Pediatrie (note de curs)
Notiuni introductive. Definitia notiunilor de puericultura si pediatrie -puericultura si pediatria sunt domenii de activitate ale medicinii care au ca obiect comun de preocupare copilul de la nastere pana la adolescenta (16,17ani) -puericultura:se ocupa de copilul sanatos si anume de ansamblul mijloacelor care asig asigur uraa o dezv dezvol oltar taree psih psihoo-mo moto torie rie norm normal alaa si ocro ocroti tire reaa sana sanata tati tiii prin prin masu masuri ri profilactice -cuvantul puericultura provine din lb. latina puer=copil, cultura=crestere -in sera puericulturii intra: -puericultura antenatala (prenatala): se ocupa cu dezvoltarea intrauterina normala a produsului de conceptie pana la nastere -dezvoltare postnatala: ingrijirea ingrijirea corporala, corporala, alimentatie alimentatie normala, normala, asigurarea asigurarea bunei dezvoltari psihice, igiena mediului copilului, stabilirea criteriilor de apreciere a dezvoltarii normale -pediatrie: este aceea ramura a medicinei medicinei care se ocupa cu descrierea descrierea diagnosticulu diagnosticuluii si tratamentului bolilor copilului de la nastere pana la adolescenta -cuvantul pediatrie provine din lb. greaca pais, paidos=copil, tria=tratament -copilaria se imparte pe perioade bine delimitate tinand seama de particularitatile de dezvoltare si patologia specifica fiecarei varste -se deosebesc: 1 perioada neonatala sau de nou-nascut (0-28 zile) 2 perioada de sugar (1luna-1an) 3 perioada de anteprescolar sau copil mic (1-3 ani) 4 perioada de prescolar (3-7ani) 5 perioada de scolar (7-16 ani) 6 adolescenta -morbiditatea infantila =totalitatea imbolnavirilor in decursul unei anumite perioade -perioadele de copilarie amintite mai sus au un specific al morbiditatii: -in perioada de nou-nascut: se intalnesc mai ales boli legate de actul nasterii -la sugari: sugari: predomin predominaa bolile bolile aparatu aparatului lui respir respirato atorr in sezonul sezonul rece si ale aparatului digestiv in sezonul cald -la anteprescolar: bolile infecto-contagioase -la prescolari: bolile infecto-contagioase + intoxicatii, accidente de locuinte, apar si boli ale aparatului respirator -la scolari scolari:: incep incep sa apara apara reumat reumatism ism articul articular ar acut, acut, glomer glomerulo ulo-nef -nefrit rita, a, accidente de circulatie, de joaca, de sport, psihice, boli ale aparatului urinar, hepatice, bolile sangelui -mortalitatea -mortalitatea infantila: intr-o anumita perioada data este reprezentat de nr. de decese intre 0-1an raportat la 1000 de nascuti vii din aceea perioada -cauzele mortalitatii infantile sunt in principal: -la nou-nascuti -traumatisme obsterticale -la sugari -infectia cailor respiratorii, a aparatului digestiv -la anteprescol anteprescolari ari si scolari scolari -pneumonii -pneumonii grave, boli infecto-contegio infecto-contegioase, ase, unele boli de sange
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-la scolari-complicate boli infecto-contagioase, accidente rutiere, boli maligne (cancere) Medicina copilului sanatos: -obiectul practicii pediatrice fost mult timp in exclusivitate copilul bolnav, pe masura ce pediatria s-a conturat ca specialitate medicala independenta, medicii pediatrii au inceput sa se preocupe tot mai mult de ingrijirea copilului sanatos, aceasta preocupare deveni devenind nd priori prioritar tara; a; ea contrib contribuie uie la protect protectia ia medico medico-so -socia ciala la a copilu copilului lui de toate toate varstele -in general medicina copilului sanatos nu se refera numai la metode de profilaxie a unor boli sau la promovarea sanatatii ci si la asa numita sanogeneza care are ca obiectiv cresterea nespecifica a unor factori patogeni -sanatatea: este in conceptia actuala o stare de bine fizica, mintala si de integritate sociala si nu numai absenta bolii - in mod particular sanatatea unui copil este conditionata de: -factori exogeni: fizici, chimici si biologici -factori endogeni -factori familiari: relatia mama-copil -factori socio-econimici -cunoasterea factorilor de risc si influenta acestora este decisiva pentru prezervarea sanatatii si perfectionarea sa -pentru evaluarea starii de sanatate a copilului se folosesc metode de screening; aceste metode se folosesc atat prenata cat si postnatal Ex.: Ex.: exista exista metode metode screen screening ing in evalua evaluarea rea sanatat sanatatii ii fatului fatului prin prin teste teste efectua efectuate te intr intrau aute terin rin-- ex. ex. moni monito tori rizar zarea ea ratei ratei inim inimii ii la fat, fat, dete determ rmin inare areaa ph-u ph-ulu luii fatul fatului ui;; dete determ rmin inare areaa unor unor boli boli prin prin lich lichid idul ul amni amniot otic; ic; ultra ultraso sono nogr graf afie ie-- meto metoda da foart foartee confidenta -aceste metode de evaluare a sanatatii intrauterine dau posibilitatea de a evalua starea de sanatate a fatului atat d.p.d.v. a unor boli ereditare cat si ca risc gestational -se efectueaza metode de sreening postnatal pe categorii