Zk`h
?4
K_ZV[OZ[VH LVEHCB^HZBQH, A[COBLCHI R WVLJ[OZBQH JK IH_ K@WVK_H_ JK IH @HJKVH, @[KFIK R OLVODL. ZBWL_ JK K@WVK_H_. ZH@HØL. _KOOBLCK_ R JKWHVZH@KCZL_. A[COBLCK_. LVEHCBEVH@H JK WKV_LCHI. _B_ZK@H_ JK WVLJ[OOBßC
8. BCZV BCZVLJ LJ[O [OOB OBßC ßC 6. K_ZV[O K_ZV[OZ[VH Z[VH LVEHCB^H LVEHCB^HZBQH, ZBQH, A[COBLC A[COBLCHI HI R WVLJ[OZBQH WVLJ[OZBQH K@WVK_H K@WVK_H_ _ JK @HJKVH, @HJKVH, @[KFIK R OLVODL ?. ZBW ZBWL_ L_ JK K@W K@WVK_ VK_H_. H_. ZH@ ZH@HØL HØL :. _KO _KOOBL OBLCK_ CK_ R JKWH JKWHVZH VZH@KC @KCZL_ ZL_ ;. A[C A[COBL OBLCK_ CK_ JK IH_ K@W K@WVK_ VK_H_ H_ 1. LVE LVEHC HCBEV BEVH@H H@H JK WKV WKV_LC _LCHI HI 5. _B _B_Z _ZK@ K@H_ H_ JK WVL WVLJ[ J[OO OOBß BßC C 4. E[ E[Bß BßC C VK VK_[ _[@K @KC C 2. FB FBFI FIBL BLEV EVHA HAÀH ÀH
okp kjbtlrbhi }
?:2
Hctlcbl Iubs _h`hcbkel _hstrk
8.
BCZVLJ[OOBßC
Ki lfnktbvl jk ih lrehcbzhobÿc jki trhfhnl ks olcskeubr kc ih k`prksh uc cbvki ÿptb`l jk prljuotbvbjhj fhshjl kc ih utbibzhobÿc hjkouhjh jk ils rkoursls thctl `htkrbhiks ol`l du`hcls. Kiil sk ilerhrè erhobhs h uch hotbtuj hotbvh y rksplcshfik jk ih jbrkoobÿc jk ih k`prksh y jk ils trhfhnhjlrks. [ch lrehcbzhobÿc ks uc phtrÿc jk rkihoblcks, plr `kjbl jk ihs ouhiks ihs pkrslch fhnl ki `hcjl jk ils ekrkctks, pkrsbeukc `kths ol`ucks, sbkcjl ksths `kths jk ihrel hiohcok kc `uodhs lohsblcks. Ih lrehcbzhobÿc jki trhfhnl kc ihs k`prkshs jki skotlr jk ih `hjkrh ‟thi y ol`l sk rkolek kc ki hrtàouil ?: jki BBB Olcvkcbl Ksththi jk ih @hjkrh, 6775-6788-, sk dhrè kxtkcsbvh h ihs sbeubkctks oukstblcks> ’8. Ih kxbstkcobh jk ih hotbvbjhj clr`hi. 6. Hjnujbohobÿc jk ils kik`kctls ckokshrbls (`èqubchs l thrkhs kspkoàabohs) phrh quk ki trhfhnhjlr trhfhnhjlr pukjh hiohczhr, ol`l `àcb`l, ihs hotbvbjhjks h quk sk rkabkrk ki cþ`krl hctkrblr. ?. Abnhobÿc thctl jk ils àcjboks jk jkspkrjbobls ol`l jk ih ohibjhj hj`bsbfik, h il ihrel jki prloksl jk ahfrbohobÿc jki quk sk trhtk. :. Ih vbebihcobh, htkcobÿc y ib`pbkzh ib`pbkzh jk ih `hqubchrbh kcol`kcjhjh, tkcbâcjlsk tkcbâcjlsk kc oukcth, kc tljl ohsl, kc ih jktkr`bchobÿc jk ih ohctbjhj jk trhfhnl y hotbvbjhj h rkcjb`bkctl clr`hi. ;. Ih hjhpthobÿc jk ihs ohrehs jk trhfhnl, rkcjb`bkctl y thrbahs h ihs cukvhs cukvhs olcjboblcks quk rksuitkc jk hpibohr ki oh`fbl jk jktkr`bchjl `âtljl lpkrhtbvl, prloksl jk ahfrbohobÿc, oh`fbl jk `htkrbhs prb`hs, `hqubchrbh l ouhiqubkr ltrh olcjbobÿc tâocboh jki prloksl jk quk sk trhtk. 1. Ih abnhobÿc jk aÿr`uihs oihrhs y skcobiihs skcobiihs phrh ih lftkcobÿc jk ils oèiouils jk rktrbfuoblcks quk olrrksplcjkc h tljls y ohjh ucl jk ils trhfhnhjlrks hakothjls, jk alr`h y `hckrh quk, skh ouhi aukrh ki erupl prlaksblchi jk ils `bs`ls y ki pukstl jk trhfhnl quk loupkc, pukjh ol`prkcjkrihs olc ahobibjhj‐. _k tbkck quk phrtbr jki dkodl lfnktbvl jk quk ih lrehcbzhobÿc jk uch k`prksh jk `hjkrh ks sb`bihr h ih lrehcbzhobÿc jk ouhiqubkr ltrh k`prksh. Ihs jbakrkcobhs quk pukjhc kxbstbr skrèc `àcb`hs.
6.
K_ZV[O K_ZV [OZ[ Z[VH VH LVE LVEHC HCB^ B^HZ HZBQ BQH, H, A[C A[COB OBLC LCHI HI R WVL WVLJ[ J[OZ OZBQ BQH H JK IH_ K@WVK_H_ JK IH @HJKVH, @[KFIK R OLVODL
Ih kstruoturh lrehcbzhtbvh ks uch dkrrh`bkcth jk ih lrehcbzhobÿc phrh olcskeubr sus lfnktbvls. Ohrkctk jk lrehcbzhobÿc, ih hotbvbjhj jk ih k`prksh rksuithràh uc ohls, sbkcjl bckabohz ouhiqubkr sbstk`h jk olctrli. Ih kstruoturh lrehcbzhtbvh jk ih k`prksh, rkprkskcthjh h trhvâs jki lrehcberh`h, jkabck phrh ohjh trhfhnhjlr ki hiohcok jk sus aucoblcks y rksplcshfbibjhjks, hsà ol`l sus rkihoblcks olc ils jk`ès trhfhnhjlrks jk ih k`prksh. Ksth kstruoturh jkfk tkckr kc oukcth> - Hot Hotbvb bvbjhj jhjks ks h jkshr jkshrrli rliihr ihr phrh phrh hioh hiohczh czhrr ils lfnkt lfnktbvl bvls. s. - Ihs pkr pkrslc slchs hs quk quk rkhi rkhibzh bzhcc jbodh jbodhss hotbv hotbvbjh bjhjks jks.. - Il Ilss rko rkour ursl slss y `k `kjbl jblss cko ckoks kshr hrbl bls. s. - Ih Ihss rki rkiho hobl blck ckss kct kctrk rk ki pk pkrs rslc lchi hi.. - _bstk`hs y prlokjb`bkctls phrh `knlrhr ki jkshrrliil jk ihs thrkhs y ki k`pikl jk ils rkoursls jbsplcbfiks. H ih dlrh jk jbskøhr ih kstruoturh lrehcbzhtbvh jk uch k`prksh jk `hjkrh, sk jkfkc ksthfikokr ils sbeubkctks orbtkrbls fèsbols> - Ih kstruoturh kstruoturh lrehcbzhtbvh lrehcbzhtbvh jkfk skr ohphz ohphz jk rkaiknhr ki prloksl jk orkhobÿc jk vhilr jk ih k`prksh, ks jkobr, jkfk bcjbohr ki bcork`kctl jk ih rbqukzh jk ih k`prksh kc ohjh uch jk sus hotbvbjhjks, h trhvâs jki jbskøl, prljuoobÿc y jkshrrliil jki prljuotl quk ahfrboh l kihflrh ih k`prksh. ?;7
okp kjbtlrbhi }
Wrlakslrks jk Kcskøhczh _koucjhrbh. Wrloksls y Wrljuotls kc @hjkrh y @ukfik. Qli. BB - _k jkfkc ksthfikokr ils jbstbctls cbvkiks rkihoblchjls olc ihs hooblcks jk jbrkoobÿc, ekstbÿc y knkouobÿc, olc lfnktl jk ahobibthr ih hsbechobÿc jk aucoblcks y rksplcshfbibjhjks.
6.8 Jbskøl lrehcbzhtbvl Ki prb`kr phsl jk lrehcbzhobÿc jk uch k`prksh skrè ki prlpbl jbskøl lrehcbzhtbvl= ki phtrÿc kspkoàabol orkhjl kc kstk prloksl sk jkcl`bch kstruoturh lrehcbzhoblchi, quk skrè uc `hrol quk ollrjbch y jbvbjk ki trhfhnl jk tljls ils `bk`frls jk uch jktkr`bchjh lrehcbzhobÿc. Jk kstk jbskøl lrehcbzhtbvl jkpkcjk jki kcerhchnk jk tljl ki prloksl. Cl lfsthctk, cl dhy uch aÿr`uih olcorkth k`prkshrbhi, sbcl quk skrè ih prlpbh ckoksbjhj jk ih k`prksh ih quk jktkr`bck y olcabeurk ih kstruoturh lrehcbzhtbvh. _b, plr knk`pil, dhfih`ls jk uc thiikr jk ohrpbctkràh kc ki quk sÿil trhfhnh uch pkrslch, ki prlpbl jukøl jki thiikr, hquà ki prlfik`h cl skrè ih kstruoturh lrehcbzhtbvh, sbcl oÿ`l sk lrehcbzh su tbk`pl phrh htkcjkr tljhs ihs aucoblcks y thrkhs quk olciikvh hfrbr uch k`prksh. Ih lrehcbzhobÿc jk uch k`prksh ks uc knkrobobl ekrkcobhi pkr`hckctk, pkrl sk pljràhc obthr ouhtrl puctls fèsbols phrh pljkr k`pkzhr ihs prb`krhs jkobsblcks lrehcbzhtbvhs> h) Jb Jbvb vbsb sbÿc ÿc jki jki trh trhfh fhnl nl>> Jbvbsbÿc jki trhfhnl kc vhrbhs thrkhs quk pukjkc skr knkouthjhs kc alr`h rèpbjh y iÿeboh, plr uch l vhrbhs pkrslchs. Hucquk ohjh uch jk ihs hotbvbjhjks jk ih bcjustrbh jk ih `hjkrh `hjkrh tbkck sus pkouibhrbjhjks, kc iàckhs ekckrhiks ki prloksl prljuotbvl sk pljràh jbvbjbr kc> - B + J> Kc ih ih hotuhibjh hotuhibjhj, j, jkfk`ls jkfk`ls jk tkckr tkckr kc oukct oukcthh quk hieuchs hieuchs erhcj erhcjks ks k`prkshs k`prkshs tbkck tbkckcc prlerh`hs jk bcvkstbehobÿc y jkshrrliil. - Vko Vkokpo kpobÿc bÿc y hi`h hi`hokc okchnk hnk jk `ht `htkrb krbhs hs prb prb`hs `hs>> Ol`prkcjk ih rkokpobÿc, oihsbabohobÿc y hi`hokch`bkctl jk ihs jbstbcths `htkrbhs prb`hs h utbibzhr kc ki prloksl jk ahfrbohobÿc dhsth olcskeubr ki prljuotl abchi. - Wr Wrkp kphr hrho hobÿ bÿcc jk ih ihss `htk `htkrb rbhs hs pr prb` b`hs hs>> Wrkphrhobÿc jk ih `htkrbh prb`h ‟`hjkrh, olrodl- phrh olcskeubr uchs ohrhotkràstbohs aàsbohs quk pkr`bthc su plstkrblr trhcsalr`hobÿc y iks olcokjhc uchs jktkr`bchjhs prksthoblcks. Kc ksth ahsk sk bcoiuykc ki skohjl, trhth`bkctl olc prltkotlrks… - Zr Zrhhcsalr`hobÿc> Zrhcsalr`hoblcks h ihs quk sk sl`ktk ih `hjkrh phrh lftkckr thfikrls, odhphs y kik`kctls olc alr`h y jb`kcsblcks jktkr`bchjhs, ils ouhiks pukjkc skr sl`ktbjls h uc prloksl plstkrblr jk `kohcbzhjl. Kc ksth ahsk sk bcoiuyk ki jksolrtkzhjl, olrtk, ourvhjl y `lijkhjl, kctrk ltrhs. - @kohcbzhjl> Dhok rkakrkcobh h ihs lpkrhoblcks phrh ih lftkcobÿc jk pbkzhs olc alr`h y jb`kcsblcks jktkr`bchjhs, quk skrèc sl`ktbjhs h uc plstkrblr hohfhjl phrh ih ahfrbohobÿc jk kik`kctls jk ohrpbctkràh y `ukfiks. Hquà sk bcoiubràh ki jkspbkok, okpbiihjl, arkshjl, ibnhjl… - @lcthnk> Lpkrhoblcks jk ol`plsbobÿc, prk`lcthnk y `lcthnk jk pbkzhs y kik`kctls phrh olcskeubr ki prljuotl abchi. Bcoiuyk ihs lpkrhoblcks jk prkphrhobÿc jk slplrtks, rkvkstb`bkctls= utbibzhobÿc jk hjdksbvls y prkcshjl y olilohobÿc jk hookslrbls ‟`lijurhs, dkrrhnks…-. - Hohfhjl> Wrkphrhobÿc y hpibohobÿc jk tbctks, olilrhctks, fhrcboks l ihohs.
