UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL SANTA
FACULTAD FACUL TAD DE CIENCIAS E.A.P: ENFERMERÍA CICLO: III
BIOQUÍMICA CLÍNICA
ASIGNATURA: BIOQUÍMICA CLÍNICA
ESTUDIANTE: B!45( P!#%! G)!(($##! A#$ss!(0r! TEMA: @;>;?>>?;> - NUCLE CLEÓTIDO TIDOS S Y ÁCI ÁCIDOS DOS NUCLE CLEICO ICOS: Estru trutur tur!" !" C#!s C#!s$ $s" I%&'rt!()! *s)'#+,)! )'%/0)!.
DOCENTE: D$s V!r,!s G. DOCENTE: Dr!. DEYSI VARGAS GUTIERRE1 ESTUDIANTES:
E.A.P: Enfermería
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C9)%'t$- ;<;=<>;?
ÍNDICE DATOS DE IDENTIFICACION……………………………………………………………………………….1 DEDICATORIA……………………………………………………………………………………… ………….. 2 AGRADECIMIENTO………………………………………………………………………………… ………….3 PRESENTACIÓN ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4 INTRODUCCION ………………………………………………………………………….. …………………6! O"#ETI$OS ………………………………………………………………………………………………………! FUNDAMENTOS CIENT%FICOS I. II. III. I$. $. $I. $II.
&a fam'('a …………………………………………………………………………………. )* Sa(+, Fam'('ar ……………………………………………………………………………*11 Fa-/re0 ,e r'e0/ fa-/re0 r/e-/re0 en (a fam'('a ……………..11 13 Te/ría ,e( -'-(/ 'a( fam'('ar …………………………………………………….1316 Te/ría ,e( a// 0/-'a(……………………………………………………………….. 16 Te/ría ,e( 5'ene0ar fam'('ar ………………………………………………………61! Cr'0'0 fam'('ar……………………………………………………………………………….. 1!
FUNDAMENTOS EPISTEMO&ÓGICOS………………………………………………………………. 1) DATOS DE IDENTIFICACIÓN DE &A FAMI&IA……………………………………………………1*2 DESCRIPCIÓN DE &A SITUACIÓN DE SA&UD FAMI&IAR……………….. …………………2127 SITUACIÓN PRO"&EM8TICA…………………………………………………………………………..262!
DIAGNÓSTICO SITUACIONA&……………………………………………………….. ………………..2)2* CONC&USIÓN DIAGNÓSTICA……………………………………………………………………………331 O"SER$ACIÓN CIENT%FICA DE& AM"IENTE FAMI&IAR………………………………………3237 AN8&ISIS……………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………….36 CONC&USIONES………………………………………………………………………………….. …………….…3! RECOMENDACIONES…………………………………. ……………………………………………..…………3) "I"&IOGRAF%A………………………….……………………………………………………….. …………………3* ANE9OS……………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………….441
INTRODUCCIÓN
OBETIVOS: 1.
OBETIVO GENERAL
&/0 e0+,'ane0 ,e enfermería ,e( III -'-(/: a( ;na('
',/0 ?-',/0 n+-(e'-/0@ e0r+-+ra: -(a0e0: 'm/ran-'a ;0'/(>'-a 5'/m,'-a: ,e5er?n aren,er 0'n maren ,e err/r ,'-B/0 ema0.
>. OBETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS
&/0 e0+,'ane0 ,e enfermería ,e( III -'-(/: ,e5er?n en+n-'ar (a ,e;n'-'>n ,e n+-(e>',/0: -/n 0+0 r/'a0 a(a5ra0. &/0 e0+,'ane0 ,e enfermería ,e( III -'-(/: ,e5er?n ',en';-ar (a e0r+-+ra -(a0e0 ,e n+-(e>',/0. &/0 e0+,'ane0 ,e enfermería ,e( III -'-(/: ,e5er?n re-/n/-er (a 'm/ran-'a ;0'/(>'-a 5'/m,'-a ,e (/0 n+-(e>',/0.