de varsta, screening biosocial -o noua noua latu latura ra a medi medici cinei nei este este pedi pediatr atria ia comp compor orta tame ment ntal alaa care care vizea vizeaza za atat atat comportamentul fizic cat si cel psiho-intelectual si social -pe langa raspunderea pe care pediatrul il are in asigurarea cresterii si dezvoltarii fizic fizicee a copi copilu lulu lui, i, pedi pediat atru rull cont contro role leaza aza intr intrea eaga ga star staree de bine bine a aces acestu tuia ia fiin fiind d responsabil si pentru educarea si comportarea copiilor si integrarea in viata sociala -pentru cunoasterea comportamentului copilului exista o serie de procedee a evaluarii fizice, senzoriale si psihice -pediatrul trebuie sa cunoasca felul in care copilul este pregatit pentru competentele sale ulterioare -in aceasta activitate el colucreaza cu parintele, sociologul, logopedul -trebuie avute in vedere cel putin 3 principii: 1 respectarea ritmului cronobiologic al formarii deprinderilor si aptitudinilor 2 punerea in valoare pana la limita superioara a posibilitatii copilului respectiv 3 cunoasterea integrala a comportamentului copilului, comportament care il integreaza in viata sociala
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-dupa fecundarea ovulului de catre spermatozoid rezulta produsul de conceptie care s.n ou sau zigot; din el se formeaza prin diviziuni celulare succesive embrionul in care are loc diferentierea tesuturilor si organelor -aceasta este completa la varsta de 3 luni de viata -perioada intrauterina se imparte in: 1 perioada embrionara in care produsul de conceptie s.n embrion, iar bolile lui s.n embriopatii, tine de la 0-3 luni 2 perioada fetala in care produsul de conceptie s.n fat, iar bolile lui s.n fetopatii, tine de la 3-9 luni -avand in vedere faptul ca in perioada embrionara se formeaza organele, orice noxa din aceasta perioada poate duce la malformatii congenitale -in perioada fetala imbolnavirile mamei, chiar foarte usoare pot avea repercursiuni asupra fatului determinand fie avortul, fie nasterea prematura, fie diverse fetopatii care determina ca la nastere fatul sa prezinte semne de boala activa -factorii care influenteaza evolutia fatului in viata intrauterina: -varsta mamei -starea de sanatate sau de boala a mamei -efortu -eforturile rile presta prestate te de mama, mama, ex. munca munca de noapte noapte,, trepitat trepitatii, ii, ridicar ridicaree de greutati -alimentatia materna (hipoalimentatie) -iradierea in timpul perioadei embrionare -unele medicamente -conditii de igiena precare -conditii de familie precare -anumiti factori de mediu si microclinica -tare genetice materne sau paterne pe care fatul le mosteneste -incompatilbilitatea de grup sanguin sau Rh -durata totala a sarcinii normale este de 280 de zile, ceea ce revine la 40 saptamani, adica 10 luni lunare -eliminarea produsului de conceptie inainte de 6 luni se considera avort; intre 28-37 de saptamani– nastere nastere prematura Masurile de ingrijire prenatala: -se refera la o succesiune de actiuni care au drept scop sa asigure desfasurarea normala a sarcinii si sa diminueze riscurile unor viitoare tulburari; aceasta operatiune se numeste planing familiar: 1 consul consultat tatie ie geneti genetica ca prenup prenuptia tiala: la: se alcatu alcatuies ieste te arbore arborele le genealo genealogic gic al viitorilor soti 2 consultatia genetica la inceputul sarcinii este indicata in anumite conditii, ea stabilind daca prin riscurile pentru viitorul copil nu este indicata intreruperea sarcinii 3 protejarea gravidei de eforturi fizice 4 consultatia periodica a gravidei 5 protejarea gravidei de eforturi psihice 6 corectarea deficientelor si carentelor nutritionale a viitoarei mame 7 profilaxia prenatala a rahitismului 8 gravidele cu boli vechi cronice vor fi examinate periodic si intr-un ritm mai
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Nou-nascutul sanatos: -capul reprezinta o patrime din lungimea corpului, gatul este subtire, tegumentele cu 3 caracteristici: -sunt rosii=eritem fiziologic al nou-nascutului -sunt acoperite cu o substanta substanta grasa cu rol antiseptic numit vernix caseosa -acoperite cu niste perisori numit lanugo -toracele este sub forma de trunchi de con -membrele sunt egale intre ele -unghiile acopera marginile degetelor -la baieti testiculele sunt coborate in scrot -la fetite labiile mari le acopera pe cele mici -la cranii suturile sunt inchise lasand orificii numite fontanele: fontanela anterioara de 4/4 cm si fontanela posterioara -pozitia nou-nascutului in primele este pozitia fetala Caractere fiziologice: -dupa nastere copilul tipa si se instaleaza respiratia pulmonara, frecventa respiratorie este cca 40/minut, ritmul cardiac intre 120-140/minut s.n embriocardie -in prima ora dupa nastere copilul urineaza, in primele 24h are primul scaun numit meconiu, de culoare verziue negricioasa -tipatul este viguros -musculatura membrelor este hipertona, reflexul de supt si de deglutitie exista inca din primele ore de la nastere Ingrijirea nou-nascutului