okp kjbtlrbhi }
?;8
Hctlcbl Iubs _h`hcbkel _hstrk - K`fhihnk> Wrltkoobÿc y prkskcthobÿc jki prljuotl l pbkzh tkr`bchjh, hsà ol`l su oihsbabohobÿc, hi`hokch`bkctl y trhcsplrtk. Ki oubjhjl jki k`fhihnk y sbstk`h jk trhcsplrtk kikebjl ks jk erhc b`plrthcobh phrh rkjuobr ils plsbfiks jkakotls y jkvliuoblcks. - Bcsthihobÿc> @lcthnk y olilohobÿc —bc sbtu‒ jk prljuotls l pbkzhs sk`bkihflrhjhs, ol`l thfikrls l phrquâ, l tkr`bchjls, ol`l kik`kctls jk ohrpbctkràh y kfhcbstkràh y `ukfiks. - Jbr Jbrko koob obÿc ÿc,, hj`bc hj`bcbs bstr trho hobÿ bÿcc y abchc abchczh zhs> s> _k trhth jk aucoblcks quk bcolrplrhc hotbvbjhjks quk sbrvkc jk hplyl hi aucoblch`bkctl jk ih kstruoturh ekckrhi jk ih k`prksh. f) Jkp Jkphrt hrth`k h`kcth cthibz ibzhob hobÿc> ÿc> _k trhth jk uc bcstru`kctl bcstru`kctl quk hyujhrè h skeubr ihs rkihoblcks jk uch lrehcbzhobÿc. Olcsbstbrè kc heruphr kc jkphrth`kctls hqukiihs hotbvbjhjks jk trhfhnl quk slc sb`bihrks l tbkckc uch rkihobÿc iÿeboh. Hsà, plr knk`pil, phrkok iÿebol quk hohfhjls y k`fhihnk skhc jls jkphrth`kctls quk kstâc ucbjls y ollrjbchjls, pukstl quk uch vkz quk ils prljuotls dhc phshjl plr ih ahsk jk hohfhjl, skrè ckokshrbl quk skhc k`fhihjls y prltkebjls jk `hckrh rèpbjh phrh kvbthr quk suarhc rhylcks u ltrl tbpl jk hoobjkctks quk pukjhc `bcusvhilrhril l dhokril bcþtbi phrh ih vkcth. Ltrl knk`pil jk heruphobÿc jk jkphrth`kctls skràh ih heruphobÿc kc uc slil jkphrth`kctl jk tljhs ihs ahsks prljuotbvhs jki `kohcbzhjl quk sk knkouthc kc ki thiikr. Hsà, sbeubkcjl ih lrehcbzhobÿc quk dk`ls jhjl, sk pljràhc ucbabohr il quk dk`ls jkcl`bchjl trhcsalr`hobÿc, `kohcbzhjl y `lcthnk. Cl sÿil sk jkshrrliihc ksths hotbvbjhjks kc uc `bs`l ksphobl aàsbol, sbcl quk th`fbâc sukikc skr rkhibzhjhs plr ki `bs`l pkrslchi, ks jkobr, ki pkrslchi jk thiikr, labobhiks y hyujhctks. o) Nk Nkrh rhrq rqu uàh àh>> [ch vkz quk sk dhc orkhjl ils jkphrth`kctls ckokshrbls y ihs pkrslchs hsbechjhs h ohjh jkphrth`kctl, sk ksthfikokrè uch ohjkch jk `hcjl, ks jkobr, uc pihc jlcjk sk ksthfikok qubâc jkpkcjk jk qubâc. Ki rksuithjl jk ksth ohjkch ks olclobjl ol`l nkrhrquàh. Kc ihs k`prkshs jk ohrpbctkràh y kfhcbstkràh pkqukøhs y `kjbhchs (quk slc ih `hylràh kc Ksphøh), kc ih ob`h jk ih k`prksh sk kcoukctrh ki jukøl jk ih k`prksh, quk kc ih `hylràh jk ihs lohsblcks dhok ihs aucoblcks jk jbrkotlr l ekrkctk jk `hylr rhcel. Ihs ksohshs erhcjks k`prkshs jk `hjkrh quk pukjk dhfkr kc Ksphøh jksbechc uc ekrkctk, quk skrè rksplcshfik jk tljhs ihs lpkrhoblcks quk sk rkhibokc kc ih ohjkch jk prljuoobÿc. Ihs nkrhrquàhs sbk`prk dhc tkcbjl uc ohrèotkr vkrtbohi, hotuhi`kctk sk kstèc k`pkzhcjl h ksthfikokr nkrhrquàhs `ès pihchs, slfrk tljl olc k`punk kc ihs k`prkshs jk tkikol`ucbohoblcks. Ouhcjl kc uch k`prksh jk `hjkrh, l kc ouhiqubkr ltrl tbpl jk k`prksh, sk pkrsbeuk ih ohibjhj, ihs olcskoukcobhs slfrk ih nkrhrquàh slc erhcjks, pukstl quk uc kik`kctl jk ils prlerh`hs jk ohibjhj ks ih hutljbrkoobÿc phrh kikvhr ih ohibjhj= ih orkhobÿc jk trhfhnls hutljbrbebjls sbecbaboh quk ih tl`h jk jkobsblcks cl skh kxoiusbvh jk ekrkctks l kcohrehjls, puks ils trhfhnhjlrks th`fbâc pljrèc tl`hr jkobsblcks y hsu`br rksplcshfbibjhjks. Kc ih `hylr phrtk jk ils okctrls jk trhfhnl, ih orkhtbvbjhj y olclob`bkctls jk ils k`pikhjls slc rkoursls sbc kxpilthr, plr thctl kc uch lrehcbzhobÿc jk trhfhnl olc uch kstruoturh kc fhsk kc kqubpls, ki hprlvkodh`bkctl jk ihs ohphobjhjks jk tljls y ohjh ucl jk ils trhfhnhjlrks sk olcvkrtbrè kc uch vkcthnh ol`pktbtbvh olc ki rkstl jk ihs k`prkshs quk `hctbkckc uch kstruoturh vkrtbohi jk tl`h jk jkobsblcks.
?;6
okp kjbtlrbhi }
Wrlakslrks jk Kcskøhczh _koucjhrbh. Wrloksls y Wrljuotls kc @hjkrh y @ukfik. Qli. BB j) Ol Ollrj lrjbc bcho hobÿc bÿc>> _k trhth jk bctkerhr ihs jbakrkctks hotbvbjhjks prljuotbvhs jk ils jkphrth`kctls olc ki lfnktbvl jk hiohczhr ils lfnktbvls jk ih k`prksh jk uch `hckrh rhoblchi, kabohz, olc ils `àcb`ls olstks y kc ki `kclr tbk`pl plsbfik. _bc ksth ollrjbchobÿc, ils trhfhnhjlrks cl tkcjràhc oihrl su phpki jkctrl jk ih lrehcbzhobÿc l k`prksh y pljràh jhrsk ki dkodl jk quk sÿil trhfhnhrhc plr ils fkckabobls quk pujbkrh olcskeubr su jkphrth`kctl sbc tkckr kc oukcth ils lfnktbvls abchiks jk ih k`prksh. Ih ol`ucbohobÿc skrè uc ahotlr kskcobhi phrh ih kxbstkcobh jk uch fukch ollrjbchobÿc. Ksth ollrjbchobÿc pukjk skr jk vhrbls tbpls> - Ol`ucbohobÿ Ol`ucbohobÿcc pkrslchi pkrslchi kctrk kctrk kcohreh kcohrehjl jl l ekrkctk ekrkctk y pkrsl pkrslchi chi jk thiikr> thiikr> _k trhth trhth kc ih rkhibj rkhibjhj hj jki sbstk`h `ès k`pikhjl kc ihs ohrpbctkràhs y kfhcbstkràhs ksphølihs, jhjl su ohrèotkr jk pkqukøh k`prksh. Ih ol`ucbohobÿc ks olcsthctk y h jbhrbl. - Hotuhi`kctk Hotuhi`kctk,, slfrk slfrk tljl kc erhcjk erhcjkss k`prkshs, k`prkshs, sk orkhc orkhc aÿr`uihs aÿr`uihs phrh phrh rkjuobr rkjuobr ih ol`ucbo ol`ucbohhobÿc `hctkcbkcjl ih kabohobh kc ih k`prksh. [ch `hckrh jk olcskeubr kstl skràh ih jkcl`bchjh orkhobÿc jk rkoursls ksohsls. [ch erhc k`prksh jk `ukfik kspkrh vkcjkr 67.777 ucbjhjks kc Hcjhiuoàh kc uc pkràljl jk trks `ksks h phrtbr jki 8 jk lotufrk. Jksjk ih ekrkcobh jk ih k`prksh sk pljràh abnhr uch olth jk prljuoobÿc jk 66.777 `ukfiks phrh ki ohsl jk quk ih jk`hcjh aukrh `hylr jk ih kspkrhjh, olc uch akodh ià`btk jk prljuoobÿc jk 8 nuibl jki `bs`l høl, phrh pljkr tkckr uc `hrekc jk skeurbjhj jk : `ksks phrh ki ohsl jk quk kxbstbkrhc jbabouithjks kc ih prljuoobÿc l kc ki trhcsplrtk, thctl jk `htkrbhs prb`hs phrh rkhibzhr ils `ukfiks, ol`l jk ils prlpbls `ukfiks. _b cl kxbstbkrh kstk `hrekc jk prljuoobÿc, phrh olcthr olc `ukfiks suabobkctks kc ki `l`kctl lplrtucl, sk tkcjràh quk jhr uch `ès kstrkodh olihflrhobÿc kctrk ih ohjkch jk prljuoobÿc y ihs vkcths phrh pljkr oufrbr ih jk`hcjh.
6.6 Kstruoturh lrehcbzhtbvh _k trhth jk uc bcstru`kctl h trhvâs jki ouhi ih k`prksh u lrehcbzhobÿc prktkcjk hiohczhr sus lfnktbvls. Ih kstruoturh lrehcbzhtbvh sk abnh sbeubkcjl uc prloksl iÿebol. Zhi prloksl iikvh h olcokptuhr il sbeubkctk> - Hotbv Hotbvbjhjks bjhjks quk sk jkfkc jkshr jkshrrliihr rliihr phrh hiohc hiohczhr zhr ils lfnktb lfnktbvls vls - Wkr Wkrslc slchs hs quk jkf jkfkc kc jksh jkshrrli rrliihr ihr ksh kshss hotb hotbvbj vbjhjk hjkss - Vk Vkou ours rsls ls y `kj `kjbl blss quk quk sk k` k`pi pikh khcc - Vk Vkih ihob oblck lckss kc kctr trkk ih ihss pk pkrs rslch lchss - Wukstls jk jk tr trhfhnl - _bstk` _bstk`hs hs y prlokjb`b prlokjb`bkctls kctls phrh ki `knlr `knlr jkshrr jkshrrliil liil jk ihs ihs hotbvb hotbvbjhjks jhjks - @k @knl nlrr k`p k`pik ikll jk jk ils ils rk rkou ours rsls ls Ih prb`krh ahsk olcsbstbrè kc jbvbjbr plr thrkhs tljl ki trhfhnl phrh hiohczhr ils abcks jk prljuoobÿc quk sk dh `hrohjl ih k`prksh. Qhieh ki ksquk`h jk jbvbsbÿc jki trhfhnl quk dk`ls jhjl hctkrblr`kctk. Ihs thrkhs sk tbkckc quk heruphr kc pukstls jk trhfhnl, ks jkobr, uc olcnuctl jk thrkhs jkshrrliihjh plr uch pkrslch, y kstls h su vkz kc ucbjhjks, tljl kstl slfrk uch fhsk iÿeboh, kc ih quk dhfrè q uk tkckr kc oukcth ihs ohphobjhjks bcjbvbjuhiks, ih dl`lekckbjhj jk ihs jbstbcths lpkrhoblcks y ils `kjbls ckokshrbls phrh rkhibzhrihs. Whrh jktkr`bchr kstls `kjbls y rkoursls jkfkrèc tkckrsk kc oukcth> - Ch Chtu turh rhik ikzh zh jk jkii tr trhf hfhn hnll -
Ils kqubpls
okp kjbtlrbhi }
?;?
Hctlcbl Iubs _h`hcbkel _hstrk - Ils `htkrbhiks - Ih Ihss `è `èqu qubc bchs hs h ut utbi bibz bzhr hr - Ki ilohi l chvk Ih rkihobÿc jk tljls kstls kik`kctls alr`h il quk sk jkcl`bch kstruoturh lrehcbzhtbvh jk ih k`prksh. Hjk`ès jk lrjkchr ihs hotbvbjhjks y jbstbcths ucbjhjks jk ih k`prksh, tbkck quk tkckr uc ohrèotkr jbcè`bol, skrvbrè phrh ih rkihoblcks kctrk ihs jbstbcths pkrslchs y erupls y jkfk ol`prkcjkr ils prlokjb`bkctls, ils sbstk`hs, ils aiunls jk trhfhnl y ils prlokjb`bkctls jk jkobsbÿc. Kstruoturh lrehcbzhtbvh jk uch erhc k`prksh jk `hjkrh>
h) Jb Jbrk rkoo oobÿ bÿcc ekc ekckr krhi hi f) _ko _koobÿ obÿcc jk hpr hprlvb lvbsbl sblch` ch`bkc bkctl> tl> Ol`prhs (`hjkrh, odhph, fhrcboks, olihs…) Ileàstboh (oh`blcks, aurelckths…) o) _k _koo oobÿ bÿcc jk ahfr ahfrbo boho hobÿ bÿc> c> @kohcbzhobÿc jk ih `hjkrh Olctrli jk ohibjhj Hohfhjls K`fhihnk @lcthnk j) _k _koo oobÿ bÿcc tâocb tâocboh oh>> Labobch tâocboh B + J (sÿil phrh ki ohsl jk quk il dufbkrh) k) _k _koo oobÿ bÿcc jk oh ohib ibjh jhj> j> Bcspkoobÿc a) _k _krv rvbo bobl blss ek ekck ckrh rhik iks> s> @hctkcb`bkctl Zrhcsplrtk bctkrcl (sÿil phrh erhcjks bcjustrbhs) e) _k _koo oobÿ bÿcc ol`kro ol`krobh bhi>i> Erhcjks jbstrbfubjlrks (sÿil erhcjks bcjustrbhs) Kspkobhibsths Zbkcjhs Ileàstboh ol`krobhi Wkjbjls (phrh pkqukøhs bcjustrbhs) Jbstrbfuobÿc y `lcthnk (kc `uodhs k`prkshs ih jbstrbfuobÿc y `lcthnk jk ils prljuotls jkpkcjk jk ihs prlpbhs tbkcjhs, y cl jki thiikr) d) Jbr Jbrkoo koobÿc bÿc kolcÿ`b kolcÿ`boh oh abchcob abchcobkrh krh
?;:
okp kjbtlrbhi }
Wrlakslrks jk Kcskøhczh _koucjhrbh. Wrloksls y Wrljuotls kc @hjkrh y @ukfik. Qli. BB
?.
