Ibs rcskiudgkhcs `c iks ôrabhks ou`gdgbics. Dibscs `c rcskiudgkhcs ou`gdgbics? Dkhtchg`k y dbrbdtcrìstgdbs. Ibs rcskiudgkhcs `c iks ôrabhks ou`gdgbics dkicagb`ks. Ibs rcskiudgkhcs `ci Ictrb`k `c ib B`lghgstrbdgôh `c Oustgdgb ZCECZCHDGBT ICAGTIBPGUBT
PCLB
:2
Icy 2/:===, `c 1 `c chcrk, `c Chougdgblgchtk Dgvgi, duyb ÿitglb lk`gegdbdgôh sc nb prk`udg`k pkr Icy 1/:=21, `c : `c hkvgcljrc, pkr ib i b quc sc ghdkrpk gh dkrpkrb rb bi kr`ch kr`chblgcht blgchtkk ourì`gdk our ì`gdk cspbò cspbòki ki ib @grcd @grcd-tgvb :=24/22/SC, `ci ]briblchtk Curkpck y `ci Dkhscok, `c :2 `c lbyk `c :=24, rcibtgvb b ib rcskiudgôh bitcrhbtgvb `c igtgagks ch lbtcrgb `c dkhsulk Icy Kraâhgdb 5/27>3, `c 2 `c ouigk, `ci ]k`cr Ou`gdgbi, duyb ÿitglb lk`gegdbdgôh sc nb prk`udg`k pkr Icy Kraâhgdb 24/:=23, `c 3 `c kdtujrc, `c lk`gegdbdgôh `c ib Icy `c Chougdgblgchtk Drglghbi pbrb ci ekrtbicdglgchtk `c ibs abrbhtìbs prkdcsbics y ib rcauibdgôh `c ibs lc`g`bs `c ghvcstgabdgôh tcdhkiôagdb Zcbi @cdrctk `c 20 `c scptgcljrc `c 2>>:, bprkjbtkrgk `c ib Icy `c Chougdgblgchtk Drglghbi duyb ÿitglb lk`gegdbdgôh sc nb prk`udg`k prk`u dg`k pkr Icy Kraâhg Kraâhgdb db 24/: 24/:=23, =23, `c 3 `c kdtujr kdtujrc, c, `c lk`g egdbdgôh egdbd gôh `c ib Icy `c Chougd Chougdgblgc gblgchtk htk Drglg Drglghbi hbi pbrb ci ekrtb ekrtbicdgicdglgchtk `c ibs abrbhtìbs prkdcsbics y ib rcauibdgôh `c ibs lc`g`bs `c ghvcstgabdgôh tcdhkiôagdb
KJOCPGUKT Dkhkdcr iks tgpks `c rcskiudgkhcs ou`gdgbics, yb scb `c ôrabhks uhgpcrskhbics dklk `c ôrabhks dkicagb`ks Cstu`gbr ibs rcskiudgkhcs `c iks Ictrb`ks `c ib B`lghgstrbdgôh `c Oustgdgb Oustgd gb
]rkdc`glgchtks ]rkdc`glgch tks Ou`gdgbics. B) Hkrlbs Dkluhcs b tk`ks iks ]rkdc`glgchtks Dgvgics. Pclb :2
2.
IBT ZCTKISDGKHCT @C IKT ÔZABHKT OS@GDGBICT
Tc chtgch`c pkr rcskiudgkhcs ou`gdgbics iks bdtks `c iks ôrabhks ourgs`gddgkhbics chdblghb`ks b prk`udgr cecdtks ch ci prkdcsk. Iks bdtks `c iks ôrabhks ourgs`gddgkhbics quc hk cstâh `cstghb`ks b prk`udgr cecdtks ch ci prkdcsk, sghk quc tgchch dbrâdtcr aujcrhbtgvk ghtcrhk sc `chklghbh bducr`ks, bsì ik cstbjicdc ci brtìduik :00 `c ib IK]O quc `cdibrb quc ibs rcskiudgkhcs `c iks Prgjuhbics dubh`k hk cstçh dkhstgtug`ks ch Tbib `c Oustgdgb, ibs `c ibs Tbibs `c Akjgcrhk y ibs `c iks Oucdcs y ]rcsg`chtcs dubh`k tuvgcrch dbrâdtcr aujcrhbtgvk, sc iiblbrâh bducr`ks. Bòb`gch`k, hk kjstbhtc, quc ib lgslb `chklghbdgôh sc `brâ b ibs b`vcrtchdgbs y dkrrcddgkhcs quc pkr rcdbcr ch pcrskhbs quc cstçh suoctbs b ib ourgs`gddgôh `gsdgpighbrgb sc glpkhabh ch ibs schtchdgbs k ch ktrks bdtks ou`gdgbics.
:.
DIBTCT @C ZCTKISDGKHCT OS@GDGBICT? DKHPCHG@K W DBZBDPCZÌTPGDBT
Pchgch`k ch duchtb quc jbok ci tçrlghk rcskiudgkhcs prkdcsbics sc ghdiuych tbhtk ibs rcskiudgkhcs ou`gdgbics dklk ibs `c iks Ictrb`ks `c ib B`lghgstrbdgôh `c Oustgdgb, bhbigzbrclks ibs rcaibs achcrbics `c `gdnbs rcskiudgkhcs prkdcsbics pbrb b dkhtghubdgôh sgaugch`k ci prkarblb bhbigzbr ibs rcskiudgkhcs ou`gdgbics, y ch ci ÿitglk cpìarbec `ci tclb ibs rcskiudgkhcs `ci Ictrb`ks `c ib B`lghgstrbdgôh `c Oustgdgb.
:.2 @gspksgdgkhcs achcrbics skjrc ibs rcskiudgkhcs prkdcsbics B. Ch ib Icy Kraâhgdb Kraâhgdb `ci ]k`cr Ou`gdgbi Ou`gdgbi
Glpkrtbhtc
Tcaÿh ci brtìduik :03, ibs rcskiudgkhcs `c iks Oucdcs y Prgjuhbics quc tchabh dbrâdtcr ourgs`gddgkhbi sc `chklghbrâh?
Hk `cjclks dkheuh`gr chtrc schtchdgb `ceghgtgvb dkh schtchdgb egrlc. Tchtchdgb `ceghgtgvb cs ib quc rcsucivc `ceghgtgvblchtc ci picgtk, ch dubiqugcrb `c sus ghstbhdgbs. Tchtchdgb egrlc cs ib schtchdgb `ceghgtgvb dkhtrb ib quc hk dbjc rcdursk, jgch pkrquc nbyb eghbigzb`k ci pibzk pbrb rcdurrgr k pkrquc hk scb rcdurrgjic
b) ]rkvg`chdgbs, dubh`k tchabh pkr kjoctk ib ib kr`chbdgôh lbtcrgbi `ci prkdcsk.
2:>
j) Butks, dubh`k `cdg`bh rcdursks dkhtrb prkvg`chdgbs, ducstgkhcs ghdg`chtbics, prcsupucstks prkdcsbics, huig`b` `ci prkdc`glgchtk k dubh`k, b tchkr `c ibs icycs `c chougdgblgchtk, `cjbh rcvcstgr cstb ekrlb. d) Tchtchdgbs, dubh`k `cdg`bh `ceghgtgvblchtc ci picgtk k dbusb ch dubiqugcr ghstbhdgb k rcdursk, k dubh`k, scaÿh ibs icycs prkdcsbics `cjbh rcvcstgr cstb ekrlb. Ibs schtchdgbs pk`râh `gdtbrsc `c vgvb vkz dubh`k ik butkrgdc ib icy.
c`gtkrgbi } dcp
Ibs rcskiudgkhcs `c iks ôrabhks ou`gdgbics Tkh schtchdgbs egrlcs bquçiibs dkhtrb ibs quc hk qucpb rcdursk biauhk, sbivk ci `c rcvgsgôh u ktrks cxtrbkr`ghbrgks quc cstbjiczdb ib icy. Iiâlcsc cocdutkrgb ci `kdulchtk pÿjigdk y skiclhc ch quc sc dkhsgahb uhb schtchdgb egrlc. Ibs cocdutkrgbs sc chdbjczbrâh ch hkljrc `ci Zcy.
J. Ch ib Icy `c Chougdgblgchtk Dgvgi b. Dibscs `c rcskiudgkhcs Tkh rcskiudgkhcs ou`gdgbics ibs prkvg`chdgbs, butks y schtchdgbs `gdtb`bs pkr iks oucdcs y Prgjuhbics. Ibs rcskiudgkhcs `c iks Ictrb`ks `c ib B`lghgstrbdgôh `c Oustgdgb sc `chklghbrâh `gigachdgbs y `cdrctks.
j. Zcskiudgkhcs `ceghgtgvbs. Zcskiudgkhcs egrlcs. Dksb ouzab`b ekrlbi Tkh rcskiudgkhcs `ceghgtgvbs ibs quc pkhch egh b ib prglcrb ghstbhdgb y ibs quc `cdg`bh iks rcdursks ghtcrpucstks erchtc b ciibs. Tkh rcskiudgkhcs egrlcs bquçiibs dkhtrb ibs quc hk dbjc rcdursk biauhk jgch pkr hk prcvcrik ib icy, jgch pkrquc, cstbh`k prcvgstk, nb trbhsdurrg`k ci pibzk icabilchtc egob`k sgh quc hghauhb `c ibs pbrtcs ik nbyb prcschtb`k. Ibs rcskiudgkhcs egrlcs pbsbh ch butkrg`b` `c dksb ouzab`b y ci trgjuhbi `ci prkdcsk ch quc nbybh rcdbì`k `cjcrâ cstbr ch tk`k dbsk b ik `gspucstk ch ciibs. Prbhsdurrg`ks iks pibzks prcvgstks pbrb rcdurrgr uhb rcskiudgôh sgh nbjcrib glpuahb`k, quc`brâ egrlc y pbsb`b ch butkrg`b` `c dksb ouzab`b, `cjgch`k ci trgjuhbi `ci prkdcsk ch quc rcdbgab cstbr ch tk`k dbsk b ik `gspucstk ch ciib.
d. Zcskiudgkhcs krbics Tbivk quc ib icy pcrlgtb `gecrgr ci prkhuhdgblgchtk, ibs rcskiudgkhcs quc `cjbh `gdtbrsc ch ib dcic jrbdgôh `c uhb vgstb, bu`gchdgb k dklpbrcdchdgb bhtc ci Prgjuhbi P rgjuhbi k Ictrb`k `c ib B`lghgstrbdgôh `c Oustgdgb sc prkhuhdgbrâh krbilchtc k rbilchtc ch ci lgslk l gslk bdtk, `kdulchtâh`ksc çstc dkh dk h cxprcsgôh `ci ebiik y lktgvbdgôh sudghtb `c bquciibs rcskiudgkhcs. ]rkhuhdgb`b krbilchtc uhb rcskiudgôh, sg tk`bs tk `bs ibs pcrskhbs quc eucrch pbrtc ch ci prkdcsk cstuvgcrch prcschtcs ch ci bdtk, pkr sì k `cjg`blchtc rcprcschtb`bs, y cxprcsbrch su `cdgsgôh `c hk rcdurrgr, sc `cdibrbrâ, ch ci lgslk bdtk, ib egrlczb `c ib rcskiudgôh. Eucrb `c cstc dbsk, ci pibzk pbrb rcdurrgr dklchzbrâ b dkhtbr `cs`c ib hktgegdbdgôh `c ib rcskiudgôh `cjg`blchtc rc`bdtb`b. Ch hghaÿh dbsk sc `gdtbrâh krbilchtc schtchdgbs ch prkdcsks dgvgics
`. ]ibzk pbrb `gdtbr ibs rcskiudgkhcs ou`gdgbics Ibs rcskiudgkhcs `c Prgjuhbics y Ictrb`ks `c ib B`lghgstrbdgôh `c Oustgdgb scrâh `gdtb`bs `chtrk `ci pibzk quc ib icy cstbjiczdb. Ib ghkjscrvbhdgb `ci pibzk `brâ iuabr b dkrrcddgôh `gsdgpighbrgb, b hk lc`gbr oustb dbusb, quc sc nbrâ dkhstbr ch ib rcskiudgôh.
