Tjnb
23
NBTJXMBOJ NBTJXM BOJQQ ] YX@ YX@DZA DZAT@Q T@Q YBX YBXB B XJUJ XJUJQTM QTMNMJ NMJLT LT@ @ DJ QZ QZYJX YJXEMA EMAMJ MJQQ DJ DJ NZJHO NZ JHOJQ JQ ] JOJ JOJNJL NJLT@Q T@Q DJ ABX ABXYM YMLTJ LTJXÎB XÎB.. AFBY AFBYBQ BQ EM EMLBQ LBQ DJ NBDJ NBDJXB. XB. JQTXBT JQT XBTME MEMA MABD@ BD@Q. Q. YOÂQ YOÂQTM TMA@Q A@Q.. YBYJ YBYJOJQ OJQ.. YX@AJ YX@AJQ@Q Q@Q DJ XJA XJAZH ZHXMN XMNMJ MJLT@ LT@77 YXJYBX YXJ YBXBA BAMÑL MÑL,, JLA@ JLA@OBD OBD@, @, YXJ YXJLQ LQBD BD@. @. ABLT ABLTJBD JBD@ @ 2. 8. 1. 4. :. 5. 3. 6.
MLTX@D MLTX @DZA ZAAM AMÑL ÑL AFBY AF BYBQ BQ EML EMLBQ BQ DJ DJ NBDJ NBDJXB XB JQTXBTMEMAB JQTXB TMEMABD@Q. D@Q. OBNML OBNMLBD@Q BD@Q @ YOÂQT YOÂQTMA@Q MA@Q YBYJOJQ YX@AJQ@Q YX@A JQ@Q DJ XJAZHXMN XJAZHXMNMJLT@7 MJLT@7 YXJYBX YXJYBXBAMÑ BAMÑL, L, JLA@OBD@, JLA@OBD@, YXJLQBD YXJLQBD@ @ ABLTJBD@ CZMÑ CZ MÑL L XJ XJQZ QZNJ NJL L HMHO HM HOM@ M@C CXBE BEÎB ÎB
ajp jdmt`rmbo }
1=1
Blt`lm` Oums Qbnblmjc` Qbstrj
2.
MLTX@DZAAMÑL
]b a`l`ajn`s quj, jl ob batubomdbd, ob nby`rîb dj o`s nujhojs sj rjbomzbl a`l tbhojr`s dj emhrbs ` dj pbrtîauobs. T`d`s jst`s tbhojr`s oojvbrâl obs supjremamjs afbpbdbs. Jl jstj tjnb, vbn`s b jstudmbr o`s nbtjrmbojs quj sj jstâl jnpojbld` pbrb rjauhrmnmjlt` dj t`d` jstj tmp` dj supjremamjs. Qj pujdj djamr quj ob nâs jojcbltj sjrâ smjnprj ob afbpb dj nbdjrb lbturbo, pjr` `trbs vjajs, p`r jo us` quj sj vbyb b dbr b ul djtjrnmlbd` usbr l`s a`lvjldrâ usbr `tr` tmp` dj rjvjstmnmjlt`s, euldbnjltbonjltj poâstma`s, quj tmjljl ulb nby`r rjsmstjlamb.
8.
AFBYBQ EMLBQ DJ NBDJXB
Obs afbpbs sj pujdjl djemlmr a`n` obs oânmlbs y f`gbs dj nbdjrb nuy emlbs (jltrj 9,2 nmoînjtr`s y 9,: nmoînjtr`s) quj sj a`rtbl, yb sjb a`l emljs jstruaturbojs ` dja`rbtmv`s, b pbrtmr dj ul r`oo` ` r`oomz`s dj nbdjrb. Aubld` obs afbpbs tmjljl ul cr`s`r dj jltrj 9,: nmoînjtr`s y 9,29 nmoînjtr`s sj djl`nmlbl rjcrujs`s. @tr` a`lajpt` dj afbpb sjrîb7 f`gbs ` oânmlbs djocbdbs dj nbdjrb `htjlmdbs p`r bsjrrbd`, a`rtj ` djsjlr`oobd` dj ul tr`la` ` pbrtj dj ío. (Xjejrjlamb7 tjnb 22). F`y jl dîb s`l dj crbl utmomdbd, pujs ob nby`rîb dj o`s nujhojs ebhrmabd`s jstâl jobh`rbd`s b pbrtmr dj tbhojr`s dj bco`njrbd`, a`ltrbafbpbd` ` dj emhrb quj vbl afbpbd`s jl ulb ` jl sus d`s abrbs. Qup`lj pujs, ul bf`rr` dj rjaurs`s nbdjrjr`s mnp`rtbltj yb quj jvmtb ulb tbob nbsmvb dj ârh`ojs. O`s tbhojr`s dj crbldjs supjremamjs l` s`l dj ulb s`ob pmjzb, bsî sj rjaurrj b ob yuxtbp`smamñl dj vbrmbs pmjzbs jla`obdbs, y pbrb jvmtbr ob mltjrrupamñl djo vjtjbd` jxtjrm`r sj rjaurrj bo r jvjstmnmjlt` a`l afbpbs. Obs afbpbs tbnhmíl sj usbl pbrb rjvjstmr nujhojs eml`s a`l jo eml dj quj tjlcbl bpbrmjlamb dj jstbr rjbomzbd`s jl nbdjrbs l`hojs, pujs obs pmjzbs nbamzbs quj e`rnbl ob jstruaturb mltjrm`r djo nujhoj fbhmtubonjltj s`l dj abomdbdjs mlejrm`rjs. Dj jstb nbljrb, js erjaujltj jla`ltrbrsj nbamz` dj pml` rjvjstmd` dj ajrjz`. Obs afbpbs dj rjvjstmnmjlt` pujdjl sjr dj mltjrm`r ` dj jxtjrm`r. O`s afbpjbd`s mltjrm`rjs e`rnbl jl o`s `hgjt`s jl o`s quj s`l bpomabd`s (nujhojs ` pbrtjs dj o`s nujhojs) obs abrbs mltjrm`rjs, o`s afbpjbd`s jxtjrm`rjs e`rnbrîbl obs abrbs jxtjrm`rjs dj jst`s nujhojs ` pbrtjs dj joo`s. Obs afbpbs dj rjvjstmnmjlt` sj jla`obl s`hrj obs supjremamjs dj obs pobabs dj s`p`rtj, a`n` s`l o`s tbhojr`s, bco`njrbd`s, pobabs dj emhrb dj nbdjrb y a`ltrbafbpbd`s. Qj usbl pujs pbrb jo jnhjoojamnmjlt` dj obs supjremamjs dj nbdjrb. Jo jspjs`r dj obs afbpbs dj rjvjstmnmjlt` js dj 9,::nn b 9,3:nn pbrb obs nbdjrbs er`ld`sbs y dj 9,6:nn b 2nn pbrb o`s dj a`lîejrbs. Qj pujdjl dmstmlcumr obs smcumjltjs afbpbs dj rjvjstmnmjlt`7 Djpjldmjld` dj ob e`rnb dj ob vjtb l`s jla`ltrbn`s a`l afbpbs dj rjvjstmnmjlt` a`l ul eml `rlbnjltbo ` dja`rbtmv`. Jstbs sj pujdjl suhdmvmdmr dj ob smcumjltj e`rnb7 b) Afb Afbpbs pbs omsb omsbss ` dj vjtbs vjtbs rjcuobr rjcuobrjs7 js7 Auybs emhrbs s`l rjobtmvbnjltj rjcuobrjs y rjatmoîljbs, sml crbldjs vbrmbam`ljs dj a`o`r. h) Afb Afbpbs pbs dj vjtbs vjtbs `ld `lduob uobdbs dbs77 Qmjld` obs vjtbs nâs ` njl`s rjcuobrjs y rjatmoîljbs, tmjljl a`o`rbam`ljs vbrmbdbs quj smnuobl `lduobam`ljs, bpbrjamjld` erblgbs dj crbl` aobr` y `saur` dmsaurrmjld` trblsvjrsbonjltj p`r t`d` jo blaf` dj ob oânmlb. a) Af Afbp bpbs bs dj bcu bcubs bs77 Auybs vjtbs e`rnbl aurvbs nuy abprmaf`sbs, mnmtbld` o`s djl`nmlbd`s tjgmd`s nubrís. d) Afb Afbpbs pbs n`qu n`qujbd jbdbs7 bs7 1=4
ajp jdmt`rmbo }
Yr`ejs`rjs dj Jlsjòblzb Qjauldbrmb. Yr`ajs`s y Yr`duat`s jl Nbdjrb y Nujhoj. U`o. M Jstbs vjtbs jstbrîbl rjauhmjrtbs dj pjqujòîsmn`s lud`s nuy prñxmn`s jltrj sî. j) Af Afbp bpbs bs dj `r `ruc ucb7 b7 Obs vjtbs s`l smlu`sbs, a`nhmlâld`sj a`l oîljbs smlu`sbs dj a`o`rbamñl nuy vmvb. e) Af Afbp bpbs bs a`o` a`o`rj rjbd bdbs bs77 Qj trbtbrîb dj afbpbs a`o`rjbdbs dj e`rnb brtmemambo.
1.
JQTX JQ TXBT BTME MEMA MABD BD@Q @Q ] OBN OBNML MLBD BD@Q @Q @ YOÂ YOÂQT QTMA MA@Q @Q
1.2 Tmp`s B. Yobab Yobabss dj nbtjrmboj nbtjrmbojss jl abpbs crbhbd crbhbdbs bs dja`rbtmv dja`rbtmvbs bs (FYO) (FYO) Jstbs pobabs sj jobh`rbl a`l poâstma`s tjrn`jstbhojs. Umjljl a`l ob supjremamj babhbdb y sj jnpojbl pbrb jll`hojajr obs `hrbs dj abrpmltjrîb. Qj trbtb dj ulbs pobabs quj a`lstbl dj vbrm`s blaf`s dj ajouo`sb mnprjclbdbs a`l dmstmltbs rjsmlbs dj poâstma`s tjrn`jstbhojs jldurjamhojs. Qj dmstmlcuj jltrj ulb abpb ajltrbo, abpb dja`rbtmvb y abpb supjrm`r. Ob abpb ajltrbo jstâ a`npujstb p`r vbrm`s blaf`s dj ajouo`sb mnprjclbd`s a`l rjsmlb ejlñomab. Ob abpb dja`rbtmvb sjrâ ul pbpjo bhs`rhjltj dj botb abomdbd quj p`stjrm`rnjltj qujdb auhmjrt`, gult` b ob abpb supjrm`r, a`l ulb abpb trblspbrjltj y durb dj rjsmlb dj njobnmlb. Fby quj tjljr jl aujltb quj jl vjz dj pbpjo sj p`drâl jnpojbr afbpbs emlbs dj nbdjrb l`hoj ` mnprjsm`ljs brtîstmabs jl ob rjsmlb dj njobnmlb.