ZBWL_ JK JK K@ K@WVK_H _H_ _. ZH ZH@HØL
?.8 Jk Jksor sorbpo bpobÿc bÿc jk jk ihs k`prk k`prkshs shs kxbs kxbstkc tkctks tks kc kc Ksphøh Ksphøh y Kurlp Kurlphh Ih bcjustrbh kurlpkh jk ih `hjkrh, rkprkskcthjh plr ih Olcakjkrhobÿc Kurlpkh jk Bcjustrbhs jk @hjkrh, kstè alr`hjh plr 877.777 k`prkshs, 6.777.777 jk k`pikhjls y uch ahoturhobÿc hcuhi jk 8;7.777 `biilcks jk kurls. Ksphøh, kc ki høl 6775 y skeþc jhtls jki Jbrkotlrbl Choblchi jk K`prkshs, JBVOK, olcthfh olc ?5.1;4 k`prkshs jk ih bcjustrbh jk ih `hjkrh y ki `ukfik, il quk suplck ki 8,?6% jki tlthi jk k`prkshs h cbvki choblchi. Ki skotlr jk ih `hjkrh kc Ksphøh k`pikh h `ès jk ?;7.777 pkrslchs, sbkcjl ki olctrhtl bcjkabcbjl ki prkjl`bchctk. Wlr sufskotlrks jk hotbvbjhj sk jbvbjkc kc> hskrrhjl y okpbiihjl jk ih `hjkrh= ahfrbohobÿc jk odhphs, thfikrls, hibstlchjls jk phrtàouihs heil`krhjhs, jk abfrhs y ltrls thfikrls= ahfrbohobÿc jk kstruoturhs jk `hjkrh y pbkzhs jk ohrpbctkràh y kfhcbstkràh phrh ih olcstruoobÿc= ahfrbohobÿc jk kcvhsks y k`fhihnks= ltrls prljuotls jk `hjkrh y ahfrbohobÿc jki `ukfik. [c jhtl rkikvhctk jki skotlr jk ih `hjkrh kc Ksphøh K sphøh ks su olcokctrhobÿc kc uchs ouhcths ol`ucbjhjks hutÿcl`hs. Hsà, ih ol`ucbjhj hutÿcl`h jk Ohthiuøh, skeþc jhtls jki BCK, ks ih quk oukcth olc `hylr cþ`krl jk k`prkshs jkjbohjhs h ih trhcsalr`hobÿc jk ih `hjkrh (85,8% jki tlthi), skeubjh jk ih Ol`ucbjhj Qhikcobhch (86,4%), Hcjhiuoàh (86,1%), Ehibobh (2,1%), Ohstbiih-Ih @hcodh (1,;%) y @hjrbj (1,?%). Kc Ehibobh sk olcokctrh prbcobphi`kctk ih bcjustrbh jki hskrrhjl vbcouihjh h ils rkoursls alrksthiks jk ih rkebÿc. Kc ih prljuoobÿc jk odhphs y thfikrls, hsà ol`l kcvhsks, jksthoh ih Ol`ucbjhj Qhikcobhch. Kc ih ahfrbohobÿc jk pbkzhs jk ohrpbctkràh jksthohc Ohthiuøh, Ehibobh y Ohstbiih-Ih @hcodh, `bkctrhs quk kc cþ`krl jk k`prkshs jkjbohjhs h ih bcjustrbh jki `ukfik jksthoh Hcjhiuoàh. Kc ki olctkxtl bctkrchoblchi, ihs k`prkshs ksphølihs sk kstèc okctrhcjl aucjh`kcthi`kctk kc ki `krohjl ksphøli. Ltrl ahotlr quk bcvbth h ih pkr`hckcobh kc ki `krohjl ilohi ks ki fhnl olcsu`l jk `hjkrh pkr oèpbth kxbstkctk kc Ksphøh rkspkotl h ltrls phàsks jk Kurlph, k bcoiusl kc ki olctkxtl bctkrchoblchi, olc ki olcsbeubkctk pltkcobhi jk orkob`bkctl ilohi. Wlr su phrtk, kc ki skotlr jki `ukfik ki olctkxtl bctkrchoblchi ks ibekrh`kctk jbakrkctk. Ki ehstl jk ihs ah`bibhs kc ih vbvbkcjh ks kikvhjl, il quk rkjuok su jbsplcbfbibjhj jk bcerksls phrh h`ukfihrihs, jk `hckrh quk ih prlykoobÿc jk ksths k`prkshs kc ki è`fbtl bctkrchoblchi sk dhok b`prksobcjbfik phrh su supkrvbvkcobh. Ki vliu`kc tlthi jk ihs kxplrthoblcks ksphølihs kc ki skotlr jk ih `hjkrh y ki `ukfik supkrÿ ils 6.:77 `biilcks jk kurls kc ki høl 677; ‟skeþc jhtls jki Lfskrvhtlrbl Bcjustrbhi jki _kotlr jk ih @hjkrh-, olrrksplcjbkcjl `ès jki 17 plr obkctl h vkcths jk `ukfiks kc ki kxtkrblr y `ès jki ?4% h sufskotlrks jk ih `hjkrh (pukrths, vkcthchs, sukils, `hrols, `lijurhs, ktoâtkrh). Ksphøh th`fbâc kxplrth thfikrls jk abfrh jk `hjkrh u ltrhs `htkrbhs ikølshs, bcoiusl heil`krhjls olc rksbchs u ltrls heiutbchctks lreècbols, hsà ol`l lfrhs y pbkzhs jk ohrpbctkràh phrh olcstruooblcks, bcoiubjls ils thfikrls okiuihrks, ils thfikrls phrh phrquâs, ihs tknhs y ih rbpbh jk `hjkrh. Ih [cbÿc Kurlpkh ks ki prbcobphi jkstbcl jk ihs vkcths jki skotlr `hjkrh-`ukfik jk Ksphøh, sbkcjl Arhcobh ki prb`kr oibkctk. Vkspkotl h ihs b`plrthoblcks, skeþc jhtls olrrksplcjbkctks hi høl 677; y rkolebjls th`fbâc plr ki Lfskrvhtlrbl Bcjustrbhi jki skotlr jk ih `hjkrh, hsokcjbkrlc h `ès jk :.;77 `biilcks jk kurls, olrrksplcjbkcjl `ès jk ih `bthj h ol`prhs kc ki kxtkrblr jk `htkrbh prb`h y sk`b`hcuahoturhs jk `hjkrh. Ik sbeukc ihs b`plrthoblcks jk `ukfiks, sbkcjl Odbch ki prbcobphi phàs jk prlokjkcobh, y Arhcobh phrh ihs jk `hjkrh, skeubjl jk Wlrtuehi. Ih `htkrbh prb`h b`plrthjh ‟`hjkrh hskrrhjh y kc frutl- sk utbibzh thctl phrh ih prljuoobÿc jk sk`b`hcuahoturhs jk `hjkrh ‟sukils, pukrths, vkcthchs, kstruoturhs, thfikrls, `hrols phrh ouhjrls, ktoâtkrh- ol`l phrh ih ahfrbohobÿc jk `ukfiks. Olc ils jhtls hplrthjls, sk pukjkc kxtrhkr uch skrbk jk alrthikzhs y jkfbibjhjks jki skotlr ksphøli jk ih `hjkrh y ki `ukfik, rkolebjhs plr ki Lfskrvhtlrbl Bcjustrbhi jki skotlr jk ih @hjkrh, hi quk yh okp kjbtlrbhi }
?;;
Hctlcbl Iubs _h`hcbkel _hstrk dk`ls vkcbjl dhobkcjl rkakrkcobh h il ihrel jk kstk tk`h, uc ÿrehcl jkpkcjbkctk jki @bcbstkrbl jk Bcjustrbh, Zurbs`l y Ol`krobl. Hsà, kctrk ihs alrthikzhs pljk`ls dhfihr jk> - Fuk Fukch ch ohibj ohibjhj hj jk ihs `ht `htkrb krbhs hs prb` prb`hs hs k`pi k`pikhj khjhs hs.. - Hjk Hjkouh ouhjh jh rkihob rkihobÿc ÿc ohibjh ohibjhj/p j/prko rkobl bl kc ils prlju prljuotl otlss abchiks abchiks.. - Fuk Fukch ch b`hek b`hekcc jk ihs ihs k`prks k`prkshs hs olc olc trhjbo trhjbobÿc bÿc kxpl kxplrth rthjlr jlrh. h. - Aikxbfbibjh Aikxbfbibjhj j y ohphobjhj ohphobjhj jk jk hjhpthobÿc hjhpthobÿc jk ihs k`prks k`prkshs, hs, jhjl jhjl ki prkjl`bc prkjl`bcbl bl jk ih py`, py`, nuctl nuctl olc su jbsplsbobÿc h bcclvhr y ollpkrhr. Wlr ki olctrhrbl, kc ki ohpàtuil jk ihs jkfbibjhjks jkfk`ls `kcoblchr> - Hus Huskco kcobh bh jk `hroh `hroh y plol plol ksauk ksaukrzl rzl jk pufi pufibob bobjhj jhj y prl`l prl`lobÿ obÿc. c. - Hiknh`bkctl jk ihs hotuhiks tkcjkcobhs jk ol`pktkcobh y `krohjls auturl jkfbjl h ih htl`bzhobÿc y ksohsh lrehcbzhobÿc jk ih jbstrbfuobÿc jk ohjh ahfrbohctk. - Ksohsl pljkr pljkr jk ckelobhobÿc jk ihs k`prkshs k`prkshs arkctk h ils oibkctks, kc ekckrhi k`prkshs jk `uodl `hylr th`høl (olcstruotlrks, k`prkshs jk jbstrbfuobÿc y rkjks ol`krobhiks). - Ksohskz Ksohskz jk prljuotlr prljuotlrks ks bctkr`kjbl bctkr`kjblss h bcjustrbh bcjustrbh huxbibh huxbibhrr y ih ahith ahith jk hjhpthob hjhpthobÿc ÿc jk âstls âstls h ihs ckoksbjhjks jki skotlr. - Ohr Ohrkco kcobhs bhs kc kc ils sbst sbstk`h k`hss jk olctrl olctrlii jk ih ekstb ekstbÿc ÿc y jk ils prlok prloksls sls.. Hsb`bs`l, th`fbâc sk hchibzhc ihs lplrtucbjhjks y h`kchzhs jki skotlr. Kctrk ihs lplrtucbjhjks sk pukjkc rkskøhr> - Bcolrplrhobÿ Bcolrplrhobÿcc jk tkoclileà tkoclileàhh hvhczhjh hvhczhjh h ils prloks prloksls ls prljuotbv prljuotbvls, ls, phrh phrh hsà hsà hu`kcthr hu`kcthr ki ki vhilr høhjbjl y orkhr pukstls jk trhfhnh jk `hylr ouhibabohobÿc. - Cuk Cukvls vls pht phtrlck rlckss jk jk jbst jbstrbf rbfuob uobÿc ÿc ol` ol`kro krobhi bhi.. - @knlrh kc ih ileàs ileàstboh tboh h trhvâs trhvâs jk ih ollpkr ollpkrhobÿc hobÿc kctrk ahfrb ahfrbohctk ohctks. s. - Hpib Hpibohobÿc ohobÿc jk jk ihs ZBO ZBO kc hotbvbjhj hotbvbjhjks ks ol`l ih ih prljuoobÿc, prljuoobÿc, ih ih ekstbÿc ekstbÿc l ih rkihobÿ rkihobÿcc olc ki oibkctk. oibkctk. Wlr olctrh, ki skotlr jkfk dhokr arkctk h uch skrbk jk h`kchzhs> - Ih hphrbobÿc hphrbobÿc jk cukvl cukvlss phtrlcks phtrlcks jk jbstrbf jbstrbfuobÿc uobÿc ol`krobh ol`krobhii olc ih brrupob brrupobÿc ÿc jk erhcjks erhcjks supkrabsupkrabobks jbstrbfubjlrhs kxtrhcnkrhs. - Erhcjks ohjkchs quk b`plckc sus jbskøls jbskøls y trhthc jk olctrlihr ils sbstk`hs jk prljuoobÿc phrh rkjuobr olstks. - Cuk Cukvls vls prlju prljuotl otlss sustbtu sustbtutbv tbvls ls fhshjl fhshjlss kc cukvls cukvls `htkrb `htkrbhik hiks. s. - Kcjurk Kcjurkob`bk ob`bkctl ctl jk ihs ihs pliàtbo pliàtbohs hs `kjblh`f `kjblh`fbkcth bkcthiks iks arkctk arkctk h ihs jk tkrokr tkrokrls ls phàsks. phàsks.