la termen normoponderal: normoponderal: 1 dezobstruarea cailor aeriene superioare de mucozitati cu o sonda Nelaton nr. 10-12 2 sectionarea cordonului ombilical intre 2 pense nou-nascutull de lichid amniotic amniotic cu ajutorul ajutorul unor comprese comprese sterile 3 se curata nou-nascutu muiate in ser fiziologic caldut 4 se pune nou-nascutul pe masa de infasat si se ligatureaza bontul ombilical cu 3-4 cm de la nivelul pielii cu ata sterila, se aplica deasupra comprese sterile inmuiate cu alcool 70 º si se panseaza cu o fasa circulara 5 se apreciaza scorul Apgar dupa urmatoarele criterii: -culoarea tegumentelor:-roz-2 puncte -cianoza la extremitati-1 punct -cianoza generalizata sau paloare-0 puncte -respiratii:-normale, regulate-2 puncte -neregulate-1 punct -absenta miscarilor respiratorii-0 puncte -tonus :-miscari ale tegumentelor-2 puncte -miscari limitate-1 punct -absenta miscarilor-0 puncte -reflexe :-tipat, stranut-2 puncte -simpla grimasa-1 punct
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-prin insumarea tuturor pct. reiese ca un nou-nascut sanatos are scorul Apgar 10 -sub 8 are semnificatie patologica 6 se face profilaxia oftalmiei gonococice, instilarea in fiecare fund de sac conjunctival a 1-2 picaturi de nitrat de Ag 0,5-1% nou-nascutull este cantarit, masurat, masurat, examinat examinat medical, medical, infasat infasat si transportat transportat 7 nou-nascutu in salonul de nou-nascuti -in salon se face F.O in care se consemneaza: -scorul Apgar -greutatea zilnica -temperatura de 2x/zi -iar medicu medicull consem consemnea neaza za culoar culoarea ea tegume tegumentu ntului lui,, nr. batailo batailorr cardiace cardiace,, examenul sistemului nervos Incidentele fiziologice din perioada de adaptare a nou-nascutului: 1 involutia cordonului ombilical consta din mumificarea treptata a bontului care se detaseaza singur si cade in 7-10 zile 2 icterul fiziologic al nou-nascutului- apare dupa 24 h, orice icter care apare inainte de 24 h este patologic; starea generala a nou-nascutului este buna, urina si scaunele sunt de culoare normala 3 scaderea fiziologica in greutate- din cauza aportului scazut de lichide si calorii si a eliminarii eliminarii meconiului meconiului nou-nascutu nou-nascutull scade in primele primele zile pierzand 5-10% din greutatea de la nastere, din ziua 4-5 incepe sa creasca ajungand la greutatea initiala in a-8-a zi de la nastere 4 criz crizaa geni genita tala la-- cons consta ta din din apar aparit itia ia la feti fetite te a unei unei secr secret etii ii vulv vulvar aree serosangvinolente si la baieti din tumefierea testicolelor, la ambele sexe se produce ginecomastie 5 descuamarea fiziologica a nou-nascutului- o descuamare fina, furfuracee care care are loc loc in prim primaa sapt saptam aman anaa dupa dupa nast naster eree si care care nu prezi prezint ntaa semn semnif ific icti tiee patologica febra tranzit tranzitori oriee a nou-na nou-nascu scutul tuluiui- este este o ascens ascensiun iunee termica termica de 1-3 zile zile 6 febra nedepasind 38ºC Ingrijirea ulterioara a nou-nascutului: nou-nascutului: -in maternitate saloanele de nou-nascuti temperatura trebiue sa fie 22 º, o umiditate de 60-70% si un spatiu pentru fiecare pat de 2,5 m² -nou-nascu -nou-nascutii tii vor fi infasati infasati in hainute hainute incalzite, incalzite, in momentul momentul sosirii in salon se pune cartonasul de identitate -in a-5-a zi cu o zi inainte de externarea din maternitate se face vaccinul BCG, contra hepatitei si prima doza de vitamina D3 Alimentatia nou-nascutului sanatos: -se incepe precoce precoce de la 3 h dupa nastere cu administrarea administrarea de ceai cu 5% zahar, la 612 h se incepe alimentatia lactata progresiva -alimentatia naturala: nou-nascutul va fi pus la san din 3 in 3 h alternativ cu pauze de noapte intre 24 si 6 dimineata, durata unui supt va fi maximum de 15-20 minute, exista si conceptia alimentatie la cerere
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-prepa -preparate rate folosit folosite: e: lapte de vaca diluat diluat cu ½ in mucilag mucilagiu iu de orez orez 2% cu zahar; zahar; preparate de lapte praf Similac, Milupa, Robeby -alimentatia mixta: se introduce in cazul in care mama nu dispune de suficient lapte matern, dovada se face prin proba suptului, cantarirea nou-nascutului si dupa supt - in alimentatia artificiala biberoanele si tetinele vor fi bine sterilizate mama se va imbraca intr-un halat special, se va spala pa mana, se spala si pe sani cu ceai de musetel si va servi nou-nascutului mancarea Copilul prematur
