„ALEXANDRU IOAN CUZA” IAŞI
FACULTATEA DE PSIHOLOGIE ŞI ŞTIINŢE ALE EDUCAŢIEI
MANAGEMENTUL CLASEI DE ELEVI IN CONDIŢIILE INVAŢĂMÂNTULUI SIMULTAN Lucrare metodico-ştiinţifică pentru obţinerea gradului didactic I în învăţământ
Coordonator ştiinţific: Conf. univ. dr. dr. Alois Gherguţ Gherguţ
Candidat: Învăţătoare Gr. Did II Ilie Elena Luşa Şcoala cu clasele I – IV Coşeşti - Ivăneşti
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Iaşi 2010
“Sarcina conducătorului este aceea de fi din ce în ce mai eficient” (P.F. Druker)
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CUPRINS Argument……………………………………………………………………………….......................4 I. MANAGEMENT EDUCATIONAL. DEFINITIE. ASPECTE TEORETICE I. 1. Managementul educaţional ...........................................................................................................5 I. 2. Funcţiile managementului educaţional în relaţii cu psiho-socialul ..............................................6 II. MANAGEMENTUL CLASEI DE ELEVI. ASPECTE TEORETICE II. 1. Definiţia managementului clasei de elevi …………………………………….….......................6 II. 2. Managementul clasei – o alternativă sau un component necesar...............................................12 II. 3. Managementul clasei în învăţământul primar.............................................................................13 III. ASPECTE STRUCTURAL FUNCŢIONALE ALE MANAGEMENTULUI CLASEI DE ELEVI III. 1. Aspectul ergonomic...................................................................................................................19 III. 2. Aspectul psihologic...................................................................................................................20 III. 3. Aspectul social – normativ........................................................................................................25 III. 4. Aspectul operaţional .................................................................................................................29 III. 5. Aspectul inovator......................................................................................................................30 IV. ÎNVATAMANTUL SIMULTAN – PERSPECTIVE TEORETICE – AVANTAJE ŞI DEZAVANTAJE IV. 1. Eficientizarea lecţiilor lecţiilor în condiţiile condiţiile predării simultane.................................................... simultane............................................................31 ........31 IV. 2. Autoevaluarea în condiţiile predării simultane.........................................................................34 IV. 3. Efecte cognitive la clasele cu predare simultană ………..........................................................37
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V. 3. Managementul problemelor relaţiilor interpersonale învăţător – elev ………………………..54 VI. ASPECTE PRACTICE PRIVIND MANAGEMENTUL ÎNVĂŢĂMÂNTULUI ÎSIMULTAN – DEMERS INVESTIGATIV VI. 1. Demersul didactic optim în condiţii c ondiţii simultane ………………………………………………58 ………………………………………………58 VI. 2. Metode de cunoaştere psihopedagogică a elevilor....................................................................64 VI. 3. Exerciţii de socializare a elevilor din clasa simultană..............................................................68 VII. ALTERNAREA MUNCII DIRECTE CU ACTIVITATEA INDEPENDENTĂ ÎN CADRUL LECŢIEI UNITARE ...........................................................................................................................73 Anexe……………………………………………………… Anexe…………………………… ……………………………………………..….………… …………………..….……………........80 …........80 Concluzii ş recomandări………………………………… recomandări………………………………………………………….…… ……………………….…….....................98 .....................98 Bibliografie………………………………………………………………………… .....................100
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ARGUMENT
Aceast Aceastăă temă temă permite permite elevil elevilor or sa dobânde dobândeasc ascăă inform informaţi aţiii de bază care care fac referi referire re la paradigmele managementului şcolar, la teoria şi practica managementului şcolar, la o serie de structuri, metodologii ale instituţiilor care promovează incluziunea, managementului clasei inclusive .
Pe ansa ansamb mblu lu,, tema tema va permi permite te elev elevil ilor or şi col coleg egil ilor or mei, mei, îns însuş uşir irea ea unor unor term termen enii speci specifi fici ci,,
cuvinte cheie, vor percepe şi vor înţelege o serie de parametri de eficienţă ai activităţii manageriale, nivelu nivelull interac interacţi ţional onal al managem management entulu uluii clasei clasei inclus inclusive ive,, manage managemen mentul tul clasei clasei – învăţa învăţare re prin prin cooperare . Nu în ultimul rand, se vor preciza strategii de modificare comportamentală, vor înţelege consecinţele unui management defectuos al clasei şi de aici, necesitatea activităţilor de prevenţie a comportamentelor indezirabile . Nivelul interpersonal, cel interacţional vor constitui aspectele – cheie ce fac referire la rolul de manager al cadrului didactic . Eficienţa Eficienţa mea la clasă, clasă, a colegilor colegilor mei, a elevilor elevilor noştrii va lua o nouă turnură, se va ajunge la un control intern al comportamentelor, la o reală sintalitate a colectivului .
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I. MANAGEMENTUL EDUCAŢIONAL . DEFINIŢIE . ASPECTE TEORETICE I.1. Managementul educaţional Teoria şi practica managementului general aplicate sistemului şi procesului de învăţământ, organizaţiilor şcolare şi claselor de elevi. Conceptul de management educaţional se aplică deci, conform definiţiei de mai sus, la trei nivele de analiză, caz în care este utilizată următoarea terminologie: •
Managementul sistemului de învăţământ şi al procesului de învăţământ – aplicat pe ţări şi niveluri: european, naţional şi local, la care concură actorii sociali şi managerii implicaţi;
•
Managementul organizaţiilor şcolare - presupune analiza structurilor instituţionale şi coordonarea acestora de către managerii din învăţământ de la ministru la director de şcoală (structurile analizate se referă la şcoli în primul rând, dar şi la structuri asociative şcolare sau conexe şcolilor-organizaţii sindicale, asociaţii profesionale ale profesorilor, asoc asocia iaţi ţiii ale ale elev elevil ilor, or, părin părinţi ţilo lorr aces acesto tora ra,, relaţ relaţii ii cu comu comuni nită tăţi ţi educa educaţi ţiona onale le); ); de asemenea, asemenea, acest nivel nivel de analiză analiză se referă referă la structuril structurilee ierarhice ierarhice existente existente (resursele (resursele umane sau de personal şi relaţiile dintre aceste ierarhii);
presupune analiza modurilor de organizare a lecţiilor Managementul claselor de elevi – presupune şi a claselor de către managerii operaţionali din învăţământ care sunt profesorii (I. Boboc, 2002, p.16) Termenul de management provine din limba latină : manus = mână, ceea ce ar presupune o •
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Cuvântul Cuvântul “management “management”” se suprapune suprapune ca sferă explicat explicativă ivă dar şi ca definiţie definiţie cu următorii următorii termen termeni: i: suprave supraveghe ghere, re, conduce conducere, re, executo executor, r, organiz organizato ator, r, admini administr strato ator, r, direct director, or, control controlor, or, guvernator. În limba română acest cuvânt este folosit cu sensul de conducere, iar în limbajul curent are sensurile de coordonare, decizie şi control. Există tendinţa apropierii până la confuzie a managementului educaţional cu pedagogia şi a managementului clasei de elevi cu didactica (teoria instruirii). Astfel, R. Iucu (2000) consideră că “managementul clasei de elevi este în directă dependenţă cu teoria instruirii, în măsura în care actul educativ se manifestă ca act de conducere”. Alături şi concomitent cu teoria şi practica managementului clasei de elevi există un
management şcolar, care “se raportează la conducerea activităţii şcolare din punct de vedere instituţional, faţă de managementul educaţional, care se referă la conducerea actului educaţional în ansamblul manifestărilor sale” (R. Niculescu, 1994).