?.6 Zh`høl Ih kstruoturh jk ihs k`prkshs jki skotlr jk ih `hjkrh ks sb`bihr h ih jki olcnuctl jk ih bcjustrbh ksphølih, hucquk kc kstk ohsl prkjl`bchc ihs jk `kcls jk 87 k`pikhjls, plr kcob`h jk `kjbhchs y erhcjks k`prkshs, `ès jk ;7 k`pikhjls. Vkspkotl h ih jb`kcsbÿc jk ihs k`prkshs jki skotlr jk ih `hjkrh> - _k trhth jk uc skotlr `uy htl`bzhjl, alr`hjl plr WR@K_, y kc ki ouhi ouhi sÿil ki 87% jk ihs k`prkshs supkrhc ils 67 trhfhnhjlrks. - Ih olcokctrh olcokctrhobÿc obÿc jk ih prljuoobÿ prljuoobÿcc ks `uy `uy kikvhjh, kikvhjh, yh yh quk kstk kstk 87% 87% jk k`prkshs k`prkshs prljuo prljuokc kc ohsb ohsb ki 47% jki vhilr tlthi jk ih prljuoobÿc. - Ki th`høl th`høl `kjbl `kjbl jk ih k`prks k`prkshh jki skotlr skotlr jk ih ih `hjkrh `hjkrh sk `hctbk `hctbkck ck ibekrh`kc ibekrh`kctk tk orkobkctk orkobkctk y hiohczh ils 1 trhfhnhjlrks. ?;1
okp kjbtlrbhi }
Wrlakslrks jk Kcskøhczh _koucjhrbh. Wrloksls y Wrljuotls kc @hjkrh y @ukfik. Qli. BB - Kctrk ils ils høls 6778 y 6775 6775,, ki cþ`krl cþ`krl jk k`prk k`prkshs shs jk `hjkrh y `ukfik `ukfik dh jksokcjb jksokcjbjl jl uc 5,1%, 5,1%, phshcjl jk :7.551 h ?5.1;4. Wkrl th`fbâc dhy quk jksthohr ki hu`kctl jk ihs k`prkshs jk `ès jk ;77 trhfhnhjlrks, phshcjl jk 87 h 85 (skeþc jhtls jki BCK). - Ih jb`kcsbÿc jb`kcsbÿc jk ihs ihs k`prkshs k`prkshs ks uc hspkotl hspkotl `uy `uy b`plrthct b`plrthctkk h tkckr kc kc oukcth oukcth jk ohrh h su autuauturl> ih h`pibhobÿc jk pihctbiihs y ih herkehobÿc jk bcjustrbhs pkr`btk harlcthr olc `ès skeurbjhj ils rktls (h`pibhr prljuotls y skrvbobls, h`pibhobÿc jk `krohjls…). - Ih rkjuobjh rkjuobjh jb`kcsb jb`kcsbÿc ÿc jk ih k`prk k`prksh sh cl jkfk jkfk skr uc lfstèoui lfstèouill phrh ki hooksl hooksl h ihs ihs cukvhs cukvhs tkotkoclileàhs kc `htkrbh jk ohibjhj, prljuoobÿc y `hrmktbce. - Ih nlrchjh nlrchjh h tbk`pl tbk`pl phrobh phrobhii ks `uy ksohsh ksohsh,, lsobihcjl lsobihcjl kctrk ki 8,6 8,6 y ki ki ?,1%. ?,1%. - Wlr eâckrl, eâckrl, ks uc skotlr skotlr `uy —`hso —`hsouibcb uibcbzhjl‒ zhjl‒,, ks jkobr, jkobr, ki plrokct plrokcthnk hnk jk dl`frk dl`frkss supkrh supkrh olc orkorkoks hi jk `unkrks kc tljls ils sufskotlrks. Wlr cbvki jk kstujbls, ki `hylr plrokcthnk jk trhfhnhjlrks oukcth olc uc cbvki jk alr`hobÿc alr `hobÿc jk kcskøhczh lfibehtlrbh abchibzhjh= y plr choblchibjhj, jbstbceubkcjl sÿil kctrk trhfhnhjlrks ksphøliks y ils quk cl il slc, ih prkskcobh jk kxtrhcnkrls ks b`plrthctk, sb ih ol`phrh`ls olc ltrls skotlrks bcjustrbhiks. - Ltrh ohrhotk ohrhotkràstb ràstboh oh jki skotlr skotlr ks quk, quk, plr il ekckrhi, ekckrhi, ohrkokc ohrkokc jk uch kstrhtk kstrhtkebh ebh jkabcbjh jkabcbjh slfrk slfrk ki jkshrrliil jk ih B+J+B. Ki prkjl`bcbl jk ihs py`ks kc ki skotlr jbabouith hol`ktkr jktkr`bchjhs bcvkrsblcks y prlykotls k`prkshrbhiks ‟bcvkrsblcks tkocliÿebohs y kc `ljkrcbzhobÿc jk bcsthihoblcks, jkshrrliil jk cukvls prljuotls, hooksl h ohchiks jk jbstrbfuobÿc, pkcktrhobÿc kc cukvls `krohjls y ske`kctls- quk iks pkr`bth `knlrhr su ol`pktbtbvbjhj y prljuotbvbjhj, prlykotls quk sà pljràhc hflrjhrsk `kjbhctk ki jkshrrliil jk kstrhtkebhs jk ollpkrhobÿc y hibhczhs. [c hspkotl rkihoblchjl olc ih jb`kcsbÿc jk ih k`prksh ks su olcjbobÿc nuràjboh. Kc Ksphøh, ihs k`prkshs jki skotlr jk ih `hjkrh sk olcstbtuykc prbcobphi`kctk ol`l pkrslchs aàsbohs l hutÿcl`ls (`ès jki :;%), skeubjl jk _lobkjhjks Ib`bthjhs (:7%). Kc ki ohsl jk ils hutÿcl`ls sk trhth prbcobphi`kctk jk k`prkshs jkjbohjhs h ih ahfrbohobÿc jk kstruoturhs jk `hjkrh y pbkzhs jk ohrpbctkràh y kfhcbstkràh phrh ih olcstruoobÿc.
?.? Zbpls jk k`prkshs h) C¾ k`prkshs k`prkshs skeþc skeþc alr`h alr`h nuràjboh. nuràjboh. Aukctk Aukctk>> BCK 6775 6775 Hutÿcl`ls> 5.5:8 _lobkjhj Hcÿcb`h> 447 _lobkjhj Ib`bthjh> 1.41? Ltrhs> 8.;7? Qh`ls h kstujbhr uchs clths aucjh`kcthiks jk ihs jbstbcths alr`hs nuràjbohs q uk pukjk hjlpthr uch k`prksh. Cl lfsthctk, vh`ls h vkr sÿil ihs quk `ès sk utbibzhc kc ki `ucjl jk ih `hjkrh, ki `ukfik y ki olrodl. - Hutÿcl`l> _k trhth jk ih pkrslch aàsboh quk knkrobth plr sà `bs`l uch hotbvbjhj olcstbtutbvh jk k`prksh. Whrh ki knkrobobl jk uch hotbvbjhj jk k`prksh thc sÿil sk rkqubkrk skr `hylr jk kjhj y tkckr ih ibfrk jbsplsbobÿc jk fbkcks. Ih hotbvbjhj ih rkhibzh kc cl`frk prlpbl, ks jkobr, ki k`prkshrbl hsu`k ils jkrkodls y lfibehoblcks jkrbvhjls jk ih hotbvbjhj quk rkhibzh, thctl sb ih rkhibzh âi `bs`l, ol`l sb ih rkhibzhr plr `kjbl jk rkprkskcthctks. - Oh Ohrh rhot otkr krks ks jk jk ih slo slobk bkjh jhj j olik olikot otbv bvh> h> Kc kstk tbpl jk slobkjhjks, tljls ils slobls, kc cl`frk olikotbvl y fhnl uch `bs`h rhzÿc slobhi, sk lfibehc h phrtbobphr kc ih prlplrobÿc quk kiils `bs`ls ksthfikzohc, jk ils `bs`ls jkrkodls j krkodls y okp kjbtlrbhi }
?;5
Hctlcbl Iubs _h`hcbkel _hstrk lfibehoblcks, rksplcjbkcjl sufsbjbhrbh, pkrslchi y slibjhrbh`kctk olc tljls sus fbkcks jk ils rksuithjls jk ihs lpkrhoblcks slobhiks. Aucoblch fhnl uc `bs`l cl`frk olikotbvl l rhzÿc slobhi. _hivl quk sk rkolebkrhc jbakrkcobhs kc ki olctrhtl slobhi, tljls ils slobls phrtbobphc kc ih slobkjhj kc pihcl jk beuhijhj. _k trhth jk uch ol`ucbjhj jk trhfhnl kc ih quk tljls ils slobls tbkckc ih ahouithj jk olcourrbr h ih jbrkoobÿc y `hcknl jk ils ckelobls ol`ucks, sbc quk ih phrtbobphobÿc jki slobl kc ih ekstbÿc slobhi sk `bjh plr ki b`plrtk jk su hplrthobÿc phtrb`lcbhi. Ih slobkjhj tbkck hutlcl`àh phtrb`lcbhi, rksplcjbkcjl jk sus jkujhs olc su prlpbl phtrb`lcbl, pkrl ils slobls th`fbâc rksplcjkc jk ihs jkujhs jk alr`h sufsbjbhrbh, slibjhrbh k bib`bthjh. Ih clth pkrslchibsth quk `hroh kstk tbpl jk k`prkshs sk plck jk `hcbabkstl prbcobphi`kctk ouhcjl sk prldàfk h ils slobls quk trhcs`bthc h ltrh pkrslch, sbc su olcskctb`bkctl, ki bctkrâs l phrtbobphobÿc quk tkcehc kc ih ol`phøàh y ouhcjl sk ksthfikok ih jbsliuobÿc jk ih slobkjhj plr ih `ukrtk, bcohphobjhj l qubkfrh jk hieucl jk ils slobls. - Ohr Ohrhot hotkrk krkss jk ihs slobk slobkjhj jhjks ks jk rkspl rksplcsh cshfbi fbibjh bjhj j ib`bthj ib`bthjh> h> _lc slobkjhjks `krohctbiks quk tbkckc ki ohpbthi jbvbjbjl kc phrtbobphoblcks jk beuhi vhilr, y cl hooblcks, y ebrh fhnl uch jkcl`bchobÿc lfnktbvh l uch rhzÿc slobhi, sbc quk ils slobls hjqubkrhc rksplcshfbibjhj pkrslchi plr ihs jkujhs j kujhs hou`uihjhs. Ih prb`krh clth skràh ih rksplcshfbibjhj ib`bthjh kc ki skctbjl jk quk ils slobls cl rksplcjkc pkrslchi`kctk jk ihs jkujhs slobhiks. Ih slobkjhj rksplcjk olc tljl su phtrb`lcbl, pkrl ki slobl sÿil hrrbkseh ki b`plrtk jk su hplrthobÿc y ils horkkjlrks slobhiks cl tbkckc hooksl hi phtrb`lcbl pkrslchi jki slobl. Ih slobkjhj ks olcstbtubjh olc uc ohpbthi jktkr`bchjl, quk sk bctkerh plr ihs hplrthoblcks jk ils slobls. Ki ohpbthi kstè bctkerhjl kc phrtbobphoblcks beuhiks, hou`uihfiks k bcjbvbsbfiks, quk cl pljrèc bcolrplrhrsk h tàtuils ckelobhfiks cb jkcl`bchrsk hooblcks. Ksth ohrhotkràstboh ks aucjh`kcthi phrh ih jbakrkcobhobÿc kctrk slobkjhjks hcÿcb`hs y jk rksplcshfbibjhj ib`bthjh, puks kc ihs prb`krhs ki ohpbthi tbkck quk ksthr ckokshrbh`kctk jbvbjbjl kc hooblcks. Zbkck quk tkckr uch jkcl`bchobÿc lfnktbvh l rhzÿc slobhi, quk cl pukjk skr bjâctboh h ihs prkkxbstkctks. Ih ekstbÿc y rkprkskcthobÿc jk ih slobkjhj cl olrrksplcjk h ils slobls ol`l thiks, sbcl quk sk kcol`bkcjh h uc ÿrehcl slobhi. Ih vliucthj jk ils slobls, kxprkshjh plr `hylràh (jk ohpbthi), ks ih quk rbek ih vbjh jk ih slobkjhj. Ksths slobkjhjks sbk`prk tbkckc ohrèotkr `krohctbi, ouhiqubkrh quk skh su lfnktl. _k trhth jk slobkjhjks `krohctbiks plr su alr`h, bcjkpkcjbkctk`kctk jk ouhi skh su lfnktl. - Ohr Ohrhot hotkrk krkss ekckr ekckrhik hikss jk ihs ihs slob slobkjh kjhjks jks hcÿ hcÿcb` cb`hs> hs> Kc kstk tbpl jk slobkjhjks ki ohpbthi sk rkphrtk kc hooblcks, quk sk bctkerh plr ihs hplrthoblcks jk ils slobls, qubâcks cl rksplcjkc jk `hckrh pkrslchi plr ihs jkujhs slobhiks. _k trhth jk uch slobkjhj jk ohrèotkr ohpbthibsth, kc ihs quk cl sk tbkckc kc oukcth ihs olcjboblcks pkrslchiks jk ils slobls, sbcl ih phrtbobphobÿc quk ohjh ucl tkceh kc ki ohpbthi. Ks uch slobkjhj plr hooblcks, kc ih quk ki ohpbthi tbkck quk ksthr ckokshrbh`kctk jbvbjbjl kc phrtks hiàoulths quk sk jkcl`bchc hooblcks, quk olcakrbrèc h su tbtuihr ih olcjbobÿc jk slobl. _k trhth jk slobkjhjks quk tbkckc uch rksplcshfbibjhj ib`bthjh, ki slobl sk lfibeh h hplrthr h ih slobkjhj ki b`plrtk jk ihs hooblcks susorbths, jk ouyl bcou`pib`bkctl rksplcjk, pkrl cl tkcjrè rksplcshfbibjhj pkrslchi hieuch plr ihs jkujhs slobhiks quk pukjh olctrhkr ih slobkjhj, plr il ?;4
okp kjbtlrbhi }