-prematurul este nou-nascutul viu, care are greutatea la nastere de 2500 g sau sub, lung lungim imea ea de 47 cm sau sau sub, sub, indi indifer feren entt de vars varsta ta gest gestati ation onal alaa inai inaint ntee de 37 de saptamani -clasificare:dupa greutatea de la nastere exista: -prematur gr. I - 2500-2000g -prematur gr. II - 2000-1500g -prematur gr. III - 1500-1000g -prematur gr. IV- sub 1000g -etiologie: 1 cauze mecanice: a) cauze materne: -excitabilitate uterina crescuta -traumatisme fizice -traumatisme psihice -afectiuni locale ale uterului b) cauze anexiale: -deslipirea prematura a placentei c) cauze fetale: -generalitatea -malformatii 2 cauze vorbite: a) materne: -infectii acute: gripa, hepatita acuta, pneumonie -infectii cronice: TBC, sifilis, malarie, SIDA -boli interne: insuficienta cardiaca, ciroza hepatica, cancere -boli obstetricale: vicii in conformatia bazinului b) anexiale: -infarcte placentare c) fetale: -nanism intrauterin 3 cauze carentiale: -subnutritia mamei -hipo si avitaminoza 4 cauze de mediu: -nivelul econimic scazut -igiena deficitara
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1 deficiente functionale respiratorii: respiratorii: -hipov -hipovent entilat ilatie ie pulmon pulmonara ara din cauza cauza muscul musculatu aturii rii respir respirati atiei ei slabe slabe si a centru centrului lui respirator incomplet maturat -tendinta de colabare alveolara-din cauza lipsei de surfact -lipsa reflexului de tuse 2 deficiente fct. circulatorii: -insuficienta cardiaca -insuficienta circulatorie periferica -fragilitate capilara accentuata cu predispozitie la hemoragii 3 deficiente fct. digestive: -capacitate gastrica mica -reflex de supt slab sau absent -reflex de deglutitie slab -deficit de lipaza gastrica si pancreatica 4 deficiente fct. hepatice: -deficit de glicuzonie transferaza ceea ce face ca icterul fiziologic sa fie mai prelungit -deficit in excretia sarurilor biliare 5 deficite fct. renale: -scader -scaderea ea capaci capacitati tatiii de concen concentra trare re a rinich rinichilo ilorr predis predispun punand and la retenti retentiee clorur cloruroosodica si la aparitia de edeme 6 deficiente hematologice: -deficit de fier ceea ce duce la anemie feripriva -deficit al factorului de coagulare sintetizata de ficat:factorii II, VII, X ceea ce duce la tendinta de hemoragii 7 deficiente de termoreglare: -termogeneza -termogeneza este slaba datorita datorita regimului regimului sarac in calorii si datorita slabei activitati activitati musculare -prematurul are centrul termic nematurizat si pierde caldura datorita absentei tesutului adipos subcutanat si a suprafetei cutanate marite 8 deficiente imunitare: -prematurii au imunitate umorala si celulara scazuta 9 deficiente metabolice: -prematurii au hipoglicemie, hipocalcemie, hipoproteinemie 10 deficiente din partea SN: -au reactivitate scazuta -tipat slab -hipotonie musculara
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-toracele este cilindric -abdom -abdomenu enull este este escava escavat, t, foarte foarte des sunt sunt prezen prezente te hernii hernii ombili ombilicale cale sau inghino-scrotale -testicolele nu sunt coborate in scrot -labiile mari nu acopera labiile mici la fetite -la prematurii foarte mici faciesul este triunghiular cu fruntea incretita, aspect de om batran Ingrijirile imediate ale copilului prematur: -prematurii cu greutate mica sunt pusi in incubatoare unde se realizeaza o temperatura optima-36 grade -umiditatea de 70-80% -oxigenarea optima pana la 40%, o concentratie mai mare pe un timp indelungat duce la boala numita fibroplazia retrolentala si orbire ulterioara -in incubator prematurul va sta gol -la incubatoare moderne exista senzori electronici care inregistreaza si afiseaza in mod contiunuu pe un cadran temperatura pielii, ritmul cardiac, frecventa respiratiei, TA -pentru prematurii de gred I si II nu este necesr incubatorul, ei vor fi tinuti in saloane de prematuri cu temperatura 25-26 grade, imbracati in hainute si scutece captusite cu vata Ingrijirile ulterioare ale prematurilor: prematurilor: -prematurii vor fi tinuti in saloane speciale, la sectia de prematuri unde accesul este interzis exceptand personalul de ingrijire, acesta va purta halate speciale, boneta si masca pe fata -spalarea mainilor este obligatorie inainte de intrarea in salon, periodic se va face dezinfectie cu lampa de ultraviolete -manipularea prematurului se va face cu blandete -alimentatia: -incepe la cca 12 h de la nastere cu solutie de glucoza 5%, administrat cu pipeta -dupa 24 h incep sa primeasca lapte -prematurii de grad I avand reflex de supt vor fi pusi la san -prematurii de grad II care nu au reflex de supt dar care au de deglutitie vor fi hraniti cu lapte matern muls cu lingurita si pipeta -prematurii de grad IV vor fi alimentati prin gavaj