I.2. Funcţiile managementului educaţional în relaţie cu psiho-socialul 1. Planificarea - planuri strategice, operaţionale, strategii toate în domeniul eduacţiei 2. Organizarea structurilor de solidaritate şi de responsabilitate; 3. Comanda - comunicarea unui ordin din partea şefilor şi respectarea lui de către personalul didactic, nedidactic sau a aceluia de instruire practică; 4. Coordonarea şi motivarea personalului - prin activităţi menite să creeze un sistem de relaţii între sarcinile membrilor unei şcoli şi scopul comun al şcolii. Se realizează prin instruire, motivare şi conducere unitară a mai multor şcoli sau sub unităţi ale aceleaşi organizaţii şcolare;
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conducerea conducerea formală formală a unei organizaţii organizaţii (instituţi (instituţii)sau i)sau a unei/unor unei/unor părţi din aceasta prin coordonarea coordonarea activităţilor indivizilor şi grupurilor umane pentru îndeplinirea obiectivelor organizaţiei sau ale subcomponentei respective “(Iosifescu, Ş., 1996, p. 19) Managementul Managementul este un proces care conduce conduce la atingerea atingerea obiectivelor, obiectivelor, dar cade pe ceea ce face managerul şi pe ceea ce rezultă din activitatea lui . La baza actiivtăţii manageriale trebuie să stea un set clar de valori . “Totodată, managerul trebuie să conducă organizaţia într-un mod acceptabil din punct de vedere social. În acest context dimensiunea morală a managementului devine esenţială “(“Mic dicţionar de management educaţional“, autori Dragomir Mariana şi colab., Editura Hiperbola, Centrul Regional Cluj, 2001). Managem Management entul ul educaţi educaţional onal reprezi reprezintă ntă un siste sistem m de concept concepte, e, metode, metode, instru instrumen mente te de orie orient ntare are şi condu conduce cere, re, coordo coordona nare, re, util utiliz izat at în real realiz izar area ea obiec obiecti tive velo lorr educa educaţi ţiei ei,, la nivel nivelul ul performanţei aşteptate. La nive nivelu lull supe superi rior, or, manag manager erul ul şcol şcolar ar este este un cadru cadru dida didact ctic ic care care aplic aplicăă un progr program am managerial, conduce personalul didactic, preşcolarii şi şcolarii din unitatea şcolară, dar şi personalul administrativ, cu scopul creşterii eficienţei procesului intructiv-educativ, la toate nivelurile, pentru toţi copiii sau adolescenţii. La nivel inferior, predomină activităţile de predare – învăţare – evaluare, de culegere de informaţii de la toţi şi pentru toţi elevii, despre potenţele lor intelectuale (indiferent de etnie, potenţial socio-economic sau intelectual, ori cu dizabilităţi fizice) despre stilul lor de învăţare, despre relaţiile lor între elevi, se găsesc căi de prevenţie a comportamentelor nedorite, de intervenţie şi de luare de decizii. Arhitectul clasei este managerul clasei, sursă şi resursă pentru toţi elevii săi, persoana care colabor colaborează ează în activi activitat tatea ea sa toate toate resurs resursele ele materi materiale ale şi umane, umane, resurse resursele le logist logistice ice de ordin ordin
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umană fundamentală. Dar nu există activitate umană, individuală şi mai ales desfăşurată în timp, care să nu presupună actul conducerii, al managementului. Dezvoltarea economică şi socială nu se poate realiza independent de actul managerului, având având în vedere vedere că învăţă învăţămân mântul tul este este unul din instru instrumen mentel telee prin prin care societ societate ateaa stimul stimulează ează,, dirij dirijează ează şi control controlează ează proces procesele ele dezvolt dezvoltări ării.i. Pentru Pentru educat educator, or, cunoaşt cunoaştere ereaa şi stăpân stăpânire ireaa artei artei manageriale este esenţială, deoarece cunoaşterea managementului ca pe un proces complex nu înseamnă „dirijism”, iar managerii nu asigură imediat succesul unei acţiuni. Activi Activitat tatea ea de manage managemen mentt (conduc (conducere) ere) este definită definită în literat literatura ura de specia specialit litate ate ca un ansamblu de acţiuni de planificare, planificare, organizare, îndrumare, control, decizie cu privire la un sistem (organi (organizaţ zaţie, ie, insti instituţ tuţie, ie, grup de oameni oameni,, proces, proces, tehnol tehnologi ogie) e) acţiun acţiunii suscep susceptib tibile ile de a asigura asigura atinger atingerea ea scopul scopului ui fixat, fixat, în condiţ condiţiil iilee respec respectăr tării ii legit legităţi ăţilor lor obiect obiective ive general generalee şi specia speciale, le, ale satisface satisfacerii rii nevoilor sociale concrete si ale promovării dezvoltării dezvoltării sociale. Din punct de vedere ale educaţiei, managementul este un sistem de concepte, metode, instrumente de orientare şi conducere, coordonare, utilizat în realizarea obiectivelor educaţiei, la nivelul performanţelor aşteptate. Managementul, în maniera lui actuală de abordare îşi găseşte o aplicare specifică şi în domeniul conducerii educaţiei, ca acţiune complexă de dirijare, proiectare şi evaluare a formării, dezvol dezvoltări tăriii persona personali lităţ tăţii ii fiecăr fiecărui ui indivi individ, d, confor conform m unor scopuri scopuri formul formulate ate.Ma .Manag nagemen ementul tul este este reprezentat de persoana care exercită funcţiile managementului în virtutea obiectivelor, sarcinilor, competenţelo competenţelorr şi responsabil responsabilităţi ităţilor lor specifice specifice funcţiei funcţiei pe care o ocupă. Managerul Managerul are un statut social bine definit, ce prevede o serie de drepturi şi obligaţii, prin care managerii se deosebesc de celelalte categorii de profesionişti. Managerul şcolar este un cadru didactic care pune în funcţiune programul programul managerial, managerial, conduce personalul didactic, didactic, preşcolarii şi şcolarii cooptaţi cooptaţi în sistemul sistemul de învăţământ, învăţământ, precum şi personalul personalul administra administrativ, tiv, în scopul creşterii eficienţei eficienţei procesului procesului instructiv instructiv
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Cadrul didactic este cel care reuneşte toate resursele materiale şi umane, resurse logistice de ordin pedagogic şi psihologic şi le configurează într - o manieră proprie la nivelul clasei pe care o conduce Un bun manager al clasei trebuie să fie capabil să realizeze schimbări profunde in cultură, climatul şi instrucţia tuturor copiilor, indiferent de naţionalitate, în direcţia fundamentării tuturor demersurilo demersurilorr didactice pe principii democratice democratice,, să introducă introducă noi strategii instrucţi instrucţionale onale care să încur încuraj ajeze eze cola colabo borar rarea ea,, tole tolera ranţ nţa, a, spor sporir irea ea încr încred ederi eriii în forţ forţel elee propri propriii şi îmbun îmbunăt ătăţ ăţir irea ea performanţelor şcolare ale elevilor, să realizeze şi să utilizeze în procesul didactic proiecte ale clasei. În opinia specialiştilor în domeniul educaţiei, managementul şcolii şi al clasei au ca scop încurajarea controlului comportamental la elevi, prin promovarea rezultatelor şi comportamentelor şcolare pozitive. De aceea rezultatele şcolare, eficienţa didactică a învăţătorului şi comportamentul elevilor şi a învăţătorului interacţionează direct cu managementul clasei şi al şcolii. Managem Management entul ul clasei clasei cuprind cuprindee trei trei compon component entee esenţi esenţiale ale:: manage management mentul ul conţinu conţinutul tului, ui, managementul problemelor disciplinare şi managementul relaţiilor interpersonale. Cercetările demonstrează că incidenţa ridicată a problemelor disciplinare în clasă are un impact semnificativ asupra eficienţei predării şi învăţării. învăţării. Astfel, s-a demonstrat că profesorii care se confruntă cu asemenea probleme nu pot planifica activităţi educaţionale adecvate. De asemenea , aceştia tind sa neglijeze varietatea metodelor de organizare a conţinutului, solicită foarte rar elevii în discutarea şi evaluarea materialelor învăţate. In plus, comprehensiunea temelor studiate nu este monitorizată cu consecvenţă. S-a demonstrat că deprinderile consecvente consecvente de management management şi de organizare reduc numărul problemelor disciplinare. Având în vedere aceste date, se poate afirma că managementul conţinuturilor nu se referă la