&/0 e0+,'ane0 ,e enfermería ,e( III -'-(/: ,e5er?n en+n-'ar (a ,e;n'-'>n ,e ?-',/0 n+-(e'-/0: -/n 0+0 r/'a0 a(a5ra0. &/0 e0+,'ane0 ,e enfermería ,e( III -'-(/: ,e5er?n ',en';-ar (a e0r+-+ra -(a0e0 ,e ?-',/0 n+-(e'-/0. &/0 e0+,'ane0 ,e enfermería ,e( III -'-(/: ,e5er?n re-/n/-er (a 'm/ran-'a ;0'/(>'-a 5'/m,'-a ,e (/0 ?-',/0 n+-(e'-/0.
MARCO TEÓRICO ?. LOS NUCLEÓTIDOS ?.?. ?.>. ?.. ?..
D$*())+( Estrutur! C#!s$s I%&'rt!()! F)s)'#+,)! B)'%/0)!
>. LOS ÁCIDOS NUCLEICOS >.?. D$*())+( &/0 ?-',/0 n+-(e'-/0 0/n ma-r/m/(-+(a0: +e 0e en-aran ,e( a(ma-enam'en/: (a ran0m'0'>n e( +0/ ,e (a 'nf/rma-'>n 0/n /(ímer/0 -+/0 m/n>mer/0 0/n (/0 (u#$+t)0's. E0a0 ma-r/m/(-+(a0 e0?n -/n0'+',a0 /r -ar5/n/: B',r>en/: /=íen/: n'r>en/ f>0f/r/: 0+0 m/n>mer/0: (/0 n+-(e>',/0: 0e -/m/nen ,e 5a0e0 n'r/ena,a0 r'-a0 'r'mí,'-a0: m/n/0a-?r',/0 0/n (a r'5/0a (a ,e0/='rr'5/0a: ?-',/ f/0f>r'-/. &/0 n+-(e>',/0 0e man'enen ('a,/0 /r me,'/ ,e en(a-e0 -/a(ene0: ,en/m'na,/0 f/0f/,'0er: enre e( m/n/0a-?r',/ am5'n -/n/-',/ -/m/ a<-ar ,e +n n+-(e>',/: e( ?-',/ f/0f>r'-/ ,e /r/. En e( -a0/ ,e( ARN e( a<-ar e0 (a r'5/0a: m'enra0 +e en e( ADN e( a<-ar e0 (a ,e0/='rr'5/0a. E( ,e0-+5r'm'en/ ,e (/0 ?-',/0 n+-(e'-/0 0e ,e5e a Fr'e,r'-B Míe0-Ber: +'en en e( aH/ 1)6* a'0(> ,e (/0 n-(e/0 ,e (a0 -(+(a0 +na 0+0an-'a ?-',a a (a +e ((am> n+-(eína: n/m5re +e ,e0+0 0e -am5'> /r ?-',/ n+-(e'-/. >.>. T)&'s P/,em/0 -(a0';-ar a (/0 ?-',/0 n+-(e'-/0 f+n,amena(e0: e( ADN /
DNA
en ,/0 '/0
?-',/ ,e0/='rr'5/n+-(e'-/
e( ARN / RNA ?-',/ r'5/n+-(e'-/. Se ,'feren-'an /r@ E( (-',/ en/0a +e -/n'ene@ (a ,e0/='rr'5/0a en e( ADN (a r'5/0a en e( ARN.
&a0 5a0e0 n'r/ena,a0 +e -/n'enen@ a,en'na: +an'na: -'/0'na 'm'na: en e( ADN a,en'na: +an'na: -'/0'na +ra-'(/: en e( ARN.
En (a ma0a m/(e-+(ar@ (a ,e( ADN e0 enera(mene ma/r +e (a ,e( ARN.