c. ]ujigdbdgôh y brdngvk `c ibs schtchdgbs Ibs schtchdgbs y `clâs rcskiudgkhcs `ceghgtgvbs, uhb vcz cxtch`g`bs y egrlb`bs pkr qugchcs ibs nujgcrbh `gdtb`k, scrâh pujigdb`bs y `cpksgtb`bs ch ib Kegdghb ou`gdgbi, kr`châh`ksc pkr ci Ictrb`k `c ib
c`gtkrgbi } dcp
2:7
]rkdc`glgchtks ]rkdc`glgch tks Ou`gdgbics. B) Hkrlbs Dkluhcs b tk`ks iks ]rkdc`glgchtks Dgvgics. Pclb :2
B`lghgstrbdgôh `c Oustgdgb su hktgegdbdgôh y brdngvk, `âh`kscics pujigdg`b` ch ib ekrlb pcrlgtg`b u kr`chb`b ch ib Dkhstgtudgôh y ibs icycs. Tgh pcrougdgk `c ik cstbjicdg`k ch ci pârrbek scauh`k `ci brtìduik :45.2 qughqugcs `c ib IK]O (quc pcrlgtc b iks Oucdcs y Prgjuhbics, y b iks Ictrb`ks `c ib B`lghgstrbdgôh `c Oustgdgb dkhekrlc b sus dklpctchdgbs prkdcsbics, b`kptbr ibs lc`g`bs quc scbh hcdcsbrgbs pbrb iglgtbr ci bddcsk pkr ibs pbrtcs b iks `btks pcrskhbics quc pu`gcrbh dkhtchcr ibs schtchdgbs y `clâs rcskiudgkhcs `gdtb`bs ch ci schk `ci prkdcsk, sgclprc quc hk scbh hcdcsbrgks pbrb abrbhtgzbr su `crcdnk b ib tutcib ou`gdgbi cecdtgvb), sc pcrlgtgrâ b dubiqugcr ghtcrcsb`k ci bddcsk bi tcxtk `c ibs schtchdgbs k b `ctcrlghb`ks cxtrclks `c ibs lgslbs. Cstc bddcsk sôik pk`râ iicvbrsc b dbjk prcvgb `gskdgbdgôh `c iks `btks `c dbrâdtcr pcrskhbi quc iks lgslks dkhtuvgcrbh y dkh pichk rcspctk bi `crcdnk b ib ghtglg`b`, b iks `crcdnks `c ibs pcrskhbs quc rcqugcrbh uh cspcdgbi `cjcr `c tutcib, b ib abrbhtìb `ci bhkhglbtk `c iks pcrou`gdb`ks, dubh`k prkdc`b, bsì dklk, dkh dbrâdtcr achcrbi, pbrb cvgtbr quc ibs schtchdgbs puc`bh scr usb`bs dkh eghcs dkhtrbrgks b ibs icycs. Ibs schtchdgbs quc sc `gdtch ch iks prkdc`glgchtks skjrc ib bpigdbdgôh `c iks brtìduiks >2 y >: `ci Prbtb`k `c ib Dkluhg`b` Curkpcb k iks brtìduiks 2 y : `c ib Icy `c @cechsb `c ib Dklpctchdgb sc dkluhgdbrâh pkr ci Ictrb`k `c ib B`lghgstrbdgôh `c Oustgdgb b ib Dklgsgôh Hbdgkhbi `c ib Dklpctchdgb. Iks Ictrb`ks `c ib B`lghgstrbdgôh `c Oustgdgb pkh`râh ch iks butks dcrtgegdbdgôh igtcrbi `c ibs schtchdgbs y `clâs rcskiudgkhcs `ceghgtgvbs.
e. Igjrk `c schtchdgbs Ch db`b trgjuhbi sc iicvbrâ, jbok ib dustk`gb `ci Ictrb`k `c ib B`lghgstrbdgôh `c Oustgdgb, uh igjrk `c schtchdgbs, ch ci quc sc ghdiugrâh egrlb`bs tk`bs ibs `ceghgtgvbs, butks `c gaubi dbrâdtcr, bsì dklk iks vktks vkt ks pbrtgduibrcs quc sc nujgcrch ekrluib`k, quc scrâh kr`chb`ks dkrrcibtgvblchtc scaÿh su ecdnb.
a. Igjrk `c `cdrctks Ch db`b Prgjuhbi sc iicvbrâ, jbok ib rcspkhsbjgig`b` y dustk`gb `ci Ictrb`k `c ib B`lghgstrbdgôh `c Oustgdgb, uh igjrk `c `cdrctks, ch ci quc sc ghdiugrâh egrlb`ks tk`ks iks `ceghgtgvks, quc scrâh kr`chb`ks drkhkiôagdblchtc.
Ghvbrgbjgig`b`
n. Ghvbrgbjgig`b` `c ibs rcskiudgkhcs. Bdibrbdgôh y dkrrcddgôh Iks trgjuhbics hk pk`râh vbrgbr ibs rcskiudgkhcs quc prkhuhdgch `cspuçs `c egrlb`bs, pcrk sì bdibrbr biaÿh dkhdcptk ksdurk y rcdtgegdbr dubiqugcr crrkr lbtcrgbi `c quc b`kiczdbh.
24=
c`gtkrgbi } dcp
Ibs rcskiudgkhcs `c iks ôrabhks ou`gdgbics Ibs bdibrbdgkhcs pk`râh nbdcrsc `c kegdgk, pkr ci Prgjuhbi k Ictrb`k `c ib B`lghgstrbdgôh `c Oustgdgb, scaÿh dkrrcspkh`b, `chtrk `c iks : `ìbs nâjgics sgaugchtcs bi `c ib pujigdbdgôh `c ib rcskiudgôh, k b pctgdgôh `c pbrtc k `ci LE ekrluib`b `chtrk `ci lgslk pibzk, sgch`k ch cstc dbsk rcsucitb pkr qugch nujgcrb `gdtb`k ib rcskiudgôh `c quc sc trbtc `chtrk `c iks 4 `ìbs sgaugchtcs bi `c ib prcschtbdgôh `ci csdrgtk ch quc sc skigdgtc ib bdibrbdgôh. Iks crrkrcs lbtcrgbics lbhgegcstks y iks brgtlçtgdks ch quc ghdurrbh ibs rcskiudgkhcs `c iks Prgjuhbics y Ictrb`ks `c ib B`lghgstrbdgôh `c Oustgdgb pk`râh scr rcdtgegdb`ks ch dubiqugcr lklchtk. Hk dbjrâ rcdursk biauhk dkhtrb ib rcskiudgôh quc `cdg`b skjrc ib bdibrbdgôh k dkrrcddgôh, sgh pcrougdgk `c iks rcdursks quc prkdc`bh, ch su dbsk, dkhtrb ib rcskiudgôh b ib quc sc rcegcrb ib skigdgtu` k bdtubdgôh `c kegdgk.
g. Tujsbhbdgôh y dklpiclchtk `c schtchdgbs y butks `cecdtuksks k ghdklpictks Ibs klgsgkhcs k `cecdtks `c quc pu`gcrch b`kicdcr schtchdgbs y butks y quc eucrc hcdcsbrgk rclc`gbr pbrb iicvbr pichblchtc b cecdtk `gdnbs rcskiudgkhcs pk`râh scr sujsbhb`bs, lc`gbhtc butk, ch iks lgslks pibzks y pkr ci lgslk prkdc`glgchtk cstbjicdg`ks ch ci cpìarbec bhtcrgkr. Tg sc trbtbsc `c schtchdgbs k butks quc nujgcrch klgtg`k lbhgegcstblchtc prkhuhdgblgchtks rcibtgvks b prctchsgkhcs kpkrtuhblchtc `c`udg`bs y sustbhdgb`bs ch ci prkdcsk, ci Prgjuhbi, b skigdgtu` csdrgtb `c pbrtc ch ci pibzk `c 3 `ìbs b dkhtbr `cs`c ` cs`c ib hktgegdbdgôh `c ib rcskiudgôh, prcvgk trbsib`k pkr ci Ictrb`k `c ib B`lghgstrbdgôh `c Oustgdgb `c `gdnb skigdgtu` b ibs `clâs pbrtcs, pbrb bicabdgkhcs csdrgtbs pkr ktrks 3 `ìbs, `gdtbrâ butk pkr ci quc rcskivcrâ dklpictbr ib rcskiudgôh dkh ci prkhuhdgblgchtk klgtg`k k hk nbjcr iuabr b dklpictbrib. Tg ci trgjuhbi b`vgrtgcsc ch schtchdgbs k butks quc `gdtbrb ibs klgsgkhcs bhtcrgkrcs, pk`râ, ch ci pibzk `c 3 `ìbs b dkhtbr `cs`c ib ecdnb ch quc sc `gdtb, prkdc`cr `c kegdgk, lc`gbhtc butk, b dklpictbr su rcskiudgôh, pcrk sgh lk`gegdbr hg rcdtgegdbr ik quc nujgcrc bdkr`b`k. @ci lgslk lk`k bi cstbjicdg`k ch iks pârrbeks bhtcrgkrcs sc prkdc`crâ pkr ci Ictrb`k `c ib B`lghgstrbdgôh `c Oustgdgb dubh`k sc prcdgsc sujsbhbr k dklpictbr iks `cdrctks quc nujgcrc `gdtb`k. Hk dbjrâ rcdursk biauhk dkhtrb iks butks k `cdrctks ch quc sc dklpictch k sc `chgcauc dklpictbr ibs rcskiudgkhcs bhtcrgkrlchtc rcecrg`bs, sgh pcrougdgk `c iks rcdursks quc prkdc`bh, ch su dbsk, dkhtrb ib schtchdgb, butk k `cdrctk b quc sc rcegrgcrb ib skigdgtu` k ib bdtubdgôh `c kegdgk `ci Prgjuhbi k Ictrb`k `c ib B`lghgstrbdgôh `c Oustgdgb. Iks pibzks pbrb cstks rcdursks, sg eucrch prkdc`chtcs, sc ghtcrrulpgrâh `cs`c quc sc skigdgtc su bdibrbdgôh, rcdtgegdbdgôh, sujsbhbdgôh k dklpiclchtk, dkhtghubh`k ci dôl putk `cs`c ci `ìb sgaugchtc b ib hktgegdbdgôh `c ` c ib rcskiudgôh quc rcdkhkdgcrb k hcabrb ib klgsgôh `c prkhuhdgblgchtk y bdkr`brb k `chcabrb rclc`gbrib.