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Cercetătorii au demonstrat importanţa recompensării comportamentelor pozitive ale elevilor. Atunci când optează pentru un stil de management al clasei, cadrele didactice ar trebui să folosească un stil asertiv de comunicare şi de comportament. În plus ar trebui să conştientizeze în ce măsură îşi doresc să îi integreze pe copii într –o anumită activitate de învăţare, în deplină concordanţă cu regulamentele impuse clasei şi şcolii. În opinia lui Iverson şi Froyen (1999) , managementul problemelor disciplinare este este esenţial pentru crearea unui demers de predare – învăţare ordonat , orientat spre rezolvarea sarcinilor, care să asigure elevilor mai multă independenţă şi autonomie în procesul de socializare. Managementul eficient eficient al problemelor problemelor disciplinare disciplinare se referă şi la controlul controlul învăţătorului învăţătorului asupra consecinţe consecinţelor lor demers demersulu uluii didact didactic. ic. Compone Componente ntele le unui unui plan plan de manager manager al problem problemelo elorr discip discipli linare nare sunt: sunt: recomp recompens ensarea area compor comportam tament entulu uluii respon responsab sabil, il, corect corectarea area
compor comportam tament entulu uluii irespo iresponsa nsabil bil şi
inadecvat, inadecvat, ignorarea, controlul consecvent, mustrări verbale uşoare, aşezarea aşezarea preferenţia preferenţială lă în bănci etc. Managementul relaţiilor interpersonale se focalizează asupra clasei ca microsistem social. Rolurile şi expectaţiile cadrului didactic şi elevilor construiesc un mediu de învăţare. Cu alte cuvinte, cultura şcolară a unei instituţii educaţionale este unică. Cu toate acestea, ea este influienţată de cultura comunităţii în cadrul căreia funcţionează, al cărei obiective educaţionale trebuie respectate. Trebuie să existe o legătură strânsă între şcoală şi comunitate, care să fie revizuită şi modif modifica icată tă consta constant nt în conform conformita itate te cu dinami dinamica ca social socială. ă. Datori Datorită tă divers diversifi ificări căriii instit instituţi uţiilo ilor r educaţionale educaţionale,, elevii elevii şi cadrele didactice ar trebui să fie conştienţi conştienţi de folosirea folosirea diversităţii diversităţii umane în vederea vederea consolidă consolidării rii grupului grupului şcolar şcolar.. Şcolile Şcolile de calita calitate te sunt sunt defini definite te prin prin
eficie eficienţa nţa cadrel cadrelor or
didactice didactice şi rezultatele rezultatele elevilor elevilor contextul contextul existenţei existenţei unor relaţii interpersonale interpersonale puternice. puternice. În acest sens relaţiile relaţiile învăţător – elev sunt sunt esenţiale pentru asigurarea unui climat climat şcolar pozitiv. pozitiv. Problemele de disciplină disciplină şcolară şcolară pot fi rezolvate fie individual individual (întâlniri (întâlniri învăţător învăţător – elev), fie în grup. Dacă
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reproducă aceste cunoştinţe; modelul de transmitere prin reproducere este axat mai ales pe îndrumarea elevului de a ajunge la cunoştinţe ;modelul transformării ce porneşte de la principiul că elevul doreşte să înveţe şi se află în căutarea cunoştinţelor. cunoştinţelor. Deciziile luate de către către învăţător în ceeea ce priveşte strategiile de învăţare au o anumită constantă bine determinată şi se încadrează în stilul de predare al profesorului, dar pot fi schimbate în funcţie de situaţiile concrete care apar. Analizând Analizând managementul managementul activităţ activităţilor ilor didactice didactice în plan curricular, curricular, se pot deosebi cinci cinci strategii bine delimitate: explicativ – reproductivă, explicativ – intuitivă, algoritmico – euristică,
euristico – algoritmică şi a metodelor participative. Decizi Deciziile ile cadrelo cadrelorr didact didactice ice în alegere alegereaa strate strategie gieii optime optime rezultă rezultă din compar compararea area obiectivelor din taxonomiile cognitive, afective şi psihomotrice, cu tipurile de inteligenţă sau cu diverse metode şi tehnici. În asemenea asemenea situaţii, măiestria învăţătorului învăţătorului trebuie susţinută de diagnoza psihologică, fiind necesară în acelaşi timp timp şi o colaborare directă, permanentă între învăţător şi elev. Principiile managementului clasei (după G. Lemeni şi D. Petrovai, 2002): - îmbu îmbunăt nătăţ ăţir irea ea con condi diţi ţiil ilor or învă învăţă ţări rii; i; -
impl implica icare reaa ele elevi vilo lorr în în act activ ivit ităţ ăţii ;
-
creşter creşterea ea timpul timpului ui petrec petrecut ut în / prin prin partici participare pareaa activă activă la sarcin sarcinaa de învăţar învăţare; e;
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Un bun manager realizează schimbări profunde în cultura microorganizaţiei (climatul, instrucţia, indiferent de etnie ori copiii cu C.E.S.) încurajeaz jeazăă elevii elevii pentru pentru tolera toleranţă, nţă, coopera cooperare, re, implic implicare are activă activă,, Un bun bun mana manager ger îşi încura încredere în forţele proprii ; Managem Management entul ul este este reprezen reprezentat tat de persoan persoanee care care exerci exercită tă funcţi funcţiile ile manage management mentulu uluii în virtutea obiectivelor , sarcinilor, competenţelor şi responsabilităţilor specifice funcţiei pe care o ocupă.
II. 2. “Managementul clasei “ – o alternativă sau un complement necesar Şcoala are două dimensiuni : formativă şi informativă 1. Didactica Didactica tradiţională tradiţională îl aşeza aşeza pe învăţător învăţător în centrul universului universului educati educativ, v, stabilind stabilind o relaţie de autoritate autoritate şi de dependenţă a elevilor de cadrul didactic didactic şi transformând transformând comunicarea comunicarea pedagogică într-un “dialog unilateral” (G Leroy). Leroy). (R. Iucu 2006 p.12 ) La sfârşitu sfârşitull sec. sec. XIX - lea şi început începutul ul sec. al XX - lea s-a făcut făcut simţită simţită mişcarea mişcarea “noii “noii pedagogii” care susţinea susţinea libera dezvoltare a individualităţii individualităţii copilului, a dispoziţiilor dispoziţiilor şi înclinaţiilor înclinaţiilor sale şi nonintervenţ nonintervenţia ia educatorilor educatorilor pentru a lăsa câmp liber zestrei zestrei sale ereditare. ereditare. Instruirea Instruirea era
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2. Activitate Activitateaa unui cadru didacti didactic, c, “ calităţile calităţile sale sale şi erorile erorile pedagogice pedagogice pe care le le comite nu pot pot fi analizate şi apreciate decât ca elemente ale unui ansamblu în care intervin factori foarte diferiţi: diferiţi: clasa cu care lucrează, condiţiile condiţiile sociale sociale şi mai ales interacţiun interacţiunii psihologice psihologice cu colectivul clasei ori cu cel de părinţi , precum şi relaţiile cu colegii săi, cu direcţiunea şi administraţia. (H. Halpert, apud Iucu, 2006, p. 14) 3. Învăţătorii Învăţătorii prin poziţia poziţia socio socio - profesională profesională pe care o ocupă îndepli îndeplinesc nesc mai mai multe multe funcţii funcţii de: planificare, organizare, comunicare, conducere, coordonare, îndrumare, motivare, consiliere, control, evaluator. Toate par să fie de esenţă managerială. Procesul instructiv - educativ desfăşurat desfăşurat de cadrul didactic didactic în clasă implică o puternică puternică componentă managerială, managerială, atât sub raportu raportull funcţi funcţiilo ilorr manager managerial ialee fundam fundament entale ale,, cât şi din perspect perspectiva iva manage managemen mentul tului ui organizaţional implicat de structura clasei de elevi ca organizaţie. Problemele de maximă respons responsabi abilit litate ate care difere diferenţi nţiază ază procese procesele le manage managerial rialee din învăţă învăţămân mântt faţă faţă de procese procese izomorfe din alte sectoare sunt că în procesul de învăţămât conducerea se realizează nemijlocit asupra personalităţii în formare a copiilor ( R. Iucu, 2006, p.16). Formula nouă şi modernă a managementului clasei vine în întâmpinarea unei nevoi obiective de perfecţionare şi eficienţă la nivelul întregului sistem şcolar.