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-abilitatea nursei de a contribui la ingrijirea optima a copiilor va creste calitatea vietii acestuia -principiile cresterii si dezvoltarii: 1 cresterea este cantitativa si calitativa 2 cresterea este un proces continuu 3 cresterea urmareste o anumita ordine, este secventiala 4 modul de dezvoltare este diferit de la copil la copil 5 ritmul de crestere nu este constant 6 modificarea ratei de crestere depinde de alternarea, conditionarea din interior si exteriorul organismului cresterea rea este este un proces proces comple complex x depinz depinzand and de armoni armonizare zareaa factori factorilor lor fizici, fizici, 7 creste mentali, sociali si emotionali 8 fiecare copil creste si se dezvolta intr-un mod unic -teoriile dezvoltarii: -amint -amintim im teoria teoria lui Piaget Piaget-- filozof filozof si psihol psiholog og elveti elvetian, an, care arata arata legatu legatura ra intre intre originea functiei mentale si intelegerea lumii inconjuratoare -Erikson- psiholog, atribuie sanatatea unui om adult la capacitatea de a iubi si de a munci -tipurile de crestere si dezvoltare: dezvoltare: A. dezvoltare fizica: 1 schimbari in cresterea generala a corpului 2 proportia corpului 3 dezvoltarea musculaturii 4 inaltimea 5 greutatea 6 circumferinta capului 7 diametrul toracic 8 dimensiunea abdominala si pelvica B. dezvoltarea mentala: -poten -potential tialul ul capaci capacitati tatiii mentale mentale este este prezen prezentat tataa inca inca de la nastere nastere fiind fiind putern puternic ic influentat de factorii fizici, de nutritite, de suportul emotional precum si in implicarea in arta, educatie si munca -coeficientul de inteligenta este definita ca fiind proportia dintre varsta cronoligica si cea normala varsta mentala mental a X 100 QI= varsta cronologica
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6-12 luni-500g/luna -lungimea:1 luna-4cm/luna 2-3 luni-3cm/luna 4 luna-2 cm/luna din luna a-5-a-12 luni 1cm/luna -dentitia: a) primara: la 7,5 luni incisivul central, la 9 luni incisivii laterali, la 14 luni primul molar, la 18 luni caninul, la 24 luni al doilea molar b) definitiva: la 7 ani jumatate incisivul central, la 8 ani incisivul, la 10 ani jumatate primul molar, la 11 ani jumatate caninul, la 24 ani primul molar definitiv 2 dezvoltarea dezvoltarea psihomotorie: -nou-nascutul doarme 20-22 h/zi, la 2 luni isi ridica capul in pozitie pe burta, la 3 luni se invarte de pe abdomen pe spate, la 5 luni sta sprijinit intre perne, la 6 luni sta singur in sezut, la 7-8 luni se ridica si se tine de marginea patului, la 9-10 luni face primii pasi ajutati, la 12 luni merge singur cu baza larga 3 dezvoltarea dezvoltarea comportamentului: comportamentului: -nou-nascutul percepe totul in termenii confortului sau disconfortului personal -in prima luna fixeaza obiectele luminoase -la 2-3 luni urmareste obiectele si recunoaste vocea mamei -in luna a-4-a incepe sa gangureasca -in a-6-a luna incepe sa silabiseasca -la 10 luni acorda atentie la auzirea numelui si imita cuvintele adultilor 4 nevoile fizice: -alimentatia:de baza laptele; la 6 luni se face diversificarea alimentatiei -igiena:eliminarea de urina si fecale este involuntara -confortul:sugarul nu tolereaza disconfortul fizic, acesta traducandu-se prin plans -exercitiul si activitatea fizica:se stimuleaza de catre parinti -somnul:doarme 20-22h/zi -copilul mic: perioada 1-3 ani 1 cresterea si dezvoltarea fizica: -in aceasta perioada invata:mersul sigur, saritul, alergatul, aruncarea mingii, manuirea lingurii si a canii, scrisul cu creionul, controlul voluntar al intestinului si vezicii 2 dezvoltarea comportamentala si sociala: -copil -copilul ul este este depend dependent ent de prezen prezenta ta mamei mamei si incepe incepe capacit capacitatea atea de comuni comunicare care verbala -este perioada intrebarilor
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3 dezvoltarea comportamentala si sociala:este dependent de prezenta familiei apar primele temeri sub forma de fantasme 4 nevoile fizice:copilul este dependent de a manca, mananca 5 gustari pe zi 5 nevoile emotionale si sociale: sub indrumare copilul constientizeaza ce e bine si ce e rau, folosind aceasta in luarea propriilor decizii -scolarul: 6-12 ani 1 cresterea si dezvoltarea fizica: rata creste in inaltime scade si creste rata castiga in greutate 2 dezv dezvol olta tarea rea comp compor orta tame ment ntala ala si soci sociala ala:: in aceas aceasta ta peri perioa oada da este este mult mult mai mai influentata de prieteni, colegi iar printre temeri are frica exagerata de moarte 3 nevolie fizice: in aceasta perioada din cauza cresterii activitatii fizice copilul este permanent flamand 4 nevolie emotionale si sociale:copilul necesita multa dragoste si afectiune, incurajare, incurajarea responsabilitatilor prin oferirea de mici recompense perioada definitivarii caracterelor sexuale secundare -adolescentul: perioada 1 cresterea si dezvoltarea fizica: a) fetele: pubertatea apare intre 10-13 ani cu dezvoltarea sanilor, largirea soldurilor, aparitia parului axilar si pubian si aparitita menarhei b) baietii baietii:: puberta pubertatea tea 12-14 12-14 ani cu creste cresterea rea in greuta greutatea tea si h, ingros ingrosare areaa vocii, vocii, largimea largimea , largim largimea ea umeril umerilor, or, aparat aparatia ia parulu paruluii facial, facial, axial axial si pubian pubian,, instal instalear earea ea secretiei de sperma, prima ejaculare care se produce in timpul somnului 2 dezvoltarea comportamentala si sociala: adolescentul se crede matur, relatia cu parintii oscilanta, se crede tot timpul nedreptatit, are nevoie de multa intelegere 3 nevolie fizice: imaginea de sine este foarte importanta 4 nevoile si sociale: luarea unei decizii poate produce teama adolescentului, parintii trebiue trebiue sa ascult ascultee atent atent adoles adolescen cent, t, sa-l sa-l incura incurajeze jeze,, nu trebuie trebuie sa abtii abtii sa-i arati dragostea pe care o porti