H. Jstrb Jstrbtmemab tmemabd`s d`s dja`rbtm dja`rbtmv`s v`s poâstma` poâstma`ss dj hbgb prjsmñ prjsmñl7 l7 njobnmlb njobnmlb Q`l pbljojs krbet dj dmejrjltjs crbnbgjs, dja`rbd`s ` l` a`l a`o`rjs ` e`t`s dj nbdjrb, mnprjclbd`s jl ulb rjsmlb poâstmab b hbsj dj njobnmlb. Qño` jl abs`s jxajpam`lbojs jl o`s quj sj utmomzbl pbrb rjvjstmnmjlt`s dj supjremamjs f`rmz`ltbojs, sj ojs bòbdmrâ ulb abpb dj rjsmlb a`l jo eml dj bunjltbr su rjsmstjlamb. Qu jspjs`r `samob jl t`rl` b 9,8 nmoînjtr`s. Jo pbpjo jstâ prjjla`obd` y ob a`ob sj batmvb, rjbatmvbdb p`r abo`r. Jo pr`ajs` dj rjvjstmnmjlt`, pujs, a`lsmstmrâ jl supjrp`ljr jo pbpjo bo tbhojr` y prjlsbro` a`l tjnpjrbturbs dj jltrj 2:9 y 259 crbd`s y prjsm`ljs jl t`rl` b 69 kc p`r ajltînjtr` aubdrbd`. Obs abrbatjrîstmabs dj rjsmstjlamb dj jstj tbhojr` s`l jxajpam`lbojs, tblt` bo a`rtj p`r auafmoo` y djscbstj p`r bhrbsmñl a`n` b o`s jejat`s dj o`s pr`duat`s quînma`s. Ob bpomabamñl nâs tîpmab s`l o`s rjvjstmnmjlt`s dj supjremamjs vjrtmabojs, pjr`, jxajpam`lbonjltj, yb fjn`s fbhobd` dj quj sj utmomzbl pbrb rjvjstmnmjlt`s f`rmz`ltbojs. Tmjlj ulb djlsmdbd hrutb bpr`xmnbdb dj 329 kc/n a÷hma`, prjsjltbd` ulb crbl rjsmstjlamb b ob eojxmñl. Qus supjremamjs jstâl jxjltbs dj p`r`s. Q`l fmcmílmabs, mlsîpmdbs, ml`d`rbs, dj omnpmjzb eâamo. Jo mla`lvjlmjltj jstâ jl quj l` rjsmstjl obs tmlturbs nuy a`o`rjbdbs, o`s âamd`s ao`rfîdrma`s y lîtrma`s, ob s`sb aâustmab, jo bcub `xmcjlbdb y ob p`tbsb aâustmab. Qj trbtb dj ul nbtjrmbo nuy rjsmstjltj, tblt` b jejat`s dj a`rr`smñl dj pr`duat`s quînma`s a`n` b a`rtjs p`r auafmoo`, djscbstj p`r bhrbsmñl. Ob bpomabamñl nâs tîpmab dj jstj tmp` dj rjvjstmnmjlt`s sjrâ jo rjauhrmnmjlt` dj supjremamjs vjrtmabojs, sbov` ob jxajpamñl bltjrm`rnjltj fjafb. Ob a`njrambomzbamñl dj jst`s tbhojr`s sjrâ a`l ob supjremamj omsb ` hmjl a`l nmar`p`r`s quj smnuobl ob nbdjrb, quj sj jobh`rbl njdmbltj pobabs dja`rbdbs (a`l sus p`r`s y vjtbs) quj sj mla`rp`rbl b ob prjlsb.
A. Jstrb Jstrbtmemab tmemabd`s d`s dja`rbtmv dja`rbtmv`s `s poâstma`s poâstma`s dj botb botb prjsmñl prjsmñl (ejlñoma`s) (ejlñoma`s) E`rnbd`s p`r vbrm`s pbpjojs (pbpjojs dja`rbtmv`s mnprjclbd`s jl njobnmlb y pbpjo hbsj tmp` krbet jl ulb ` vbrmbs abpbs mnprjclbdbs a`l a`ob ejlñomab) y a`l ulb abpb jxtjrm`r dja`rbtmvb mnprjclbdb jl njobnmlb. ajp jdmt`rmbo }
1=:
Blt`lm` Oums Qbnblmjc` Qbstrj Y`drâl tjljr ` l` ulb abpb dj `vjroby (pbpjo trblspbrjltj dj boeb-ajouo`sb), mnprjclbdb jl njobnmlb. Jo a`lgult` djo crujs` sjrâ dj 9,3 b 2 nn, pudmjld` oojcbr b ul nâxmn` dj 2,8 nn. Ob abrb jxtjrm`r jstbrâ pjrejatbnjltj puomdb, nmjltrbs quj ob mltjrm`r sj omgbrâ pbrb ebamomtbr jo jla`obd`. Qj trbtb dj ul nbtjrmbo nuy rjsmstjltj, tblt` b jejat`s dj ob a`rr`smñl dj pr`duat`s quînma`s, a`n` a`rtjs y djscbstjs p`r bhrbsmñl. Tjljn`s quj tjljr jl aujltb quj ob rjsmstjlamb b ob bhrbsmñl sjrâ njl`r quj jl jo abs` bltjrm`r, pjr` su nby`r jspjs`r pr`p`ram`lb nâs durbamñl b ob supjremamj. Ob bpomabamñl nâs mnp`rtbltj dj jstj tmp` dj rjvjstmnmjlt`s sjrâ pbrb supjremamjs f`rmz`ltbojs dj trbhbg`. Qj a`njrambomzb jl o`s nmsn`s tmp`s dj babhbd` quj o`s dj njobnmlb.
D. Jstrbtmemabd`s dja`rbtmv`s poâstma`s dj njdmb prjsmñl7 Obnmlbd`s Obnmlbd`s jl a`ltmlu` Jstâl e`rnbd`s p`r d`s pbpjojs (pbpjo dja`rbtmv` mnprjclbd` jl njobnmlb y pbpjo hbsj tmp` krbet jl ulb ` vbrmbs abpbs mnprjclbdbs jl rjsmlb poâstmab), a`l ul`s jspjs`rjs t`tbojs dj 9,1 b 9,4 nn. L` tmjlj abpb dj `vjroby (pbpjo trblspbrjltj dj boeb-ajouo`sb), sbov` quj sj bpomquj pbrb supjremamjs f`rmz`ltbojs; jl jstj abs`, b jst`s obnmlbd`s dj hbgb prjsmñl sj ojs sunbrâ ulb abpb dj rjsmlb. Tmjlj ul bspjat` nuy smnmobr b o`s bltjrm`rjs. Tmjlj njl`r rjsmstjlamb quj o`s obnmlbd`s dj botb prjsmñl, pjr` s`l nuy ja`lñnma`s y sj pujdjl rjauhrmr jl prjlsbs a`ltmlubs. Qu bpomabamñl fbhmtubo sjrâ jo rjauhrmnmjlt` dj supjremamjs vjrtmabojs. Qj a`njrambomzbl jl o`s nmsn`s tmp`s dj babhbd` quj ob njobnmlb.
1.8 Yrj Yrjpbr pbrbam bamñl, ñl, jla`o jla`obd` bd` y prjls prjlsbd` bd` dj dj o`s nbtjr nbtjrmbo mbojs js poâstm poâstma`s a`s Obs oânmlbs ` poâstma`s, cjljrbonjltj, sj fbajl dj YUA, pudmjld` sjr hobldbs ` durbs a`l dmstmlt`s jspjs`rjs. T`db su sjaamñl sujoj sjr djo nmsn` nbtjrmbo, pjr` pbrb njg`rbr su bdfjsmñl oojvb p`r ob abrb quj sj pjcb ulb abpb dj pbpjo dj rjsmlb smltítmab. Obs oânmlbs sj pujdjl trbhbgbr a`l t`dbs obs fjrrbnmjltbs a`rrmjltjs. Bsî, jo rja`rtj dj oânmlbs sj p`drâ jejatubr b nâqumlb a`l cumoo`tmlb ` amzboob dj afbpb emlb. Jo r`oo` jltjr` dj oânmlbs sj pujdj a`rtbr jl smjrrb joíatrmab. Jo nbtjrmbo dj s`p`rtj jstbrâ pobl` y oms`, sml p`ov` lm crbsb, y a`npojtbnjltj aomnbtmzbd`. Jo njg`r nbtjrmbo dj s`p`rtj s`l obs poblafbs dj bco`njrbd` a`l ulb abpb emlb dj rjvjstmnmjlt`, obs dj tbhomoobs y obs a`ltrbafbpbdbs sml crbldjs vjtjbd`s. Ob funjdbd dj ob nbdjrb dj s`p`rtj l` djhj bsajldjr b nâs djo 29 p`r amjlt`. Fby quj tjljr jl aujltb quj obs oânmlbs s`l djocbdbs y quj ob nbdjrb dj ob poblafb dj s`p`rtj p`drîb fmlafbrsj p`r obs abrbatjrîstmabs dj ob a`ob (funjdbd), p`r joo`, p`drîb nbrabrsj b trbvís dj ob oânmlb, obs vmrutbs dj ul bco`njrbd` a`l abpb hbstb, ul vjtjbd` jl ul rjomjvj jl ul a`ltrbafba `ltrbafbpbd`, bsî a`n` o`s lud`s y crmjtbs dj ulb nbdjrb nbamzb. Ybrb jo jla`obd` dj obs oânmlbs dj YUA fby quj tjljr jl aujltb quj s`l sjlsmhojs b obs tjnpjrbturbs. Aubld` l` oojvjl jo pjcbnjlt` mla`rp`rbd` sj pjcbl a`l bdfjsmv` dj eusmñl ` bdfjsmv` dj pjoîauob. Ístj ÷otmn` sj bpomab jl ul` ` bnh`s obd`s. Ybrb jvmtbr obs bnp`oobs sj pbsbrâl obs oânmlbs s`hrj jo nbtjrmbo dj s`p`rtj, a`l ulb prjlsb dj r`dmoo`s pbrb jo abs` dj ul pr`ajdmnmjlt` mldustrmbo. Ob bdfjsmñl dj eusmñl sj fbaj p`r njdm` dj nâqumlbs jla`obd`rbs dj h`rdjs jl pr`ajdmnmjlt`s a`ltmlu`s. O`s bdfjsmv`s dj eusmñl s`l oîqumd`s, b tjnpjrbturbs dj fbstb 889 crbd`s ajltîcrbd`s, s`omdmemabld` nuy djprmsb bo jlermbrsj. Q`l nuy sjlsmhojs b obs tjnpjrbturbs, p`r o` quj q uj ulb tjnpjrbturb dj bnhmjltj jxajsmvbnjltj hbgb ` ulb a`rrmjltj a`ltmlub dj bmrj a`lduaj b eboo`s dj jla`obd`. Jl jo pr`ajdmnmjlt` nblubo ob a`ob sj bpomabrâ a`l ulb jspâtuob ` ul r`dmoo`, dmstrmhuyíld`ob dj nbljrb ulme`rnj jl ob supjremamj. Ob abltmdbd dj a`ob b bpomabr sj rjcmrâ p`r ob abpbamdbd dj bhs`ramñl dj ob poblafb dj s`p`rtj. Y`r o` cjljrbo, ob oânmlb sj djhj a`o`abr s`hrj jo s`p`rtj dj nbljrb râpmdb. Obs h`osbs dj bmrj sj jxpuosbrâl a`l ul r`dmoo` dj c`nb ` a`l a` l ul omstñl e`rrbd` y, b a`ltmlubamñl, a` ltmlubamñl, sj a`nprmnjl obs pmjzbs jl ulb prjlsb dj afbpjbr. O`s pobt`s smjnprj tmjljl quj q uj jstbr omnpm`s y oms`s. B ulb tjnpjrbturb dj 89 crbd`s ajltîcrbd`s, jo tmjnp` dj prjlsbd` sjrâ dj 19 nmlut`s, sm ob eujrzb dj prjlsbd` js dj 9,2: L/nn 1=5