>.>.?.EL DNA ?-',/ ,e0/='rr'5/n+-(e'-/ E0 +n /('n+-(e>',/ f/rma,/ /r +n a<-ar (a ,e0/='rr'5/0a: +na 5a0e n'r/ena,a +n r+/ f/0fa/. &a0 5a0e0 n'r/ena,a0 +e -/n0'+en are ,e( ADN 0/n@ a,en'na A: +an'na G: -'/0'na C 'm'na T. E0a0 f/rman +ene0 ,e B',r>en/ enre e((a0: re0ean,/ +na e0r'-a -/m(emenar'e,a,@ A 0>(/ 0e aarea -/n T '-eer0a me,'ane ,/0 +ene0 ,e B',r>en/: G 0>(/ -/n C '-eer0a me,'ane 3 +ene0 ,e B',r>en/. E( DNA -/n'ene -+ar/ ,e0/='n+-(e>',/0@ ,e=/0'a,en'(a/: ,e0/='+an'(a/: ,e0/='-'','(a/ 'm','(a/: e0a0 +n',a,e0 m/n/mr'-a0 0e man'enen en f/rma /('mr'-a /r me,'/ ,e en(a-e0 3:7f/0f/,'0er +e -/n0'+en +na -a,ena n'-a. E( -/nen',/ 'nf/rma-'/na( ,e( DNA ->,'/ en'-/ re0',e en (a 0e-+en-'a en (a -+a( e0?n /r,ena,/0 e0/0 m/n>mer/0 J +r'na 'r'm','na ,e0/='rr'5+n+-(e/',/0. E( /(ímer/ -/m/ 0e ,e0-r'5e /0ee +na /(ar',a, +n e=rem/ 'ene +n 7 B',r/='(/ / f/0fa/ erm'na(: m'enra0 +e e( /r/ 'ene +n r+/ 3 f/0fa/ / B',r/='(/ erm'na( .&a 'm/ran-'a ,e e0a /(ar',a, e0 e',ene .Da,/ +e (a 'nf/rma-'>n en'-a re0',e en e( /r,en ,e (a +n',a,e0 m/n/mr'-a0 ,enr/ ,e (/0 /(ímer/0: e0 ne-e0ar'/ +e Baa +n me-an'0m/ ara rer/,+-'r / re('-ar e0a 'nf/rma-'>n e0e-í;-a -/n +n a(/ ra,/ ,e ;,e(',a,. E0e re+er'm'en/ K+n/ ,a/0 ,e ,'fra--'>n -/n ra/ 9 ,e (a m/(-+(a ,e DNA (a /50era-'>n ,e CBaraL ,e +e en (a m/(-+(a ,e DNA (a -/n-enra-'>n ,e n+-(e>',/0 ,e0/='a,en/0'na A e0 '+a( a (a ,e n+-(e>',/0 'm','na T AT :m'enra0 +e (a ,e n+-(e>',/0 ,e0/='+an/0'na G e0 '+a( a (a ,e n+-(e>',/0 ,e0/='0'','na C GC : -/n,+Ker/n a a0/n : Cr'- '('n0 a r//ner a r'n-''/0 ,e( ,e-en'/ ,e 1*7 +n m/,e(/ ,e +na m/(-+(a ,e DNA 5'-aenar'a. &a0 ,/0 -a,ena0 ,e e0a B('-e 5'-aenar'a 0e man'enen en re'0r/ /r me,'/ an/ ,e $(#!$s 0$ 9)0r',$(' enre (a0
5a0e0 +r'na0 'r'm','na ,e (a0
m/(-+(a0
('nea(e0
re0e-'a0 .&a f/rma-'>n ,e are0 enre (/0 n+-(e>',/0 +r'na 'r'm','na en (a -a,ena
/+e0a
e0e-í;-a
e0
m+
,een,e
,e
en(a-e0 ,e B',r/en/ ,e A -/n T ,e G -/n C. &a0 ,/0 -a,ena0
,e
(a
m/(-+(a ,e ,/5(e B('-e : -a,a +na ,e (a0 -+a(e0 /0ee +na
/(ar',a,
:
0/n
an'ara(e(a0 : e0/ e0: +na -a,ena -/rre en (a ,'re--'>n ,e 7a 3 (a /ra en (a ,'re--'>n ,e 3 a 7. Estrutur! E( ADN e0 +na m/(-+(a 5'-aenar'a: e0 ,e-'r: e0? f/rma,a /r ,/0 -a,ena0 ,'0+e0a0 ,e f/rma an'ara(e(a -/n (a0 5a0e0 n'r/ena,a0 enfrena,a0. En 0+ e0r+-+ra r','men0'/na(: 0e ,'0'n+en ,'0'n/0 n'e(e0@ ?. Estrutur! &r)%!r)!@
Se-+en-'a
,e n+-(e>',/0 en-a,ena,/0. E0 en e0a0 -a,ena0 ,/n,e 0e en-+enra (a 'nf/rma-'>n en'-a. E0a 0e-+en-'a re0ena +n ->,'/: +e ,eerm'na +na 'nf/rma-'>n + /ra: 0en e( /r,en ,e (a0 5a0e0.
