor"!r el len0(!%e 3!bl!"o/ "5'#c#t en l! !rt#c(l!c#-n * "#'#c(lt!" p!r! e7pre&!r&e erb!lente/ (t#l#$!n"o (n oc!b(l!r#o * (n! nt!7#& correct!. S#0no& S#0no& ne(rol ne(rol-0# -0#co& co& e,(2o e,(2oco&. co&. EE8 #rre0( #rre0(l!r l!r.. S#0no& S#0no& ne(rolne(rol-0#c 0#co& o& &(!e& &(!e&CC >E%. proble proble!& !& otr#ce&/ otr#ce&/ proble!& proble!& percept#o& percept#o& * "e&!rrollo "e&!rrollo #rre0(l!r #rre0(l!r o ret!r"o "el len0(!%e len0(!%e * "e l!& +re!& otr#ce&. 1.4. Clasiicaci!" #el $r%&le'a.
E7#&ten tre& t#po& tr!&torno& "el !pren"#$!%e/ tr!&torno& "e l!& 3!b#l#"!"e& otor!& * tr!&torno& "e l! co(n#c!c#-n. 1..1. =r!&torno& "el !pren"#$!%e. !. D#&orto0r!'2!. 9onc#erne 9onc#erne ! l!& pert(rb!c#one& pert(rb!c#one& "e l! (t#l#$!c#-n (t#l#$!c#-n e&cr#t! "e l! len0(! 'rec(enteente 'rec(enteente ! (n#"! ! lo& retr!&o& "el len0(!%e or!l. b. D#&0r!'2!. E&cr#t(r! "e'ect(o&! n ,(e (n #port!nte tr!&torno ne(rol-0#co o #ntelect(!l lo %(&t#'#,(e c. D#&c!lc(l#!. In"epen"#ente "el n#el ent!l/ "e lo& 5to"o& pe"!0-0#co& eple!"o&/ * "e l!& pert(rb!c#one& !'ect#!&/ !'ect#!&/ &e ob&er! en !l0(no& !l0(no& n#4o& l! "#'#c(lt!" "#'#c(lt!" "e #nte0r!c#-n #nte0r!c#-n "e lo& &2bolo& &2bolo& n(5r#co& en &( corre&pon"enc#! con l!& c!nt#"!"e& re!le& "e ob%eto&. ". D#&'!!& * !'!!. D#&'!! e& l! p5r"#"! p!rc#!l * !'!c#! e& l! p5r"#"! tot!l "el 3!bl! "eb#"! ! (n! le-n cort#c!l en l!& +re!& e&pec2'#c!& "el len0(!%e/ n eb!r0o/ en l! ent#"!" ,(e e&t("#!o&/ el concepto e& #n&('#c#ente/ *! ,(e con"er! &olo lo& c!&o& en lo& ,(e el n#4o p#er"e lo ,(e t#ene el 3!bl!/ pero no l!& t(!c#one& t(!c#one& coo l! ,(e no& oc(p!/ en l!& ,(e el tr!&torno tr!&torno e& con05n#to no &e p(e"e per"er lo ,(e n(nc! &e 3! ten#"o. E&t! e& l! r!$-n por l! ,(e e&te c(!"ro e& (* "#&c(t#"o. e. D#&!rtr#!&. 8en5r#c!ente/ l!& "#&!rtr#!& &on errore& "e l! !rt#c(l!c#-n "e l!& p!l!br!&/ ,(e no co#nc#"en con l!& nor!& &oc#oc(lt(r!le& #p(e&t!& por el !b#ente/ ,(e "#'#c(lt!n l! #ntel#0#b#l#"!" "el "#&c(r&o * ,(e &e pre&ent!n ! (n! e"!" en ,(e *! &e "eb#er! tener (n! !rt#c(l!c#-n correct!. S# l! c!(&! ,(e pro"(ce "#c3o& errore& &e enc(entr! ! n#el "el SN9/ &e "eno#n!n F"#&!rtr#!&F en &ent#"o e&tr#cto/ * &e enc(entr! ! n#el per#'5r#co/ &e "eno#n!n F"#&l!l#!&F. S#en"o e&t! l!