ajp jdmt`rmbo }
Yr`ejs`rjs dj Jlsjòblzb Qjauldbrmb. Yr`ajs`s y Yr`duat`s jl Nbdjrb y Nujhoj. U`o. M aubdrbd`. Djspuís djo jla`obd`, obs poblafbs sj bpmobrâl durbltj 28 f`rbs pbrb mcubobr ob funjdbd. Jstbs poblafbs vmjljl a`l ob supjremamj babhbdb, p`r js` sj djhjl nbljgbr a`l aumdbd` tblt` jl jo bonbaíl a`n` jl jo trblsp`rtj. Obs poblafbs nâs crujsbs sj trblsp`rtbrâl dj ablt` pbrb jvmtbr su eojxj y su p`stjrm`r bcrmjtbnmjlt` (dj ob abpb dja`rbtmvb). Bo vjlmr obs poblafbs a`l ob abpb dj poâstma` babhbdb, obs njsbs y pobt`s dj obs nâqumlbs djhjrâl jstbr omnpmbs pbrb quj l` obs rbyjl. Ybrb a`rtbr, bsjrrbr y erjsbr jstbs poblafbs sjrâl bpr`pmbdbs obs fjrrbnmjltbs dj njtbo dur`, p`r ob durjzb dj ob abpb dja`rbtmvb. Aubld` sj a`rtbl o`s h`rdjs p`r bnhbs abrbs, pbrb quj jst`s qujdjl sml crmjtbs, sj jnpojbrâl dmsa`s dj smjrrb dj crbl dmânjtr` y dmjltjs botjrl`s a`l p`a` âlcuo` dj btbquj. Js nuy mnp`rtbltj tjljr ulb a`rrjatb boturb dj ob smjrrb, pujst` quj ul jxajs` dj boturb ebv`rjaj ob abomdbd djo ablt` supjrm`r dj a`rtj, pjr` jnpj`rb ob djo mlejrm`r, pujst` quj ul âlcuo` dj jltrbdb dj a`rtj pjqujò` dbrâ hujl`s ablt`s supjrm`rjs y ul âlcuo` dj sbomdb dj a`rtj crbldj, hujl`s ablt`s mlejrm`rjs. Jl ob prâatmab, ob boturb a`rrjatb sj djtjrnmlb njdmbltj dmvjrs`s jlsby`s dj a`rtj. Ybrb erjsbr sjrâl bpr`pmbdbs ulbs erjsbs jspjambojs a`l pobt`s dj dmjltj dj njtbo dur` mltjrabnhmbhojs. Ybrb tbobdrbr sj jnpojbrâl hr`abs jspjambojs dj njtbo dur`. Ybrb ulm`ljs jl âlcuo` sjrâl bpr`pmbd`s jo tba` r`n` y obs ojlcÿjtbs. Jl abs` dj nblafbr obs poblafbs durbltj jo trbhbg` sj omnpmbrâ a`l boa`f`o ` ulb njzaob dj cbs`omlb y hjlajl`. L` sj pujdj jnpojbr lmlc÷l njdm` dj omnpmjzb bhrbsmv`. Jltrj obs dmstmltbs pmjzbs yb prjpbrbdbs fbhrâ quj a`o`abr a`o`a br aubld` sj bpmojl tmrbs jstrjafbs dj emjotr`, a`l jo eml dj jvmtbr rbybdurbs jl ob supjremamj.
4.
YBYJOJQ
Qj trbtb dj pbpjojs dja`rbtmv`s, dj crbnbgjs a`nprjldmd`s jltrj 49 y 59 crbn`s p`r an aubdrbd`, mnprjclbd` jl rjsmlbs dj urjb e`rnbodjfîd` jl ulb pr`p`ramñl djo 59 bo 299 p`r amjl djo pjs` djo pbpjo. Ob mnprjsmñl dj ob nbdjrb sj a`lsmcuj a` lsmcuj p`r ob bpomabamñl dj vbrm`s a`o`rjs a`lsjautmv`s, l`rnbonjltj trjs, jl e`rnb fjom`crâemab pbrb a`lsjcumr jo jejat` dj ob nbdjrb dj abnhmbr dj hrmoo` sjc÷l ob `rmjltbamñl dj ob ouz. F`y dîb, ob mnmtbamñl js absm pjrejatb, p`rquj sj jstâ a`lsmcumjld` lmvjojs dj pjrejaamñl mlaous` jl jo tbat`. Obs dmejrjltjs djl`nmlbam`ljs dj o`s pbpjojs mldmabl ob ljajsmdbd ` l` dj dbrojs hbrlmz dj babhbd`7 - Ybpjojs Ybpjojs prj-mnprj prj-mnprjclbtj clbtjd7 d7 Ljajsmtb Ljajsmtb babhb babhbd`s, d`s, smjld` smjld` ob abomdb abomdbd d dj jstj jstj babhbd` babhbd` ob quj quj pr`p`rpr`p`ram`lj ob abomdbd dj ob supjremamj. - Ybpjojs Ybpjojs p`st-mnp p`st-mnprjclbt rjclbtjd7 jd7 Bo pbpjo pbpjo bltjrm`r bltjrm`r sj sj oj bòbdj bòbdj dj 29 b 49 crbn` crbn`ss p`r ajltînjt ajltînjtr` r` aubdrbd` dj obab jl ob supjremamj, p`r o` quj rjqumjrj lmlc÷l tmp` dj babhbd`. Js jo nâs a`njrambo, p`r su a`lsmstjlamb y nbljgbhmomdbd, p`r su tbnbò` pjqujò` y njdm`. Qj trbtb dj ul rjauhrmnmjlt` dj rjsmstjlamb bo rbscbd`, bo mnpbat` y b ob funjdbd. - Ybpjo a`l p`r` quînma quînma`7 `7 Q`l pbpjoj pbpjojss dj bocul`s bocul`s dj o`s tmp`s tmp`s bltjrm`rjs bltjrm`rjs b o`s quj quj sj fb bpomab bpomabd` d` ulb omcjrb abpb dj obab supjremambo quj bdnmtj ul hbrlmzbd` p`stjrm`r, dbdb ob supjremamj p`r`sb quj tmjljl.
ajp jdmt`rmbo }
1=3
Blt`lm` Oums Qbnblmjc` Qbstrj
:.
YX@AJQ YX@A JQ@Q @Q DJ DJ XJAZ XJAZHX HXMN MNMJ MJLT LT@7 @7 YXJ YXJYX YXBA BAMÑ MÑL, L, JLA JLA@O @OBD BD@, @, YXJLQBD@
:.2 Afbpjbd` @pjrbamñl quj a`lsmstj jl auhrmr obs pmjzbs dj nbdjrb `rdmlbrmb a`l ulb afbpb dj nbdjrb emlb quj, p`r o` cjljrbo, js dj nby`r abomdbd. @trb djemlmamñl sjrîb jo jla`obd` dj ulb afbpb dj nbdjrb l`hoj s`hrj ulb nbdjrb `auotb. Ob nbdjrb `auotb pujdj sjr ul tbhojr` dj a`ltrbafbpbd`, dj bco`njrbd` ` pbrtîauobs, dj emhrb ` dj nbdjrb nbamzb. Ob bpomabamñl djo afbpjbd` jxmcj jxpjrmjlamb pbrb l` jrrbr jl ob jstítmab djo afbpjbd`, s`hrj t`d` aubld` jstbn`s bltj afbpbs l`hojs. Jo afbpjbd` fbaj p`smhoj jo us` dj ulb sjrmj dj nbdjrbs dja`rbtmvbs jl ulb e`rnb quj sm sj a`rtbsj jl nbdjrb nbamzb sjrîb mlsjcurb. Jl ob jojaamñl dj ob afbpb o` nâs mnp`rtbltj js tjljr ulb vmsmñl aobrb djo dmhug` dj ob nbdjrb. Fby quj tjljr jl aujltb pbrb quí pbrtj djo nujhoj vb b mr djstmlbdb, sm vb ulb supjremamj omsb, vjtjbdb, sml dmhug`, jtaítjrb. Js euldbnjltbo quj jo afbpjbd` sjb p`r bnhbs abrbs y a`l ob vjtb jl jo nmsn` sjltmd`. Qmjnprj quj obs poblafbs sj afbpjbl p`r ulb s`ob abrb bpbrjajrâl tjlsm`ljs ulmobtjrbojs quj l` sj pujdjl a`npjlsbr, lm smqumjrb funjdjamjld` jl a`ob omcjrb ob abrb l` afbpjbdb. Bo trbhbgbr a`l afbpbs js mnp`rtbltj quj ob dmrjaamñl dj ob vjtb dj ob afbpb dj rjauhrmnmjlt`, bo jla`obrsj s`hrj ul tbhojr` dj a`ltrbafbpbd`, vbyb jl sjltmd` trblsvjrsbo b ob dmrjaamñl dj obs vjtbs dj ístj. ] aubld` sj jla`ob s`hrj nbdjrb nbamzb bnhbs vjtbs tjldrâl quj mr jl jo nmsn` sjltmd`. Y`r `trb pbrtj, l` sño` tjljn`s quj tjljr jl aujltb o`s lud`s, eboo`s dj arjamnmjlt` quj pujdbl tjljr obs afbpbs, sml` tbnhmíl o`s djejat`s quj pujdb tjljr a`n` a`lsjaujlamb dj su `htjlamñl, pujs p`drîb fbhjr oucbrjs dj ob afbpb quj tuvmjrbl njl`s jspjs`r quj jo rjst`. Ybrb a`rtbr ulb afbpb fby quj a`npr`hbr su funjdbd. Jl abs` dj quj jstíl sjabs a`lvmjlj funjdjajrobs, pujst` quj p`drîbl bpbrjajr b p`stjrm`rm pjqujòbs crmjtbs jl obs afbpbs. Obs dmstmltbs oânmlbs dj afbpbs sj ulmrâl a`l pbpjo tbpbgultbs. Aubld` afbpjbn`s pjqujòbs supjremamjs js hujl` utmomzbr ul bdfjsmv` quj l`s pjrnmtb a`npr`hbr quj ob gultb jstâ hmjl rjbomzbdb. Jl abs` dj utmomzbrsj ajo`, ulb vjz prjlsbdb ob pmjzb, o` jomnmlbrjn`s a`l byudb dj ul trbp` funjdjamd` jl bcub abomjltj. Jl aublt` bo prjlsbd` dj o`s afbpjbd`s, vbn`s b dmvmdmro`s jl d`s nít`d`s7 - Zl nít`d` nít`d` brtjsblb brtjsblbo7o7 obs supjr supjremamjs emamjs s`hrj obs obs quj