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Managerul este unul din factorii cheie ai introducerii oricăror schimbări educaţionale. Fără manageri competenţi, pregătiţi, capabili să decidă rapid şi eficient în cele mai variate condiţii, reforma educaţională nu va da rezultatele scontate. Managerul este reprezentat de persoana care exercită funcţiile managementului în virtutea obiectivelor, sarcinilor, competenţelor şi responsabilităţilor specifice funcţiei pe care o ocupă. În contextul activităţii manageriale, definită ca arta de a face ca lucrurile să se realizeze în organizaţii prin intermediul celorlalţi, managerul este cel care procură, alocă şi utilizează resurse financiare, fizice şi umane pentru a atinge scopurile. În managementul educaţional contemporan, termenul de ,,management al clasei’’ este folosit cu două accepţiuni principale: -
în sens sens larg larg,, înse înseam amnă nă real realiz izar area ea de cătr cătree educ educat ator or a tutu tuturo rorr func funcţi ţiil ilor or mana manage geri rial alee recunoscute – atât dimensiunea ,,sarcină’’ cât şi dimensiunea ,,umană’’;
-
în sens restrâ restrâns, ns, se referă referă la realizare realizareaa funcţiei funcţiei manage managerial rialee de conduce conducere re operaţio operaţională nală,, adică utilizarea şi coordonarea (la nivel formal şi informal) a resurselor umane, în vederea aplicării planului stabilit şi obţinerii rezultatelor scontate. Unul din dezideratele permanente ale societăţii a fost acela al educaţiei de calitate, astfel
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pe care le înregistrează elevii în asimilarea disciplinei respective. Cercetări experimentale recente au scos în evidenţă faptul că învăţătorul care evaluează elevii cărora tot el le-a predat are tendinţa de a pune note mai mari decât merită şi, de aceea, în locul evaluării tradiţionale (internă), unde învăţătorul care evaluează este acelaşi cu cel care a predat, se recomandă tot mai mult extinderea modalităţilor de evaluare externă, adică evaluarea să se facă nu de către învăţătorul care a predat, ci de un alt învăţător sau de către un expert în evaluare. Monitorizarea calităţii în educaţie se realizează pe baza unor indicatori manageriali cum ar fi: eficienţa didactică (care ar putea fi cuantificată prin rezultatele obţinute la examene de către elevi), economicitate (consumul de timp şi de resurse materiale), eficacitate (ca relaţie între efic eficie ienţ nţăă şi econ econom omic icit itat ate) e) şi, şi, în sfârş sfârşit it,, afectivitatea, defin definit ităă ca rela relaţi ţiaa ,,di ,,dint ntre re efic eficie ienţa nţa preved prevederi erilor lor şi adecvar adecvarea ea lor la nevoile nevoile existe existente nte şi inclus inclusee ale grupuri grupurilor lor de intere interese’ se’’(M ’(M.,., Dragomir, 2003, p. 14). Obiectivele cele mai precise sunt cele fixate la nivelul clasei de către profesori/învăţători cunoscute şi sub numele de obiective operaţionale. Într-adevăr, învăţătorul are posibilitatea de a concepe relativ precis posibilităţile elevilor, de a înţelege cunoştinţele pe care urmează să le predea sau deprinderile pe care pot să şi le formeze elevii. Observaţiile de eficienţă sau de eficacitate sunt
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despre modul în care elevii înţeleg, reţin şi procesează cunoştinţele primite, obţinând astfel un top al cunoşt cunoştinţ inţelo elorr în funcţi funcţiee de accesi accesibil bilita itatea tea lor, lor, pe de altă altă parte, parte, acesta acesta culege culege şi ierarhi ierarhizeaz zeazăă infor nforma maţţiil iile în func funcţi ţiee de valo valoar area ea lor ştii tiinţi nţifică fică sau de nout noutat ate. e. Perm Perman anen ent, t, în faţ faţa profesorului/învăţătorului există o mulţime infinită de combinaţii posibile, iar el este pus în situaţia stresantă de a alege combinaţia pe care o consideră cea mai utilă. Elementele de management al clasei se constituie cu suficientă claritate şi din perspectiva strategiilor şi metodelor didactice. Prin strategii didactice, se înţeleg de obicei ansambluri ,, de forme, metode, mijloace tehnice şi principii de utilizare a lor, cu ajutorul cărora se vehiculează conţinuturi în vederea atingerii obiect obiective ivelor lor’’( ’’(M. M. Ionescu Ionescu,, apud apud M. Dragom Dragomir, ir, 2003, 2003, p.73), p.73), sau direcţ direcţii ii princi principal palee de acţiun acţiune, e,
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cel puţin două funcţii gnoseologice : înlăturarea incertitudinii şi verificarea prin acţiune a unor ipoteze. Deşi, în esenţă, este un concept managerial, decizia antrenează în conţinutul ei procese psihice. Informaţiile pe care se bazează decizia concentrează şi sintetizează observaţiile sistematice sau întâmplătoare, atât ale managerilor, cât şi ale subordonaţilor şi consilierilor săi. Prelucrarea informaţiilor presupune inteligenţă şi ingeniozitate. Marian Marianaa Dragom Dragomir, ir, analizâ analizând nd managem management entul ul activi activităţ tăţil ilor or didact didactice ice în plan plan curricu curricular lar,, deosebeşte cinci strategii bine delimitate :
cea explicativ-intuitivă (care necesită utilizarea unor mijloace de învăţământ sau măcar demonstrarea prin exemple);
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dificultate, pe care le aduce şi le oferă spre rezolvare elevilor în timpul orei. Se pot folosi de asemenea şi metoda muncii în echipă, brainstormingul sau alte metode şi procedee didactice, derivate din tehnicile de stimulare a creativităţii. În cazul fiecărei şcoli, modernizarea propriului management al clasei vine în întâmpinarea unei nevoi obiective de perfecţionare p erfecţionare şi eficienţă a activităţii învăţătorului. Fiecare Fiecare învăţător învăţător are un stil propriu propriu , bazat pe personalitate personalitate şi experienţă. experienţă. Stilurile Stilurile pot varia de la cel foarte autoritar până la cel participativ. Managerul poate decide ce stil să abordeze pentru a avea succes şi pentru a începe modernizarea, schimbarea efectivă a activităţii în clasă. El trebuie să aibă abilităţi de concentrare, să gândească logic şi să fie motivat. Trebuie să
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educativ, armonizarea triadei elev – părinte - educator îl obligă pe manager la o instruire temeinică, la asumarea rolului de conducător. Pe de altă parte, managerul şcolar trebuie să aibă astăzi capacitatea de a înţelege politicile educaţionale la nivel macrosocial, tendinţele de integrare ale învăţământului românesc cu cel european. Managerul este un cetăţean participativ, angrenat în relaţii de coordonare, subordonare sau supraor supraordona donare re cu numeroa numeroase se insti instituţ tuţii ii ţi organiz organizaţi aţii.i. Capaci Capacitat tatea ea de a conduce conduce eficie eficient nt este este influenţată de personalitatea managerului, de structura sa intelectuală, volitivă şi comportamentală. Managerul în general, iar managerul educaţional cu atât mai mult, este un model. Întreaga sa conduită, toate atitudinile sale sunt ,,monitorizate’’ de cei din jur şi, în mare măsură, imitate. Practic, în momentul în care intri într-o instituţie de învăţământ, respectiv într-o clasă de elevi, îţi poţi da
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Din punct de vedere ergonomic, mobilierul şcolar trebuie să corespundă caracteristicilor psiho-somatice ale elevilor şi să fie adecvat spaţiului din clasă, în timp ce din perspectivă didactică, acesta trebuie instalat şi reglat după obiectivele instructiv instructiv - educative educative ale activităţii. activităţii. Banca Banca a fost fost introdusă introdusă în sistem sistemul ul de învăţă învăţămân mântt române românesc sc în jurul jurul anului anului 1830, 1830, iar preocupările faţa de problematica ergonomiei şcolare au fost constante. După D Ullich (1995) mobilierul mobilierul sălii de clasă trebuie trebuie să satisfacă satisfacă următoarele următoarele exigenţe: exigenţe:
simplitate, funcţionalitate, durabilitate, instrucţionalitate, modularitate. Din acest ultim punct de vedere, specialiştii în ergonomie şcolară manifestă o deosebită preocupare pentru realizarea unui mobi mobili lier er care care să ofer oferee auton autonom omie ie func funcţi ţion onal alăă elev elevul ului ui,, dar dar care care să faci facili lite teze ze învă învăţă ţăto torul rului ui organizarea de activităţi educaţionale pe grupuri de elevi. Această preocupare este justificată de
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Din perspecti perspectiva va managerială managerială factorul factorul central central este capacitatea de muncă a elevilor care este definită de Florea Voiculescu ca fiind “potenţialul energetic şi funcţional, fizic şi psihic, de care trebuie să dispună individul uman (elevul) pentru desfăşurarea la nivel optim optim de intensitate, ritm şi eficienţă a unei activităţi (educaţionale) date”.