D. Ch ib Icy Icy `c ourgs`gddgôh ourgs`gddgôh skdgbi skdgbi b. Tchtchdgbs krbics Ci oucz, ch ci lklchtk `c tcrlghbr ci ougdgk, y sbivk dubh`k pkr rbzôh `c ib lbtcrgb k `c ib dubhtìb prkdc`b rcdursk `c supigdbdgôh, pk`râ prkhuhdgbr schtchdgb `c vgvb vkz, dkh ci dkhtchg`k y iks rcqugsgtks cstbjicdg`ks ch ci bpbrtb`k : `ci brtìduik 71 `c ib Icy `c ourgs`gddgôh skdgbi. Ch cstc supucstk, ibs pbrtcs pk`râh skigdgtbr quc sc ics chtrcauc `kdulchtk quc dkhtchab ib trbhsdrgpdgôh pkr csdrgtk `c ib schtchdgb. Gaubilchtc pk`râ bprkjbr lc`gbhtc schtchdgb `c vgvb vkz, dubiqugcrb quc scb ib lbtcrgb y ib dubhtìb, ci biibhblgchtk tktbi cecdtub`k, bsì dklk, ch su dbsk, iks tçrlghks `c cocdudgôh `c ib schtchdgb quc ic
c`gtkrgbi } dcp
242
]rkdc`glgchtks ]rkdc`glgch tks Ou`gdgbics. B) Hkrlbs Dkluhcs b tk`ks iks ]rkdc`glgchtks Dgvgics. Pclb :2
scbh prkpucstks `c dklÿh bducr`k pkr ibs pbrtcs, sgclprc quc, `c prkdc`cr rcdursk, lbhgecstbrbh cstbs su `cdgsgôh `c hk rcdurrgr. Pbljgçh pk`râ ci oucz iglgtbrsc b prkhuhdgbr ci ebiik, dubiqugcrb quc scb ib dubhtìb k ib lbtcrgb, dkh lktgvbdgôh sudghtb `ci lgslk, sgh pcrougdgk `c ib rc`bddgôh pkstcrgkr `c ib schtchdgb `chtrk `ci pibzk y ch ib ekrlb icabilchtc prcvgstks. Ibs pbrtcs quc`brâh hktgegdb`bs `c ibs schtchdgbs `gdtb`bs krbilchtc. Tg, dkhkdg`b ib schtchdgb `c vgvb vkz k ci ebiik bhtgdgpb`k, ibs pbrtcs cxprcsbrbh su `cdgsgôh `c hk rcdurrgr, ci oucz ch ci lgslk bdtk `cdibrbrâ ib egrlczb `c ib schtchdgb. Tg biauhb `c ibs pbrtcs hk nujgcrb dklpbrcdg`k sc ic nbrâ ib kpkrtuhb hktgegdbdgôh.
j. Butks krbics Ch ibs lgslbs dkh`gdgkhcs cstbjicdg`bs ch ci brtìduik bhtcrgkr ci oucz k trgjuhbi pk`râ `gdtbr vcrjbilchtc butks bi tçrlghk `c ib dklpbrcdchdgb dcicjrb`b ch dubiqugcr ghdg`chtc susdgtb`k `urbhtc ci prkdcsk.
d. Ekrlb `c ibs rcskiudgkhcs Pk`b rcskiudgôh ghdiugrâ ib lchdgôh `ci iuabr y ecdnb ch quc sc b`kptc, ci hkljrc `c qugch ib `gdtc, ib cxprcsgôh `c sg ib lgslb cs k hk egrlc y, ch su dbsk, iks rcdursks quc prkdc`bh, ci ôrabhk bhtc ci quc `cjch ghtcrpkhcrsc y ci pibzk y rcqugsgtks pbrb ciik, bsì dklk iks `cpôsgtks y ibs dkhsgahbdgkhcs quc scbh hcdcsbrgks y ib ekrlb `c cecdtubriks.
@. Ch ib Icy `c Chougdgblgchtk Drglghbi Ibs schtchdgbs sc rc`bdtbrâh dkh suocdgôh b ibs rcaibs sgaugchtcs? 2.ª Tc prghdgpgbrâh cxprcsbh`k? ci iuabr y ib ecdnb ch quc sc `gdtbrch, iks ncdnks quc nujgcrch `b`k iuabr b ib ekrlbdgôh `c ib dbusb, iks hkljrcs y bpciig`ks `c iks bdtkrcs pbrtgduibrcs, sg iks nujgcrc, y `c iks prkdcsb`ks6 iks skjrchkljrcs k bpk`ks dkh quc scbh dkhkdg`ks, su c`b`, cstb`k, hbturbiczb, `klgdgigk, kegdgk k prkecsgôh, y, ch su `cecdtk, tk`bs ibs `clâs dgrduhstbhdgbs dkh quc nujgcrch egaurb`k ch ib dbusb, y b`clâs ci hkljrc y bpciig`k `ci Lbagstrb`k pkhchtc. :.ª Tc dkhsgahbrâh ch Zcsuitbh`ks hulcrb`ks iks ncdnks quc cstuvgcrch chibzb`ks dkh ibs ducstgkhcs quc nbybh `c rcskivcrsc ch ci ebiik, nbdgch`k `cdibrbdgôh cxprcsb y tcrlghbhtc `c iks quc sc cstglch prkjb`ks. 4.ª Tc dkhsgahbrâh ibs dkhdiusgkhcs `ceghgtgvbs `c ib bdusbdgôh y `c ib `cechsb y ib quc ch su dbsk nujgcsc prkpucstk bi Prgjuhbi, ch vgrtu` `c ik `gspucstk ch ci brtìduik 144 `c ib Icy `c ourgs`gddgôh skdgbi. 0.ª Tc dkhsgahbrâh tbljgçh ch pârrbeks hulcrb`ks, quc clpczbrâh dkh ib pbibjrb Dkhsg`crbh`k? -
Iks euh`blchtks `kdtrghbics `kdtrghbics y icabics `c ib dbigegdbdgôh dbigegdbdgôh `c iks ncdnks quc sc nujgcsch cstglb`k cstglb`k prkjb`ks.
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Iks euh`blchtks `kdtrghbics y icabics `ctcrlghbhtcs `c ib pbrtgdgpbdgôh quc ch iks rcecrg`ks ncdnks nujgcsc tchg`k db`b uhk `c iks prkdcsb`ks.
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Iks euh`blchtks `kdtrghbics `kdtrghbics y icabics `c ib dbigegdbdgôh dbigegdbdgôh `c ibs dgrduhstbhdgbs btchubhtcs, barbvbhtcs k cxglchtcs `c rcspkhsbjgig`b` drglghbi ch dbsk `c nbjcr dkhdurrg`k.
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Iks euh`blchtks `kdtrghbics `kdtrghbics y icabics `c ib dbigegdbdgôh dbigegdbdgôh `c iks ncdnks quc sc nujgcsch cstglb`k cstglb`k prkjb`ks dkh rcibdgôh b ib rcspkhsbjgig`b` dgvgi ch quc nujgcsch ghdurrg`k iks prkdcsb`ks k ibs pcrskhbs suoctbs b ciib b qugchcs sc nujgcrc kì`k ch ib dbusb, y iks dkrrcspkh`gchtcs b ibs rcskiu-
24:
c`gtkrgbi } dcp
Ibs rcskiudgkhcs `c iks ôrabhks ou`gdgbics dgkhcs quc nujgcrch `c `gdtbrsc skjrc dkstbs, y ch su dbsk b ib `cdibrbdgôh `c qucrciib dbiulhgksb. -
Ib dgtb `c ibs `gspksgdgkhcs icabics quc sc dkhsg`crch bpigdbjics, prkhuhdgâh`ksc pkr ÿitglk ci ebiik, ch ci quc sc dkh`chbrâ k bjskivcrâ hk skik pkr ci `cigtk prghdgpbi y sus dkhcxks, sghk tbljgçh pkr ibs ebitbs ghdg`chtbics `c quc sc nujgcrc dkhkdg`k ch ib dbusb, rcputâh`ksc ebitbs ghdg`chtbics ibs quc iks prkdcsb`ks nujgcsch dklctg`k bhtcs, bi tgclpk k `cspuçs `ci `cigtk dklk lc`gk `c pcrpctrbrik k chdujrgrik.
Pbljgçh sc rcskivcrâh ch ib schtchdgb tk`bs ibs ducstgkhcs rcecrchtcs b ib rcspkhsbjgig`b` dgvgi quc nujgcrch sg`k kjoctk `ci ougdgk, y sc `cdibrbrâ dbiulhgksb ib qucrciib dubh`k prkdc`gcrc. Ibs cocdutkrgbs sc chdbjczbrâh ch hkljrc `ci Zcy. Ib bjskiudgôh sc chtch`crâ igjrc ch tk`ks iks dbsks. ]brb `gdtbr butks ch iks bsuhtks `c quc dkhkzdb ci Prgjuhbi Tuprclk jbstbrâh trcs Lbagstrb`ks y pbrb ci `gdtb`k `c schtchdgbs scrâh hcdcsbrgks sgctc, sbivk quc ib Icy `gspkhab ktrb dksb. ]brb `gdtbr butks y schtchdgbs ch ibs Bu`gchdgbs ]rkvghdgbics, ib Bu`gchdgb Hbdgkhbi y iks Prgjuhbics Tupcrgkrcs `c Oustgdgb jbstbrâh trcs Lbagstrb`ks. Dubh`k hk bsgstgcrch Lbagstrb`ks ch hÿlcrk suegdgchtc pbrb dkhstgtugr Tbib, sc cstbrâ b ik `gspucstk ch ib Icy Kraâhgdb `ci ]k`cr Ou`gdgbi. Ch db`b dbusb nbjrâ uh Lbagstrb`k pkhchtc. Purhbrâh ch cstc dbrak iks Lbagstrb`ks `ci Prgjuhbi, b cxdcpdgôh `ci quc ic prcsg`b.
Btchdgôh ]brb `gdtbr prkvg`chdgbs ch uhks y ktrks Prgjuhbics, jbstbrâh `ks Lbagstrb`ks, sg cstuvgcsch dkhekrlcs.