Un! pr#er! "e'#n#c#-n &enc#ll! "e l! "#&le7#! e& l! ,(e no& "#ce ,(e e& el proble! p!r! !pren"er ! leer ,(e pre&ent!n n#4o& c(*o coe'#c#ente #ntelect(!l e& nor!l * no !p!recen otro& proble!& '2co& o pcol-0#co& ,(e p(e"!n e7pl#c!r l!& "#c3!& "#'#c(lt!"e&. Se0
!. D#&pr!7#!. Se re'#ere ! l! '!lt! "e or0!n#$!c#-n "el o##ento. 9oo en l! Apr!7#!/ el n#4o p(e"e &er "e #ntel# #ntel#0en 0enc#! c#! nor!l nor!l * no tener tener n#n0(n n#n0(n! ! le-n le-n cerebr!l cerebr!l.. P(e"e P(e"e #nter #nteren# en#rr "#'eren "#'erente& te& tr!&to tr!&torno& rno& re&!lt!n lo& tr!&torno& otore& o #&(!le& * lo& tr!&torno& !'ect#o& o "e coport!#ento b. Le-n cerebr!l. Se "e'#ne coo (n tr!&torno ne(rootor no pro0reo "eb#"o ! (n! le-n o (n! !no!l2! "el "e&!rrollo "e&!rrollo "el cerebro #n!"(ro. #n!"(ro. L! P!r+l#& 9erebr!l no per#te per#te o "#'#c(lt! "#'#c(lt! lo& en&!%e& en&!%e& en#!"o& en#!"o& por el cerebro cerebro 3!c#! 3!c#! lo& <&c(l <&c(lo&/ o&/ "#'#c( "#'#c(lt! lt!n"o n"o el o## o##ent ento o "e 5&to&. 5&to&. E& (n concept concepto o enoreente !b#0(o *! ,(e !(n,(e &e! (n tr!&torno otor t!b#5n lle! !&oc#!"o& otro& "e t#po &en&or#!l/ &en&or#!l/ percept#o percept#o * pcol-0#co pcol-0#co.. L! P!r+l#& P!r+l#& 9erebr!l 9erebr!l no e& pro0re!/ lo lo ,(e n#'#c! n#'#c! ,(e no &e !0r!!r+ c(!n"o el n#4o &e! +& !*or/ pero !l0(no& proble!& &e p(e"en 3!cer +& e#"ente&. 1..K. =r!&torno& "e l! co(n#c!c#-n. !. DI&'e#!&. L!& "#&'e#!& &on !lter!c#one& "el len0(!%e c!r!cter#$!"!& por trop#e$o&/ e&p!&o& e &p!&o& * repet#c#one& "eb#"o ! (n! #per'ect! coor"#n!c#-n "e l!& '(nc#one& #"eootr#ce& cerebr!le&. b. =!rt!("e$ =!rt!("e$ o e&p!&o'e#!. E& (n! (n! !lte !lter! r!c# c#-n -n "e l! co( co(n# n#c! c!c# c#-n -n >+& >+& ,(e ,(e "el "el len0( len0(!% !%e e con con&t &ten ente te en (n! '!lt '!lt! ! "e coor"#n!c#-n otr#$ "e lo& -r0!no& 'on!"ore& ,(e &e !n#'#e&t! en 'or! "e e&p!&o& ,(e !lter!n el r#to nor!l "e l! p!l!br! !rt#c(l!"! c. =r!&torno 'onol-0#co. A lo& !4o& nor!lente &e pro"(ce (n! rec(per!c#-n r ec(per!c#-n e&pont+ne!/ pero per o l! ter!p#! "el 3!bl! * "el len0(!%e p(e"e !*("!r ! ,(e el "e&!rrollo "el 3!bl! &e pro"($c! "e 'or! +& r+p#"! * coplet!. El r#e&0o "e (n! b!%! !(toe&t#! ! n#el co(n#c!t#o re&(lt! (n! copl#c!c#-n potenc#!l. A&2 p(e&/ &e con"er! l! lo0oter!p#! coo el e%or tr!t!#ento. L! !tenc#-n pcol-0#c! ! lo& p!"re& !&2 coo l! ob&er!c#-n "e l! &oc#!l#$!c#-n * l! con"(ct! en el cole0#o &on #pre&c#n"#ble& p!r! #n##$!r el 'r!c!&o e&col!r o &oc#!l "er#!"o "e e&te tr!&torno.