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Toate aceste resurse se dezvoltă interdependent într-un proces de formare a personalităţii. Formare Formareaa caracte caracterul rului ui este este un proces care începe în copilăr copilăria ia timpurie timpurie prin prin educaţ educaţia ia parentală, socială, şcolară. Caracterul se formează prin metode directe şi metode indirecte
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-prin mecani mecanisme smele le învăţă învăţării rii social socialee bazate bazate pe imi imitaţ taţie, ie, identi identific ficare are,, pe Metode indirecte indirecte-prin exemple, pe modelare, observaţie Imitarea şi identificarea facilitează procesul de socializare a copilului. De asemenea, asemenea, un rol importa important nt în dezvol dezvoltar tarea ea caracte caracterul rului ui şi chiar a persona personalit lităţi ăţiii îl are
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a) după modalitatea senzorială implicată auditiv, vizual şi kinestezic Stilul auditiv = învaţă vorbind şi ascultând, este eficient în discuţiile de grup, învaţă din explicaţiile
profe profesor sorulu ului,i, verbali verbalizeaz zeazăă acţiun acţiunea ea întrepr întreprins insăă pentru pentru a depăşi depăşi dificu dificultă ltăţil ţilee de învăţa învăţare, re, îşi verbalizează entuziasmul, zgomotul este distractor, dar în acelaşi timp reprezintă şi mediul în care se
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nevo nevoii de li lini nişt ştee şi prot protec ecţi ţie, e,
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nevo nevoii de drago dragost ste, e, apar aparte tene nenţ nţă, ă,
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nevoi de stimă,
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nevo nevoii cuno cunoaş aşte teri riii şi înţe înţele leger gerii ii,,
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Planificarea şi proiectarea Proiectarea demersului didactic este acea activitate desfăşurată de învăţător /profesor care constă în anticiparea etapelor şi a acţiunilor concrete de realizare a predării . Proiectarea demersului didactic presupune:
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lect lectura ura per perso sonal naliz izat atăă a progra programe melo lorr şcola şcolare; re;
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plan planif ific icar area ea cal calen enda dari rist stic ică; ă;
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proiect proiectarea area unităţ unităţilo ilorr de învăţa învăţare re sau sau a lecţii lecţiilor lor;;
Temele pentru abilităţi practice se selectează ţinând seama de interesele colectivului de elevi şi sunt în legătură directă cu textele literale studiate: -
„Covorul toamnei”, „Peisaj de toamnă” – realizat realizat prin tehnici tehnici variate – pete de culoare pe suport uscat, uscat, pete de culoare pe suport umed, umed, pete create prin presarea presarea unor frunze încărcate cu culoare etc.
Lucrările pot fi obţinute prin lucru în grup şi pot fi folosite ca elemente de design interior în sala de clasă : -
„Orarul meu”, „Calendarul zilelor de naştere”,”Rame foto”, „Lampioane”, Semn de carte” – cu elemente decorative din natură sau obţinute prin diverse tehnici specifice
educaţiei plastice. Putem cupla obiectele de studiu din aceeaşi arie curriculară, având în vedere şi cuplarea disciplinelor la care se poate aborda o tematică comună . În scopul cuplării corecte a disciplinelor trebuie avute în vedere următoarele aspecte: -
plas plasar area ea core corect ctăă a disc discip ipli line nelo lorr care care se pred predau au în acee aceeaş aşii oră, oră, la grup grupur urii dife diferi rite te (corespunzătoare nivelului de clasă), pentru a permite acordarea de timp suficient la clasă sau la obiectul care solicită acest lucru;
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asig asigura urare reaa unită unităţi ţiii într întree acti activi vita tate teaa direc directă tă a învă învăţă ţăto torul rului ui şi munca munca indepe independ ndent entăă a elevilor ;
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trecerea trecerea firească firească de la o formă formă de activitate activitate la alta, alta, în cadrul cadrul aceleaş aceleaşii ore şi şi de la la o clasă clasă la alta, în aceeaşi oră de curs;
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progr program amul ul disci discipl plin inel elor or de bază bază (limb (limbaa şi lite literat ratura ura român română)l ă)laa o clas clasăă în parale paralell cu disciplina care implică activitate independentă (educaţie plastică, abilităţi practice , etc.) la celelalte clase;
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la clasa clasa I şi la clasa clasa IV-a IV-a învăţă învăţător torul ul trebuie trebuie să mani manifes feste te o preocup preocupare are deoseb deosebită ită pentr pentruu reuşita activităţilor didactice;
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la discip disciplin linele ele care nu oferă oferă posibil posibilită ităţil ţilee optime optime de altern alternare are a activit activităţi ăţiii directe directe cu cea independentă (educaţie muzicală sau educaţie fizică), toate clasele vor realiza aceeaşi activitate didactică.
De exemplu : - Limba română se poate cupla tot cu limba română (scriere), cu educaţia plastică, cunoaşterea mediului (la clasa mai mică), abilităţi practice sau cu opţionalul ales. -
Matematica se cuplează foarte bine tot cu matematică, cu limba română (scriere), cu
discip disciplin linele ele din ariile ariile curric curricula ulare re Arte, Arte, Tehnol Tehnologi ogiii sau cu opţion opţionalu alull matema matematic ticăă recreativă. - Educaţia fizică se cuplează la două sau la patru clase deoarece realizându-se o proiectare unitară pe teme, elevii au posibilitatea să lucreze pe ateliere sau să se grupeze la organizarea unui joc . - Educaţia muzicală se grupează la două sau patru clase . Încălzirea vocii (vocalize recitative, intonarea unui cântec din repertoriu ) se poate face simultan cu toţi elevii. Există posibilitatea de a realiza dialoguri cântate între elevi sau între clase, cântarea în lanţ, cântarea în canon, alternarea cântării cu voce tare şi în gând. Pregătirea momentelor muzi muzical calee pentr pentruu serb serbări ări poat poatee fi inse inserat ratăă în lecţ lecţie ie deoa deoarec recee fiec fiecare are elev elev va avea avea posibilitatea să interpreteze vocal sau la instrumente improvizate, ba chiar poate efectua mişcări ritmice pe melodia cântată de colegi.
Lucrând cu două sau patru clase, învăţătorul va realiza uşor schimbul dintre generaţii atunci când pregăteşte formaţii muzicale (vocale, instrumente), în afara orelor de curs. - Religia , disciplină pe care o studiază de obicei cu un alt cadru didactic este bine sa se cupleze la ambele clase sau chiar la patru clase în situaţia unui astfel de simultan. Conţinuturile se pot proiecta pe o tematică unitară.
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Disciplinele Istoria românilor, Geografia României se pot cupla cu discipline discipline ca : educaţie plastică, abilităţi practice,educaţia civică sau se pot programa în a cincea oră, având în vedere faptul că la clasa a IV-a schema orară permite această extensie. Binenţeles că există şi incompatibilităţi evidente dacă ne gândim că nu putem asocia disciplinele limba română sau istoria, geografia cu educaţia fizică. În învăţământul simultan esenţa este utilizarea a ceea ce ştiu şi ce pot face deja elevii, sprijinindu-se unul pe altul, împărtăşindu-şi unul altuia experienţe, cunoştinţe, mod de lucru pentru a învăţa ceva nou. Activităţile la care sunt antrenaţi elevii sunt foarte importante în cazul predării simultane, deoarece contribuie la sudarea colectivului de elevi, ceea ce îi face să comunice liber.