Dubh`k iks Prgjuhbics k Tbibs sc dklpkhabh skik `c uh ]rcsg`chtc dkh `ks Lbagstrb`ks, turhbrâ tbljgçh ci prglcrk ch ibs ]khchdgbs, dkrrcspkh`gçh`kic uhb `c dghdk. Dkrrcspkh`c b iks ]khchtcs? 2.¿ Ghekrlbr bi Prgjuhbi skjrc ibs skigdgtu`cs `c ibs pbrtcs. :.¿ Cxblghbr tk`k ik rcecrchtc b ibs prucjbs quc sc prkpkhabh, c ghekrlbr bi Prgjuhbi bdcrdb `c su prkdc`chdgb k glprkdc`chdgb. 4.¿ Zcdgjgr ibs `cdibrbdgkhcs `c iks tcstgaks y prbdtgdbr dubicsqugcrb `gigachdgbs `c prucjb, dubh`k scaÿh ib Icy hk `cjbh k puc`bh prbdtgdbrsc bhtc ci Prgjuhbi quc ibs kr`chb, k sc nbabh eucrb `ci pucjik ch quc cstc sc nbiic dkhstgtug`k y hk sc `ç dklgsgôh b iks Oucdcs `c ghstruddgôh k luhgdgpbics pbrb quc ibs prbdtgquch. 0.¿ ]rkpkhcr iks butks y schtchdgbs quc nbybh `c sklctcrsc b `gsdusgôh `ci Prgjuhbi y rc`bdtbriks `ceghgtgvblchtc ch iks tçrlghks quc sc bducr`ch. c`gtkrgbi } dcp
244
]rkdc`glgchtks ]rkdc`glgch tks Ou`gdgbics. B) Hkrlbs Dkluhcs b tk`ks iks ]rkdc`glgchtks Dgvgics. Pclb :2
Dubh`k ci ci ]khchtc hk sc dkhekrlbsc dkh ci vktk `c ib lbykrìb, sc chdbrabrâ ktrk Lbagstrb`k `c ib ib rc`bddgôh `c ib schtchdgb6 pcrk ch cstc dbsk cstbrâ bquci kjigab`k b ekrluibr vktk pbrtgduibr. 3.¿ Iccr ch bu`gchdgb pÿjigdb ib schtchdgb. Tg pkr dubiqugcr dgrduhstbhdgb hk pu`gcrb ebiibrsc biauhb dbusb ch ci `ìb dkrrcspkh`gchtc, cstk hk scrâ kjstâduik b quc sc `cdg`bh k schtchdgch ktrbs quc nbybh sg`k vgstbs dkh pkstcrgkrg`b`, sgh quc pkr ciik sc bitcrc ci kr`ch lâs quc ch ik bjskiutblchtc gh`gspchsbjic. Ghlc`gbtblchtc `cspuçs `c dcicjrb`k ci ougdgk krbi k ch ci sgaugchtc `ìb, bhtcs `c ibs nkrbs `c `cspbdnk, ci Prgjuhbi `gsdutgrâ y vktbrâ tk`bs ibs ducstgkhcs `c ncdnk y `c `crcdnk quc nbybh sg`k kjoctk `ci ougdgk. Ib schtchdgb quc rcsuitc bprkjb`b sc rc`bdtbrâ y egrlbrâ `chtrk `ci tçrlghk scòbib`k ch ci brtìduik :=4 `c ib ICDrg. Ib `gsdusgôh y vktbdgôh `c ibs schtchdgbs sc vcrgegdbrâ ch tk`ks iks Prgjuhbics b pucrtb dcrrb`b y bhtcs k `cspuçs `c ibs nkrbs scòbib`bs pbrb ci `cspbdnk kr`ghbrgk. @gsdutg`b ib schtchdgb prkpucstb pkr ci pkhchtc vktbrâ cstc prglcrk, y `cspuçs `c çi iks `clâs Lbagstrb`ks, pkr kr`ch ghvcrsk `c su bhtgaùc`b`. Dubh`k ib glpkrtbhdgb `c ib `gsdusgôh ik cxgob, `cjcrâ ci quc prcsg`b nbdcr uh jrcvc rcsulch `c ciib, bhtcs `c ib vktbdgôh. Ibs prkvg`chdgbs, iks butks y ibs schtchdgbs sc `gdtbrâh pkr lbykrìb bjskiutb `c vktks, cxdcptk ch iks dbsks ch quc ib Icy cxgagcsc cxprcsblchtc lbykr hÿlcrk. Tg `cspuçs `c ib vgstb y bhtcs `c ib vktbdgôh biaÿh Lbagstrb`k sc glpksgjgigtbrc y hk pu`gcrc bsgstgr bi bdtk, `brâ su vktk euh`b`k y egrlb`k y ik rclgtgrâ `grcdtblchtc bi ]rcsg`chtc. Tg hk pu`gcrc csdrgjgr hg egrlbr, sc vbi`râ `ci Ictrb`k `c ib B`lghgstrbdgôh `c Oustgdgb. Ci vktk bsì clgtg`k sc dkhscrvbrâ rujrgdb`k pkr ci quc prcsg`b ch ci igjrk `c schtchdgbs. Dubh`k ci Lbagstrb`k hk pu`gcrc vktbr hg buh `c cstc lk`k, sc vktbrâ ib dbusb pkr iks hk glpc`g`ks quc nujgcsch bsgstg`k b ib vgstb y, sg nujgcrc iks hcdcsbrgks pbrb ekrlbr lbykrìb, cstks `gdtbrâh schtchdgb. Dubh`k hk rcsuitc lbykrìb, sc cstbrâ b ik quc ib Icy kr`chb rcspcdtk `c ibs `gsdkr`gbs. Dubh`k eucrc trbsib`b`k, oujgib`k, scpbrb`k k suspchsk biaÿh Lbagstrb`k, vktbrâ ibs dbusbs b duyb vgstb nujgcrc bsgstg`k y quc bÿh hk sc nujgcsch ebiib`k. Dklchzb`b ib vktbdgôh `c uhb schtchdgb, hk pk`râ ghtcrrulpgrsc sghk pkr biaÿh glpc`glchtk ghsupcrbjic. Pk`k ci quc tklc pbrtc ch ib vktbdgôh `c uhb prkvg`chdgb, butk k schtchdgb egrlbrâ ik bdkr`b`k, buhquc nujgcsc `gschtg`k `c ib lbykrìb6 pcrk pk`râ ch cstc dbsk sbivbr su vktk, quc sc ghscrtbrâ dkh su egrlb bi pgc ch ci igjrk `c vktks rcscrvb`ks, `chtrk `c ibs vcghtgdubtrk nkrbs sgaugchtcs. Ch ibs dcrtgegdbdgkhcs k tcstglkhgks `c schtchdgbs quc cxpg`gcrch iks Prgjuhbics hk sc ghscrtbrâh iks vktks rcscrvb`ks6 pcrk sc rclgtgrâh bi Prgjuhbi Tuprclk y sc nbrâh pÿjigdks dubh`k sc ghtcrpkhab y b`lgtb ci rcdursk `c dbsbdgôh. Ibs schtchdgbs sc egrlbrâh pkr tk`ks iks Lbagstrb`ks hk glpc`g`ks. Ch db`b Ouzab`k k Prgjuhbi, jbok ib rcspkhsbjgig`b` y dustk`gb `ci Ictrb`k `c ib B`lghgstrbdgôh `c Oustgdgb, sc iicvbrâ uh igjrk igjrk `c schtchdgbs, ch ci dubi sc ghdiugrâh egrlb`bs tk`bs ibs `ceghgtgvbs, butks `c gaubi dbrâdtcr, bsì dklk iks vktks pbrtgduibrcs quc sc nujgcrch ekrluib`k, quc scrâh kr`chb`ks dkrrcibtgvblchtc scaÿh su ecdnb `c pujigdbdgôh. Ibs schtchdgbs `ceghgtgvbs sc iccrâh y hktgegdbrâh b ibs pbrtcs y b sus ]rkdurb`krcs ch tk`k ougdgk krbi ci lgslk `ìb ch quc sc egrlch, k b ik lâs ch ci sgaugchtc. 240
c`gtkrgbi } dcp
Ibs rcskiudgkhcs `c iks ôrabhks ou`gdgbics Tg pkr dubiqugcr dgrduhstbhdgb k bddg`chtc hk sc chdkhtrbrc b ibs pbrtcs bi gr b nbdcrics ib hktgegdbdgôh, sc nbrâ dkhstbr pkr `gigachdgb y jbstbrâ ch tbi dbsk dkh ib hktgegdbdgôh ncdnb b sus ]rkdurb`krcs. Iks butks quc rcsucivbh ghdg`chtcs sc hktgegdbrbh ÿhgdblchtc b iks ]rkdurb`krcs. Dubh`k ib ghstruddgôh `c ib dbusb nujgcrb dkrrcspkh`g`k b uh Ouzab`k `c Ugkichdgb skjrc ib Luocr ib schtchdgb scrâ rclgtg`b bi lgslk pkr tcstglkhgk `c ekrlb ghlc`gbtb, dkh gh`gdbdgôh `c sg ib lgslb cs k hk egrlc. Iks Prgjuhbics hk pk`râh vbrgbr ibs rcskiudgkhcs quc prkhuhdgch `cspuçs `c egrlb`bs, pcrk sì bdibrbr biaÿh dkhdcptk ksdurk y rcdtgegdbr dubiqugcr crrkr lbtcrgbi `c quc b`kiczdbh. Ibs bdibrbdgkhcs b quc sc rcegcrc ci pârrbek bhtcrgkr pk`râh nbdcrsc `c kegdgk, pkr ci Prgjuhbi k Ictrb`k `c ib B`lghgstrbdgôh `c Oustgdgb, scaÿh dkrrcspkh`b, `chtrk `c iks `ks `ìbs nâjgics sgaugchtcs bi `c ib pujigdbdgôh `c ib rcskiudgôh, k b pctgdgôh `c pbrtc k `ci Lghgstcrgk Egsdbi ekrluib`b `chtrk `ci lgslk pibzk, sgch`k ch cstc dbsk rcsucitb pkr qugch nujgcrb `gdtb`k ib rcskiudgôh `c quc sc trbtc `chtrk `c iks trcs `ìbs sgaugchtcs bi `c ib prcschtbdgôh `ci csdrgtk ch quc sc skigdgtc ib bdibrbdgôh. Ibs klgsgkhcs k `cecdtks `c quc pu`gcrch b`kicdcr schtchdgbs y butks y quc eucrc hcdcsbrgk rclc`gbr pbrb iicvbr pichblchtc b cecdtk `gdnbs rcskiudgkhcs, pk`râh scr sujsbhb`ks, lc`gbhtc butk, ch iks lgslks pibzks y pkr ci lgslk prkdc`glgchtk cstb jicdg`ks ch iks pârrbeks bhtcrgkrcs. Tg sc trbtbsc `c schtchdgbs k butks quc nujgcrch klgtg`k lbhgegcstblchtc prkhuhdgblgchtks rcibtgvks b prctchsgkhcs kpkrtuhblchtc `c`udg`bs y sustbhdgb`bs ch ci prkdcsk, ci Prgjuhbi, b skigdgtu` csdrgtb `c pbrtc ch ci pibzk `c dghdk `ìbs b dkhtbr `cs`c ib hktgegdbdgôh `c ib rcskiudgôh, prcvgk trbsib`k pkr ci Ictrb`k `c ib B`lghgstrbdgôh `c Oustgdgb `c `gdnb skigdgtu` b ibs `clâs pbrtcs, pbrb bicabdgkhcs csdrgtbs pkr ktrks dghdk `ìbs, `gdtbrâ butk pkr ci quc rcskivcrâ dklpictbr ib rcskiudgôh dkh ci prkhuhdgblgchtk klgtg`k k hk nbjcr iuabr b dklpictbrib.
Glpkrtbhtc Iks crrkrcs lbtcrgbics lbhgegcstks y iks brgtlçtgdks ch quc ghdurrbh ibs rcskiudgkhcs `c iks Prgjuhbics y Ictrb`ks `c ib B`lghgstrbdgôh `c Oustgdgb pk`râh scr rcdtgegdb`ks ch dubiqugcr lklchtk.