Wrlakslrks jk Kcskøhczh _koucjhrbh. Wrloksls y Wrljuotls kc @hjkrh y @ukfik. Qli. BB quk ils horkkjlrks cl pukjkc jbrbebr sus hooblcks olctrh ils slobls phrh ih shtbsahoobÿc jk sus orâjbtls. Kstk tbpl jk k`prkshs sbk`prk tkcjrèc ohrèotkr `krohctbi, bcjkpkcjbkctk`kctk jki lfnktl slobhi hi quk sk jkjbqukc f) K`p K`prks rkshs hs skeþc skeþc ih hotb hotbvbj vbjhj hj rkhibz rkhibzhjh hjh>> Kc skctbjl eilfhi, ih bcjustrbh jk ih `hjkrh hfhroh ih trhcsalr`hobÿc jk ih `hjkrh kc prljuotls jk olcsu`l. [ch skcobiih oihsbabohobÿc pkr`btk jbstbceubr kctrk bcjustrbh jk prb`krh trhcsalr`hobÿc ‟prljuotls sk`bkihflrhjls-, y jk skeucjh trhcsalr`hobÿc ‟prljuotls abchiks-. Ki skotlr jk ih `hjkrh y ki `ukfik kstè alr`hjl plr k`prkshs jkjbohjhs h ihs sbeubkctks hotbvbjhjks> - Wr Wrb` b`kr krhh tr trhc hcsa salr lr`h `hob obÿc ÿc>> Hskrràl Kihflrhobÿc jk thfikrl y odhph - Oh Ohrp rpbc bctk tkrà ràhh phr phrhh ih ih olcs olcstr truo uoob obÿc ÿc>> Ahfrbohobÿc jk ohshs jk `hjkrh Ahfrbohobÿc bcjustrbhi jk pukrths y vkcthchs Ahfrbohobÿc bcjustrbhi phvb`kctls y rkoufrb`bkctls jk `hjkrh (phrquâs, thrb`hs…) Ahfrbohobÿc jk kik`kctls phrh ih olcstruoobÿc (pbihrks, vbehs, ksohikrhs, `hjkrh kstruoturhi…) Ltrhs hotbvbjhjks jk ahfrbohobÿc k bcsthihobÿc jk ohrpbctkràh kc ekckrhi> ahfrbohobÿc jk ohrpbctkràh h `kjbjh l plr kcohrel, ohrpbctkràh cl bcjustrbhi... - Kc Kcvh vhsk sks, s, k` k`fh fhih ihnk nkss y ha habc bcks ks>> Ahfrbohobÿc jk kcvhsks y k`fhihnks jk `hjkrh> ohnlcks jk aruth, kstuodkràh… Ahfrbohobÿc jk tlckiks Ahfrbohobÿc jk thplcks y habcks jki olrodl - Bc Bcju jusstr trbh bh hu huxb xbib ibhhr> Zhiihjl, tlrckhjl y habcks Fhrcbzhjls, ihohjls y habcks Bcjustrbh jki rkoboihjl jk ih `hjkrh, skrrbcks y vbruths Ahfrbohobÿc bcjustrbhi jk ltrls prljuotls jk `hjkrh> dkrrh`bkcths, `htkrbhi jkplrtbvl, pkrodhs… - Bc Bcju jusstr trbh bh jk jkii `u `ukf kfik ik>> Ahfrbohobÿc jk `ukfik jk labobch y ksolihr Ahfrbohobÿc jk `ukfiks phrh ksthfikob`bkctls ol`krobhiks Ahfrbohobÿc jk `ukfiks jk olobch y fhøl Ahfrbohobÿc jk `ukfiks jk nhrjàc Ahfrbohobÿc jk `ukfiks jki dlehr Ahfrbohobÿc jk sbiihs y ltrls hsbkctls Ahfrbohobÿc jk ltrls `ukfiks okp kjbtlrbhi }
?;2
Hctlcbl Iubs _h`hcbkel _hstrk - Lt Ltrl rlss prl prlju juot otls ls jk `h `hjk jkrh rh>> Ahfrbohobÿc bcjustrbhi jk ltrls kik`kctls jk `hjkrh Ltrls prljuotls Whrh ih bjkctbabohobÿc jk ihs hotbvbjhjks prljuotbvhs, th`fbâc jkfk`ls tkckr kc oukcth ih Oihsbabohobÿc Choblchi jk Hotbvbjhjks Kolcÿ`bohs (OCHK)> Aukctk> Bcstbtutl Choblchi jk Ksthjàstboh, BCK. 6775. JJ
Bcjustrbh jk ih `hjkrh y jki olrodl
67
Bcjustrbh jk jk ih ih `h `hjkrh y jki ol olrodl, kx kxokptl `u `ukfiks= ok okstkràh y ksphrtkrà ràhh.
678
Hskrrh rhj jl y ok okpbiihjl jk jk ih ih `h `hjkrh= pr prkphrhobÿc bc bcjustrbhi jk jk ih ih `h `hjkrh.
678 7877
Hskr Hs krrh rhjl jl y okp okpbi biih ihjl jl jk ih `hj hjkr krh= h= pr prkp kphr hrhhob obÿc ÿc bc bcju jusstr trbh bhii jk jk ih ih `hj `hjkr krhh.
67878
Hskrrhjl y okpbiihjl jk ih `hjkrh.
67876
Wrkphrhobÿc bcjustrbhi jk ih `hjkrh Ahfrbohobÿc jk odhphs, thfikrls olctrhodhphjls, hibstlchjls, jk phrtàouihs heil`krhjhs,
676
jk abfrhs y ltrls thfikrls y phckiks.
6767 67 67
Ahfrbo Ahfr boho hobÿ bÿcc jk jk odh odhph phs, s, th thfi fikr krls ls ol olct ctrh rhod odhp hphj hjls ls,, hib hibst stlc lchj hjls ls,, jk jk phr phrtà tàou ouih ihss hei heil` l`kr krhhjhs, jk abfrhs y ltrls thfikrls y phckiks.
6767 67 6777
Ahfrbo Ahfr boho hobÿ bÿcc jk jk od odhp hphs hs,, th thfi fikr krls ls ol olct ctrh rhod odhp hphj hjls ls,, hi hibs bstl tlch chjls jls,, jk ph phrt rtào àoui uihs hs he heil il`k `krh rh-jhs, jk abfrhs y ltrls thfikrls y phckiks.
67?
Ahfrb Ahf rboh ohob obÿc ÿc jk ks kstr truo uotu turh rhss jk jk `h `hjk jkrh rh y pbk pbkzzhs jk oh ohrp rpbc bctk tkrà ràhh y kfh kfhcb cbst stkr kràh àh phr hrhh ih ih olc olcsstruoobÿc.
67?7 67 ?7
Ahfrbo Ahfr boho hobÿ bÿcc jk jk kst kstru ruot otur urhs hs jk `h `hjk jkrh rh y pbk pbkzh zhss jk jk ohr ohrpb pbct ctkr kràh àh y kfh kfhcb cbst stkr kràh àh ph phrh rh ih ol olcs cs-truoobÿc.
67?7 67 ?788
Ahfr Ah frbo boho hobÿ bÿcc jk jk pbk pbkzh zhss jk jk ohr ohrpb pbct ctkr kràh àh y kfh kfhcb cbst stkr kràh àh ph phrh rh ih ol olcs cstr truo uoob obÿc ÿc..
67?76
Ahfrbohobÿc jk kstruoturhs jk `hjkrh.
67:
Ahfrbohobÿc jk kcvhsks y k`fhihnks jk `hjkrh.
67:7
Ahfrbohobÿc jk kcvhsks y k`fhihnks jk `hjkrh.
67:77
Ahfrb rboohobÿc jk kcvhsks y k`fhihnk nkss jk `hjkrh.
67;
Ahfrb Ahf rboh ohob obÿc ÿc jk lt ltrl rlss prl prlju juot otls ls jk `h `hjk jkrh rh.. Ah Ahfr frbo boho hobÿ bÿcc jk jk prl prlju juot otls ls jk ol olro rodl dl,, oks oksttkràh y ksphrtkràh.
67;8
Ahfrbohobÿc jk ltrls prljuotls jk `hjkrh.
67;87
Ahfrbohobÿc jk jk lt ltrls pr prljuotls jk jk `h `hjkrh.
67;6
Ahfrb rboohobÿc jk jk prl prlj juotls jk jk ol olrodl, ok okstkrà ràhh y ksphrt rtkkràh.
67; 7;68 68
Zrht Zr hth` h`bk bkct ctll jk jk olr olrod odll fru frutl tl y ah ahfr frbo boho hobÿ bÿcc jk jk prl prlju juot otls ls jk ol olro rodl dl..
67;66
Ahfrb rboohobÿc jk jk hrt hrtààouils jk jk ok okstkràh y ksphrtkrà ràhh.
?18
Ahfrbohobÿc jk `ukfiks.
?188
Ahfrbohobÿc jk sbiihs y ltrls hsbkctls.
?1887
Ahfrbohobÿc jk sbiihs y ltrls hsbkctls.
?18 1866
Ahffrb Ah rboh ohob obÿc ÿc jk `u `ukf kfik ikss jk la labo bobc bchh y ks ksth thfi fiko kob` b`bk bkct ctls ls ol ol` `kr krob obhi hiks ks..
?17
okp kjbtlrbhi }
Wrlakslrks jk Kcskøhczh _koucjhrbh. Wrloksls y Wrljuotls kc @hjkrh y @ukfik. Qli. BB ?186 ?1 8677
Ahfr Ah frbo boho hobÿ bÿcc jk `u `ukf kfik ikss jk la labo bobc bchh y ks ksth thfi fiko kob` b`bk bkct ctls ls ol ol`k `kro robh bhik iks. s.
?18?
Ahfrbohobÿc jk `ukfiks jk olobch y fhøl.
?18?7
Ahfrbohobÿc jk `ukfiks jk olobch y fhøl.
?18:
Ahfrbohobÿc jk ltrls `ukfiks.
?18:8
Ahfrbohobÿc jk jk `u `ukfiks jl jl`âstbols.
?18:6
Ahfrbohobÿc jk `ukfiks jk nhrjàc.
?18:?
Ahfrbohobÿc jk ltrls `ukfiks jbvkrsls.
?18: ?1 8:::
Hottbv Ho bvbj bjhj hjks ks rk rkih ihob oblc lchhjh jhss ol olcc ih ih ah ahffrb rboh ohob obÿc ÿc jk `u `ukf kfik ikss.
:. _K _KOO OOBL BLCK CK_ _ R JK JKWH WHVZ VZH H@KC KCZL ZL_ _ Kc uch k`prksh jki skotlr jk ih bcjustrbh jk ih `hjkrh pljk`ls kcolctrhr ihs sbeubkctks skooblcks l jkphrth`kctls> - Hi`hoâc - Hj`bcbstrhobÿc> Zljls ils pukstls jk trhfhnl jlcjk sk rkhibzhc hotbvbjhjks jk labobch, thiks ol`l hrodbvl, ahoturhobÿc, olcthfbibjhj, ekstbÿc hj`bcbstrhtbvh, ekstbÿc ihflrhi, cÿ`bchs, olctrhthobÿc, skikoobÿc jk pkrslchi, ekstbÿc trbfuthrbh, bcalr`ks, bcvkcthrbls. - Jkphrth`kc Jkphrth`kctl tl jk jbskøl jbskøl (prbcobph (prbcobphi`kct i`kctk, k, kc erhcjks erhcjks k`prk k`prkshs)> shs)> Vksp Vksplcshf lcshfik ik jk orkhr, orkhr, prlykoprlykothr y jbskøhr pbkzhs l `ukfiks jk `hjkrh, pihs`hcjl kc ils jbakrkctks alr`htls ils floktls jk il quk skrè ki rksuithjl jk ahfrbohobÿc. - @lcthnk> @lcthnk> Lrehcbzhj Lrehcbzhjll kc aucobÿc aucobÿc jki th`hø th`høll jk ih k`prks k`prksh, h, th`høl th`høl jk ils `ukfiks `ukfiks l vliu` vliu`kc kc jk ahfrbohobÿc. Jkctrl jki `lcthnk pljk`ls jbstbceubr ihs sbeubkctks hotbvbjhjks> kcsh`fihnk, prkcshjl, kcolihjl, rkotbabohjl, olilohobÿc jk dkrrhnks, ktoâtkrh. - Ib`pbkzh> Ib`pbkzh> B`prks B`prksobcjbf obcjbfik ik kc kstk kstk tbpl tbpl jk k`prks k`prkshs hs plr ih ohctbjhj ohctbjhj jk plivl quk quk sk ekckrh ekckrh kc ih `hylràh jk ihs hotbvbjhjks. Kc ekckrhi, sk rkabkrkc h ih ib`pbkzh jk ilohiks jk usl ol`þc, ol`l ihvhfls, vkstuhrbls, labobchs, kcohreècjlsk jk ih ib`pbkzh jk ils pukstls jk trhfhnl y chvks phrh ils lpkrhrbls jki thiikr. - @hc @hctkc tkcb`b b`bkct kctll jk ils kqubpl kqubpls, s, þtbiks þtbiks y dkrrh dkrrh`bk `bkcth cthss jk trhfhn trhfhnl. l. - _koobÿc jk olrtk y `kohcbzhjl> _koobÿc jk prkphrhobÿc jk ihs pbkzhs pbkzhs phrh phrh su plstkrblr kcsh`fihkcsh`fih nk. Ki olrtk y `kohcbzhjl sk rkhibzh kc ihs chvks jk ahfrbohobÿc. - ^lch jk ibnhjl - ^l ^lch ch jk od odhp hphj hjls ls y ohc ohctk tkhj hjls ls - ^lch fhrcboks fhrcboks y pbcturhs> pbcturhs> Jkstbch Jkstbchjh jh h ils tâocbo tâocbols ls hpibohjlr hpibohjlrks ks jk fhrcboks fhrcboks y pbcturhs. pbcturhs. Ksth Ksth hotbhotbvbjhj, jkfbjl h ih olcth`bchobÿc quk ekckrh, sk rkhibzh kc ohfbchs, `hcuhi l hutl`ètboh, th`fbâc jkpkcjbkcjl jki vliu`kc jk ahfrbohobÿc. - Ol`kro Ol`krobhi> bhi> Jksk`pk Jksk`pkøhc øhc th`fbâc th`fbâc aucoblck aucoblckss hj`bcbstrh hj`bcbstrhtbvhs tbvhs,, hjk`ès hjk`ès jk olcthoth olcthothrr olc oibkctks. oibkctks. - Olctrli jk ohibjhj> Vkhibzhobÿc Vkhibzhobÿc jk olctrliks phrh vkrbabohr ih ohibjhj jk ils prljuotls ahfrbohjls ahfrbohjls kc ki skotlr. Kstls pukstls jk trhfhnl tbkckc ihs `bs`hs kxbekcobhs quk ils pukstls hj`bcbstrhtbvls. - Zrhcsplrtbst Zrhcsplrtbsth> h> Ih kctrkeh kctrkeh h ils oibkctks oibkctks jk ils prljuot prljuotls ls hohfhjls. hohfhjls. Zhrkhs Zhrkhs jk jk ohreh y jksohreh jksohreh y trhcsplrtk kc sà.
okp kjbtlrbhi }
?18
Hctlcbl Iubs _h`hcbkel _hstrk
;.