Schema orară pentru clasele I - IV ARIA CURICULARĂ/DISCIPLINA
I LIMBĂ ŞI COMUNICARE Limba şi literatura română Limba modernă II MATEMATICĂ ŞI ŞTIINŢE Matematică Ştiinţe Ale Naturii III OM ŞI SOCIETATE Ed. Civică Istoria românilor Geografia româniei Religie IV. ARTE Ed plastică Ed muzicala VI TEHNOLOGII Abilităţi practice VII .CONSILIERE ŞI ORIENTARE DISCIPLINE OPŢIONALE „Engleza prin cântec şi joc” „J’aime le francaise” „Matematică recreativă” NR ORE ALOCATE/SĂPTĂMÂNĂ
CLASA I
CLASA
CLASA
CLASA
7-9 7 3-4 3+1 1 1 1 2-3 2 1 1-2 1 1-4
a II - a 7-9 7 3-4 3+1 1 1 2-3 2 1 1-2 1 1-4 1
a III - a 7-9 6 2(FR) 4-6 3+1 1 2-3 1 1 2-3 1 1 1-2 1 1-4
a IV- a 7-9 6 2(ENG) 4-6 3+1 1 3-5 1 1 1 1 2-3 1 1 1-2 1 1-4
1 20
1 20
1 20
1 20
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în valoare acelaşi profil de formare educaţională ca şi în situaţia activităţii didactice cu o singură clasă. Alegerea strategiei didactice se face întotdeauna în spiritul cel mai pragmatic posibil, în confruntare cu diverse criterii de eficacitate sau de optimizare care permit să se efectueze o comparaţie relevantă între diverse strategii avute în vedere iniţial şi alegerea celei optime. Desigu Desigurr am putea putea să ne întreb întrebăm ăm : ,,Ce ,,Ce să facem facem pentru pentru creşte creşterea rea calit calităţi ăţiii propriu propriului lui management?’’ În ceea ce mă priveşte, am urmărit câteva efecte care să se facă simţite în clasă: organizarea cât mai bună a spaţiului astfel încât să uşureze comunicarea, acţiunea pe grupe, cooperarea, prin care elevii să-şi manifeste libertatea de expresie, dar şi crearea unui climat de preocupare, de rezolvare a problemelor prin exprimarea propriilor opinii. În cadrul clasei am stabilit împreună cu elevii câteva reguli : -
nu într întrerup erupem em atunci atunci când când cineva cineva vorbeşt vorbeştee sau sau pune pune între întrebări bări;;
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ascu ascult ltăm ăm cu cu aten atenţi ţiee când când ni ni se comuni comunică că ceva ceva;;
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come coment ntari ariil ilee treb trebui uiee să fie fie la subi subiect ect;;
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resp respec ectă tăm m opini opiniil ilee celo celorl rlal alţi ţi.. Preocupaţi prea mult de conţinutul ce urmează a fi ,, probat’’ uneori uităm de elevi, de
nevoile şi de drepturile lor, de personalitatea lor. Îmbunătăţirea calităţii propriului management al clasei presupune ,,ascultarea’’ elevilor cu răbdare, cunoaşterea opiniilor, nevoilor şi intereselor pe care le au. În cele din urmă este vorba de o repoziţionare repoziţionare a rolului rolului şi statutului statutului elevului elevului în procesul procesul educaţional.
VI. 2. Metode de cunoaştere psihopedagogică a elevilor „Începeţi prin a vă cunoaşte elevii căci cu siguranţă nu-i cunoaşteţi deloc” J.J. Rousseau Practica pedagogică demonstrează că în domeniul instrucţiei şi educaţiei,strategiile didactice identi identice ce genereaz genereazăă rezult rezultate ate diferi diferite, te, în funcţi funcţiee de caracte caracteris ristic ticile ile indivi individua duale le şi de vârstă vârstă ale educaţ educaţilo ilor, r, nivelu nivelull intele intelectu ctual, al, struct structura ura aptitu aptitudin dinală ală,, optiun optiunil ilee profesi profesional onale, e, atitud atitudine inele le şi convingerile proprii, determinând o receptare şi o prelucrare diferenţiată a mesajelor transmise.
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James R. Okey consideră că fiecare învăţător trebuie să-şi pună câteva întrebări importante:
cum poate să dobândească cunoştinţele despre capacităţile fiecărui elev;
care sunt cunoştinţele de acest fel de care are nevoie;
ce fel de decizii cu privire la procesul instructiv poate lua dacă dispune de asemenea cunoştinţe.
Cunoaşterea elevului trebuie să să se raelizeze urmărindu-se atât evoluţia sa în timp, cât şi nivelu nivelull de repreze reprezenta ntare re a caract caracteri eristi sticil cilor or sale sale la un moment moment dat. dat. În primul primul caz, caz, organiz organizare areaa investigaţiei se va realiza folosindu-se metoda longitudinală , în al doilea caz – metoda transversală (cunoaşterea structurii psihologice). Metodele de cunoaştere se împart în:
metode clinice (observaţia, convorbirea, metoda biografică);
metode psihometrice sau experimentale (experimentul, testul, chestionarul).
Diferenţa dintre cele două metode apare în funcţie de scopul urmărit, de gradul de precizie şi obiectivitatea în cunoaştere. 1. Metoda observaţiei constă în urmărirea atentă şi sistematică a comportamentului unei persoane cu scopul de a sesiza aspectele sale caracteristice. Observaţiile pot fi spontane prin sesizarea calităţii prestaţiilor, greşelilor celor mai frecvente manifestări de indisciplină sau neatenţie şi sistematice urmărindu-se urmărindu-se identifica identificarea rea fiecărei fiecărei surse de eroare. Observaţia sistematică debutează cu stabilirea scopului, se face în condiţii cât mai variate şi se notează cât mai exact faptele pentru a putea fi separate în interpretări corecte. Observaţia nu se încheie după înregistrarea datelor, ci continuă cu interpretarea acestora pentru a diferenţia aspectele caracteristicile de cele aparente, neesenţiale. Interpretarea corectă se va putea realiza numai prin raportarea unei conduite la ansamblul informaţiilor consemnate. Pentru uşurarea interpretării se poate apela la tabele de analiză a comportamentului. În interpretarea observaţiilor trebuie să să se ţină seama de situaţie, de atitudinile subiectului, ppen entr truu a nu scăp scăpaa moti motiva vaţi ţiaa acte actelo lorr de condu conduit ită. ă. Pentr Pentruu clari clarifi fica care, re, info inform rmaţ aţii ii util utile, e, aduce aduce convorbirea. 2. Convorbi Convorbirea rea este este convers conversaţi aţiaa între între două persoane persoane desfăş desfăşurat uratăă după anumite anumite reguli reguli
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Convorbirea premeditată, are scop, vizează obiective psihologice, respectă anumite reguli. Ea poate fi liberă (fără o formulare anterioară a întrebărilor) sau standardizată (întrebările sunt fixate dinainte şi nu pot fi modificate în timpul conversaţiei). conver saţiei). Pentru a asigura veridicitatea şi autenticitatea datelor obţinute trebuie să ţinem seama de următoarele aspecte:
câştigarea încrederii elevilor;
menţinerea permanentă a interesului în timpul convorbirii;
să existe preocupare pentru stabilirea sincerităţii răspunsurilor;
observarea atitudinilor şi expresiilor subiectului în timpul convorbirii;
evitarea unor întrebări sugestive;
să se menţină un climat destins, de încredere reciprocă pentru a evita instalarea emotivităţii;
înregistrarea convorbirii se va afce cu multa discreţie. 3. Chestionarul este un set de întrebări, bine organizate şi structurate pentru a
obţine date cât mai exacte cu privire la o persoană sau un grup de persoane, şi ale căror răspunsuri sunt consemnate în scris. Marele avantaj al chestionarului este că valorizează introspecţia, iar dezavantajul este că nu suntem siguri dacă persoanele dau raportări ale propriilor sinţăminte. 4.Metoda biografică sau anamneza constă în analiza datelor privind trecutul unei persoane şi a modului ei actual de existenţă. Metoda poate fi utilizată cu succes în cunoaşterea psihologică a elevilor, fiind o radiografie a dezvoltării psihice a copilului, în care sunt evidenţiate cele mai
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Se pot distinge mai multe categorii de teste: -
test testee de int intel elige igenţ nţăă şi dezv dezvol olta tare re mint mintal ală; ă;
-
test testee de de apt aptit itudi udini ni şi capac capacit ităţ ăţi; i;
-
tes teste de pers person onal alit itat ate; e;
-
test testee obie obiect ctiv ivee de de perso persona nali lita tate te;;
-
teste proiective;
-
test testee de cunoş cunoşti tinţ nţee sau sau docim docimol ologi ogice ce..
Trei aspecte sunt importante în legătură cu utilizarea testelor în şcoală: •
diagnosticul şi tratamentul dificultăţilor educaţionale;
•
selecţia şi repartizarea elevilor nivelului educaţional potrivit abilităţilor lor;
•
vali validi dita tate teaa psih psihom omet etri rică, că, iden identi tifi fica carea rea test testel elor or care care pot să-ş să-şii aducă aducă o contribuţie importantă în psihologia educaţiei.
Alte două sisteme de evaluare sunt: •
eval evalua uare reaa psih psihom omet etri rică că (sta (stati tică că)) care care se axea axează ză pe ceea ceea ce este este stab stabil ilit it în funcţionalitatea şi performanţele individului;
•
evaluarea potenţialului de învăţare oferă posibilitatea construirii şi exersării unor sarcini urmărindu-se evoluţia subiecţilor în rezolvarea lor.