Tg ci Prgjuhbi b`vgrtgcsc ch schtchdgbs k butks quc `gdtbrb ibs klgsgkhcs b quc sc rcegcrc ci pârrbek bhtcrgkr, pk`râ, ch ci pibzk `c dghdk `ìbs b dkhtbr `cs`c ib ecdnb ch quc sc `gdtb, prkdc`cr `c kegdgk, lc`gbhtc butk, b dklpictbr su rcskiudgôh, pcrk sgh lk`gegdbr hg rcdtgegdbr ik quc nujgcrc bdkr`b`k. @ci lgslk lk`k bi cstbjicdg`k ch iks pârrbeks bhtcrgkrcs sc prkdc`crâ pkr ci Ictrb`k `c ib B`lghgstrbdgôh `c Oustgdgb dubh`k sc prcdgsc sujsbhbr k dklpictbr iks `cdrctks quc nujgcrc `gdtb`k.
c`gtkrgbi } dcp
243
]rkdc`glgchtks ]rkdc`glgch tks Ou`gdgbics. B) Hkrlbs Dkluhcs b tk`ks iks ]rkdc`glgchtks Dgvgics. Pclb :2
Hk dbjrâ rcdursk biauhk dkhtrb ibs rcskiudgkhcs ch quc sc rcsucivb bdcrdb `c ib bdibrbdgôh, rcdtgegdbdgôh, sujsbhbdgôh k dklpiclchtk b quc sc rcegcrch iks pârrbeks bhtcrgkrcs `c cstc brtìduik, sgh pcrougdgk `c iks rcdursks quc prkdc`bh, ch su dbsk, dkhtrb ib rcskiudgôh b quc sc rcegrgcrb ib skigdgtu` k ib bdtubdgôh `c kegdgk `ci Prgjuhbi k Ictrb`k `c ib B`lghgstrbdgôh `c Oustgdgb. Iks pibzks pbrb iks rcdursks quc prkdc`bh dkhtrb ib rcskiudgôh `c quc sc trbtc sc ghtcrrulpgrâh `cs`c quc sc skigdgtc su bdibrbdgôh, rcdtgegdbdgôh, sujsbhbdgôh k dklpiclchtk y, ch tk`k dbsk, dklchzbrâh b dklputbrsc `cs`c ci `ìb sgaugchtc b ib hktgegdbdgôh `c ib rcskiudgôh quc rcdkhkdgcrb k hcabsc ib klgsgôh `c prkhuhdgblgchtk y bdkr`bsc k `chcabrb rclc`gbrib. Iks Prgjuhbics dkhscrvbrâh lctô`gdblchtc dkicddgkhb`bs ibs lghutbs `c iks butks quc rcsucivbh ghdg`chtcs y schtchdgbs quc `gdtbrch, nbdgch`k rcecrchdgb b db`b uhb ch ci bsgchtk dkrrcspkh`gchtc `c iks igjrks `c butks y schtchdgbs `ci Prgjuhbi. Ibs nkobs `c iks igjrks `c butks y `c schtchdgbs `c iks Prgjuhbics cstbrâh hulcrb`bs y sciib`bs, rujrgdâh`kibs ci ]rcsg`chtc rcspcdtgvk.
:.: Ibs prkvg`chdgbs B. Tupucstks ch quc nbh `c `gdtbrsc Dkh dbrâdtcr achcrbi, dklk vglks, dkhekrlc bi brtìduik :03.2, b) `c ib IK]O sc `gdtbh dubh`k tchabh pkr kjoctk ib kr`chbdgôh lbtcrgbi `ci prkdcsk. Bòb`gch`k ci brtìduik :=5.2, 2ª `c ib ICD quc ch iks prkdcsks `c `cdibrbdgôh, dubh`k ib icy hk cxprcsc ib dibsc `c rcskiudgôh ou`gdgbi quc nbyb `c clpicbrsc, sc `gdtbrâ prkvg`chdgb dubh`k ib rcskiudgôh sc rcegcrb b ducstgkhcs prkdcsbics quc rcqugcrbh uhb `cdgsgôh ou`gdgbi pkr bsì cstbjicdcrik ib icy, sgclprc quc ch tbics dbsks hk cxgagcrb cxprcsblchtc ib ekrlb `c butk.
J. Ekrlb Tcaÿh ci brtìduik :0>.2 `c ib IK]O, ib eôrluib `c ibs prkvg`chdgbs sc iglgtbrâ b ib `ctcrlghbdgôh `c ik lbh`b`k y `ci Oucz k Prgjuhbi quc ibs `gspkhab, sgh lâs euh`blchtk hg b`gdgkhcs quc ib ecdnb ch quc sc bducr`ch, ib egrlb k rÿjrgdb `ci Oucz k ]rcsg`chtc y ib egrlb `ci Ictrb`k `c ib B`lghgstrbdgôh `c Oustgdgb. Hk kjstbhtc, pk`râh scr sudghtblchtc lktgvb`bs sgh suocdgôh b rcqugsgtk biauhk dubh`k sc cstglc dkhvchgchtc. Bòb`gch`k ci brtìduik :=> `c ib ICD, b prkpôsgtk `c ib ekrlb `c ibs rcskiudgkhcs, quc? -
Ibs prkvg`chdgbs sc iglgtbrâh b cxprcsbr cxprcsbr ik quc pkr ciibs sc lbh`c c ghdiugrâh ghdiugrâh b`clâs uhb sudghtb lktgvbdgôh dubh`k bsì ik `gspkhab ib icy k qugch nbyb `c `gdtbribs ik cstglc dkhvchgchtc6
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Ch ci dbsk `c prkvg`chdgbs `gdtb`bs pkr Tbibs `c Oustgdgb, jbstbrâ dkh ib egrlb `ci pkhchtc. pkhchtc.
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Pk`b rcskiudgôh ghdiugrâ ghdiugrâ ib lchdgôh `ci iuabr y ecdnb ch quc quc sc b`kptc y sg ib lgslb cs egrlc k sg dbjc biaÿh rcdursk dkhtrb ciib, dkh cxprcsgôh, ch cstc ÿitglk dbsk, `ci rcdursk quc prkdc`b, `ci ôrabhk bhtc ci quc `cjc ghtcrpkhcrsc y `ci pibzk pbrb rcdurrgr.
:.4 Iks butks B. Tupucstks ch quc nbh `c `gdtbrsc Dkh dbrâdtcr achcrbi, dklk vglks, dkhekrlc bi brtìduik :03.2, j) `c ib IK]O sc `gdtbh dubh`k `cdg`bh rcdursks dkhtrb prkvg`chdgbs, ducstgkhcs ghdg`chtbics, prcsupucstks prkdcsbics, huig`b` `ci prkdc`glgchtk k dubh`k, b tchkr `c ibs icycs `c chougdgblgchtk, `cjbh rcvcstgr cstb ekrlb.
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c`gtkrgbi } dcp
Ibs rcskiudgkhcs `c iks ôrabhks ou`gdgbics Bòb`gch`k ci brtìduik :=5.2, :ª `c ib ICD quc ch iks prkdcsks `c `cdibrbdgôh, dubh`k ib icy hk cxprcsc ib dibsc `c rcskiudgôh ou`gdgbi quc nbyb `c clpicbrsc, sc `gdtbrâh butks dubh`k sc `cdg`bh rcdursks dkhtrb prkvg`chdgbs k `cdrctks, dubh`k sc rcsucivb skjrc b`lgsgôh k ghb`lgsgôh `c `clbh`b, rcdkhvchdgôh, bduluibdgôh `c bddgkhcs, b`lgsgôh k ghb`lgsgôh `c ib prucjb, bprkjbdgôh ou`gdgbi `c trbhs bddgkhcs, bducr`ks `c lc`gbdgôh y dkhvchgks, lc`g`bs dbutcibrcs y huig`b` k vbig`cz `c ibs bdtubdgkhcs. Pbljgçh rcvcstgrâh ib ekrlb `c butk ibs rcskiudgkhcs quc vcrsch skjrc prcsupucstks prkdcsbics, bhktbdgkhcs c ghsdrgpdgkhcs rcagstrbics y ducstgkhcs ghdg`chtbics, tchabh k hk s còbib`b ch ib ICD trblgtbdgôh cspcdgbi, sgclprc quc ch tbics dbsks ib icy cxgagcrb `cdgsgôh `ci Prgjuhbi, bsì dklk ibs quc pkhabh egh b ibs bdtubdgkhcs `c uhb ghstbhdgb k rcdursk bhtcs `c quc dkhdiuyb su trblgtbdgôh kr`ghbrgb, sbivk quc, rcspcdtk `c cstbs ÿitglbs, ib icy nujgcrb `gspucstk quc `cjbh eghbigzbr pkr `cdrctk.
J. Ekrlb Tcaÿh ci brtìduik :0>.: `c ib IK]O, iks butks scrâh sgclprc euh`b`ks y dkhtch`râh ch pârrbeks scpbrb`ks y hulcrb`ks iks ncdnks y iks rbzkhblgchtks ourì`gdks y, pkr ÿitglk, ib pbrtc `gspksgtgvb. Tcrâh egrlb`ks pkr ci Oucz, Lbagstrb`k k Lbagstrb`ks quc ik `gdtch. Bòb`gch`k ci brtìduik :=> `c ib ICD quc? -
Iks butks scrâh scrâh sgclprc lktgvb`ks y dkhtch`râh dkhtch`râh ch pârrbeks scpbrb`ks y hulcrb`ks iks bhtcdc`chtcs `c ncdnk y iks euh`blchtks `c `crcdnk ch iks quc sc jbsc ib sujsgaugchtc pbrtc `gspksgtgvb k ebiik.
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Tg sc trbtbrb `c butks nbjrâ `c gh`gdbrsc ci Prgjuhbi quc ibs `gdtc, dkh cxprcsgôh `ci Oucz k Lbagstrb`ks quc ik ghtcarch y su egrlb c gh`gdbdgôh `ci hkljrc `ci pkhchtc, dubh`k ci Prgjuhbi scb dkicagb`k.
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Pk`b rcskiudgôh ghdiugrâ ghdiugrâ ib lchdgôh `ci iuabr y ecdnb ch quc sc b`kptc y sg ib lgslb cs egrlc k sg dbjc biaÿh rcdursk dkhtrb ciib, dkh cxprcsgôh, ch cstc ÿitglk dbsk, `ci rcdursk quc prkdc`b, `ci ôrabhk bhtc ci quc `cjc ghtcrpkhcrsc y `ci pibzk pbrb rcdurrgr.
:.0 Ibs schtchdgbs B. Tupucstks ch quc nbh `c `gdtbrsc Dkh dbrâdtcr achcrbi, dklk vglks, dkhekrlc bi brtìduik :03.2, d) `c ib IK]O sc `gdtbh dubh`k `cdg`bh `ceghgtgvblchtc ci picgtk k dbusb ch dubiqugcr ghstbhdgb k rcdursk, k dubh`k, scaÿh ibs icycs prkdcsbics `cjbh rcvcstgr cstb ekrlb. Bòb`gch`k ci brtìduik :=5.2, 4ª `c ib ICD quc ch iks prkdcsks `c `cdibrbdgôh, dubh`k ib icy hk cxprcsc ib dibsc `c rcskiudgôh ou`gdgbi quc nbyb `c clpicbrsc, sc `gdtbrâ schtchdgb pbrb pkhcr egh bi prkdcsk, ch prglcrb k scauh`b ghstbhdgb, uhb vcz quc nbyb dkhdiug`k su trblgtbdgôh kr`ghbrgb prcvgstb ch ib icy. Pbljgçh sc rcskivcrâh lc`gbhtc schtchdgb iks rcdursks cxtrbkr`ghbrgks y iks prkdc`glgchtks pbrb ib rcvgsgôh `c schtchdgbs egrlcs.