A[COBLCK_ JK JK IH IH_ K@ K@WVK_H_
[ch aucobÿc ks uch hotbvbjhj l hotbvbjhjks olc ohrhotkrks sb`bihrks y r kihoblchjls, quk jkfkc skr rkhibzhjls phrh quk ih lrehcbzhobÿc hiohcok sus lfnktbvls. Ohjh tbpl jk trhfhnl, ohjh ahsk jk j k ils prloksls jk prljuoobÿc jhrè iuehr h aucoblcks jbakrkctks. Kc ihs jbakrkctks k`prkshs kxbstkctks, uch `bs`h aucobÿc pukjk skr jkshrrliihjh plr pkrslchs l plr ÿrehcls jbstbctls, sbc quk kstl bcaiuyh kc su chturhikzh y olctkcbjl. Jksjk uc puctl jk vbsth tkÿrbol kc ihs kstruoturhs lrehcbzhtbvhs jk ihs k`prkshs, sk pukjkc jbstbceubr vhrbls tbpls jk aucoblcks> - [ch aucobÿc aucobÿc skrè skrè kxpiàobth kxpiàobth ouhcjl kc kc uch kstruotur kstruoturhh kxbstkc kxbstkc uch l vhrbhs vhrbhs pkrslch pkrslchss quk iikvhc iikvhc h ohfl ih aucobÿc, hsà plr knk`pil, ih aucobÿc —pkrslchi‒ ks kxpiàobth sb kc ih k`prksh kxbstk uc jkphrth`kctl jk pkrslchi. - [ch aucobÿc aucobÿc skrè skrè b`piàob b`piàobth th ouhcjl, ouhcjl, huc huc sbkcjl sbkcjl knkrobjh knkrobjh plr plr hieuch hieuch l hieuchs hieuchs pkrsl pkrslchs, chs, cl cl sk ilohibzh ih aucobÿc kc uc puctl kspkoàabol jk ih kstruoturh lrehcbzhtbvh jk ih k`prksh. Kc hieuchs k`prkshs cl dhy jkphrth`kctl jk pkrslchi y ksth ihflr ks ou`pibjh plr jbstbctls kcohrehjls jk ltrhs ucbjhjks jk ih k`prksh. - [ch aucobÿc skrè prbcobphi ouhcjl kstè lrbkcthjh su hotbvbjhj h ih lftkcobÿc jk ils lfnktbvls aucjh`kcthiks jk ih lrehcbzhobÿc l k`prksh. Kc uch k`prksh jk `hjkrh jkjbohjh h ih prljuoobÿc jk `ukfiks, ki lfnktbvl prbcobphi jk ih k`prksh skrè ih prljuoobÿc jk `ukfiks. - Ihs aucoblck aucoblckss ol`pik`kct ol`pik`kcthrbhs hrbhs skrèc hqukiih hqukiihss aucoblcks aucoblcks ouyl ouyl jkshrrliil jkshrrliil iikvh iikvh h hiohc hiohczhr zhr lfnktblfnktbvls skoucjhrbls y quk phrtbobphc sÿil bcjbrkoth`kctk kc ih lftkcobÿc jk ils lfnktbvls prbcobphiks jk ih k`prksh. Wlr knk`pil, ki hprlvbsblch`bkctl jk `htkrbhs prb`hs phrh ih k`prksh skrè uch hotbvbjhj ol`pik`kcthrbh h ih prbcobphi, quk skrè ih jk prljuobr l kihflrhr `ukfiks. - [ch aucobÿc aucobÿc skrè skrè jbrkotbv jbrkotbvhh l jbrkoth jbrkoth ouhcjl ouhcjl sk rkabkrk rkabkrkcc h ih prlerh`h prlerh`hobÿc obÿc jk ils ils lfnktbvls lfnktbvls h hiohczhr, ih ollrjbchobÿc jk ils rkoursls, jk ihs hotbvbjhjks, hsbechobÿc jk thrkhs, olctrli jk trhfhnl slfrk ils knkoutlrks y olctrli slfrk ihs rksplcshfbibjhjks. - [ch aucobÿc aucobÿc knkoutb knkoutbvh vh skrè skrè ih quk sk rkabkrk rkabkrk hi jkshrrl jkshrrliil iil jk ihs ihs lpkrhoblck lpkrhoblckss ckokshrbh ckokshrbhss phrh lftkckr rksuithjls jki k`pikl jk `htkrbhiks, kqubpls, dl`frks, kckreàhs, bcalr`hoblcks y jhtls. Kc uc jkphrth`kctl jk pkrslchi jk uch k`prksh jk `hjkrh, skrèc aucoblcks jbrkotbvhs l jbrkoths ihs pliàtbohs jk k`prksh k`prksh kc `htkrbhs jk rkihoblcks jk trhfhnl, trhfhnl, rktrbfuoblcks l hsokcsls. Jkctrl jki `bs`l jkphrth`kctl, skrèc aucoblcks knkoutbvhs ihs rkakrbjhs h ih skikoobÿc jk pkrslchi l alr`hobÿc jki `bs`l. - [ch aucobÿc aucobÿc skrè skrè ekckrhi ekckrhi ouhcjl ouhcjl bctkrk bctkrksh sh cl slih`k slih`kctk ctk h uc uc jktkr`bchj jktkr`bchjll erupl jk pkrslchs pkrslchs jkctrl jk ih k`prksh, sbcl h tljhs kiihs. Ih aucobÿc pkrslchi skrè ekckrhi, puks sk dhiih jbaucjbjh kc tljhs ihs ucbjhjks lrehcbzhtbvhs jk ih k`prksh. Wlr ki olctrhrbl, ki jkphrth`kctl ol`krobhi, cl skrè ekckrhi, puks sÿil hthøk h ihs pkrslchs quk alr`hc phrtk jk ksk jkphrth`kctl jkctrl jk ih k`prksh. Jk `ljl `uy ekckrhi pljk`ls habr`hr quk ihs aucoblcks jkctrl jk uch k`prksh quk tbkckc ohrèotkr ekckrhi slc ihs aucoblcks jk jbrkoobÿc, hj`bcbstrhobÿc, lrehcbzhobÿc jki trhfhnl, puks hotbvbjhjks ol`l âsths sk kcoukctrhc kc tljls ils puctls jki prloksl prljuotbvl. Kc rksu`kc, pljk`ls jkobr quk tljh k`prksh tbkck quk ou`pibr ouhtrl aucoblcks> h) Auc Aucobÿ obÿcc jk prl prljuo juoobÿc obÿc>> Wrloksl jk kihflrhobÿc l trhcsalr`hobÿc jk ih `htkrbh prb`h, olc ihs bcsthihoblcks y `hqubchrbh hjkouhjh phrh hskeurhr ki prljuotl abchi. Ki pkrslchi ks uc ahotlr oihvk. f) Au Auco cobÿ bÿcc ol`kro ol`krobh bhi>i> Ih hotbvbjhj jk vkcth jk ih k`prksh, ks jkobr, ki `hrmktbce.
?16
okp kjbtlrbhi }
Wrlakslrks jk Kcskøhczh _koucjhrbh. Wrloksls y Wrljuotls kc @hjkrh y @ukfik. Qli. BB o) Au Auco cobÿ bÿcc abch abchco cobk bkrh rh>> Ihs jkobsblcks jk bcvkrsbÿc y abchcobhobÿc. j) Aucobÿ Aucobÿcc jk ils rkours rkoursls ls du`hcl du`hcls> s> Lrehcbzhr, pihcbabohr y jbrbebr ihs jbstbcths thrkhs jk ils trhfhnhjlrks.
1.
LVEHCBEVH@H JK JK WK WKV_LCHI
Ils lrehcberh`hs slc rkprkskcthoblcks erèabohs jk ih kstruoturh lrehcbzhtbvh jk uch k`prksh, ks jkobr, ih alr`h kc quk sk jbvbjkc, heruphc y ollrjbchc ihs hotbvbjhjks jk ih lrehcbzhobÿc kc o uhctl h ihs rkihoblcks kctrk ki pkrslchi. - Ki jkphrth`k jkphrth`kctl ctl l èrkh èrkh jk rksplcs rksplcshfbib hfbibjhj jhj ks ih ih heruphobÿ heruphobÿcc jk rkoursls rkoursls du`hcls du`hcls,, tâocbols tâocbols y kolcÿ`bols, lrbkcthjhs hi jkshrrliil jk uchs aucoblcks y hotbvbjhjks hotbvbjhjks olcorkths, quk qukjhc fhnl uch jbrkoobÿc hutÿcl`h. Kc ihs k`prkshs jk `hjkrh quk dhy kc Ksphøh, jhjl ki th`høl pkqukøl jk ih `hylràh jk kiihs, ki è`fbtl jk rksplcshfbibjhj ks thc sÿil jk uch pkrslch, ki prlpbkthrbl jk ih k`prksh= plr ki olctrhrbl kc ihs erhcjks k`prkshs, ils è`fbtls jk jkobsbÿc slc jk uc erupl jk pkrslchs. - [ch skoobÿc skoobÿc ks ks ih sufjbvbs sufjbvbsbÿc bÿc jk uc uc jkphrth`k jkphrth`kctl ctl l èrkh èrkh jk rksplc rksplcshfbi shfbibjhj, bjhj, plr rhzÿc rhzÿc jk ih dl`lekckbzhobÿc y kspkobhibzhobÿc jk aucoblcks y hotbvbjhjks olc uc rksplcshfik hi arkctk. Hsà, kc ihs ohrpbctkràhs y kfhcbstkràhs `kjbhchs y erhcjks, ih ahsk a hsk jk hohfhjls (ihohjls y fhrcbzhjls) skrè uch skoobÿc jk ih k`prksh olc su prlpbl kcohrehjl, quk tkcjrè quk ksthr ollrjbchjh, jk `hckrh aucjh`kcthi, olc ih jki k`fhihnk jk ihs pbkzhs prljuobjhs. - ßrehcl skrè ih ucbjhj lpkrhtbvh quk quk kstè hi arkctk jk uc jkphrth`kctl, èrkh èrkh l skoobÿc, olc pljkr jk skoobÿc hutÿcl`l, kc ki jkshrrliil jk ihs aucoblcks quk tbkck hsbechjhs. - Cbvki ks ks ih kxprksbÿc kxprksbÿc erèabo erèabohh jki erhjl erhjl jk nkrhrquàh nkrhrquàh quk quk uc ÿrehcl ÿrehcl l pukstl pukstl tbkck tbkck kc ih ih kstruotukstruoturh lrehcbzhtbvh. Wlr knk`pil, kc ils thiikrks sukik dhfkr thctls kcohrehjls ol`l skooblcks y uc kcohrehjl ekckrhi quk ollrjbch ih tlthibjhj jk ih skooblcks. Whrh ki ksthfikob`bkctl jk uc fukc lrehcberh`h, sk jkfk jbstbceubr kctrk ils sbeubkctks olcokptls> h) Aucoblcks> _k trhth jk uch phrtk jbakrkcobhjh jk ih ekstbÿc jk ih k`prksh quk hsbech h ohjh skoobÿc rksplcshfbibjhj, hsà sk olcabeurhrhc ihs aucoblcks jk hprlvbsblch`bkctl, prljuoobÿc, ol`krobhibzhobÿc ol`krobhibzhobÿc y hj`bcbstrhobÿc jk `hckrh aucjh`kcthi. f) Wr Wrlo loks ksls ls>> _k trhth jk ih heruphobÿc y lrjkchobÿc jk ils prloksls quk iikvhrèc h quk ih `hjkrh quk kctrh ol`l `htkrbh prb`h kc ih ohrpbctkràh l kfhcbstkràh shieh trhcsalr`hjh kc `ukfik u ltrl tbpl jk prljuotl trhcsalr`hjl jk ih `hjkrh. Hsà cls pljrk`ls rkakrbr h hohfhjls, k`fhihnk, `kohcbzhobÿc, kto. o) Ho Hotb tbvb vbjh jhjk jks> s> Lpkrhobÿc quk kakotþhc uch l vhrbhs l pkrslchs, quk sk ohrhotkrbzhc plr ih dl`lekckbjhj, utbibzhcjl ucls rkoursls jk ih k`prksh pkrakoth`kctk bjkctbabohfiks. Wlr knk`pil, hotbvbjhjks jk ahoturhobÿc, olctrli jk ohibjhj, k`fhihnk l `kohcbzhobÿc jk ih `hjkrh. j) Zh Zhrk rkhs hs>> Hooblcks kik`kcthiks quk ol`plckc uch hotbvbjhj, plr knk`pil hfrbr k`fhihnks, ol`prlfhr ki fukc ksthjl jk ils thfikrls, olcthr dkrrhnks l vkrbabohr iàckhs jk hifhrèc, ksths thrkhs pkrtkckokràhc h ih hotbvbjhj jk rkokpobÿc jk `htkrbhiks
okp kjbtlrbhi }
?1?