prjls prjlsbr br obs afbpb afbpbss tmjljl tmjljl quj jstbr jstbr t`tbonjl t`tbonjl-tj omsbs, sml `lduobam`ljs. Byudâld`l`s dj cbt`s, p`drjn`s jgjrajr ulb prjsmñl t`tbo y f`n`cíljb s`hrj t`db ob supjremamj. Qj djhj utmomzbr a`ob dj `rmcjl blmnbo y smjnprj fby quj jspjrbr 84 f`rbs bltjs dj qumtbr o`s cbt`s. ]b sjb nít`d` nblubo ` mldustrmbo, obs supjremamjs tmjljl quj jstbr smjnprj omnpmbs, pujs auboqumjr rjst` dj a`ob, pbpjo ` ajo` qujdbrîb crbhbd` jl obs afbpbs. Y`r joo`, js ba`lsjgbhoj omnpmbr t`db ob supjremamj djspuís dj abdb prjlsbd`. Jl jo abs` mldustrmbo fbhrâ quj er`tbr a`l ul bcjltj bltmbdfjrjltj quj l` a`ltjlcb âamd`. Ybrb l` nblafbr nbdjrbs hoblabs js hujl` a`o`abr pbpjo hobla` jltrj obs afbpbs y jo pobt`. - Jl jo nít`d` nít`d` mldustrmb mldustrmboo sj usbl usbl obs poblafb poblafbss fmdrâuomab fmdrâuomabs, s, jltrj jltrj `trbs nâqum nâqumlbs. lbs. Tmjljl Tmjljl supjremsupjremamjs njtâomabs t`tbonjltj omsbs. Ob a`ob sj bpomabrâ a`l nâqumlbs jla`obd`rbs y, jl `absm`ljs, b nbl`, yb sjb a`l r`dmoo`s ` jspâtuobs djltbdbs. Jl ob bpomabamñl dj ob a`ob fby quj tjljr aumdbd` a`l o` quj sj djl`nmlbl ‖h`osbs”, oucbrjs jl o`s quj ob afbpb l` fb qujdbd` q ujdbd` pjcbdb. Qj rja`l`ajl eâamonjltj p`r jo s`lmd` quj jnmtjl aubld` o`s t`abn`s a`l obs uòbs. @tr` nít`d` pbrb o`abomzbrobs a`lsmstj jl funjdjajr ob afbpb y b 1=6
ajp jdmt`rmbo }
Yr`ejs`rjs dj Jlsjòblzb Qjauldbrmb. Yr`ajs`s y Yr`duat`s jl Nbdjrb y Nujhoj. U`o. M o`s p`a`s nmlut`s obs pbrtjs l` pjcbdbs sj ojvbltbl. Jl jst`s abs`s, ulb vjz sjab ob afbpb sj rjbomzbrâ ul pjqujò` a`rtj jl ob ‖h`osb” y sj prjlsb dj lujv`. Y`r jo a`ltrbrm`, jo rjeoug` dj a`ob sj db aubld` ob a`ob bpomabdb jstâ nuy oîqumdb y jlt`lajs ob nbdjrb bhs`rhjrâ pbrtj dj ob funjdbd dj ístb. Aubld` fby jxajs` dj a`ob, jspjsb y l` pjljtrb jl ob nbdjrb, pr`duamíld`sj `lduobam`ljs jl ob afbpb. Qjc÷l jo tmp` dj a`ob jnpojbd` sj pujdj prjlsbr jl erî`, jl abomjltj ` a`l abojebaamñl. O` nâs oñcma` js trbhbgbr a`l prjlsbs fmdrâuomabs dj pobt`s abomjltjs ` a`l prjlsbd`rjs dj fusmoo`. Ob prjlsb dj pobt`s abomjltjs sj a`np`lj dj d`s pobt`s dj bounmlm` quj sj abomjltbl a`l vbp`r, a`l bcub abomjltj, y tbnhmíl rjsmstjlamb joíatrmab. Ob eujrzb djo prjlsbd` sj cjljrb njdmbltj o`s amomldr`s fmdrâuoma`s y ob tjnpjrbturb y prjsmñl sj pujdjl bgustbr jl eulamñl djo tmp` dj a`ob usbd` y dj ob abomdbd djo afbpjbd`. Obs prjlsbs dj fusmoo` sj a`np`ljl dj trjs fusmoo`s quj sj bprmjtbl dj e`rnb nblubo, ulb vjz quj obs afbpbs fbl smd` a`o`abdbs. Ybrb jvmtbr quj ob a`ob qujdj jl jo ajltr`, jo prmnjr fusmoo` jl bprjtbrsj sjrâ jo djo njdm` y, p`stjrm`rnjltj, sj bprmjtbl o`s jxtjrm`rjs. Zlb vjz quj o`s tbhojr`s s`l sbabd`s dj ob prjlsb sj a`rtb b rbs jl o`s ablt`s jo s`hrjsbomjltj djo afbpjbd` (ob afbpb smjnprj tmjlj quj sjr boc` nby`r quj ob hbsj b ob f`rb dj sjr jla`obdb). Ybrb joo`, a`l ul e`rnñl bemobd`, ul a`rtbd`r dj h`rdjs dj afbpb j, mlaous`, ul tba` dj omgb p`djn`s fbajro`. Jl obs mldustrmbs fby quj djgbr sjabr aumdbd`sbnjltj o`s tbhojr`s afbpbd`s y bpmobro`s pbrb quj l` sj dje`rnjl. Aubld` usbn`s ulb a`ob dj a`ldjlsbamñl l` fby pr`hojnb jl bpmobro`s ul`s s`hrj `tr`s, pujs jl ob pmob sj jldurjajrâ djo t`d` ob a`ob y ob funjdbd sj rjpbrtmrâ p`r mcubo jl jo a`lgult` dj o`s tbhojr`s. Qm, p`r jo a`ltrbrm`, utmomzbn`s ob a`ob hoblab trbdmam`lbo, a`o`abrjn`s omst`ljs dj sjpbrbamñl jltrj o`s tbhojr`s pbrb quj pujdb jvbp`rbrsj ob funjdbd quj fjn`s mltr`duamd` a`l ob a`ob. Obs supjremamjs afbpjbdbs l` djhjl sjr usbdbs fbstb quj ob a`ob l` fbyb pjcbd` t`tbonjltj, sj fbyb rjpbrtmd` p`r mcubo ob funjdbd mltr`duamdb y sj fbyb emgbd` ob funjdbd djsjbdb dj ob nbdjrb.
:.88 Fj :. Fjrr rrbn bnmj mjlt ltbs bs dj af afbp bpjb jbr r b) Xj Xjco cobs bs dj nj njdm dmr7 r7 Bdjnâs djo njtr`, js hujl` tjljr ulb rjcob dj sjcurmdbd dj bajr` nmomnjtrbdb, pujs sj bcbrrb b ob pmjzb mnpmdmjld` jo djspobzbnmjlt` dj ístb aubld` sj jstâ pr`duamjld` ul a`rtj, y js b ob vjz o` suemamjltj blafb pbrb quj o`s djd`s sj nbltjlcbl bpbrtbd`s dj ob auafmoob. h) Qup Qupjre jremam mamjj pbrb pbrb a`r a`rtbr tbr77 Js vâomd` auboqumjr tbhojr` nbluebaturbd` dj supjremamj omsb pbrb a`rtbr obs pmjzbs s`hrj ío. Jxmstj jl jo njrabd` ul abuaf` jspjambo pbrb rjbomzbr a`rtjs s`hrj ío, s`hrj t`d` aubld` a ubld` s`l nuy eml`s, pujs pjrnmtj quj ob pultb dj ob auafmoob pjljtrj aubld` rjbomzb jo a`rtj sml quj ob pultb sj jnh`tj y sml rjbomzbr rboobdurbs pjrnbljltjs jl ob hbsj. a) Qmj Qmjrr rrbb dj af afbp bpjb jbr7 r7 Qj utmomzb gult` a`l ob rjcob dj bajr` nmomnjtrbdb a`rtbld` f`gbs dj auboqumjr cr`s`r. Yr`duaj ul a`rtj rjat`. Jstb smjrrb vb pr`vmstb dj ulb auafmoob rjvjrsmhoj dj d`hoj emo` y eml`s dmjltjs sml trmsabr. d) Yob Yoblaf lafbb joí joíatr atrmab mab77 Qj usb pbrb bhobldbr ob a`ob blmnbo quj sj bpomab bo bonb ` l÷aoj` y b ob f`gb, tblt` jl jo afbpjbd` trbdmam`lbo a`l nbrtmoo` a`n` pbrb batmvbr obs abpbs dj a`ob quj rjbaam`lbl bo abo`r. j) Au Auaf afmo moo` o`ss7 Ybrb jo a`rtj dj e`rnbs a`npomabdbs sj usb jo jsabopjo` ` auafmoo` dj brtjsbl`. Qmjnprj quj sj a`rtjl oîljbs rjatbs sj usbrâ ul auafmoo` quj q uj jgjrzb nâs prjsmñl quj pbrb obs aurvbs. Ybrb obs rjaajp jdmt`rmbo }
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Blt`lm` Oums Qbnblmjc` Qbstrj tbs sj pujdj jnpojbr tbnhmíl ul a÷tjr dj ulb abomdbd njdmb botb, smjnprj quj jstí hmjl bemobd`. B ob f`rb dj fbajr jst`s a`rtjs fby quj nbltjljr smjnprj pjrpjldmauobr ob auafmoob, a÷tjr ` jsabopjo`. Jstbs auafmoobs smjnprj tmjljl quj jstbr bemobdbs p`r o`s d`s obd`s. e) Qb Qbab abh` h`ab abd` d`ss pbrb pbrb afbp afbpbs bs77 Qj ebhrmabl jl `af`s tbnbò`s y sj utmomzb pbrb a`rrjcmr djejat`s dj obs afbpbs. Abdb ul` dj joo`s tmjlj ulb auafmoob dj e`rnb mrrjcuobr quj prbatmab ul bcugjr` jl ob f`gb djejatu`sb y a`rtb `tr` mdíltma` pbrb rjjnpobzbro`. c) Xj Xja` a`rt rtbd bd`r `rb7 b7 Jomnmlb ob f`gb s`hrbltj jl o`s h`rdjs dj ul pbljo ` tbhojr` quj fb smd` afbpjbd`. Jxmstjl jl jo njrabd` dmvjrs`s n`djo`s dj rja`rtbd`rb, pjr` djstbab ul tmp` quj a`lsmstj jl ulb auafmoob a`l nblc` dj nbdjrb rjcuobhoj. Bo pbsbr ob fjrrbnmjltb p`r o`s h`rdjs djo tbhojr` ` pbljo pr`duaj ul a`rtj omnpm`, tblt` jl sjltmd` o`lcmtudmlbo b ob emhrb a`n` trblsvjrsbo b joob. f) Ajp Ajpmoo moo`` a`l fmjr fmjrr` r` djltb djltbd`7 d`7 Tmjlj rblurbs emlbs jl ulb abrb y jstâ hmsjobd` jl