J. Ekrlb b. Zcaibs achcrbics Tcaÿh ci brtìduik :0>.4 `c ib IK]O, ibs schtchdgbs sc ekrluibrâh cxprcsbh`k, trbs uh chdbjczblgchtk, ch pârrbeks scpbrb`ks y hulcrb`ks, iks bhtcdc`chtcs `c ncdnk, ncdnks prkjb`ks, ch su dbsk, iks euh`blchtks `c `crcdnk y, pkr ÿitglk, ci ebiik. Tcrâh egrlb`bs pkr ci Oucz, Lbagstrb`k k Lbagstrb`ks quc ibs `gdtch.
c`gtkrgbi } dcp
241
]rkdc`glgchtks ]rkdc`glgch tks Ou`gdgbics. B) Hkrlbs Dkluhcs b tk`ks iks ]rkdc`glgchtks Dgvgics. Pclb :2
Zcducr`c Ib Icy `c Chougdgblgchtk Dgvgi ch su brt. :=5 gh`gdb quc sc `gdtbrâh ch ekrlb `c schtchdgb? - Ibs rcskiudgkhcs quc pkhabh egh bi prkdcsk ch prglcrb k ch scauh`b ghstbhdgb, uhb vcz quc nbyb dkhdiug`k su trblgtbdgôh kr`ghbrgb prcvgstb ch ib icy. - Ib rcskiudgôh `c iks rcdursks cxtrbkr`ghbrgk cxtrbkr`ghbrgks. s. - Ib rcskiudgôh `c iks prkdc`glgchtks pbrb ib rcvgsgôh `c schtchdgbs egrlcs.
Glpkrtbhtc Bi hktgegdbrsc ib rcskiudgôh b ibs pbrtcs sc gh`gdbrâ sg ib lgslb cs k hk egrlc y, ch su dbsk, iks rcdursks quc prkdc`bh, ôrabhk bhtc ci quc `cjch ghtcrpkhcrsc y pibzk pbrb ciik
Bòb`gch`k ci brtìduik :=> `c ib ICD quc? -
Tg sc trbtbrb `c schtchdgbs nbjrâ `c gh`gdbrsc gh`gdbrsc ci Prgjuhbi quc ibs `gdtc, dkh cxprcsgôh `ci Oucz k Lbagstrb`ks quc ik ghtcarch y su egrlb c gh`gdbdgôh `ci hkljrc `ci pkhchtc, dubh`k ci Prgjuhbi scb dkicagb`k.
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Pk`b rcskiudgôh ghdiugrâ ib lchdgôh `ci iuabr iuabr y ecdnb ch quc sc b`kptc y sg ib lgslb cs egrlc k sg dbjc biaÿh rcdursk dkhtrb ciib, dkh cxprcsgôh, ch cstc ÿitglk dbsk, `ci rcdursk quc prkdc`b, `ci ôrabhk bhtc ci quc `cjc ghtcrpkhcrsc y `ci pibzk pbrb rcdurrgr.
j. Zcaibs cspcdgbics Ibs schtchdgbs sc ekrluibrâh dkhekrlc b ik `gspucstk ch ci brtìduik :=> `c ib ICD, yb bhbigzb`k, y dkh suocdgôh, b`clâs, b ibs sgaugchtcs rcaibs? 2.ª Ch ci chdbjczblgchtk `cjcrâh cxprcsbrsc? -
iks hkljrcs `c ibs pbrtcs y, dubh`k scb hcdcsbrgk,
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ib icagtglbdgôh y rcprcschtbdgôh rcprcschtbdgôh ch vgrtu` `c ibs dubics bdtÿch, bsì dklk
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iks hkljrcs `c iks bjkab`ks y prkdurb`krcs y ci kjoctk `ci ougdgk.
:.ª Ch iks bhtcdc`chtcs `c ncdnk sc dkhsgahbrâh, dkh ib dibrg`b` dibrg`b` y ib dkhdgsgôh pksgjics y ch pârrbeks scpbrb`ks y hulcrb`ks? -
ibs prctchsgkhcs `c ibs pbrtcs k ghtcrcsb`ks,
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iks ncdnks ncdnks ch quc ibs euh`ch, euh`ch, quc nujgcrch sg`k bicab`ks bicab`ks kpkrtuhblchtc y tchabh rcibdgôh dkh ibs ducstgkhcs quc nbybh `c rcskivcrsc,
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ibs prucjbs prucjbs quc quc sc nujgcsch nujgcsch prkpucstk prkpucstk y prbdtgdb`k y iks ncdnks prkjb`ks, ch su dbsk.
4.ª Ch iks euh`blchtks `c `crcdnk sc cxprcsbrâh, ch pârrbeks scpbrb`ks y hulcrb`ks? -
iks puhtks `c ncdnk ncdnk y `c `crcdnk `crcdnk egob`ks pkr ibs pbrtcs y
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iks quc kerczdbh ibs ducstgkhcs dkhtrkvcrtg`bs,
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`bh`k ibs rbzkhcs y euh`blchtks icabics `ci ebiik quc quc nbyb `c `gdtbrsc, dkh cxprcsgôh dkhdrctb `c ibs hkrlbs ourì`gdbs bpigdbjics bi dbsk.
0.ª Ci ebiik, quc sc bdklk`brâ b ik prcvgstk ch iks brtìduiks :25 y sgaugchtcs `c ib ICD, rcspcdtk `c iks rcqugsgtks ghtcrhks `c ib schtchdgb y `c sus cecdtks, (brtìduiks quc ghlc`gbtblchtc vcrclks), dkhtch`râ, hulcrb`ks? -
24>
iks prkhuhdgblgchtks dkrrcspkh`gchtcs b ibs prctchsgkhcs `c ibs pbrtcs, buhquc ib cstglbdgôh k `cscstglbdgôh
c`gtkrgbi } dcp
Ibs rcskiudgkhcs `c iks ôrabhks ou`gdgbics `c tk`bs k biauhbs `c `gdnbs prctchsgkhcs pu`gcrb `c`udgrsc `c iks euh`blchtks ourì`gdks, bsì dklk -
ci prkhuhdgblgchtk skjrc ibs dkstbs.
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Pbljgçh `ctcrlghbrâ, ch su dbsk, ib dbhtg`b` kjoctk `c ib dkh`chb, sgh quc quc puc`b rcscrvbrsc su `ctcrlghbdgôh pbrb ib cocdudgôh `c ib schtchdgb, sgh pcrougdgk `c ik `gspucstk ch ci brtìduik :27 `c ib ICD rcspcdtk b ibs schtchdgbs dkh rcscrvb `c igqug`bdgôh.
DKHPCHG@K @C IBT TCHPCHDGBT CH CI KZ@CH DGUGI Chdbjczblgchtk
Euh`blchtks `c `crcdnk
Bhtcdc`chtcs `c ncdnk
Ebiik
D. Iks rcqugsgtks rcqugsgtks ghtcrhks ghtcrhks `c ib schtchdgb Tc rcauibh ch ib Tcddgôh :.ª `ci dbpìtuik UGGG `ci Pìtuik U `ci Igjrk G `c ib ICD.
b. ]rghdgpgk `c oustgdgb rkab`b Iks trgjuhbics dgvgics `cdg`grâh iks bsuhtks ch vgrtu` `c ibs bpkrtbdgkhcs `c ncdnks, prucjbs y prctchsgkhcs `c ibs pbrtcs, cxdcptk dubh`k ib icy `gspkhab ktrb dksb ch dbsks cspcdgbics.
j. Dbrab `c ib prucjb Dubh`k, bi tgclpk `c `gdtbr schtchdgb k rcskiudgôh sclcobhtc, ci trgjuhbi dkhsg`crbsc `u`ksks uhks ncdnks rcicvbhtcs pbrb ib `cdgsgôh, `cscstglbrâ ibs prctchsgkhcs `ci bdtkr k `ci rcdkhvghgchtc, k ibs `ci `clbh`b`k k rcdkhvchg`k, scaÿh dkrrcspkh`b b uhks u ktrks ib dbrab `c prkjbr iks ncdnks quc pcrlbhczdbh ghdgcrtks y euh`blchtch ibs prctchsgkhcs. Dkrrcspkh`c bi bdtkr y bi `clbh`b`k rcdkhvghgchtc ib dbrab `c prkjbr ib dcrtczb `c iks ncdnks `c iks quc kr`ghbrgblchtc sc `csprch`b, scaÿh ibs hkrlbs ourì`gdbs b ciiks bpigdbjics, ci cecdtk ourì`gdk dkrrcspkh`gchtc b ibs prctchsgkhcs `c ib `clbh`b y `c ib rcdkhvchdgôh. Ghduljc bi `clbh`b`k y bi bdtkr rcdkhvchg`k ib dbrab `c prkjbr iks ncdnks quc, dkhekrlc b ibs hkrlbs quc ics scbh bpigdbjics, glpg`bh, cxtghabh k chcrvch ib cegdbdgb ourì`gdb `c iks ncdnks. Ch iks prkdcsks skjrc dklpctchdgb `csicbi y skjrc pujigdg`b` giìdgtb dkrrcspkh`crâ bi `clbh`b`k ib dbrab `c ib prucjb `c ib cxbdtgtu` y vcrbdg`b` `c ibs gh`gdbdgkhcs y lbhgecstbdgkhcs rcbigzb`bs y `c iks `btks lbtcrgbics quc ib pujigdg`b` cxprcsc, rcspcdtgvblchtc. @c bducr`k dkh ibs icycs prkdcsbics, ch bquciiks prkdc`glgchtks ch iks quc ibs bicabdgkhcs `c ib pbrtc bdtkrb sc euh`blchtch ch bdtubdgkhcs `gsdrglghbtkrgbs pkr rbzôh `ci scxk, dkrrcspkh`crâ bi `clbh`b`k prkjbr ib buschdgb `c `gsdrglghbdgôh ch ibs lc`g`bs b`kptb`bs y `c su prkpkrdgkhbig`b`. B iks cecdtks `c ik `gspucstk ch ci pârrbek bhtcrgkr, ci ôrabhk ou`gdgbi, b ghstbhdgb `c pbrtc, pk`râ rcdb jbr, sg ik cstglbsc ÿtgi y pcrtghchtc, pcrtghchtc, ghekrlc k `gdtblch `c iks krabhgslks pÿjigdks pÿjigdks dklpctchtcs. Ibs hkrlbs dkhtchg`bs ch iks bpbrtb`ks prcdc`chtcs sc bpigdbrâh sgclprc quc uhb `gspksgdgôh icabi cxprcsb hk `gstrgjuyb dkh drgtcrgks cspcdgbics ib dbrab `c prkjbr iks ncdnks rcicvbhtcs. ]brb ib bpigdbdgôh `c ik `gspucstk bhtcrgkrlchtc ci trgjuhbi `cjcrâ tchcr prcschtc ib `gspkhgjgig`b` y ebdgig`b` prkjbtkrgb quc dkrrcspkh`c b db`b uhb `c ibs pbrtcs `ci igtgagk. Dklk puc`c dklprkjbrsc ib dbrab `c ib prucjb sc rcauib, hk ch ib pbrtc `c ib ICD `c`gdb`b b ib prucjb, sghk ch ib rcauibdgôh `c ib schtchdgb, y sc nbdc bsì pkrquc ibs hkrlbs prkpgbs skjrc sk jrc ib dbrab `c
c`gtkrgbi } dcp
247
]rkdc`glgchtks ]rkdc`glgch tks Ou`gdgbics. B) Hkrlbs Dkluhcs b tk`ks iks ]rkdc`glgchtks Dgvgics. Pclb :2
ib prucjb btgch`ch b ik quc `cjc nbdcr ci trgjuhbi pbrb `gdtbr schtchdgb dkh rcibdgôh b ib `cdibrbdgôh `c ncdnks prkjb`ks.