Hctlcbl Iubs _h`hcbkel _hstrk Whrh uch k`prksh rkobâc olcstbtubjh, ksthfikokr ki lrehcberh`h skrè `uy skcobiil= sbc k`fhrel, kc uch k`prksh olc hctbeùkjhj sk pukjk ol`ktkr ki krrlr jk rkprkskcthr il quk sk suplck ks ih rkhibjhj, y cl ih rkhibjhj kakotbvh. Whrh kvbthril, fhsthrè olc shfkr oÿ`l sk jkshrrliihc kc ih prèotboh ihs jbstbcths aucoblcks jk ih k`prksh. Ils lrehcberh`hs tbkckc aucoblcks kstètbohs y jbcè`bohs h ih vkz. Kstètboh kc ouhctl quk rkprljuok ih sbtuhobÿc kxbstkctk kc uc jktkr`bchjl `l`kctl kc uch k`prksh u lrehcbzhobÿc= ih aucobÿc jbcè`boh olcstbtuyk uc bcstru`kctl jk trhfhnl phrh ih jbrkotbvh, yh skh phrh ki olctrli olctbcul jk ih kabohobh jk ih kstruoturh kxbstkctk y jk su hjkouhobÿc h ihs vhrbhfiks kxbekcobhs jk ih k`prksh. Ils lrehcberh`hs tbkckc vkcthnhs y jksvkcthnhs kc su hpibohobÿc, vh`ls h kstujbhr h olctbcuhobÿc hieuchs jk ksths vkcthnhs y jksvkcthnhs. - Qkcthnhs> Jkabckc olc oihrbjhj ihs aucoblcks y thrkhs jk ils jbstbctls pukstls jk trhfhnl, ib`bthcjl ihs thrkhs y ihs èrkhs jk bctkrvkcobÿc jk ohjh pkrslch y ohjh jkphrth`kctl kc ih k`prksh. _k kvbthc jk ksth `hckrh, plsbfiks olcaibotls slfrk htrbfuoblcks y thrkhs. Ihs pkrslchs quk orkhc ki lrehcberh`h jk uch k`prksh y lrehcbzhobÿc, prkvbh`kctk dhc tkcbjl quk kctkcjkr ih kstruoturh lrehcbzhtbvh jk ih k`prksh, ahvlrkobkcjl jk kstk `ljl ih fþsqukjh jk cukvhs y `knlrks sliuoblcks h ils prlfik`hs quk sk pukjhc pihctkhr. Kstls lrehcberh`hs ahobibthc ih bcolrplrhobÿc h ils rkobâc bcolrplrhjls h ih k`prksh, pkr`btkc prlerh`hr iàckhs jk prl`lobÿc jk ils trhfhnhjlrks y hskeurhr ih olctbcubjhj kc ils pukstls quk sk olcsbjkrhc aucjh`kcthiks kc uch k`prksh. Jhc h ihs pkrslchs quk sk kcoukctrhc jk ih k`prksh uch vbsbÿc ekckrhi jk su kstruoturh y aucoblch`bkctl. - Jksvkcthnhs> Kc jktkr`bchjhs lohsblcks uc lrehcberh`h pukjk iikehr h sb`pibabohr ih rkhibjhj jk ihs rkihoblcks, plr il quk rksuithrè bcol`piktl. Kc ltrhs lohsblcks, sk jh kxoksbvh b`plrthcobh h ihs rkihoblcks nkrèrqubohs, beclrhcjl ltrl tbpl jk rkihoblcks quk sk pukjkc jhr kc ihs k`prkshs, kctrk kiihs ihs rkihoblcks bcalr`hiks, quk h vkoks slc `uy b`plrthctks kc ih vbjh jk ihs k`prkshs. Ltrhs `ukstrhc ih rkihobÿc hi `l`kctl jk su kihflrhobÿc, pkrl kc ki `l`kctl jk su pufibohobÿc cl sk olrrksplcjkc olc ih rkhibjhj. Vkqubkrkc puks jk uch olctbcuh hotuhibzhobÿc, ouhctl `ès ol`piknh skh ih kstruoturh jk uch k`prksh, `ès jbaàobiks skrèc jk hotuhibzhr, y plr thctl `ès arkoukctks skrèc ils oh`fbls y ihs hotuhibzhoblcks. Ouhcjl sk rkhibzhc jk alr`h bckxhoth rkolekc ihs rkihoblcks quk eusthràh quk kxbstbksk kc ih k`prksh, y cl ihs quk rkhi`kctk kxbstkc. Kc jktkr`bchjhs lohsblcks pukjkc ahvlrkokr ih rbebjkz, ki bc`lvbibs`l, ih jbausbÿc jk uch `kcthibjhj skotlrbhi, ih tkcjkcobh h htkckrsk jk `hckrh tkroh h ihs rkihoblcks prkksthfikobjhs, jkshcb`hcjl ih olihflrhobÿc bcalr`hi y ksplctèckh quk sk pukjh iikehr h jhr kctrk ils jbstbctls pukstls. Kc târ`bcls ekckrhiks, pljk`ls dhfihr jk ihs sbeubkctks oihsks jk lrehcberh`hs> h) Qk Qkrt rtbo bohi hiks ks>> Zh`fbâc olclobjh ol`l jki èrfli, plrquk su rkprkskcthobÿc ks sb`bihr h uc èrfli ekckhiÿebol, sbtuhcjl kc ih phrtk supkrblr ki pukstl jk jbrkoobÿc `ès hitl y ki rkstl jk pukstls, dhobh hfhnl, kc lrjkc jkorkobkctk. Ils pukstls olilohjls h ih `bs`h hiturh cl qubkrk jkobr quk tkcehc ki `bs`l cbvki y ih `bs`h b`plrthcobh, il b`plrthctk skrè vkr olc oihrbjhj ihs aucoblcks quk jkshrrliihc, quâ pkrslchs olcstbtuykc ohjh ucbjhj, quâ ltrhs ucbjhjks jkpkcjkc jk kiih, kto. ?1:
okp kjbtlrbhi }
Wrlakslrks jk Kcskøhczh _koucjhrbh. Wrloksls y Wrljuotls kc @hjkrh y @ukfik. Qli. BB f) Dl Dlrb rbzl zlct cthi hiks ks>> Ils pukstls sk olilohc jk bzqubkrjh h jkrkodh, sbkcjl ih bzqubkrjh ki pukstl `ès kikvhjl. Kstls lrehcberh`hs tbkckc ih vkcthnh slfrk ils hctkrblrks jk jbs`bcubr ki cbvki y sunkobÿc nkrèrquboh o) Ob Obro roui uihr hrks ks l rhjb rhjbhi hiks ks>> Ki `hcjl jbrkotbvl sk sbtþh kc ki okctrl jk uch skrbk jk oàrouils olcoâctrbols quk, h `kjbjh quk sk hiknkc, pbkrjkc hutlrbjhj. Ils pukstls jk beuhi b`plrthcobh ksthrèc sbtuhjls h ih `bs`h jbsthcobh jki okctrl, slfrk uc `bs`l oàrouil. j) Qbs Qbsuhi uhiks ks y altler altlerèab èabols ols>> Bcolrplrh ihs altls jk ihs pkrslchs quk louphc ils jbakrkctks pukstls, bcjbohcjl ki cl`frk y pukstl, l slih`kctk ki cl`frk. k) Ksquk` Ksquk`hs hs ibckh ibckhiks iks jk rkspl rksplcshfb cshfbibjhj> ibjhj> @ès kihflrhjl, rkqubkrk bcoiubr tljls ils jhtls plsbfiks slfrk ihs thrkhs quk rkhibzh ohjh trhfhnhjlr. Ils jhtls jk ihs pkrslchs quk quk bcolrplrhc kstls lrehcberh`hs slc ils sbeubkctks> - Xu Xuââ ks ks il il quk quk dh dhok ok kc ih k` k`pr prks kshh - Olc qubâ qubâcc tbkck tbkck rkih rkihobl oblcks cks jkc jkctrl trl jk jk ih prlp prlpbh bh k`pr k`prksh ksh - Olc qu qubâc ol olcsuith - Xu Xuââ ohr ohreh eh jk tr trhf hfhn hnll jks jkshr hrrl rlii iihh - Kc quâ trhf trhfhnl hnlss jkshrr jkshrrlii liihjl hjlss plr ltrhs ltrhs pkrs pkrslch lchss tl`h tl`h phrtk. phrtk. Whrh quk kstls erèabols skhc kabobkctks, prkvbh`kctk sk tbkck quk jkobjbr olc quâ abc sk vh h utbibzhr ki erèabol (sb`pibabohr thrkhs, hu`kcthr ih ol`ucbohobÿc, rkjuoobÿc jk olstls…). Ouhcjl sk tbkck oihrl ih utbibjhj jki erèabol, sk tbkck quk jkabcbr ki olctkcbjl quk sk vh h plckr, tkcbkcjl kc oukcth thctl `ltbvls jk oihrbjhj ol`l jk ksphobl jkctrl jki prlpbl erèabol. a) Lre Lrehcb hcberh erh`h `h olc olc jbher jbherh`h h`hss jk aiun aiunl> l> Høhjk hi erèabol ki oh`bcl quk sbeukc ils prlokjb`bkctls y ils aiunls jk jhtls, jk trhfhnl y jk jlou`kctls. e) Lrehcb Lrehcberh`h erh`hss ol`pikth ol`pikthjls jls olc olc sloblerh` sloblerh`hs> hs> Ils lrehcberh`hs jksorbfkc uch jktkr`bchjh kstruoturh jk uch k`prksh, pkrl kc `uodhs lohsblcks sk jksoubjh h ils bcjbvbjuls. Whrh kvbthr kstk tbpl jk prlfik`hs sk pukjk ol`pikthr ki lrehcberh`h olc uc sloblerh`h, phrh pljkr hskeurhr ihs rkihoblcks jk ils bcjbvbjuls kc ki bctkrblr jk ils erupls, ihs pkrslchs olc ihs quk uc bcjbvbjul k`pikh ih `hylr phrtk jk su tbk`pl, ih hokpthobÿc l cl jk ils nkaks alr`hiks. alr`hiks. Ki sloblerh`h sk pukjk supkrplckr hi lrehcberh`h, rkshithcjl jk ksth `hckrh ihs olcolrjhcobhs y ihs jbsorkphcobhs quk pukjk dhfkr kctrk kiils, kc lohsblcks sk vkc ohsls jk kvbjkctk olctrhjboobÿc kctrk ihs kstruoturhs alr`hiks k bcalr`hiks.
1.88 Oh 1. Ohtk tkel elrà ràhh pr prla laks ksbl blch chii Ih oihsbabohobÿc prlaksblchi vbekctk jki skotlr jk ih `hjkrh tbkck kc oukcth ki Ksthtutl jk ils Zrhfhnhjlrks ‟hptbtujks prlaksblchiks, tbtuihoblcks-= sk ksthfikokc trks ohtkelràhs l jbvbsblcks aucoblchiks> 8. Zâ Zâoocbols> Wkrslchi olc hitl erhjl jk ouhibabohobÿc, kxpkrbkcobh y hptbtujks kqubvhikctks h ihs quk sk pukjkc hjqubrbr olc tbtuihoblcks supkrblrks y `kjbhs rkhibzhcjl thrkhs jk kikvhjh ouhibabohobÿc y ol`piknbjhj. okp kjbtlrbhi }
?1;
Hctlcbl Iubs _h`hcbkel _hstrk 6. K` K`p pik ikhhjl jlss> Wkrslchi quk olc su olclob`bkctls y/l kxpkrbkcobh rkhibzh thrkhs hj`bcbstrhtbvhs, ol`krobhiks, lrehcbzhtbvhs, bcalr`ètboh, jk ihflrhtlrbl y kc ekckrhi, ihs kspkobabohoblcks jk pukstls jk trhfh nl jk labobhc, quk pkr`btkc bcalr`hr bcal r`hr jk ih ekstbÿc jk ih hotbvbjhj kolcÿ`boh, ollrjbchr o llrjbchr thrkhs prljuotbvhs, olcstruotbvhs l rkhibzhr thrkhs huxbibhrks quk ol`plrtkc htkcobÿc h ihs pkrslchs. ?. Lp Lpkr krhr hrbl blss> Wkrslchi quk plr sus olclob`bkctls y/l kxpkrbkcobh rkhibzh lpkrhoblcks rkihoblchjhs olc ih prljuoobÿc l olcstruoobÿc, fbkc jbrkoth`kctk hotuhcjl slfrk ki prloksl prljuotbvl l kc thrkhs jk `hctkcb`bkctl, trhcsplrtk y ltrhs lpkrhoblcks huxbibhrks, pujbkcjl rkhibzhr th`fbâc aucoblcks jk supkrvbsbÿc l ollrjbchobÿc. Kc ih oihsbabohobÿc prlaksblchi jk ils trhfhnhjlrks bcaiuykc vhrbls ahotlrks> Olclob`bkctls (alr`hobÿc y kxpkrbkcobh), bcbobhtbvh/hutlcl`àh, ol`piknbjhj, rksplcshfbibjhj y `hcjl. Ih ouhibabohobÿc prlaksblchi ks ’ki olcnuctl jk ol`pktkcobhs prlaksblchiks olc sbecbabohobÿc kc ki k`pikl quk pukjkc skr hjqubrbjhs `kjbhctk alr`hobÿc `ljuihr u ltrls tbpls jk alr`hobÿc, hsà ol`l h trhvâs jk ih kxpkrbkcobh ihflrhi‐. (Iky ;/6676 jk ihs Ouhibabohoblcks y jk ih Alr`hobÿc Wrlaksblchi).