ob `trb, o` quj e`rnb ulb sjrmj dj dmjltjs pbrjamd`s b ulb smjrrb emlb. Qj usb pbrb trbtbr ob supjremamj dj ob hbsj ` l÷aoj` pbrb quj jstí omstb y prjpbrbdb pbrb su p`stjrm`r jla`obd`. m) Ab Abz` z` dj ob a` a`ob ob77 Jl jo afbpjbd` trbdmam`lbo smjnprj sj fb usbd` a`ob dj blmnbo. Ybrb su utmomzbamñl jstb a`ob tmjlj quj jstbr abomjltj. Ybrb joo`, sj usb ul abz` d`hoj ` dj abnmsb jxtjrm`r. Jl jo abz` mltjrm`r jstâ a`ltjlmdb ob a`ob, y jl jo jxtjrm`r bcub quj sj abomjltb pbrb nbltjljr ob a`ob b ob tjnpjrbturb bdjaubdb pbrb su us`, mnpmdmjld` bo nmsn` tmjnp` quj sj qujnj. Ybrb prjpbrbr a`ob blmnbo sj oojlb a`l obs h`obs (ob prjsjltbamñl dj jstb a`ob js jl h`obs ` oânmlbs) ob aubrtb pbrtj djo abz` mltjrm`r, bòbdmjld` ob nmsnb abltmdbd dj bcub. Qj djgbl obs h`obs jl jo bcub ul rbt`, y oujc` sj oojlb fbstb ob nmtbd jo abz` jxtjrm`r y sj abomjltb. Qj rjnujvj ob a`ob fbstb quj bdqumjrj ulb a`lsmstjlamb subvj, bòbdmjld` bcub sm eujrb ljajsbrm`. L` sj pujdj djgbr fjrvmr ob a`ob lm a`lsunmr jo bcub. g) Amltb pbrb afbpjbr7 Ybrb nbltjljr obs dmstmltbs f`gbs ulmdbs y jvmtbr quj sus gultbs sj jla`gbl ` bhrbl sj utmomzb amltb bdfjsmvb dj pbpjo. Qj rjtmrbrâ ulb vjz quj fb sjabd` ob a`ob, djspuís djo afbpjbd`, funjdjamíld`ob y rbspbld`. Jl abs` dj utmomzbr ajo` (tmjlj ob vjltbgb dj quj vjn`s obs gultbs) sj usbrâ ul pbò` funjdjamd` jl bcub abomjltj pbrb rjtmrbro`. k) Boe Boemoj mojrjs rjs dj afb afbpjb pjbr7 r7 Qj trbtb dj aobv`s eml`s a`l ulb abhjzb dj poâstma` crbldj quj sj usbl pbrb sugjtbr tjnp`rbonjltj obs f`gbs nmjltrbs sj a`o`ab ob amltb s`hrj ob gultb. o) Nb Nbrt rtmo moo` o`ss dj af afbp bpjb jbr7 r7 Qj usbl aubld` afbpjbn`s b nbl`. Tmjljl ulb f`gb dj obtñl rjd`ldjbdb, n`ltbdb jl jo h`rdj dj ulb abhjzb dj nbdjrb durb dj ob quj sboj jo nblc`. Qj pbsb jo nbrtmoo` jl sjltmd` trblsvjrsbo bo pbljo ` tbhojr`, jl ul n`vmnmjlt` dj zmc-zbc, jgjramjld` ulb emrnj prjsmñl s`hrj ob f`gb pbrb jomnmlbr ob a`ob s`hrbltj y obs hurhugbs dj bmrj quj fbybl p`dmd` qujdbr btrbpbdbs jl jo mltjrm`r.
:.1 Bonb ` l÷aoj` Obs afbpbs dj nbdjrb vbl smjnprj jla`obdbs s`hrj ul nbtjrmbo quj djl`nmlbrjn`s bonb, l÷aoj` ` hbsj. Ob jojaamñl y prjpbrbamñl dj ob afbpb js euldbnjltbo pbrb ul trbhbg` dj abomdbd, pujs ob f`gb p`r sî s`ob l` dmsmnuob o`s eboo`s. Aubld` hbrlmajn`s ob supjremamj, o`s djejat`s (mrrjcuobrmdbdjs, h`osbs) sj 499
ajp jdmt`rmbo }
Yr`ejs`rjs dj Jlsjòblzb Qjauldbrmb. Yr`ajs`s y Yr`duat`s jl Nbdjrb y Nujhoj. U`o. M fbrâl nuy vmsmhojs. Trbdmam`lbonjltj, sj fbl usbd` pbrb jstb emlbomdbd o`s tbhojr`s dj pml` nbamz`, y jl abs`s dj pmjzbs dj nby`r abomdbd ob ab`hb. F`y dîb, sj usbl tbhojr`s dj ebhrmabamñl mldustrmbo, pujs rjsuotbl nâs eâamojs dj prjpbrbr j mlaous` yb pujdjl vjlmr prjpbrbd`s dj eâhrmab (abs` dj usbr ul a`ltrbafbpbd`). Ob supjremamj djo l÷aoj` ` hbsj smjnprj sjrâ omsb y ulme`rnj. Ob nbdjrb nbamzb l` js ul nbtjrmbo mdjbo, pujs sj botjrb a`l abnhm`s dj funjdbd y rjqumjrj ulb aumdbd`sb prjpbrbamñl. O`s tbhojr`s nbluebaturbd`s sjrâl nâs jstbhojs y sus supjremamjs vmjljl pjrejatbnjltj omg bdbs dj eâhrmab. Y`r `trb pbrtj, b ob f`rb dj jla`obr ob supjremamj tmjlj quj jstbr omnpmb y omhrj dj p`ov`. Ybrb afbpjbr nbdjr`s s`hrj nbdjrb nbamzb sj jxtmjldj ob f`gb jl ob dmrjaamñl dj ob emhrb. O`s tbhojr`s quj sj afbpjbl s`hrj ulb s`ob abrb tmjldjl b h`nhjbrsj a`l jo tmjnp`. Ybrb jvmtbr jst` smjnprj sj tmjlj quj afbpjbr s`hrj jo durbnjl. Y`r `trb pbrtj, smjnprj fby quj usbr tbhojr`s bsjrrbd`s bo aubrt`, pujst` quj s`l nâs jstbhojs y sño` jla`cjl ul p`a` b o` blaf`. @trb e`rnb dj jvmtbr jstj trbhbg` dj ob nbdjrb js usbr tbhojr`s e`rnbd`s p`r vbrmbs tbhobs jla`obdbs jltrj sî. Dbrâl nby`r jstbhmomdbd b ob nbdjrb. A`n` yb fjn`s njlam`lbd`, o`s tbhojr`s nbluebaturbd`s vmjljl prjpbrbd`s dj eâhrmab pbrb p`djr sjr afbpjbd`s. Hbstbrîb a`rtbro` b obs dmnjlsm`ljs djsjbdbs pbrb rjbomzbr jo trbhbg`. Jl abs` dj quj jo tbhojr` nbluebaturbd` sjb ul a`ltrbafbpbd`, ob afbpb sj a`o`abrâ jl dmrjaamñl trblsvjrsbo b ob afbpb djo tbhojr` nbluebaturbd`. Jl abs` dj quj jo bonb ` l÷aoj` sjb aurv` ob tíalmab sjrâ dmejrjltj. A`n` ob afbpb dj nbdjrb js djocbdb y eojxmhoj ob p`djn`s aurvbr b o` obrc` y b o` blaf` dj ob emhrb. Y`djn`s a`lejaam`lbr ul l÷aoj` aurvbd` supjrp`lmjld` vbrmbs f`gbs dj afbpjbr crujsbs ` aurvbld` bo vbp`r ob nbdjrb nbamzb.
:.4
Yrjpbrbamñl dj ob afbpb
Obs afbpbs vmjljl jl pbqujtjs pbqujtjs dj f`gbs lunjrbdbs y dj mcubo njdmdb. Qm rjspjtbn`s ob lunjrbamñl sj a`nhmlbrâl njg`r jl dmhug`s vbrmbd`s, o` aubo l` sj a`lsjcumrâ sm pjrdjn`s ob lunjrbamñl. Obs afbpbs jxajsmvbnjltj sjabs sj vujovjl qujhrbdmzbs, p`r o` quj djhjl a`lsjrvbrsj ` bonbajlbrsj jl ul bnhmjltj f÷njd` (tjnpjrbturb jltrj 26 y 89 crbd`s). Oujc`, b ob f`rb dj trbhbgbr a`l joobs, fby quj jvmtbr jl o` p`smhoj funjdjajr obs afbpbs, p`rquj bo a`ltbat` bdqumjrjl `lduobam`ljs. Qj pujdjl jl jstj abs` funjdjajr pbrb quj bdqumjrbl eojxmhmomdbd, pjr` smjnprj quj sj pujdb o` njg`r y nâs a`lvjlmjltj js l` funjdjajr obs afbpbs. Aubld` sj funjdjaj ulb afbpb fby quj tjljr jl aujltb quj aubld` jstâ sjab tmjlj ulbs njdmdbs nîlmnbs; tblt` a`l jo jnpoj` jxajsmv` dj a`ob a`ltjlmjld` nuafb bcub, ` funjdjamíld`ob, obs dmnjlsm`ljs dj ob afbpb bunjltbl; fby quj tjljr jl aujltb quj ob djsmcubodbd dj tjlsm`ljs jl ob afbpb pujdj ojvbltbrob y bcrmjtbrob. Bltjs dj pr`ajdjr bo a`rtj dj obs afbpbs sj djhj a`npr`hbr ob funjdbd. Qm ob afbpb jstuvmjrb f÷njdb nujstrb bo sjabrsj crmjtbs abpmobrjs quj bpbrjajl nâs tbrdj s`hrj obs supjremamjs nuy puomdbs. Jo a`rtj o`lcmtudmlbo dj obs afbpbs jl pbqujtjs sj jejat÷b jl ob nâqumlb amzboobd`rb dj afbpbs. Ybrb a`rtbr ulb oânmlb sujotb sj usbrîb ob smjrrb ` a`rtbd`r dj afbpbs, nmjltrbs quj pbrb o`s a`rtjs o`lcmtudmlbojs, rmhjtjs y ba`pobnmjlt`s sj usb ob amzboob ` nâqumlb gultbd`rb dj afbpbs. Jo oucbr djstmlbd` jl ul tboojr pbrb afbpjbr djhj jstbr hmjl mounmlbd`, omnpm` dj p`ov` y a`l ulb tjnpjrbturb quj r`ldj o`s 26 y 89 crbd`s. A`l tjnpjrbturbs nâs hbgbs ob a`ob abomjltj sj jspjsb, mnp`smhmomtbld` ulb bdfjrjlamb quj bp`rtj cbrbltîbs jl jo tmjnp`. Jl aublt` b obs a`obs b utmomzbr ob nâs rja`njldbhoj js ob a`ob dj `rmcjl blmnbo, smjnprj quj fbyb smd` abojltbdb b njl`s dj 39 crbd`s. Qm ob a`ob tmjlj ob djlsmdbd bdjaubdb a`ltjldrâ p`ab bcub. Tbnhmíl p`djn`s usbr a`obs erîbs b hbsj absjîlb y a`obs dj rjsmlb smltítmab.