". =!rt!("eo. L! ter!p#! "el 3!bl! * "el len0(!%e !b!rc! !l0(no& eleento& "e l! ter!p#! con"(ct(!l/ '!ctore& o"#'#c!"ore& "el entorno * coner&!c#on!le& ,(e "e&enc!"en!n el t!rt!("eo/ l! rel!%!c#-n/ el control control "el r#to/ el &(#n#&tro &(#n#&tro "e #n'or!c#-n #n'or!c#-n * el !ne%o "e o##ento& o##ento& corpor!le& corpor!le& &ec(n"!r#o&/ !&2 coo '!orecen '!orecen l! !(toe&t#! !(toe&t#! * l! !&ert##"!" !&ert##"!" &oc#!l. &oc#!l. Lo& 5to"o& 5to"o& p(e"en #ncl(#r #ncl(#r l! ##t!c#-n/ ##t!c#-n/ l! #nterpret!c##nterpret!c#-n n "e role&/ l! pr+ct#c! pr+ct#c! "el 3!bl! >"(r!nte l! lect(r!/ "(r!nte "(r!nte l! lect(r! lect(r! en o$ !lt!/ "(r!nte l! coner&!c#-n/ 3!bl!r en t(!c#one& "#'erente& >! &ol!&/ en 0r(po&/ en 'rente "e l! cl!&e/ por tel5'ono * con "#'erente& per&on!& >p!"re&/ '!#l#!re&/ !#0o&/ "e&conoc#"o&. Se reco#en"! l! e"(c!c#-n * lo& con&e%o& ! lo& #ebro& "e l! '!#l#!. No &e reco#en"! l! pc pcot oter er!p !p#! #!// !(n, !(n,(e (e p(e" p(e"e e tene tener& r&e e en c(en c(ent! t! el t!rt t!rt! !(" ("eo eo per& per& #&te te o &e #n#c #n#c#! #! en l! !"ole&cenc#!. Lo& e"#c!ento& contr! l! !ne"!" t#enen (n e&c!&o !lor. Lo& ne(rol5pt#co& p(e"en &er E%. "e o"o 3ol2&t#co o !n!l2t#co/ #&(!l o !("#t#o &e0(#r #n&tr(cc#one&C/ * e7!#n!r l!& '(nc#one& "e lo& 3e#&'er#o& "erec3o e #$,(#er"o. Lo& n#4o& con "#&c!p!c#"!"e& "el len0(!%e/ "e l! lect(r! o 0ener!l#$!"!& t#en"en ! pre&ent!r !*or !'ect!c#-n "e l!& '(nc#one& control!"!& por el 3e#&'er#o #$,(#er"o. c. E"(c!t#! Per#te #"ent#'#c!r l!& 3!b#l#"!"e& * "5'#c#t "e l!& c!p!c#"!"e& "e l! lect(r!/ l! e&cr#t(r!/ l! orto0r!'2! * l! !r#t5t#c!. En l! e!l(!c#-n "e l! lect(r! &e #"e l! c!p!c#"!" p!r! "eco"#'#c!r * reconocer reconocer l!& p!l!br!&/ p!l!br!&/ l! copren-n copren-n "e lo& p+rr!'o& p+rr!'o& * l! 'l(#"e$ 'l(#"e$ lector!. lector!. E& nece&!r#o nece&!r#o obtener obtener (e&tr! (e&tr! "e e&cr#t e&cr#t(r!& (r!& p!r! !lor!r !lor!r l! orto0r orto0r!'2 !'2!/ !/ l! nt!7 nt!7#& #& * l! 'l(#"e$ 'l(#"e$ "e l!& #"e!&. #"e!&. L! c!p!c# c!p!c#"!" "!" !r#t5t !r#t5t#c! #c! &e !lor! !lor! ! tr!5& tr!5& "e l! 3!b#l# 3!b#l#"!" "!" p!r! p!r! c!lc(l! c!lc(l!r/ r/ el conoc# conoc##e #ento nto "e l!& oper!c#one& * l! copren-n "e lo& concepto& !te+t#co&. ". L#n02&t#c! E&t!blecen l! #nte0r#"!" "e l! copren-n * (&o "el len0(!%e/ el proce&!#ento 'onol-0#co * l! eor#! erb!l. e. Pcol-0#c! I"ent#'#c! lo& tr!&torno& "e l! con"(ct!/ l! '!lt! "e !(toe&t#!/ lo& tr!&torno& "e !ne"!" * l! "epre-n preco$ "e l! #n'!nc#!/ ,(e ! en("o !cop!4! ! lo& tr!&torno& "el !pre !pren"# n"#$! $!%e %e.. !lor! lor! !&2 #& #&o o l! !ct#t !ct#t(" (" 3!c# 3!c#! ! el cole cole0# 0#o/ o/ l! ot# ot#! !c# c#-n -n// l! rel! rel!c# c#-n -n con con lo& lo& cop!4ero& * l! con'#!n$! en &2 #&o