>. Estrutur! s$u(0!r)!@ E0 +na e0r+-+ra en ,/5(e B('-e. Perm'e e=('-ar e( a(ma-enam'en/ ,e (a 'nf/rma-'>n
en'-a e( me-an'0m/ ,e ,+('-a-'>n ,e( ADN. E0 +na
-a,ena ,/5(e: ,e=r>'ra / (e>'ra: 0en e( '/ ,e ADN. Am5a0 -a,ena0 0/n -/m(emenar'a0: +e0 (a a,en'na (a +an'na ,e +na -a,ena 0e +nen: re0e-'amene: a (a 'm'na (a -'/0'na ,e (a /ra. Am5a0 -a,ena0 0/n an'ara(e(a0: +e0 e( e=rem/ 3 ,e +na 0e enfrena a( e=rem/ 7 ,e (a B/m>(/a. E='0en re0 m/,e(/0 ,e ADN. E( ADN ,e '/ " e0 e( m?0 a5+n,ane e0 e( +e 'ene (a e0r+-+ra ,e0-r'a /r a0/n Cr'-. . Estrutur! t$r)!r)!@ Se re;ere a ->m/ 0e a(ma-ena e( ADN en +n e0a-'/ re,+-',/: ara f/rmar (/0 -r/m/0/ma0. $aría 0en 0e rae ,e /ran'0m/0 r/-ar'/a0 / e+-ar'/a0@ En r/-ar'/a0 e( ADN 0e ('ea -/m/ +na 0erB('-e: enera(mene en f/rma -'r-+(ar a0/-'a,a a +na e+eHa
-an',a, ,e r/eína0. En e+-ar'/a0: ,a,/ +e
(a
-an',a,
,e
ADN
,e
-a,a -r/m/0/ma e0 m+ ran,e: e( ema+eam'en/ Ba ,e 0er m?0 -/m(eK/ -/ma-/ ara e((/ 0e ne-e0'a (a re0en-'a ,e r/eína0: -/m/ (a0 B'0/na0 .