ajp jdmt`rmbo }
492
Blt`lm` Oums Qbnblmjc` Qbstrj
:.: Yrjpbrbamñl dj ob hbsj L` sj jnpojbrâl dj hbsj nbdjrbs l` rjsml`sbs lm c`n`sbs, sml` nbdjrbs a`n` jo af`p`, boms`, âobn`, jtaítjrb. Jo tbhojr` hbsj djhj e`rnbr a`l obs afbpbs ul t`d` mlbn`vmhoj, dj n`d` quj sj a`npjlsjl obs dmobtbam`ljs. Ob hbsj djhj jstbr a`npojtbnjltj sjab y sml crmjtbs. L` djhj bobhjbrsj lm `lduobrsj, djhj jstbr jxjltb dj lud`s, f`y`s, bstmoobs y djhj tjljr suemamjltj rjsmstjlamb jl t`d`s o`s sjltmd`s. Auboqumjr tmp` dj mrrjcuobrmdbd quj tjlcb ob hbsj sj vb b rjpr`duamr jl jo afbpjbd` ulb vjz jla`obd` y prjlsbd`. (Xja`rdbr o` jxpomabd` jl jo pult` 2 dj jstj tjnb, rjejrjltj bo afbpjbd`). Obhrbdb ob nbdjrb, sj djhj pbsbr ul ajpmoo` dj dmjltjs jl t`dbs obs dmrjaam`ljs, pjr` l` b a`ltrbemhrb, pbrb djgbr ulb supjremamj âspjrb y pjrnmtmr njg`r ob pjljtrbamñl dj ob a`ob. Jl ob e`rnbamñl dj ob hbsj sj djhj tjljr nuy jl aujltb sm jo afbpjbd` js dj ulb abrb ` dj d`s7 jo afbpjbd` dj ulb abrb pujdj bpomabrsj sml tjn`r b djejat`s jl trbvmjsbs, erms`s y t`db aobsj dj pmjzbs bsjcurbdbs a`ltrb ob aurvbturb y jo bobhj` p`r sus dmsp`smam`ljs tíalmabs. O`s tbhojr`s afbpjbd`s b ulb s`ob abrb tmjljl tjldjlamb bo bobhj`, p`r tblt` sño` sj p`drâ fbajr jl tbhojr`s pjqujò`s. Ob afbpb sj djhj jla`obr s`hrj ob hbsj dj n`d` quj obs emhrbs dj bnhbs qujdjl jl ob nmsnb dmrjaamñl. Y`r jo a`ltrbrm`, jo afbpjbd` dj d`s abrbs djhj bpomabrsj jl tbhojr`s dj crbl supjremamj. Y`r rbz`ljs ja`lñnmabs, jo afbpjbd` djo rjvjrs` js nuafbs vjajs nbtjrmbo nâs hbrbt` q uj jo djo blvjrs`, pjr` smjnprj djhjl tjljr bnh`s jo nmsn` crujs`. L` sj pujdj a`o`abr ob afbpb dj n`d` quj obs emhrbs dj ístb jstíl `rmjltbdbs dj e`rnb pjrpjldmauobr b obs djo tbhojr` hbsj, js djamr, smjnprj oojvbrâl sus emhrbs ob nmsnb dmrjaamñl, pbrb quj pujdbl a`ltrbjrsj y dmobtbrsj a`lgultbnjltj. Aubld` ob hbsj tmjlj ulb blafurb supjrm`r b 29 ajltînjtr`s, fbhrâ quj e`rnbrob a`l pmjzbs jstrjafbs ulmdbs jltrj sî pbrb e`rnbr ulb pmjzb crbldj; jl abs` a`ltrbrm`, jl obs `pjrbam`ljs dj afbpjbd` (bcub abomjltj, a`ob, jtaítjrb) eâamonjltj sj a`nhbrîb a`l jo pjrgumam` dj su prjsjltbamñl. Ybrb jo abs` dj abltjbd` dj o`s ablt`s dj bco`njrbd`s ` a`ltrbafbpbd`s a`l pobstmemabd`s ljajsmtbrjn`s ulb poblafb sml bcub, p`rquj jo jla`obd` sj pr`duaj a`l jo abo`r, ` ulb dj obs dmvjrsbs nâqumlbs abltjbd`rbs quj fby jl jo njrabd`. Jl abs` dj quj sj fbcb a`l ob poblafb, tjldrjn`s quj utmomzbr ulb jsa`emlb ` a÷tjr pbrb rjpbsbr o`s h`rdjs. Ybrb jo abs` dj abltjbd` nblubo dj YUA, sj djhj jla`obr a`l a`ob dj a`ltbat`. Jl jo supujst` dj abltjbd`s dj pmjzbs dj nbdjrb nbamzb, p`drjn`s jnpojbr ` hmjl oânmlbs dj nbdjrbs l`hojs ` hmjl rjcrujs`s (omst`ljs ` pmjzbs dj nbdjrb dj ul cr`s`r dj jltrj : y 29 nmoînjtr`s). Jl jo abs` dj oânmlbs dj nbdjrb, jl jo njrabd` yb sj jlaujltrbl a`l a`ob mla`rp`rbdb. Qm sj a`nprbrb ob oânmlb dj nbdjrb lbturbo fbhrîb quj jla`obrob a`l a`ob dj `rmcjl blmnbo y prjlsbrob bo ablt`. Aubld` abltjbn`s a`l rjcrujs`s, jla`obn`s a`l a`ob hoblab y sj prjlsb bo ablt` a`l cbt`s. Nuy mnp`rtbltj js p`ljr abobs jltrj o`s cbt`s y o`s ablt`s dj o`s tbhojr`s (pbrb jvmtbr nbrabs). O`s rjcrujs`s sj pujdjl p`ljr tblt` s`hrj pmjzbs dj nbdjrb nbamzbs a`n` s`hrj a`ltrbafbpbd`s. Zlb vjz babhbd` jo pr`ajs` dj prjlsbnmjlt`, fby quj rjtmrbr ob a`ob o` nâs râpmdbnjltj p`smhoj pbrb jvmtbr uotjrm`rjs nblafbs.
:.5 E`rnb nbss dj dj af afbpjbr B. Afbpj Afbpjbd` bd` b nbrtm nbrtmoo` oo` Yrjpbrbdb ob hbsj y ob afbpb, sj tjldrâ b nbl` ul rjampmjltj dj a`ob abomjltj, `tr` a`l bcub abomjltj, ul trbp` ` jsp`lgb, jo nbrtmoo` y, jl prjvjlamñl, ulb poblafb abomjltj b mcubo tjnpjrbturb. A`o`abdb ob hbsj jl jo hbla` dj trbhbg`, sj jxtmjldj ob a`ob s`hrj joob dj n`d` quj auhrb t`db ob supjremamj. Oujc`, sj a`o`ab ob afbpb s`hrj ob supjremamj, dj n`d` quj s`hrjsbocb p`r mcubo jl o`s h`rdjs y sj jxtmjldj a`l obs nbl`s. 498
ajp jdmt`rmbo }
Yr`ejs`rjs dj Jlsjòblzb Qjauldbrmb. Yr`ajs`s y Yr`duat`s jl Nbdjrb y Nujhoj. U`o. M T`nbld` jo nbrtmoo` dj afbpjbr p`r su abhjzb, sj vb pbsbld` dj djobltj fbamb btrâs a`l ul c`opj sjcur` y râpmd`, jl sjltmd` zmc-zbc y jl dmbc`lbo, prjsm`lbld` ob afbpb djspbam` y a`l aumdbd`. Aubld` ob afbpb jstâ emgb sj t`nb jo nbrtmoo` a`l bnhbs nbl`s pbrb fbajr nbs eujrzb y fbajr sbomr ob a`ob s`hrbltj. Zl trua` quj l`s bsjcurb quj ob afbpb fb qujdbd` hmjl jla`obdb js jo dj d j c`opjbr t`db supjremamj a`l jo djd` pbrb sbhjr sm boc÷l smtm` s`lbrb fuja`, jl jstj abs` sj v`ovjrîb b pbsbr jo nbrtmoo`. Qm durbltj jstb `pjrbamñl l`tbn`s quj ob a`ob sj jlerîb ` sj e`rnbl `lduobam`ljs djhbg` dj ob afbpb, sj funjdjajrâ ob pbrtj djejatu`sb a`l ob jsp`lgb. Y`lmjld` jlamnb ul pbpjo sj pbsbrâ ulb poblafb joíatrmab pbrb rjstbhojajr t`db ob a`ob y sj a`ltml÷b a `ltml÷b ob `pjrbamñl jl ob e`rnb mldmabdb a`l jo nbrtmoo`. Qjabdb ob a`ob durbltj 5 u 6 f`rbs sj rjpbsbl o`s ablt`s b e`rnñl, pujst` quj ob afbpb quj bdfjrmn`s smjnprj tmjlj quj sjr dj o`lcmtud ul p`a` nby`r quj ob hbsj s`hrj ob quj ob jla`obn`s. Aubld` sj jnpojb a`ob dj `rmcjl blmnbo fby quj p`ljr nuaf` aumdbd` jl jo sjabd`, pujs sj ljajsmtbl vbrm`s dîbs pbrb jomnmlbr ob funjdbd bo`gbdb jltrj jo tbhojr` y jl ob afbpb. Qm sj trbhbgbrb dj ulb e`rnb râpmdb sml djgbr sjabr hmjl ob a`ob, l`s jla`ltrbrîbn`s, bo abh` dj ul`s dîbs aubld` sj sjabrb dj e`rnb djemlmtmvb, a`l crmjtbs y fuja`s s`hrj ulb supjremamj quj yb fb smd` omgbdb. Jl jo abs` dj fbajr b nbrtmoo` jo afbpjbd` dj d`s tr`z`s dj afbpb, sj jla`ob jo prmnjr` rjatmemabld` jo ablt` y omnpmbld` ob a`ob a`l jo e`rnñl. Qj a`nprujhb ob gulturb a`l ob `trb afbpb, quj sj jla`ob, y sj prjsm`lb a`l jo nbrtmoo` dj eujrb b djltr`, pbrb o`crbr ulb pjrejatb gulturb. Q`hrj jstb gultb fby quj bdfjrmr ulb tmrb dj pbpjo quj jvmtbrâ quj bo sjabrsj sj bhrb ob ulmñl. Jl o`s tboojrjs crbldjs y njdmbl`s sj utmomzbl pbrb jstbs `pjrbam`ljs prjlsbs, afbpjbld` tbl sño` b nbrtmoo` jl abs`s jspjambojs.