Patologia nou-nascutului
-in perioada de nou-nascut exista unele suferinte, neintalnite in alte perioade ale vietii suferinte sunt sunt legate de actul nasterii nasterii in special A. traumatisme obstetricale: obstetricale:aceste suferinte cand aceasta este prelungita, laborioasa 1 leziuni cutanate: a) bosa serosanguina: apare cel mai frecvent la cap ca o tumefactie infiltranta, apare chiar de la nastere, nu respecta suturile se absoarbe in cateva zile
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-la clavicula –se manifesta printr-o tumefactie la nivelul claviculei si impbilitatea membrului superior de partea respectiva -la humerus –imobilitatea membrului superior respectiv -la femur-imobilitatea membrului inferior respectiv -diagnosticul respectiv se pune pe baza radiografiei segmentului osos respectiv: -tratament:reducerea fracturii si imobilizarea in raport cu sediul fracturii 4 traumatisme cerebro-meningee: -au ca substrat hemoragia cerebro-meningee a) precoce: se manifesta imediat dupa nastere sub forma asfixiei nou-nascutului b) tardiv: dupa un interval liber de la cateva ore la o saptamana cand apar semne: -din partea aparatului respirator: dispnee, cianoza -din partea sistemului nervos: paralizii oculare, faciale -din partea aparatului cardio-vascular: colaps -bombarea fontanelei -stare comatoasa -diagnosticul: se pune pe baza punctiei lombare cand se extrage lichid sangvinolent -tratamentul:- punerea in incubator, manevrare minima, nutritie pe cale endo-venoasa, vitamina A, anticonvulsivante -prognostic: foarte grav, putand deceda sau ramane cu sechele grave
B. asfixia nou-nascutului: nou-nascutului: se defineste ca intarzierea declansarii primei respiratii dupa nastere -cauze: a) materne:anemie, disgravidie, insuficienta cardiaca b) anexiale:circulara de cordon, leziuni ale placentei c) fetale:hemoragia crebro-meningee -se prezinta sub 3 forme clinice: 1 apneea tranzitorie a nou-nascutului: consta dintr-o intarziere temporara a aparitiei
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3 infectii oculare: constau din: -blefaconjunctivita se trateaza cu instilatii de solutii oftalmice cu antibiotice 4 infectii respiratorii: -bronhopneumonie -stafilococia pneumo-pulmonara -pneumonii interstitiale virale -o forma speciala este pneumonia interstitiala cu pneumo-tistiscarinii- protozoar apare la prematuri 5 infectii digestive: -stomatite: albicans -infectii intestinale manifestate prin diaree si varsaturi 6 septicemia septicemia nou-nascutului nou-nascutului:: poate fi produsa produsa de bacilul bacilul coli, stafilococ, stafilococ, streptococ, streptococ, piocianic -se caracte caracterize rizeaza aza printr-u printr-un n tablou tablou clinic clinic de mare gravitate gravitate cu stare stare toxicotoxicoseptica-tegumente pamantii, icterice, cu petesii, hepatosplenomegalie, tulburari hidroelectrolitice grave, tratament complex cu antibiotice cu spectru larg sau asocieri de antibiotice 7 sindrom sindrom toxicoseptic toxicoseptic al nou-nascutu nou-nascutului lui sau diareea diareea epidemica: epidemica: determinat determinat de unele tulpini patogene al bacilului coli, clinic apar sub forme de epidemii in maternitati -tratament-rehidratare parenterala, atb enteral si parenteral D icterele nou-nascutului: 1 icter fiziologic 2 icterele din anemiile hemolitice: -incompatibilitatile de grup si Rh -anemii hemolitice congenitale:microsferocitoza -anemii hemolitice prin deficite enzimatice eritrocitare 3 ictere hepato-celulare: -hepatita virala
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-etiologie: 1 factori determinanti: este carenta de vitamina D; vit. D se gaseste ca provitamina D in piele si se transforma sub actiunea razelor solare in vitamina D; alte surse de vitamina D in alimente:lapte, cereale, fructe, zahar -necesarul de vit.D este de 400ui/zi 2 factori favorizanti: -varsta de la 3 luni-2 ani -cresterea rapida -pigmentare deschisa a pielii -tulburari de absorbtie intestinala -boala hepatica cronica -boala renala cronica -dieta neadecvanta -lipsa de acces la razele solare -clima temperata si umeda -anotimpul de iarna+poluarea mediului -semne clinice: -debutul:la 3-6 luni cu paloare, hipotonie musculara, splenomegalie -perioada de stare: se caracterizeaza prin modificari la nivelul oaselor -la nivelul craniului:-craniu tabes -frunte olimpiana -intarziere in inchiderea fontanelei -la torace: -matanii costale -torace deformat, turtit lateral -apare santul submamar HARRISON -la coloana vertebrala- cifoza dorso-lombara -la bazin- bazin strambt -la oasele lungi apar- genu-varum
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1 admi admini nist stra rare re de vita vitami mina na D2 sau sau D3 1000 100000 00 ui i.m, i.m, la 2-3 2-3 zile zile inte integr gral al 3 administrari, dupa 15-30 zile se administreaza o doza de 200000 ui, dupa alte 30 de zile se trece la profilaxie 2 administrare perorala de 2000-5000 ui timp de 6-8 saptamini 3 administrare de vit D i.m 600000 ui, dupa 30 zile se trece la profilaxie