Estrutur! u!t$r(!r)!@ &a -r/ma'na re0ene en e( n-(e/ 'ene +n r/0/r ,e 3 : +e0 (a ;5ra ,e -r/ma'na
,e 1 0e enr/((a f/rman,/ +na ;5ra ,e -r/ma'na ,e 3 . E( enr/((am'en/ ,e (/0 n+-(e/0/ma0 re-'5e e( n/m5re ,e 0/(en/',e. D'-B/0 0/(en/',e0 0e enr/((an f/rman,/ (a -r/ma'na ,e( n-(e/ 'nerf?0'-/ ,e (a -(+(a e+-ar'/a. C+an,/ (a -(+(a enra en ,''0'>n: e( ADN 0e -/ma-a m?0: f/rman,/ a0í (/0 -r/m/0/ma0. SUPERENROLLAMIENTO E( ADN +e,e re/r-er0e -/m/ +na -+er,a en +n r/-e0/ +e 0e ,en/m'na 0+erenr/((am'en/ ,e( ADN. C+an,/ e( ADN e0? en +n e0a,/ Qre(aKa,/Q: +na Be5ra n/rma(mene 'ra a(re,e,/r ,e( eKe ,e (a ,/5(e B('-e +na e< -a,a 1:4 are0 ,e 5a0e0: er/ 0' e( ADN e0? re/r-',/ (a0 Be5ra0 +e,en
e0ar
+n',a0
m?0
e0re-Bamene
/
m?0
re(aKa,amene. S' e( ADN e0? re/r-',/ en (a ,'re--'>n ,e (a B('-e: 0e ,'-e +e e( 0+erenr/((am'en/ e0 /0''/: (a0 5a0e0 0e man'enen K+na0 ,e f/rma m?0 e0re-Ba. S' e( ADN 0e re+er-e en (a ,'re--'>n /+e0a: e( 0+erenr/((am'en/ 0e ((ama nea'/: (a0 5a0e0 0e a(eKan. En (a na+ra(e
+e
e0
r/,+-',/
/r en<'ma0 ,en/m'na,a0 //'0/mera0a0. E0a0 en<'ma0 am5'n 0/n ne-e0ar'a0 ara ('5erar (a0 f+ern 'nr/,+-',a0 en (a0 Be5ra0 ,e ADN ,+rane r/-e0/0 -/m/ (a ran0-r'-'>n (a re('-a-'>n.
EL DNA PROPORCIONA UN MOLDE PARA REPLICACIÓN Y TRANSCRIPCIÓN &a 'nf/rma-'>n en'-a a(ma-ena,a en (a 0e-+en-'a ,e n+-(e>',/0 ,e( DNA 'ene ,/0 r/>0'/0. E0 (a f+ene ,e 'nf/rma-'>n ara (a 0íne0'0 ,e /,a (a m/(-+(a ,e r/eína ,e (a -(+(a e( /ran'0m/: r//r-'/na (a 'nf/rma-'>n Bere,a,a /r -(+(a0 B'Ka0 / /r (a ,e0-en,en-'a. Am5a0 f+n-'/ne0 re+'eren +e (a m/(-+(a ,e DNA 0'ra -/m/ +n m/(,e: en e( r'mer -a0/ ara (a ran0-r'-'>n ,e (a 'nf/rma-'>n Ba-'a e( RNA: en e( 0e+n,/ ara (a re('-a-'>n ,e (a 'nf/rma-'>n Ba-'a m/(-+(a0 ,e DNA B'Ka0. C+an,/ -a,a -a,ena ,e (a m/(-+(a ,e DNA 5'-aenar'/ ma,re 0e 0eara ,e0,e 0+ -/m(emen/ en e( ra0-+r0/ ,e (a re('-a-'>n: -a,a +na 0're ,e manera 'n,een,'ene -/m/ +n m/(,e -/n 5a0e en (a -+a( 0e 0'ne'n 0e 0earan enre (a0 ,/0 -(+(a0 B'Ka0 -a,a -(+(a B'Ka -/n'ene m/(-+(a0 ,e DNA -/n 'nf/rma-'>n ',n'-a a (a +e /0eía (a -(+(a ma,re: 0'n em5ar/: en -a,a -(+(a B'Ka (a m/(-+(a ,e DNA ,e (a -(+(a ma,re n'-amene 0e Ba 0em'-/n0era,/.