H. Af Afbp bpjb jbd` d` jl jl prjl prjlsb sb Ob prjlsb jstâ a`lstmtumdb p`r ul r`hust` hbstmd`r dj fmjrr`, jl jo quj sj jlaujltrbl d`s pobtbe`rnbs dj nbdjrb bsjltbdbs jl vmcbs tbnhmíl dj fmjrr`, ulb emgb y `trb n`vmhoj; y ul bpbrbt` pbrb baam`lbr ob pobtbe`rnb nñvmo y prjlsbr. Jstb sjrîb ob nâqumlb trbdmam`lbo dj prjlsbr. F`y jl dîb, jl nuaf`s tboojrjs fby prjlsbs fmdrâuomabs a`l supjremamjs dj dmstmltbs njdmdbs quj, a`n` yb jxpomabn`s jl jo pult` 2 dj jstj nmsn` tjnb, a`lstbl dj trjs ` nâs pobtmoo`s njtâoma`s (mlaous` boculbs prjlsbs tmjljl d`s pms`s dmstmlt`s) quj jgjrajl prjsmñl s`hrj ob hbsj. Bocul`s smcujl smjld` nblubojs, pjr` o` oñcma` js quj sjbl njaâlma`s y sjb ob pr`pmb nâqumlb ob quj jgjrzb ob prjsmñl y ob eujrzb bdjaubdb. Qj ljajsmtbl ul`s tbhojr`s dj dmvjrsbs dmnjlsm`ljs, jltrj o`s aubojs sj a`o`abl obs pmjzbs aubld` sj vbl b afbpjbr. B jst`s tbhojr`s sj ojs djl`nmlb abobs y js mnp`rtbltîsmn` quj t`d`s tjlcbl jo nmsn` crujs` pbrb quj jo prjlsbd` sjb ulme`rnj. Obs abobs djhjl jstbr omsbs, omnpmbs, sml f`y`s lm `lduobam`ljs, pujs jo njl`r djejat` quj fbyb jl su supjremamj sj rjeojgbrâ dj nbljrb mljvmtbhoj jl jo afbpjbd`. Jl ob prjlsb fmdrâuomab obs abobs djhjl tjljr ulb supjremamj mcubo b obs pobtbe`rnbs. Ob e`rnb dj afbpjbr jl prjlsb hâsmabnjltj js mcubo b ob dj nbrtmoo`, pujs obs `pjrbam`ljs dj prjpbrbr ob hbsj y obs oânmlbs dj nbdjrb s`l mcubojs, ob dmejrjlamb jstrmhbrîb jl quj ob prjsmñl b djsbrr`oobr pbrb quj jla`ojl obs pmjzbs ob vb b rjbomzbr ulb nâqumlb. L`s p`djn`s jla`ltrbr a`l o`s nmsn`s pr`hojnbs quj afbpjbld` b nbrtmoo` sm l` sj djgbl sjabr hmjl obs pmjzbs jl ob prjlsb (ulbs 28 f`rbs bpr`xmnbdbnjltj, djpjldmjld` dj obs a`ldmam`ljs dj funjdbd, tmp` dj a`ob jnpojbdb, nbtjrmbojs usbd`s, jtaítjrb).
A. Af Afbp bpjb jbd` d` a` a`l l n`o n`odj dj Js jo nít`d` usbd` pbrb afbpjbr obs supjremamjs aurvbs. Qj prjsjltb ul n`odj dj nbdjrb dj ulb ` d`s pmjzbs, sjc÷l sj trbtj dj pmjzbs dj aurvbturb sjlamoob ` d`hoj, rjbomzâld`sj obs `pjrbam`ljs jl obs e`rnbs djsarmtbs, pbrb emlbomzbr jl ob prjlsb a`l jo bprjtbd`.
ajp jdmt`rmbo }
491
Blt`lm` Oums Qbnblmjc` Qbstrj Yrjpbrbdb ob hbsj a`l pmjzbs jstrjafbs pbrb jvmtbr p`smhojs bobhj`s, sj prjpbrb ob afbpb a`l ob njdmdb ljajsbrmb y jo nbrcjl a`rrjsp`ldmjltj, gultbld` jl abs` dj sjr ljajsbrmbs vbrmbs f`gbs (sj uljl a`l tmrbs dj pbpjo bdfjsmv`). Qj jxtmjldj ob a`ob s`hrj ob hbsj, jvmtbld` fbajr jspunb, y sj a`o`ab ob f`gb s`hrj ob hbsj a`l o`s nârcjljs sbomjltjs, prjsm`lbld` dj e`rnb subvj obs nbl`s s`hrj joob. Jl jo prjlsbd` jl prjlsb js prjejrmhoj ob a`ob erîb b ob a`ob abomjltj. Jl jo hbla` dj trbhbg` sj a`o`ab ulb abob, s`hrj joob ulb abpb dj pbpjo sml brrucbs. Oujc`, sj a`o`ab jo tbhojr` a`l su afbpb hmjl ajltrbd` y s`hrj ístj sj p`lj `trb abpb dj pbpjo y `trb abob. T`d` jst` sj oojvbrîb b ob prjlsb y dâld`oj jo nâxmn` dj prjsmñl sj djgb jltrj 4 y 5 f`rbs.
:.3 Ebo Eboo`s o`s prm prmlam lampbo pbojs js jl jo afb afbpbd pbd`` dj dj tbhoj tbhojr`s r`s B. H`osbs Abusbs p`smhojs7 - F` F`y` y`ss jl jl jo jo nbt nbtjr jrmb mboo dj dj s`p s`p`r `rtj tj - Afbpb brqujbdb - Js Jsab absj sjzz ` eb ebot otbb dj dj a`o a`obb - Qu Quam amjd jdbd bd jl jo tb tbho hojr jr`` dj s` s`p` p`rt rtjj Jomnmlbamñl djo eboo`7 Qj rja`rtb ob h`osb y, b a`ltmlubamñl, sj ojvbltb ob afbpb bpomabld` ob a`ob y prjsm`lbld` jl jo oucbr. O` l`rnbo js quj jo a`rtj dj ob afbpb sjb trmblcuobr, pbrb quj, ulb vjz sja`, sj l`tj o` njl`s p`smhoj.
H. @l @ldu duob obam am`l `ljs js dj dj ob a` a`ob ob Abusbs p`smhojs7 - Jxa Jxajs` js` dj a`ob a`ob ` jxajs jxajs`` dj omq omqumd umdjz jz jl ob a`ob a`ob.. - Eb Ebot otbb dj bpo bpoma maba bamñ mñll ulme ulme`r `rnj nj dj dj ob a`o a`ob. b. - Ob eujrz eujrzbb dj prjl prjlsbd sbd`` sj fb p`d p`dmd` md` fbaj fbajrr dj eujrb eujrb b djlt djltr`. r`. Jomnmlbamñl djo eboo`7 U`ovjr b prjlsbr ob afbpb aubld` ob a`ob b÷l l` fbyb e`rgbd`.
A. Xj Xjzu zunb nbd` d` dj a` a`ob ob Abusbs p`smhojs7 - Jnp Jnpoj` oj` dj dj a`ob a`ob jxajs jxajsmvb mvbnjl njltj tj dj dj a`ob a`ob ` jxajs jxajs`` dj a`ob a`ob.. - Afb Afbpb pb dj p`r` p`r` crbl crbldj dj ` l` jnpo jnpojbr jbr abrc abrcbb dj rjooj rjoojl` l` ` dmouy dmouyjlt jltj. j. Jomnmlbamñl djo eboo`7 Ob a`ob dj a`ldjlsbamñl a` ldjlsbamñl rjzunbdb l` sj pujdj qumtbr. @ mlnjdmbtbnjltj djspuís djo prjlsbd`, ajpmoobr a`l bcub abomjltj y ajpmoo` dj rbîz ` dj obtñl. Ob vjrdbd js quj jstj eboo` js jxajsmvbnjltj dmeîamo dj jomnmlbr.
D. Gul Gultbs tbs bhmj bhmjrtb rtbss ` n`ltb n`ltbdbs dbs Abusbs p`smhojs7 - Eb Eboo oo`` jl jl obs obs gu gult ltbs bs ` bo bo pjc pjcbr brob obs. s. - Afbpb `lduobdb db.. - Bpoma Bpomabr br djnbsm djnbsmbd` bd` pr`lt` pr`lt` ob a`ob a`ob s`hrj jo tbhojr` tbhojr` dj s`p`rtj s`p`rtj jla`ob jla`obd`. d`. Jomnmlbamñl djo eboo`7 Jla`obr jl ob gultb bhmjrtb afbpb blâo`cb, rja`rtbr a`l jo a`rtbd`r dj afbpb ob gultb n`ltbdb y, sm fmamjrb ebotb, e botb, jla`obr y v`ovjr b prjlsbr. 494
ajp jdmt`rmbo }
Yr`ejs`rjs dj Jlsjòblzb Qjauldbrmb. Yr`ajs`s y Yr`duat`s jl Nbdjrb y Nujhoj. U`o. M J. Ou Oucb cbrj rjss crb crbhb hbd` d`ss Abusbs p`smhojs7 - Qupojn Qupojnjlt`s jlt`s suam`s suam`s ` pjdbamt pjdbamt`s `s dj afbpb afbpb mltjrpuj mltjrpujst`s st`s jltrj jltrj supojnj supojnjlt`s lt`s y ob ob afbpb afbpb dj prjlsbr. prjlsbr. Jomnmlbamñl djo eboo`7 Bpomabr bcub abomjltj s`hrj obs pr`euldmdbdjs crbhbdbs pbrb fmlafbrobs.
E. Cr Crmj mjtb tbss jl jl ob ob afb afbpb pb Abusbs p`smhojs7 - Afbpb `l `lduobdb. - Tjs Tjstbs tbs l` pr` pr`tjc tjcmdb mdbss a`l a`l tmr tmrbs bs jlc jlc`nb `nbdbs dbs.. - Zs Zs`` dj af afbp bpbs bs a` a`ll jxa jxajs js`` dj fu funj njdb dbd. d. - Bpoma Bpomabamñl bamñl jxajs jxajsmvbn mvbnjltj jltj pr`ltb s`hrj jo s`p`rtj s`p`rtj djo tbhojr tbhojr`` jla`obd`. jla`obd`. Jomnmlbamñl djo eboo`7 Bgustbr hmjl a`l obs afbpbs dj ob nmsnb jstruaturb ` jlnbsmoobr obs p`smhojs crmjtbs aubld` s`l nuy emlbs.
C. Djsom Djsomzbnmj zbnmjlt` lt` dj ob afbpb bo prjlsbr prjlsbr Abusbs p`smhojs7 - A`ob jspjsb. - Yr Yrjs jsmñ mñll djsm djsmcu cubo bo bo bo prjl prjlsb sbr. r. - Ab Aboj ojlt ltbr br ob a` a`ob ob jl ob pr prjl jlsb sb.. Jomnmlbamñl djo eboo`7 L` jxmstj p`smhoj jomnmlbamñl djo eboo`.
F. Abn Abnhm` hm` dj a`o` a`o`rr jl ob ob afbpb afbpb Abusbs p`smhojs7 - Jx Jxaj ajsm smv` v` tmj tmjnp np`` dj prj prjls lsbd bd`. `. - Joj Jojvbd vbdbb tjn tjnpjr pjrbtu bturb rb dur durblt bltjj jo jo prj prjlsb lsbd`. d`. - Dj Dja` a`o`r o`rba bamñ mñll p`r p`r jo bcj bcjlt ltjj sjpb sjpbrb rbd` d`r. r. Jomnmlbamñl djo eboo`7 Omgbd` dj ob afbpb y, jl boculbs `absm`ljs, hoblquj` y n`rdjltbd`.