În evaluarea potenţialului de învăţare se caută să se evalueze viteza învăţării, capacităţile de conservare şi transfer ale învăţării. Aceste evaluări au două tendinţe: una calitativă şi una cantitativă. Ele au în comun antrenamentul sau invăţarea bazată pe analiza sarcinii. Tendinţa cantitativă este centrată mai mult pe sarcină, pentru a da ajutoare standardizate şi graduate, în timp ce tendinţa calitativă nu renunţă la
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În învăţământul simultan colectivul este compus din elevi cu vârste şi nivele de instruire diferite. Întrebarea firească este: Ce rost are să divizăm grupele, când ne putem folosi de aceste diferenţe în favoarea elevilor?
Prima etapă pe care ar trebui să o parcurgem în acest sens ar fi aceea de a-i face pe copii să se cunoască foarte bine, să accepte diferenţele dintre ei şi să comunice eficient. Exerciţii prin care putem atinge aceste obiective:
,,Spune numele”- exerciţiu folosit la început de an şcolar, pentru familiarizare cu prenumele colegilor. Fiecare copil îşi spune prenumele şi rosteşte toate prenumele care s-au spus până ce s-a ajuns la el: Ana….; Andrei, Ana….; Bogdan, Andrei, Ana… ,,Ce s-a schimbat, partenere?- exerciţiu folosit în cadrul ,,întâlnirii de dimineaţă”,înainte de intrarea în activitatea propriu-zisă. Se cere fiecărui elev să-şi aleagă un partener (de alt nivel de vârstă), pe care să-l cunoască cât de cât, măcar din punct de vedere fizic. Se formează astfel două echipe. Una dintre echipe părăseşte pentru 3 min. sala de clasă, timp în care cealaltă echipă schimbă măcar măcar un lucru lucru din din înfă înfăţi ţişa şarea rea memb membri rilo lor. r. Coech Coechip ipie ieri riii se înto întorc rc şi înce încear arcă că să recun recunoa oasc scăă schimbările. Se inversează rolurile. Câştigă echipa care a ghicit cele mai multe transformări.
,,Adevărat ,,Adevărat sau fals?- exerciţiu folosit pe la mijlocul semestrului I, după ce elevii au Inceput să se cunoască mai bine. Fiecare copil scrie patru lucruri despre el, dintre care unul este fals. Se citesc pe rând listele şi colectivul încearcă să ghicească ce este fals în declaraţia colegilor. ,,Ghici ce-mi place?”-exerciţiu folosit după ce elevii au început să se cunoască mai bine. Fiecare elev scrie pe un bileţel culoarea preferată, mâncarea preferată, cartea preferată, melodia preferată etc. Se amestecă foile şi se redistribuie. Fiecare citeşte tare conţinutul bileţelului pe care îl are, iar ceilalţi trebuie să ghicească despre cine este vorba. Exerciţii de intercunoaştere:
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,,Ce mă reprezintă” Li se cere elevilor să-şi scrie numele în partea de sus a ecusonului şi să deseneze trei simboluri care să-i reprezinte. Se poate imagina chiar un ,,blazon”. Fiecare trebuie săşi explice desenele. Exarciţii pentru dezvoltarea comunicării:
,,Un altfel de poveste” Un elev povesteşte ceva timp de 1 minut (se foloseşte clopoţelul). Alt elev spune aceeaşi poveste exagerând însă. ,,Cartonaşul buclucaş” Conducătorul jocului prezintă colegilor un cartonaş care va circula pe la fiecare, sub formă de ştafetă. La o bătaie din palme, cartonaşul se opreşte la cel care îl are în mână. Acesta trebuie să spună o frază despre el, o ghicitoare, un proverb sau orice altceva doreşte. ,,Vorbeşte despre...” Se anunţă o temă. Elevii stau în cerc. Se pasează o minge mică de la unul la altul, în mod aleator. Copilul care prinde mingea trebuie să spună ceva legat de respectiva temă. Exerciţii pentru sudarea colectivului de elevi: ,,Nu-i aşa că...” Fiecare copil primeşte o coală care conţine o serie de întrebări uşoare, legate de interesele colectivului. El trebuie să găsească pe altcineva care să răspundă afirmativ la una din întrebări, până când epuizează toată lista. Cine termină primul este declarat câştigător.
,,Uită-te la mine...” Se formează două grupuri mixte, care se aşează faţă în faţă. Se aleg partenerii în diagonală. Fiecare trebuie să se îndrepte spre celălalt fără să piardă contactul vizual, să râdă sau să schiţeze ceva. ,,Forme geometrice” Elevii vor fi împărţiţi în echipe mixte. Legaţi la ochi se vor ţine de o sfoară. Fiecare grup va lua forma unei forme geometrice. Câştigă grupul care este cel mai aproape de adevăr. Tipuri de interacţiuni în clasa simultană
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Alte exemple de activităţi frontale care se pretează şi la clasele simultane:
- predarea noilor cunoştinţe; - verificarea înţelegerii noilor cunoştinţe (prin întrebări adresate clasei); - exerciţii de consolidare (lectura cu voce tare, rezolvarea unor exerciţii la tablă etc.); - lectura şi dezbaterea unor fragmente din ziare, reviste, cărţi; - comentarea unor evenimente locale sau naţionale de interes pentru elevi; - jocuri didactice care să antreneze toţi elevii.
b) Activitatea pe grupe Este forma de organizare a clasei în care trei sau mai mulţi elevi se unesc şi lucrează împreună pentru a rezolva sarcina didactică trasată de dascăl.
Avantajele modalităţii de lucru în grup: - creşte timpul de participare activă a fiecărui elev; - elevii învaţă unii de la alţii ( sursa cunoştinţelor nu este doar dascălul); - creşte încrederea în sine a participanţilor; - activitatea în grupe e mai dinamică decât cea în perechi, deoarece sunt mai mulţi elevi care reacţionează,,pro” sau ,,contra” unei idei, proceduri etc.; - cresc şansele ca măcar un elev din grup să poată rezolva problemele care survin; - munca în grup este mai relaxantă decât cea în perechi sau individuală.
Dezavantajul este gălăgia inevitabilă atunci când mai mulţi elevi vorbesc în acelaşi timp. Într-o clasă simultană acest lucru poate fi un impediment în desfăşurarea activităţii celuilalt grup. Este de asemenea, posibil să apară probleme de indisciplină. Unele pot fi evitate prin alegerea partenerilor din grupă după nişte criterii stabilite cu grijă( după vârstă, după număr, după preferinţe, după aptitudini, după material didactic)
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- gălăgia(în cazul în care creşte procentul de participare activă, creşte şi gălăgia, deoarece jumătate din clasă vorbeşte); - indisciplina( cu cât clasa este mai numeroasă , cu atât mai dificil va fi pentru învăţător să monitorizeze fiecare pereche); - folosirea unui limbaj inadecvat sau incorect(dascălul nu îi poate auzi tot timpul pe toţi elevii care vorbesc şi în consecinţă nici nu-i poate corecta) Unele din aceste neajunsuri pot fi eliminate sau atenuate prin buna organizare a activităţilor şi atitudinea dascălului.
d)Activitatea individuală Modalitatea individuală de muncă este folosită mai ales în scopul de a oferi elevilor ocazia să înveţe înveţe,, realizâ realizând nd diferi diferite te sarcin sarcinii didact didactice ice.. În învăţă învăţămân mântul tul simult simultan, an, activi activitat tatea ea indivi individua duală lă a elevilor este nu doar importantă ci şi foarte necesară, deoarece oferă dascălului ocazia de a preda noi cunoştinţe celeilalte grupe de elevi. Astfel, această activitateeste de lungă durată şi necesită formarea unor deprinderi temeinice de studiu. De preferinţă, noi trebuie să organizăm astfel de activităţi pen pentr truu a veri verifi fica ca înţ înţeleg eleger erea ea de cătr cătree elev elevii a unei unei bucă bucăţţi de lectu ectură ră,d ,dem emon onst stra raţţii, ii, explicaţii,dezvoltarea unor deprinderi, etc. Sarcina didactică va varia în durată şi complexitate în funcţie de vârsta elevilor.
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vizitării copilului la domiciliu, a tuturor informaţiilor obţinute de la părinţi, de la colegi şi de la oricare altă persoană.