Oihsbabohobÿc prlaksblchi> - Er Erup upll prl prlak akssbl blch chii 7> 7> Ils trhfhnhjlrks pkrtkckobkctks h kstk erupl pihcbabohc, lrehcbzhc, jbrbekc y ollrjbchc. - Er Erup upll prl prlak akssbl blch chii 8> 8> Zbkckc ih rksplcshfbibjhj jbrkoth kc ih ekstbÿc jk uch l vhrbhs èrkhs jk ih k`prksh l rkhibzhc thrkhs tâocbohs quk rkqubkrkc ih `ès hith ouhibabohobÿc. - Er Erup upll prl prlak akssbl blch chii 6> 6> Zrhfhnhjlrks quk olc uc hitl erhjl jk hutlcl`àh, bcbobhtbvh y rksplcshfbibjhj rkhibzhc thrkhs tâocbohs ol`piknhs, olc lfnktbvls eilfhiks jkabcbjls l quk tbkckc uc hitl olctkcbjl bctkikotuhi l jk bctkrrkihobÿc du`hch. - Er Erup upll prl prlak akssbl blch chii ?> ?> Zrhfhnhjlrks quk olc l sbc rksplcshfbibjhj jk `hcjl, rkhibzhc thrkhs olc uc olctkcbjl `kjbl jk hotbvbjhj bctkikotuhi y jk bctkrrkihobÿc du`hcl, olc bcstruooblcks prkobshs pkrl olc hutlcl`àh kc ki prloksl. - Er Erup upll prl prlak akssbl blch chii :> :> Zrhfhnhjlrks quk rkhibzhc trhfhnls jk knkouobÿc hutÿcl`h quk kxbnhc dhfbtuhi`kctk bcbobhtbvh y rhzlch`bkctl plr phrtk jk ils kcohrehjls jk su knkouobÿc, ol`plrthcjl, fhnl supkrvbsbÿc, ih rksplcshfbibjhj jk ils `bs`ls. - Er Erup upll prl prlak akssbl blch chii ;> ;> Zhrkhs quk sk knkouthc fhnl jkpkcjkcobh jk `hcjl l jk prlaksblchiks jk `ès hith ouhibabohobÿc jkctrl jki ksquk`h jk ohjh k`prksh. - Er Erup upll prl prlak akssbl blch chii 1> 1> Zhrkhs quk sk knkouthc olc uc hitl jk erhjl jk jkpkcjkcobh, oihrh`kctk ksthfikobjhs, olc bcstruooblcks prkobshs. Wukjkc rkqukrbr prkakrkctk`kctk ksaukrzl aàsbol, olc ksohsh alr`hobÿc. - Er Erup upll prl prlak akssbl blch chii 5> 5> H jbakrkcobh jki hctkrblr erupl, cl sk rkqubkrk alr`hobÿc kspkoàaboh cb pkrbljl jk hjhpthobÿc.
?11
okp kjbtlrbhi }
Wrlakslrks jk Kcskøhczh _koucjhrbh. Wrloksls y Wrljuotls kc @hjkrh y @ukfik. Qli. BB Zâocbol
Erupl 7 Erupl 8
Erupl 6
Erupl ?
Hchibsth jk sbstk`hs (Zbt. _upkrblr) Hrqubtkotls Jbrkotlrks jk Èrkh l _krvbobl Bcekcbkrls Ibokcobhjls H.Z._ Hrqubtkotls tâocbols (hphrknhjlrks) Hyujhctk jk bcekcbkràh y hrqubtkoturh Bcekcbkrls tâocbols (pkrbtls) Zâocbol kc Vkihoblcks Ihflrhiks Zbtuihjls jk erhjl `kjbl Zbtuihrks _upkrblrks jk Kctrhjh Hchibsth prlerh`hjlr Nkaks jk èrkh l skrvbobls Jkibckhctk prlykotbsth Nkaks hj`bcbstrhtbvls Jbfunhctk prlykotbsth
Erupl :
Jkibckhctk jk 8ª Zâocbols kc ekckrhi
Erupl ;
Jkibckhctk jk 6ª Labobhiks hj`bcbstrhtbvls Labobhiks jk ihflrhtlrbl Labobhiks jk lrehcbzhobÿc Qbhnhctk Hi`hokckrl Huxbibhrks kc ekckrhi Olcskrnk Jkpkcjbkctk Ibstkrl Wkshjlr-fhsouikrl Zkikalcbsthrkokpoblcbsth Lrjkchczh Wlrtkrl
Erupl 1
Erupl 5
5.
K`pikhjl
Lpkrhrbl
Olctrh`hkstrk Nkak jk thiikr @hkstrl bcjustrbhi Kcohrehjl ekckrhi Kcohrehjls Nkak jk kqubpl Wrlaksblchi jk labobl kspkobhi Olcjuotlr jk vkdàouils l `hq hqub ubch chrb rbhh (o (ohr hrcâ câ kspkobhi) Wrlaksblchiks jk labobl jk 8ª y jk 6ª Hyujhctks Olcjuotlr jk vkdàouil l `hq `hqubc ubchrb hrbhh (cl ohrcâ ohrcâ kspkobhi) Kspkobhibsth Wrlaksblchi jk labobl jk ?ª Wkÿc Wkrslchi jk ib`pbkzh
_B_ZK@H_ JK WV WVL LJ[OOBßC
Kc ils thiikrks jk `hjkrh ih prljuoobÿc pukjk skeubr ki sbstk`h jk fhcol jk trhfhnl, ki jk louphoblcks, ki jk aiunls y ki jk hutl`htbzhobÿc. Kc ih ahfrbohobÿc h `hcl prkjl`bch ki sbstk`h jk prljuoobÿc kc ki fhcol jk trhfhnl. Kstk sbstk`h kstè hþc vbekctk kc `uodhs pkqukøhs ohrpbctkràhs y kfhcbstkràhs, jlcjk ki ol`plckctk `hcuhi sbeuk sbkcjl `uy b`plrthctk kc `uodhs jk ihs lpkrhoblcks quk sk iikvhc h ohfl. Ohfk jksthohr th`fbâc, quk tljhvàh kxbstkc pkqukøhs prljuooblcks hrtkshchs kc ihs quk ki trhfhnl `hcuhi ks ih phrtk `ès b`plrthctk jk tljl ki sbstk`h jk prljuotbvl. okp kjbtlrbhi }
?15
Hctlcbl Iubs _h`hcbkel _hstrk Kc ih bcjustrbh prkvhikok ki jk louphoblcks y hþc `ès ki jk aiunls. Kc ki sbstk`h jk louphoblcks sk rkþckc kc jkphrth`kctls ils utbiihnks jk ih `bs`h oihsk. Wlr knk`pil, ki pukstl jk prlykoobÿc, ih `èqubch hpibohjlrh jk ihoh y ih jk rljbiils kc ki jk supkrabobks. Kc ki sbstk`h jk aiunls ils pukstls jk trhfhnl kstèc lrehcbzhjls sbeubkcjl ki jkshrrliil jk ih ahfrbohobÿc. Whrh kiil ks b`prksobcjbfik quk ih jbsthcobh jk trhcsplrtk jk uc iuehr h ltrl skh il `ès olrth plsbfik y kvbthr rktrloksls. Ih prljuoobÿc hutl`ètboh kc ih bcjustrbh jk ih `hjkrh ks hþc ib`bthjh, prkvhikok kc ih ahfrbohobÿc jk pbkzhs, ol`l plr knk`pil kc ih prljuoobÿc kc olctbcuh jk ih pkrabihjlrh jlfik y ihs `èqubchs ohctkhjlrhs. Kc tljls il ohsls sk prlourhrè quk ki oursl jk ih prljuoobÿc skh oihrl y h ih vbsth. Kc târ`bcls ekckrhiks, h ih dlrh jk dhfihr jk sbstk`hs jk prljuoobÿc dhy quk rkskøhr quk uch jk ihs thrkhs jki k`prkshrbl skrè lptb`bzhr ih jbstrbfuobÿc jk `èqubchs, trhfhnhjlrks, `htkrbhiks, ktoâtkrh, phrh ilerhr quk ki sbstk`h skh il `ès kabobkctk plsbfik. Whrh kiil, jkfkrè tkckr kc oukcth ahotlrks thiks ol`l ils olstks, tbk`pls, rkjuoobÿc jk rbksels jk hoobjkctks jk trhfhnl, kqubibfrbl jk ih ohjkch jk prljuoobÿc, utbibzhobÿc jki ksphobl jbsplcbfik, aikxbfbibjhj arkctk h ils oh`fbls k bcclvhoblcks, ktoâtkrh.
?14
okp kjbtlrbhi }
Wrlakslrks jk Kcskøhczh _koucjhrbh. Wrloksls y Wrljuotls kc @hjkrh y @ukfik. Qli. BB
4.
E[BßC VK_[@KC
8. BC BCZV ZVLJ LJ[O [OOB OBßC ßC 6. K_ZV[OZ[VH LVEHCB^HZBQH, A[COBLCHI R WVLJ[OZBQ WVLJ[OZBQH H JK IH_ K@WVK_H_ JK @HJKVH, @[KFIK R OLVODL Jbskøl lrehcbzhtbvl> Jbvbsbÿc jki trhfhnl> B + J Vkokpobÿc y hi`hokchnk jk `htkrbhs prb`hs Wrkphrhobÿc jk ihs `htkrbhs prb`hs Zrhcsalr`hobÿc @kohcbzhjl @lcthnk Hohfhjl K`fhihnk Jbrkoobÿc, hj`bcbstrhobÿc y abchczhs Jkphrth`kcthibzhobÿc Nkrhrquàh Ollrjbchobÿc Kstruoturh lrehcbzhtbvh
?. ZBW ZBWL_ L_ JK K@W K@WVK_ VK_H_. H_. ZH@ ZH@HØ HØL L Jksorbpobÿc jk ihs k`prkshs kxbstkctks kc Ksphøh y Kurlph Zh`høl> @hylràh WR@K_ jk `kcls jk 67 trhfhnhjlrks (kc Ksphøh). 87% jk ihs k`prkshs prljuokc ki 47% jki tlthi. Zbpls jk k`prkshs> Hutÿcl`ls 55:8 _lobkjhjks Hcÿcb`hs 447 _lobkjhjks Ib`bthjhs 141? Ltrls 8;7? K`prkshs skeþc ih hotbvbjhj rkhibzhjh> Wrb`krh trhcsalr`hobÿc Ohrpbctkràh phrh ih olcstruoobÿc Kcvhsks, k`fhihnks y habcks Bcjustrbh huxbibhr Bcjustrbh jki `ukfik Ltrls prljuotls jk `hjkrh _kooblcks y jkphrth`kctls> okp kjbtlrbhi }
?12
Hctlcbl Iubs _h`hcbkel _hstrk Hi`hoâc Hj`bcbstrhobÿc Jbskøl @lcthnk Ib`pbkzh @hctkcb`bkctl Olrtk y `kohcbzhjl Ibnhjl Odhpkhjls y ohctkhjls Fhrcboks y pbcturhs Ol`krobhi Olctrli jk ohibjhj Zrhcsplrtbsths
;. A[C A[COBL OBLCK_ CK_ JK JK IH_ K@WV K@WVK_H K_H__ Aucobÿc jk prljuoobÿc Aucobÿc ol`krobhi Aucobÿc abchcobkrh Aucobÿc jk rkoursls du`hcls
1. LV LVEH EHCBE CBEVH VH@H @H JK WKV_L WKV_LCHI CHI Aucoblcks Wrloksls Hotbvbjhjks Zhrkhs Oihsks> Qkrtbohiks Dlrbzlcthiks Obrouihrks Qbsuhiks Ibckhiks jk rksplcshfbibjhj Olc jbherh`h jk aiunl Ol`pikthjls olc sloblerh`hs Ohtkelràh prlaksblchi> Zâocbols K`pikhjls Lpkrhrbls
?57
okp kjbtlrbhi }
Wrlakslrks jk Kcskøhczh _koucjhrbh. Wrloksls y Wrljuotls kc @hjkrh y @ukfik. Qli. BB
5. _B_ _B_ZK@ ZK@H_ H_ JK JK WVLJ WVLJ[OO [OOBß BßC C _bstk`h jk fhcol jk trhfhnl _bstk`h jk louphoblcks _bstk`h jk aiunl _bstk`h jk hutl`htbzhobÿc
okp kjbtlrbhi }
?58
Hctlcbl Iubs _h`hcbkel _hstrk
2.
FBFIBLEVHAÀH - Bcalr`k slfrk ih sbtuhobÿc ekckrhi y olyucturh jki skotlr jk ih `hjkrh kc Ksphøh . Lfskrvhtlrbl Bcjustrbhi jk ih @hjkrh. Olcak`hjkrh. @hjrbj. 6771 - Ltrls> - Bcs Bcstbt tbtutl utl Cho Choblc blchi hi jk Kst Ksthjà hjàstb stboh oh (BC (BCK) K) - Jbr Jbrko kotl tlrbl rbl Cho Chobl blch chii jk K`prk K`prksh shss (JBVO (JBVOK) K) - Olca Olcakjk kjkrho rhobÿc bÿc jk jk K`prks K`prkshrb hrbls ls jk ih ih @hjkr @hjkrhh (OLCAK (OLCAK@HJ @HJKVH KVH)) - Lf Lfsk skrv rvht htlr lrbl bl Bcju Bcjust strbh rbhii jk ih ih @hjk @hjkrh rh - @bc @bcbst bstkrb krbll jk jk Bcju Bcjustr strbh, bh, Ol` Ol`kro krobl bl y Zurb Zurbs`l s`l - @b @bcb cbst stkr krbl bl jk Zr Zrhhfh fhnl nl
?56
okp kjbtlrbhi }