d. Cxnbustgvg`b` y dkharuchdgb `c ibs schtchdgbs. Lktgvbdgôh Ibs schtchdgbs `cjch scr dibrbs, prcdgsbs y dkharuchtcs dkh ibs `clbh`bs y dkh ibs `clâs prctchsgkhcs `c ibs pbrtcs, `c`udg`bs kpkrtuhblchtc ch ci picgtk. Nbrâh ibs `cdibrbdgkhcs quc bquçiibs cxgobh, dkh`chbh`k k bjskivgch`k bi `clbh`b`k y `cdg`gch`k tk`ks iks puhtks igtgagksks quc nbybh sg`k kjoctk `ci `cjbtc. Ci trgjuhbi, sgh bpbrtbrsc `c ib dbusb `c pc`gr bdu`gch`k b euh`blchtks `c ncdnk k `c @crcdnk `gstghtks `c iks quc ibs pbrtcs nbybh nby bh qucrg`k nbdcr vbicr, rcskivcrâ dkhekrlc b ibs hkrlbs hk rlbs bpigdbjics bi dbsk, buhquc hk nbybh sg`k bdcrtb`blchtc dgtb`bs k bicab`bs pkr iks igtgabhtcs. Ibs schtchdgbs sc lktgvbrâh cxprcsbh`k iks rbzkhblgchtks eâdtgdks y ourì`gdks quc dkh`udch b ib bprcdgbdgôh y vbikrbdgôh `c ibs prucjbs, bsì dklk dk lk b ib bpigdbdgôh c ghtcrprctbdgôh `ci `crcdnk. Ib lktgvbdgôh `cjcrâ ghdg`gr ch iks `gstghtks ciclchtks eâdtgdks y ourì`gdks `ci picgtk, dkhsg`crb`ks gh`gvg`ubilchtc y ch dkhouhtk, boustâh`ksc sgclprc b ibs rcaibs `c ib iôagdb y `c ib rbzôh. Dubh`k iks puhtks kjoctk `ci igtgagk nbybh sg`k vbrgks, ci trgjuhbi nbrâ dkh ib `cjg`b scpbrbdgôh ci prkhuhdgblgchtk dkrrcspkh`gchtc b db`b uhk `c ciiks.
`. Tchtchdgbs dkh rcscrvb `c igqug`bdgôh Dubh`k sc rcdiblc ch ougdgk ci pbak `c uhb dbhtg`b` `c `ghcrk `ctcrlghb`b k `c erutks, rchtbs, utgig`b`cs k prk`udtks `c dubiqugcr dibsc, hk pk`râ iglgtbrsc ib `clbh`b b prctch`cr uhb schtchdgb lcrblchtc `cdibrbtgvb `ci `crcdnk b pcrdgjgriks, sghk quc `cjcrâ skigdgtbrsc tbljgçh ib dkh`chb b su pbak, dubhtgegdbh`k cxbdtblchtc su glpkrtc, sgh quc puc`b skigdgtbrsc su `ctcrlghbdgôh ch cocdudgôh `c schtchdgb, k egobh`k dibrblchtc ibs jbscs dkh brrcaik b ibs dubics sc `cjb cecdtubr ib igqug`bdgôh, `c ekrlb quc çstb dkhsgstb ch uhb purb kpcrbdgôh brgtlçtgdb. Ch iks dbsks b quc sc rcegcrc ci pârrbek bhtcrgkr, ib schtchdgb `c dkh`chb cstbjicdcrâ ci glpkrtc cxbdtk `c ibs dbhtg`b`cs rcspcdtgvbs, k egobrâ dkh dibrg`b` y prcdgsgôh ibs jbscs pbrb su igqug`bdgôh, quc `cjcrâ dkhsgstgr ch uhb sglpic kpcrbdgôh brgtlçtgdb quc sc cecdtubrâ ch ib cocdudgôh. Eucrb `c iks dbsks bhtcrgkrcs, hk pk`râ ci `clbh`bhtc prctch`cr, hg sc pcrlgtgrâ bi trgjuhbi ch ib schtchdgb, quc ib dkh`chb sc cecdtÿc dkh rcscrvb `c igqug`bdgôh ch ib cocdudgôh. Hk kjstbhtc ik bhtcrgkr, sc pcrlgtgrâ bi `clbh`bhtc skigdgtbr, y bi trgjuhbi schtchdgbr, ib dkh`chb bi pbak `c dbhtg`b` `c `ghcrk, erutks, rchtbs, utgig`b`cs k prk`udtks dubh`k çsb scb cxdiusgvblchtc ib prctchsgôh pibhtcb`b y sc `coch pbrb uh picgtk pkstcrgkr iks prkjiclbs `c igqug`bdgôh dkhdrctb `c ibs dbhtg`b`cs.
c. Dkh`chbs b euturk Dubh`k sc rcdiblc ci pbak `c ghtcrcscs k `c prcstbdgkhcs pcrgô`gdbs, ib schtchdgb pk`râ ghdiugr ib dkh`chb b sbtgsebdcr iks ghtcrcscs k prcstbdgkhcs quc sc `cvchauch dkh pkstcrgkrg`b` bi lklchtk ch quc sc `gdtc. Ch iks dbsks `c rcdiblbdgkhcs `c rchtbs pcrgô`gdbs, dubh`k ib bddgôh `c rcdiblbdgôh sc bduluic b ib bddgôh `c `csbnudgk pkr ebitb `c pbak k pkr cxpgrbdgôh icabi k dkhtrbdtubi `ci pibzk, y ci `clbh`bhtc ik nujgcrc ghtcrcsb`k cxprcsblchtc ch su csdrgtk `c `clbh`b, ib schtchdgb, ci butk k ci `cdrctk ghdiugrâh ib dkh`chb b sbtgsebdcr tbljgçh ibs rchtbs `cjg`bs quc sc `cvchauch dkh pkstcrgkrg`b` b ib prcschtbdgôh `c ib `clbh`b nbstb ib chtrcab `c ib pkscsgôh cecdtgvb `c ib eghdb, tklâh`ksc dklk jbsc `c ib igqug`bdgôh `c ibs rchtbs euturbs, ci glpkrtc `c ib ÿitglb lchsubig`b` rcdiblb`b bi prcschtbr ib `clbh`b.
20=
c`gtkrgbi } dcp
Ibs rcskiudgkhcs `c iks ôrabhks ou`gdgbics
e. Tchtchdgbs `gdtb`bs ch prkdcsks prklkvg`ks pkr bskdgbdgkhcs `c dkhsulg`krcs k usubrgks Tgh pcrougdgk `c ik `gspucstk ch iks cpìarbecs bhtcrgkrcs, ibs schtchdgbs `gdtb`bs b dkhscduchdgb `c `clbh`bs ghtcrpucstbs pkr bskdgbdgkhcs `c dkhsulg`krcs k usubrgks dkh ib icagtglbdgôh b quc sc rcegcrc ci brtìduik 22 `c ib ICD cstbrâh suoctbs b ibs sgaugchtcs rcaibs? 2.ª Tg sc nujgcrc prctch`g`k uhb dkh`chb `ghcrbrgb, `c nbdcr, hk nbdcr k `br dksb cspcdìegdb k achçrgdb, ib schtchdgb cstglbtkrgb `ctcrlghbrâ gh`gvg`ubilchtc iks dkhsulg`krcs y usubrgks quc, dkhekrlc b ibs icycs skjrc su prktcddgôh, nbh `c chtch`crsc jchcegdgb`ks pkr ib dkh`chb. Dubh`k ib `ctcrlghbdgôh gh`gvg`ubi hk scb pksgjic, ib schtchdgb cstbjicdcrâ iks `btks, dbrbdtcrìstgdbs y rcqugsgtks hcdcsbrgks pbrb pk`cr cxgagr ci pbak y, ch su dbsk, ghstbr ib cocdudgôh k ghtcrvchgr ch ciib, sg ib ghstbrb ib bskdgbdgôh `clbh`bhtc. :.ª Tg, dklk prcsupucstk `c ib dkh`chb k dklk prkhuhdgblgchtk prghdgpbi k ÿhgdk, sc `cdibrbrb giìdgtb k hk dkhekrlc b ib icy uhb `ctcrlghb`b bdtgvg`b` k dkh`udtb, ib schtchdgb `ctcrlghbrâ sg, dkhekrlc b ib icagsibdgôh `c prktcddgôh b iks dkhsulg`krcs y usubrgks, ib `cdibrbdgôh nb `c surtgr cecdtks prkdcsbics hk iglgtb`ks b qugchcs nbybh sg`k pbrtcs ch ci prkdcsk dkrrcspkh`gchtc. 4.ª Tg sc nujgcrch pcrskhb`k dkhsulg`krcs k usubrgks `ctcrlghb`ks, ib schtchdgb nbjrâ `c prkhuhdgbrsc cxprcsblchtc skjrc sus prctchsgkhcs.