>.>.>.EL RNA E( ?-',/ r'5/n+-(e'-/ RNA e0 +n /(ímer/ ,e +r'na 'r'm','na r'5/n+-(e>',/0 +n',/0 enre 0í /r en(a-e0 3:7 f/0f/,'0er an?(//0 a (/0 +e e0?n en e( DNA. A+n -+an,/ -/maren m+-Ba0 -ara-erí0'-a0 -/n e( DNA: e( RNA /0ee ar'a0 ,'feren-'a0 e0e-í;-a0@ 1. En e( RNA (a are a<-ar a (a -+a( (/0 f/0fa/0 (a0 5a0e0 r'-a0 'r'mí,'-a0 0e ;Kan en r'5/0a en (+ar ,e (a 2 ,e0/='rr'5/0a ,e( DNA. 2. &/0 -/m/nene0 'r'mí,'-/0 ,e( RNA ,';eren ,e (/0 ,e( DNA. S' 5'en e( RNA -/n'ene (/0 r'5/n+-(e>',/0 ,e a,en'na: +an'na -'/0'na: n/ /0ee 'm'na: en 0+ (+ar -/n'ene e( r'5/n+-(e>',/ ,e +ra-'(/. . E( RNA í'-amene e='0e -/m/ +na -a,ena n'-a: m'enra0 +e e( DNA e='0e -/m/ +na m/(-+(a Be('-/',a( 5'-aenar'a . 4. P+e0/ +e (a m/(-+(a ,e RNA e0 +na -a,ena n'-a -/m(emenar'a a 0/(/ +na ,e (a0 ,/0 -a,ena0 ,e +n en: 0+ -/nen',/ ,e +an'na n/ ne-e0ar'amene e0 '+a( a 0+ -/nen',/ ,e -'/0'na: n' 0+ -/nen',/ ,e a,en'na e0 ne-e0ar'amene '+a( a 0+ -/nen',/ ,e +ra-'(/. 7. &/0 ?(-a('0 +e,en B',r/('',/0 -/m+e0/0 +e n/ 0e +e,en f/rmar a ar'r ,e DNA raa,/ -/n ?(-a(' ,e5',/ a (a a+0en-'a ,e +n r+/ 2B',r/='(/.
&a 'nf/rma-'>n ,enr/ ,e (a -a,ena n'-a ,e RNA e0? -/nen',a en 0+ 0e-+en-'a e0r+-+ra r'mar'a ,e n+-(e>',/0 +r'na 'r'm','na ,enr/ ,e( /(ímer/. &a 0e-+en-'a e0 -/m(emenar'a a (a -a,ena m/(,e ,e( en a ar'r
,e(
-+a(
0e
ran0-r'5'>.
De5',/
a
e0a
-/m(emenar'e,a, +na m/(-+(a ,e RNA +e,e +n'r0e ,e manera e0e-í;-a /r me,'/ ,e +na re(a ,e f/rma-'>n ,e are0 ,e 5a0e0 a 0+ -a,ena ,e DNA m/(,e n/ 0e +n'r? B'5r',ar? -/n (a /ra -a,ena -/,';-a,/ra ,e 0+ en. &a 0e-+en-'a ,e (a m/(-+(a ,e RNA 0a(/ /r U +e rem(an en'-a ,e0,e e( DNA Ba-'a (a ma+'nar'a 0'ne'n f+n-'>n ,e r'5/0/ma0 (a ma+'nar'a en e( ?m5'/ ,e /rane(/ ara (a 0íne0'0 ,e r/eína / 0're -/m/ m/(-+(a0 a,aa,/ra0 RNA 0$ tr!s6$r$()!H tRNA ara (a ra,+--'>n ,e 'nf/rma-'>n ,e( RNA Ba-'a 0e-+en-'a0 e0e-í;-a0 ,e am'n/?-',/0 /('mer'
+e n/ ar'-'an ,e m/,/ ,'re-/ en (a
0íne0'0 ,e r/eína0 ara ,e0emeHar f+n-'/ne0 -r+-'a(e0 en e( r/-e0am'en/ ,e RNA.
>.. Estrutur!
>.. I%&'rt!()! F)s)'#+,)! B)'%/0)!
ESTRATEGIAS METODOLÓGICAS
CONCLUSIONES
REFERENCIAS BIBIOGRÁFICAS