Tetania
-este o stare de hiperexcitabilitate patologica a SNC si periferic din cauza lipsei de Ca ionic din lichidul extracelular -exista 2 forme: I tetania manifesta: care are 3 forme: 1 convulsii tonico-clonice generalizate 2 spasmul carpopedal sau mana de mamos 3 laringospasmul II tetania latenta: (spasmofilie) se pune in evidenta prin urmatoarele manevre: 1 manevra Trousseau 2 semnul Chwostek 3 semnul Lust -tratament: -tratament: criza de tetanie manifesta este o urgenta majora dandu-se Ca gluconic gluconic i.v + Fenobarbital sau Diazepam -la copii rahitici se administreaza vit. D
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-complicatii: otita acuta, amigdalita acuta, sinuzita, laringita bronsita, pneumonie -tratament: 1 igieno-dietetic: repaus pe toata perioada febrila intr-o camera aerisita cu temperatura de 19-20 ºC si umidificarea aerului cu umidificatoare sau cu prosoape umede de flotir asezate in jurul patului 2 etiologic: nu exista 3 simptomatic: -antit -antitermi ermice: ce: la sugari sugari Paracetamol supo supozi zito toar aree sau sau solu soluti tie, e, la copi copiii mai mai mari mari Paracetamol tablete -dezobstruarea nazala: picaturi cu ser fiziologic, solutie Efedrina , Bixtonim Amigdalita acuta: -inflamatia acuta a amigdalelor -etio -etiolo logi gie: e: strep strepto toco cocc β hemo hemoli liti ticc gr. gr. A, staf stafil iloc ococ oc,, pneu pneumo moco coc, c, coli, coli, prot proteu eus, s, piocianic -clinic: debuteaza cu febra, disfagie, varsaturi -examenul obiectiv se face cu spatula, se observa amigdalele hiperemice, hipertrofice, eventual cu depozite purulente -dg. -dg. poziti pozitiv: v: se pune pune pe baza baza anamne anamnezei, zei, a examen examenulu uluii clinic clinic si a examen examenulu uluii de laborator: reactantii de faza acuta pozitiva: VSH crescut, leucocitoza, PCR -in caz de etiologie streptococica ASLO crescut -exudatul faringian pune in evidenta etiologia amigdalitei -evolutia: este favorabila sub tratament -complicatii: -imediate: -adenita cervicala -abces periamigdalian -otita medie acuta -celulita
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-debut: brusc manifestat prin ascensiune febrila 38-39ºC, febra neregulata cu varf maxim matinal; uneori poate dura doar cateva ore alteori la un copil cu teren deficitar febra poate dura mai mult -simtomatologie clinica: sugarul este agitat, inapetent, poate avea apetitul pastrat, dar din cauza obstructiei nazale care insoteste intotdeauna febra, este obligatoriu sa-si intrerupa suptul ca sa poata respira, respiratie zgomotoasa mai ales in timpul somnului -rinoree purulenta-dupa febra si obstructie nazala, cand este anterioara exteriozand prin secretiile nazale este usor de diagnosticat, dar cand este posterioara secretia se scurge prin faringe pe peretele sau posterior -la examenul acestei regiuni se poate vedea o secretie albicioasa -la semn semnel elee clin clinic icee desc descri rise se se pot pot adau adauga ga de mult multee ori ori cele cele ale comp compli lica catii tiilo lor r regionale:otitele medii(care pot fi congestive, exudative sau supurate) -alte complicatii: a) rinobronsitele manifestate prin tuse productive, care antreneaza varsatura din tuse b) laringitele usor de recunoscut dupa tusea latratoare si sau disfonia carele insoteste c) adenitele cervicale( inflamatii ale ggl locoregionali) d) adenoflegmoanele cervicale e) abcesul retrofaringian -simpla sau complicata adenoidita acuta se poate insoti de tulburari digestive, in mod
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-la acesti copii toracele este insuficient dezvoltat, prezinta rahitism in primii 3 ani sau sechele sechele de rahiti rahitism sm ulteri ulterior, or, cu deform deformari ari specif specifice ice care care conduc conduc si mai mult mult la dificultati in buna desfasurare a unei respiratii normale -datorita acutizarilor frecvente anorexiei care insoteste copii prezinta intarziere in dezvoltarea pondero-staturala -trat -tratame ament nt:: in peri perioa oada da de acalm acalmie ie cel cel mai mai indi indica catt este este aden adenot otom omia ia(s (sco coate aterea rea vegetatiilor adenoide) care reprezinta un focar permanent de infectie -indicatiile adenoamigdalectomiei sunt: 1 infectii amigdaliene recurente mai mult cu 6 pusee pe an 2 amigdalita cronica 3 amigdale hipertrofice care produc tulburari ale respiratiei 4 adenita cervicala recurenta 5 otita medie recurenta 6 sinuzita sau rinofaringita cronica -contraindicatii: 1 de natura hematologica, anemii, discrazii sangvine decompensate 2 de natura locala 3 de natura infectioasa 4 varsta si anotimpul:se va efectua peste varsta de 2 ani, primavara si toamna
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-mobilizarea corpului strain poate agrava simptomatologie iar fixarea la bifurcatia traheei poate determina moartea prin asfixie -tratament: de maxima urgenta efectuarea de laringoscopie, scoaterea corpului strain