M. Nbr Nbrabs abs y `ldu `lduoba obam`l m`ljs js jl ob sup supjre jremam mamjj Abusbs p`smhojs7 - Nbd Nbdjrb jrb dj dj o`s h`rd h`rdjs js djnbs djnbsmbd mbd`` f÷njdb f÷njdb ` djnb djnbsmb smbd` d` sjab. sjab. - Nb Nbdj djrb rb dj dj o`s o`s h`rd h`rdjs js djn djnbs bsmb mbd` d` bla blaf` f`.. - Eb Ebot otbb dj pojl pojlmt mtud ud djo djo tbho tbhojr jr`` dj s`p` s`p`rt rtj. j. Jomnmlbamñl djo eboo`7 L` js p`smhoj jomnmlbr jst`s eboo`s p`rquj, b÷l bpomabld` ob omgb, fby quj tjljr jl aujltb jo p`a` jspjs`r dj ob afbpb y pbrb qumtbro`s l`s babhbrîbn`s a`nmjld` ob afbpb.
G. Trblsejrjlambs jl ob afbpb Abusbs p`smhojs7 - X`tuob X`tuobam`ljs am`ljs jl ob abrb mlejrm mlejrm`r `r dj ob afbpb afbpb ` jl jo jo tbhojr` tbhojr` dj dj s`p`rtj. s`p`rtj. - Afb Afbpbs pbs eml emlbs bs dj dj nbdjr nbdjrbb aobrb aobrb s`h s`hrj rj e`ld e`ld`` `saur `saur`. `.
ajp jdmt`rmbo }
49:
Blt`lm` Oums Qbnblmjc` Qbstrj Jomnmlbamñl djo eboo`7 Js nuy mnp`rtbltj sbhjr quj a`l jo omgbd` sño` sj jnpj`rb jstb smtubamñl, y ob ÷lmab s`ouamñl p`smhoj sjrîb tjòmr dj `saur` ob supjremamj, jl djemlmtmvb, ob s`ouamñl js nuy dmeîamo, p`r l` djamr mnp`smhoj.
5.
ABLTJBD@ Y`djn`s abltjbr a`l o`s smcumjltjs nbtjrmbojs7
5.22 Yb 5. Ybrb rb rja rjauh uhrm rmrr ablt ablt`s `s rja rjat` t`ss b) Omst`ljs dj nbdjrb nbdjrb nbamzb7 O`s omst`ljs sj jla`obl bo ablt` ablt` djo tbhojr` dj e`rnb quj sj sj tbpb ob ulmñl jltrj ablt` y tbhojr`. Qj trbtb djo rjauhrmnmjlt` quj nâs abomdbd `erjaj, pjr` tmjlj jo mla`lvjlmjltj dj quj jo dmejrjltj a`np`rtbnmjlt` jltrj ob nbdjrb y jo tbhojr` djrmvj, pbsbd` jo tmjnp`, jl ul djslmvjo jltrj bnh`s pr`duat`s quj sj pujdj p`ljr dj nblmemjst` b pjsbr dj ob afbpb dj nbdjrb quj auhrj jo tbhojr`. Jstj tmp` dj abltjbd` sj jejatubrâ a`l rjcrujs`s dj nbdjrb (omst`ljs dj nbdjrb a`l cr`s`rjs b pbrtmr dj : nn) bpomabld` a`ob tblt` jl jo omstñl a`n` jl jo ablt` y jgjramjld` prjsmñl (cbt`s ` auboqumjr `tr` tmp` dj fjrrbnmjltb dj prjsmñl). Js nuy mnp`rtbltj omnpmbr ob a`ob dj nbljrb mlnjdmbtb. Jstj pr`ajs` jlabrjaj dj nbljrb mnp`rtbltj ob pmjzb quj sj jstâ trbhbgbld` y p`r jstj n`tmv` sj usbl nâs `tr` tmp` dj abltjbd`s. h) B hbsj dj afbpbs dj nbdjrb7 Ob afbpb afbpb dj nbdjrb yb sbhjn`s quj tmjlj jspjs`rjs jspjs`rjs jl t`rl` b 2 nmoînjtr` y pujdj vjlmr prj-jla`obdb ` sml prj-jla`obr. Qm Q m vmjlj prj-jla`obdb, sj jla`ob batmvbld` a`l ulb eujltj dj abo`r (ulb poblafb, p`r jgjnpo`) dj ob pr`pmb afbpb. Jl jo abs` dj quj l` vmlmjrb prj-jla`obdb, sj jla`obrâ bo ablt` dj ob tbpb hmjl a`l a`ob hoblab dj abrpmltjr` ` hmjl a`l a`ob dj `rmcjl blmnbo, y jo pr`ajs` sjrâ a`n` bltjs bpomabld` fjrrbnmjltbs dj bprmjtj. Djspuís djo jla`obd`, y ulb vjz quj fb sjabd`, fbhrâ quj jomnmlbr ob pbrtj s`hrbltj dj ob afbpb a`l ulb omnb, a`l ulb smjrrb dj a`rtbr afbpb ` a`l ul a÷tjr. a) B hbsj dj oânmlbs oânmlbs dj YUA7 YUA7 Qj trbtb trbtb dj ulb oânmlb oânmlb dj poâstma` poâstma` dj 9,4, 9,4, 2,8 ` 1 nmoînjtr`s nmoînjtr`s dj jspjjspjs`r. L` js ul nbtjrmbo rjsmstjltj b ob bhrbsmñl, pjr` su jspjs`r pjrnmtj cbrbltmzbr ulb hujlb durbhmomdbd. Y`r o` cjljrbo, jstbs oânmlbs vmjljl prj-jla`obdbs y sj ljajsmtbrâ ulb eujltj dj abo`r pbrb batmvbr ob a`ob. Fbhrâ quj rjpbsbr ob pbrtj s`hrbltj dj ob amltb abltjbdb a`l ul a÷tjr ` a`l ulb ulb omnb nuy emlb. emlb. d) Oânmlbs dj pbpjo pbpjo dja`rbtmv` mnprjclbdbs mnprjclbdbs jl rjsmlb dj p`omístjr (tbañl)7 Qj trbtb djo rjauhrmnmjlt` nâs aoâsma`, abrbatjrmzbd` p`r a`njrambomzbrsj jl h`hmlbs dj dmejrjltjs jspjs`rjs y a`o`rjs. Qu rjsmstjlamb b ob bhrbsmñl, auafmoo` y `trbs, js jojvbd`, pjr` nâs rîcmd`. Js ob nâs p`puobr dj t`dbs, pjr` sus rjsuotbd`s s`l hbstbltj njdm`arjs, pujs sj djsjla`obl a`l hbstbltj ebamomdbd. Y`r o` cjljrbo vmjljl prj-jla`obd`s y sj batmvb jstb a`ob a`l ulb eujltj dj abo`r. Zlb vjz jla`obdbs, sj jomnmlbrâl obs pbrtjs s`hrbltjs a`n` jl obs `absm`ljs bltjrm`rjs.
H. Ybr Ybrbb rjau rjauhrm hrmrr ablt ablt`s `s aur aurv`s v`s b) Qms Qmstjn tjnbs bs p`s p`ste` te`rnm rnmlc7 lc7 Bo rjauhrmr ob abrb sj djgb ul jxajs` dj oânmlb pbrb djspuís a`l joob rjauhrmr jo ablt` y ob pbrtj trbsjrb, d`hobld`, p`a` b p`a`, ob oânmlb s`hrbltj. Jl jo abs` dj ob njobnmlb, pbrb p`djrob a`le`rnbr, js ljajsbrm` bòbdmroj pbpjo krbet pbrb jvmtbr quj sj r`npb. h) Qms Qmstjn tjnbs bs Q`et Q`ete`rn e`rnmlc mlc77 Bqujoo`s smstjnbs jl o`s quj sj bpomab ul rjauhrmnmjlt` dj ablt`s mldjpjldmjltjnjltj djo rjauhrmnmjlt` dj abrbs.
495
ajp jdmt`rmbo }
Yr`ejs`rjs dj Jlsjòblzb Qjauldbrmb. Yr`ajs`s y Yr`duat`s jl Nbdjrb y Nujhoj. U`o. M
3.
CZMÑL XJQZNJL
2. ML MLTX TX@D @DZA ZAAM AMÑL ÑL 8. AFBYBQ EMLBQ DJ NBDJXB Tmp`s dj afbpbs7 - Om Omsb sbss ` dj vj vjtb tbss rjc rjcuo uobr brjs js - Ujtbs `lduobdbs - Afbpbs dj bc bcubs - Afbpbs n`qujbdbs - Afbpbs `rucb - Afbpbs a` a`o`rjbdbs
1. JQTXBT JQTXBTMEMA MEMABD@Q. BD@Q. OBNMLB OBNMLBD@Q D@Q @ YOÂQTMA YOÂQTMA@Q @Q 1.2 TM TMY@ Y@Q Q Yobabs dj nbtjrmbo a`l abpbs crbhbdbs dja`rbtmvbs (FYO) Jstrbtmemabd`s dja`rbtmv`s poâstma`s dj hbgb prjsmñl7 njobnmlb Jstrbtmemabd`s dja`rbtmv`s poâstma`s dj botb prjsmñl7 ejlñoma`s Jstrbtmemabd`s dja`rbtmv`s poâstma`s dj njdmb prjsmñl7 obnmlbd`s jl a`ltmlu`
1.8 YXJYBXBAMÑL, JLA@OBD@ JLA@OBD@ ] YXJLQBD@ DJ DJ O@Q NBTJXMBOJQ YOÂQTMA@Q YOÂQTMA@Q
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493
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496
ajp jdmt`rmbo }
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6.
HMHOM@CXBEÎB - BHJOOB NMLB, M.M., Jo f`nhrj y ob nbdjrb . U`ounjl M. XHB Mltjcrbo. 8991. - HX HXMD MDCJ CJSB SBTJ TJX X, B. B. & C. C.,, Tíalmabs dj abrpmltjrîb trbdmam`lbo. Bajlt` Jdmt`rmbo. 2==6. - JDJHÍ. Tjal`o`cîb dj ob nbdjrb. @hrb tjñrma` prâatmab moustrbdb. Jdmt`rmbo Jdjhí. 2=5:. - CZMDMAJ, B. B., O`s smjtj jojnjlt`s hâsma`s dj ob abrpmltjrîb . Jdmnbt Omhr`s. 8991. - G@FLQT@N, D., Ob nbdjrb7 aobsjs y abrbatjrjs. Jdmt`rmbo Ajba. - LZTQAF, S., Tjal`o`cîb dj ob nbdjrb y djo nujhoj . Jdmt`rmbo Xjvjrtí. 8999. - UU.BB., Hmhom`tjab Btrmun dj ob Abrpmltjrîb, T`n` 2. O`s nbtjrmbojs. A`ojaamñl Tíalmab dj Hmhom`tjabs Yr`ejsm`lbojs. Jdmam`ljs @aíbl`, Q.B. Bò` 2==1.
ajp jdmt`rmbo }
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