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VII. ALTERNAREA MUNCII DIRECTE CU ACTIVITATEA INDEPENDENTE IN CADRUL LECŢIEI UNITARE (STUDIU DE CAZ) De ce în cadrul predarii simultane? De-a lungul celor nouăsprezece nouăsprezece ani, mi-am desfăşurat desfăşurat activitatea activitatea didactică didactică predând la două clase simultane, apoi predând la patru clase simultane. Astfel activitatea independentă a elevilor a reprezentat o componentă fundamentală, sporită . De aceea în învăţământul desfăşurat în condiţii simultane cu două clase comparativ cu învăţământul simultan la patru clase, elevii primesc şi rezolvă mai des fişe de muncă independentă exerc exerciţ iţii ii cu carac caracte terr creat creator or în ti timp mp ce lucr lucrea ează ză cu o clas clasăă dire direct ct,, cele celela lalt ltee clas clasee vor vor lucra lucra independent. Prima trăsătură caracteristică a lecţiilor desfăşurate în condiţiile muncii simultane este totală libertate ce ni se lasă în conceperea şi desfăşurarea acesteia. Aici putem renunţa la structurile prestabilite şi adaptarea unei atitudini creatoare în conducerea actului de predare – învăţare. După cum spuneam lecţiile desfăşurate în condiţiile predării simultane la două sau mai multe clase sunt structurate pe timpi de alternare a activităţii directe a mea şi activităţii independente a
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să citească fluent, cursiv, expresiv textul;
să alcătuiască enunţuri cu expresii din text;
să delimiteze textul în fragmente plecând de la ideea principală dată;
să povestească oral fiecare fragment al lecţiei;
să povestească integral lecţia. Ca metode şi procedee de desfăşurare a lecţiilor se aplică:conversaţia, explicaţia, exerciţiul,
munca munca inde indepe pende ndent ntă, ă, probl problem emat atiz izar area ea (cla (clasa sa a IV-a) IV-a).. Form Formaa de organ organiz izare are este este fron fronta tală lă şi individuală la ambele clase . Ca material didactic pot folosi portretul lui Ion Agârbiceanu şi alte fotografii legate de lecţie, iar la clasa a II-a o planşă cu termenul necunoscut .
Activitatea independentă se începe cu clasa a IV-a, după ce elevii sunt pregătiţi pentru lecţie, având ca sarcină exerciţiul nr. 9: Alcătuiţi enunţuri folosind următoarea expresie: căldură bună, valuri fine, mireasmă îmbătătoare (cinci minute). Trec la activitatea activitatea directă cu clasa a II-a, începând cu verificarea temei efectuată de către elevi acasă. După care voi pune câteva întrebări: Despre ce am discutat ora trecută ?
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Trec cu activitatea directă la clasa a IV-a, timp de 30 minute. Numesc un elev să citească prima idee şi primul fragment al lecţiei, lecţiei, cu voce tare, după care se va povesti. La fel vom proceda şi cu următoarele două idei şi fragmente. Trecem la povestirea orală a întregului text, după care vom efectua exerciţiul numărul 4 din manual. Alcătuiţi enunţuri în care cuvintele inimă şi car să aibă înţelesuri diferite. Revin cu activitatea directă la clasa a II-a, adunând testele de evaluare şi stabilind tema pentru acasă: exerciţiul 7 şi 8 pag. 33. Iar la clasa a IVa voi aprecia elevii care au fost activi şi au dat răspunsuri foarte bune, aducându-se însă încurajări şi celorlanţi. Ca tema pentru acasă vor avea povestirea lecţiei şi exerciţiul 6 pag. 23. 1. Mi-am Mi-am propus propus să descri descriuu desfăş desfăşurar urarea ea unei lecţii lecţii cu tim timpi pi de alterna alternare re a muncii muncii direct directee cu alternarea independentă a elevilor . Iată cum procedez : Atunci când desfăşor o lecţie la patru clase simultan ,defăşurarea propriuzisă a lecţiilor prezintă cele mai multe elemente spcifice faţă de lecţiile la două clase,dintre care enumăr:
creşterea activităţii de învăţare sau de muncă independentă a elevilor până la 50-60%din timpul unei lecţii . Pentru elevii cu aptitudini sau cu un ritm mai rapid pregătesc teme suplimentare facultative ; trâ
timpul tim pului ui afecta afectatt
unicări unicăriii de noi
ştinţe ştinţe 10-15 10-15 minute minute şi alt
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Cazul III – când la toate clasele se planifică lecţii de verificare sau se îmbină lecţii de repetare cu lecţii de verificare. Voi descrie o lecţie predată simultan la patru clase : La clasa a I- a o lecţie la abilităţi practice cu subiectul „Fluturaşul”; La clasa a II-a abilităţi practice cu subiectul „Vaza cu flori”; La clasa a III - a o lecţie la ed. civică cu subiectul „Persoane cu nevoi speciale „ La clasa a IV- a o lecţie la lb. română cu subiectul „Verbul”. Primele două lecţii fiind de formare de priceperi şi deprinderi, la clasa a III – a, lecţia fiind de formare de competenţe, iar la clasa a IV-a exersare de competenţe. Obiectivele operaţionale care se pot urmări la cele patru lecţii sunt: La clasa a I- a - cognitivă
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observaţia dirijată
exerciţiul, explicaţia
problematizarea munca independentă
Ca material didactic folosesc planşe ilustrative. •
Clasa a I-a - frunze şi petale de flori;
•
Clasa a II-a - carton, acuarele,şablon, creioane colorate,lipici;
•
Clasa a III-a – manualul, fişe de muncă independentă, texte representative;
•
Clasa a IV-a – manualul , fişe de muncă independentă. Formele de organizare vor fi frontale şi individuale pentru toate clasele.
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care le au elevii pe banci (timp de 8 minute).Elevii primesc muncă independentă să realizeze lucrarea supraveghiaţi şi îndrumaţi de mine (timp de 30 minute). Încep activitatea directă la clasa a IV-a (timp de 10 minute). Verific tema alternativ. Verific exerciţiul rezolvat anterior. Adresez elevilor întrebări scurte prin care se reamintesc: definiţia verbului, număr, timp, persoană. Anunţ tema lecţiei :”Verbul” şi notez titlul la tablă , în timpce elevii îl scriu în caiete. Cer elevilor să exemplifice timpurile verbului în propoziţii. Exemplele se note noteaz azăă la tabl tablăă şi în caie caiete te.. Term Termin in cu acti activi vita tate teaa direc directă tă şi împa împart rt elevi elevilo lorr fişe fişe de munc muncăă independentă cu următoarele sarcini: •
Scrieţi verbele care lipsesc. Completaţi tabelul verb/persoană /timp/număr;
•
Alcătuiţi enunţuri folosind verbul la persoane diferite (fixarea cunoştinţelor).
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AVANTAJE •
Numurul mic de elevi dintr-o clasă oferă condiţii mai bune pentru evaluarea nivelului de cunoştinţe al fiecăruia;
•
urmărirea progresului şcolar;
•
formarea şi consolidarea deprinderilor de muncă independentă, ceea ce dă posibilitatea preîntâmpinării eşecului şcolar;
•
cunoscând îndeaproape fiecare copil, potenţialul şi aspiraţiile lui, reuşesc să alcătuiesc colective omogene pentru fiecare clasă, organic închegate în colectivul mai mare al claselor care desfăşoară activitatea simultană. Aceasta se repercutează favorabil în educaţia socială a copiilor , cărora li se coştientizează necesitatea colaborării şi cooperării, fapt pus în evidenţă
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avem nevoie de copii care gândesc şi care au capacitatea de a prelucra informaţia primită nu doar de simpli receptori ;
se impune trecerea de la o banală stocare a informaţiei la o prelucrare logică şi care să-şi afle aplicabilitatea cât mai diferite;
este necesară stimularea creativităţii, a imaginaţiei şi a gândirii flexibile pentru o structurare temeinică, sistemică a informaţiilor, a aptitudinilor, a capacităţilor;
se impune necesitatea de a forma capacitatea elevilor de a transfera logic, de la o arie curiculară la alta, conţinuturile şi de a le restructura, eventual, de a le ierarhiza în funţie de trebuinţe, de necesităţi şi de contextele situaţionale.
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La limită Accesibile
Foarte bune
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Educaţie plastică Lucru manual Educaţie muzicală Educaţie fizică Purtare Media generală
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3. Memorie: Foarte bună
Bu n ă
Medie
Scăzută
Foarte scăzută
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Atenţia şi interesul inegale, fluctuante Pasiv, aşteaptă să fie solicitat Prezent fizic
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