Bolile aparatului cardiovascular Malforma Malformatii tii congenit congenitale ale ale inimii: inimii: boli structurale si sau functionale ale inimii prezente la nastere -incidenta: este de 4-10‰ -etiologia: este multifactoriala:-aberatii cromozomiale
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Defect septal ventricular : se mai numeste boala Roger, se manifesta dupa o anumita perioada asimptomatica aparand ulterior dispnee cu tahipnee, tiraj, tuse si semnul clinic cardinal este suflu sistolic intens, rugos, perceput pe toata aria precordiala, in timp apar deformari ale toracelui si semne de insuficienta cardiaca -tratament: a) medical cu digtalice, diurteice b) chirurgicale Persiste Persistenta nta canalului canalului arterial: arterial: reprezi reprezinta nta 10% 10% din bolile bolile congen congenita itale le de cord, cord, obisnuit canalul arterial se inchide spontan pana la varsta de 2 luni -clinic: 2 forme: a) canal larg=debit mare=infectii pulmonare repetate b) canal stambt=debit mic=suflu sistolic+diastolic in spatiul II intercostal syg -tratament: a) medical cu Indometacin b) chirurgical la varsta de 1-2 ani Tetralogia Fallot: cea mai frecventa malformatie cianogena a inimii fiind o asociere de 4 anomalii:
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Coarctatia aortei : 2 forme: a) preductala: a copilului mic b) postductala: a copilului mare -clin -clinic: ic: form formaa copi copilu lulu luii mare mare bine bine tole tolerat rata, a, exis exista ta un cont contras rastt intr intree dezv dezvol olta tarea rea jumatatii superioare si cea inferioara -diagnosticul: se intareste prin diferenta din TA la membrelor superioare si inferioare HTA: din jumatat jumatatea ea super superioa ioara ra a corpul corpului ui poate poate antren antrenaa cefalee cefalee,, vertij vertij,, epitax epitaxis, is, hipoperfuzia membrelor inferioare, poate da claudicatie intermitenta -tratament:chirurgical indicat in toate cazurile cu reducrerea lumenului sub 50%
Bolile dobandite ale cordului Pericardite: inflamatia membranei ce acopera cordul pericardul visceral si parietal putand fi acute sau cronice in evolutie ducand la acumularea de lichid in cavitatea peritoneala sau chiar tamponada cardiaca
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-complicatii: aritmii, insuficienta cardiaca -tratament: 1 igieno-dietetic: repaus la pat 10-14 zile cu limitarea ulterioara a efortului fizic cefalosporine de generatia a-3-a 2 etiologic: cu atb cu spectru larg, cefalosporine 3 antii ant iinf nfla lama matoa toare re : Aspirina, Prednison 4 complicatiilor: -aritmii cu β blocante -insuficienta cardiaca cu cardiotonice Endocardite: Endocardita infectioasa: ca o afectare directa a endocardului soldata cu producerea
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-cauze -cauze iatrog iatrogene ene:in :inter terven ventii tii chirur chirurgic gicale ale pe inima, inima, suprai suprainca ncarcar rcaree cu lichid lichide, e, β blocante -cauze extracardiace:tireotoxicoza, boli pulmonare acute si cronice, anemii severe -clinic:3 forme: 1 I.C stg 2 I.C dr 3 I.C globala I.C I.C stg stg: se mani manifes festa ta clin clinic ic prin prin semn semnee de cong conges estie tie pulm pulmon onar ara, a, tusa tusa croni cronica ca,, tahipnee, dispnee de efort sau nocturna, raluri pulmonare de congestie I.C I.C dr.: dr.: se mani manife fest staa prin prin semn semnee de cong conges esti tiee sist sistem emic ica, a, edem edemee decl decliv ive, e, hepatomegalie, reflux hepato-jugular, turgestenta jugularelor, ascita, hidrotorax
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-ionograma -glicemie -calcemie -uree, creatinina -teste fct hepatice -la nevoie LCR -coagulograma -EKG -radiografie cardiotoracica
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5-10% SDA gr.II peste 10% SDA gr III-toxicoza de exicatie -etiologie:germenii care cauzeaza BDA sunt variati A factori determinanti: 1 infectia cu Escherichia coli, bacili dizenterici, salmonele, enterovirusuri, Giardia lamblia 2 greseli alimentare: a) cantitative b) calitative B factori favorizanti:
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-in perioada de stare :-stare generala grava -tegumente palide cu pliu cutanat persistent -fata suferinda -ochi incercanti cazuti in orbite -fontanela deprimata -nas ascutit -abdomen escavat -respiratie frecventa, acidotica -somnolenta -obnubilare
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-turgor scazut
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-biochimic -biochimic apare:hipoa apare:hipoalbumi lbuminurie, nurie, hipoglicemie hipoglicemie hipocolest hipocolesterolemi erolemie, e, sunt scazute scazute
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-alimentatie necorespunzatoare
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-hematologic: caracterizate prin scaderea factorului VIII de coagulare de la 2-3% pana
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