Prbtblgchtk prkdcsbi `c ib bicabdgôh `c dklpchsbdgôh y `c ib huig`b` `c hcakdgk ourì`gdk ch quc sc euh`c ib `clbh`b
Ch ibs schtchdgbs cstglbtkrgbs `c uhb bddgôh `c dcsbdgôh ch `cechsb `c iks ghtcrcscs dkicdtgvks y `c iks ghtcrcscs `geusks `c iks dkhsulg`krcs y usubrgks ci Prgjuhbi, sg ik cstglb prkdc`chtc, y dkh dbrak bi `clbh`b`k, pk`râ bdkr`br ib pujigdbdgôh tktbi k pbrdgbi `c ib schtchdgb k, dubh`k iks cecdtks `c ib gherbddgôh puc`bh lbhtchcrsc b ik ibrak `ci tgclpk, uhb `cdibrbdgôh rcdtgegdb`krb.
a. Dksb ouzab`b lbtcrgbi Ib dksb ouzab`b `c ibs schtchdgbs egrlcs, scbh cstglbtkrgbs k `cscstglbtkrgbs, cxdiugrâ, dkhekrlc b ib icy, uh uitcrgkr prkdcsk duyk kjoctk scb g`çhtgdk bi `ci prkdcsk ch quc bquçiib sc prk`uok. Ib dksb ouzab`b bidbhzb b ibs prctchsgkhcs `c ib `clbh`b y `c ib rcdkhvchdgôh, bsì dklk b iks puhtks b quc sc rcegcrch iks bpbrtb`ks 2 y : `ci brtìduik 0=> `c ib ICD? -
Tg, erchtc b ib prctchsgôh bdtkrb `c dkh`chb bi pbak `c dbhtg`b` `c `ghcrk, ci `clbh`b`k bicabrc ib cxgstchdgb `c drç`gtk dklpchsbjic, `gdnb bicabdgôh pk`râ scr dkhtrkvcr-
c`gtkrgbi } dcp
202
]rkdc`glgchtks ]rkdc`glgch tks Ou`gdgbics. B) Hkrlbs Dkluhcs b tk`ks iks ]rkdc`glgchtks Dgvgics. Pclb :2
tg`b pkr ci bdtkr ch ib ekrlb prcvchg`b pbrb ib dkhtcstbdgôh b ib rcdkhvchdgôh, buhquc ci `clbh`b`k sôik prctch`gcsc su bjskiudgôh y hk ib dkh`chb bi sbi`k quc b su ebvkr pu`gcrb rcsuitbr. -
Tg ci `clbh`b`k b`uocrc ch su `cechsb ncdnks `ctcrlghbhtcs `c ib huig`b` bjskiutb `ci hcakdgk ch quc sc euh`b ib prctchsgôh k prctchsgkhcs `ci bdtkr y ch ib `clbh`b sc nujgcrc `b`k pkr supucstb ib vbig`cz `ci hcakdgk, ci bdtkr pk`râ pc`gr bi Ictrb`k `c ib B`lghgstrbdgôh `c Oustgdgb dkhtcstbr b ib rcecrg`b bicabdgôh `c huig`b` ch ci lgslk pibzk cstbjicdg`k pbrb ib dkhtcstbdgôh b ib rcdkhvchdgôh, y bsì ik `gspkh`râ ci Ictrb`k `c ib B`lghgstrbdgôh `c Oustgdgb lc`gbhtc `cdrctk.
Tc dkhsg`crbrâh ncdnks hucvks y `gstghtks, ch rcibdgôh dkh ci euh`blchtk `c ibs rcecrg`bs prctchsgkhcs, iks pkstcrgkrcs b ib dklpictb prcdiusgôh `c iks bdtks `c bicabdgôh ch ci prkdcsk ch quc bquçiibs sc ekrluibrch. Ib dksb ouzab`b becdtbrâ b ibs pbrtcs `ci prkdcsk ch quc sc `gdtc y b sus ncrc`crks y dbusbnbjgchtcs, bsì dklk b iks suoctks, hk igtgabhtcs, tgtuibrcs `c iks `crcdnks quc euh`blchtch ib icagtglbdgôh `c ibs pbrtcs dkhekrlc b ik prcvgstk ch ci brtìduik 22 `c ib ICD.
Pklc hktb Ik rcsucitk dkh eucrzb `c dksb ouzab`b ch ib schtchdgb egrlc quc nbyb pucstk egh b uh prkdcsk vghduibrâ bi trgjuhbi `c uh prkdcsk pkstcrgkr dubh`k ch çstc bpbrczdb dklk bhtcdc`chtc iôagdk `c ik quc scb su kjoctk, sgclprc quc iks igtgabhtcs `c bljks prkdcsks scbh iks lgslks k ib dksb ouzab`b sc cxtgch`b cxtgch`b b ciiks pkr pkr `gspksgdgôh icabi.
Ch ibs schtchdgbs skjrc cstb`k dgvgi, lbtrglkhgk, egigbdgôh, pbtcrhg`b`, lbtcrhg`b` c ghdbpbdgtbdgôh y rcghtcarbdgôh `c ib dbpbdg`b` ib dksb ouzab`b tch`râ cecdtks erchtc b tk`ks b pbrtgr `c su ghsdrgpdgôh k bhktbdgôh ch ci Zcagstrk Dgvgi. Ibs schtchdgbs quc sc `gdtch skjrc glpuahbdgôh `c bducr`ks skdgctbrgks becdtbrâh b tk`ks iks skdgks, buhquc hk nujgcrch igtgab`k.
4.
IBT ZCTKISDGKHCT @C IKT ÔZABHKT OS@GDGBICT DKICAGB@KT
Ouhtk b ibs rcaibs achcrbics kjscrvb`bs bhtcrgkrlchtc, `cjch `c btch`crsc ch cstbs rcskiudgkhcs b ibs `gspksgdgkhcs dkhtchg`bs ch ib Tcddgôh 4.ª `ci Dbpìtuik UGG, `ci Pìtuik U `ci Igjrk G `c ib ICD? @c ibs vktbdgkhcs y ebiiks `c iks bsuhtks
4.2 Oucdcs y Lbagstrb`ks b iks quc dkrrcspkh`c ebiibr iks bsuhtks Ch iks bsuhtks quc `cjbh ebiibrsc `cspuçs `c ib dcicjrbdgôh `c uhb vgstb k ougdgk, ib rc`bddgôh y egrlb `c ib rcskiudgôh, ch iks trgjuhbics uhgpcrskhbics, k ib `cigjcrbdgôh y vktbdgôh, ch iks trgjuhbics dkicagb`ks, sc rcbigzbrâh, rcspcdtgvblchtc, pkr ci Oucz k pkr iks Lbagstrb`ks Lbagstrb`ks quc nbybh bsgstg`k b ib ib vgstb k ougdgk,
20:
c`gtkrgbi } dcp
Ibs rcskiudgkhcs `c iks ôrabhks ou`gdgbics buhquc `cspuçs `c çstb nujgcrbh `cob`k bquçiiks `c cocrdcr sus euhdgkhcs ch ci trgjuhbi quc dkhkzdb `ci bsuhtk. Tc cxdcptÿbh iks Oucdcs y Lbagstrb`ks quc, `cspuçs `c ib vgstb k ougdgk? 2.¿ Nujgcsch pcr`g`k ib dkh`gdgôh `c Oucz k Lbagstrb`k. Tc bpigdbrâ, hk kjstbhtc, ik `gspucstk `gspucstk bhtcrgkrlchtc b iks Oucdcs y Lbagstrb`ks oujgib`ks pkr c`b` y b iks Oucdcs sustgtutks y Lbagstrb`ks supichtcs quc nbybh dcsb`k ch ci dbrak pkr rchuhdgb, trbhsdursk `ci pibzk pbrb ci quc eucrkh hkljrb`ks k pkr dulpigr ib c`b` `c sctchtb y `ks bòks. :.¿ Nujgcsch sg`k suspch`g`ks `ci cocrdgdgk `c sus euhdgkhcs. 4.¿ Nujgcsch bddc`g`k b dbrak pÿjigdk k prkecsgôh ghdklpbtgjic dkh ci cocrdgdgk `c ib euhdgôh ourgs`gddgkhbi k pbsb`k b ib sgtubdgôh `c cxdc`chdgb vkiuhtbrgb pbrb prcschtbrsc dklk dbh`g`btks b dbraks `c cicddgôh pkpuibr.
4.: Ictrb`ks `c ib B`lghgstrbdgôh `c Oustgdgb b iks quc dkrrcspkh`b rcskivcr Ik `gspucstk ch ci cpìarbec bhtcrgkr scrâ `c bpigdbdgôh b iks Ictrb`ks `c ib B`lghgstrbdgôh `c Oustgdgb quc `cjbh `gdtbr rcskiudgôh `cspuçs `c dcicjrb`ks iks bdtks y dklpbrcdchdgbs prcvgstks ch ib ICD.
4.4 Ghekrlbdgôh `c iks Lbagstrb`ks skjrc ci dkhtchg`k `c iks butks ch trgjuhbics dkicagb`ks Ci pkhchtc tch`râ b su `gspksgdgôh iks butks pbrb `gdtbr schtchdgb k rcskiudgôh `cdgskrgb `c ghdg`chtcs k rcdursks, y iks `clâs lgcljrks `ci trgjuhbi pk`râh cxblghbr bquçiiks ch dubiqugcr tgclpk. Dkhdiug`b ib vgstb ch iks bsuhtks ch quc çstb prcdc`b b ib `cdgsgôh k, ch ktrk dbsk, `cs`c ci `ìb ch quc ci ]rcsg`chtc nbab ci scòbiblgchtk pbrb ib `cigjcrbdgôh, vktbdgôh y ebiik, dubiqugcrb `c iks Lbagstrb`ks Lbagstrb` ks pk`râ pc`gr iks butks pbrb su cstu`gk. Dubh`k iks pg`gcrch vbrgks, ci quc prcsg`b egobrâ ci tgclpk pkr ci quc nbyb `c tchcriks db`b uhk, `c lk`k quc puc`bh `gdtbrsc ibs schtchdgbs `chtrk `ci pibzk scòbib`k pbrb ciik.
4.0 @cigjcrbdgôh y vktbdgôh `c ibs rcskiudgkhcs ch trgjuhbics dkicagb`ks Ch iks trgjuhbics dkicagb`ks sc `gsdutgrâh y vktbrâh ibs rcskiudgkhcs ghlc`gbtblchtc `cspuçs `c ib vgstb, sg çstb sc dcicjrbrc y, ch ktrk dbsk, scòbibrâ ci ]rcsg`chtc ci `ìb ch quc sc nbybh `c `gsdutgr y vktbr, `chtrk `ci pibzk scòbib`k pkr ib Icy.
4.3 Ekrlb `c ib `gsdusgôh y vktbdgôh `c ibs rcskiudgkhcs ch iks trgjuhbics dkicagb`ks Ch iks trgjuhbics dkicagb`ks, ib `gsdusgôh y vktbdgôh `c ibs rcskiudgkhcs scrâ `grgag`b pkr ci ]rcsg`chtc y sc vcrgegdbrâ sgclprc b pucrtb dcrrb`b. Ci Lbagstrb`k pkhchtc sklctcrâ b ib `cigjcrbdgôh `c ib Tbib k Tcddgôh iks puhtks `c ncdnk y ibs ducstgkhcs y euh`blchtks `c `crcdnk, bsì dklk ib `cdgsgôh quc, b su ougdgk, `cjb rcdbcr y, prcvgb ib `gsdusgôh hcdcsbrgb, sc prkdc`crâ b ib vktbdgôh.
c`gtkrgbi } dcp
204
]rkdc`glgchtks ]rkdc`glgch tks Ou`gdgbics. B) Hkrlbs Dkluhcs b tk`ks iks ]rkdc`glgchtks Dgvgics. Pclb :2
4.5 Uktbdgôh `c ibs rcskiudgkhcs Ci ]rcsg`chtc pk`râ bdkr`br quc ib vktbdgôh tchab iuabr scpbrb`blchtc skjrc iks `gstghtks prkhuhdgblgchtks `c ncdnk k `c `crcdnk quc nbybh `c nbdcrsc, k skjrc pbrtc `c ib `cdgsgôh quc nbyb `c `gdtbrsc. Uktbrâ prglcrk ci pkhchtc y `cspuçs iks rcstbhtcs Lbagstrb`ks, pkr ci kr`ch ghvcrsk b su bhtgaùc`b`. Ci ]rcsg`chtc vktbrâ ci ÿitglk. Clpczb`b ib vktbdgôh, hk pk`râ ghtcrrulpgrsc sghk pkr biaÿh glpc`glchtk ghsupcrbjic.
4.1 Uktk `c Lbagstrb`ks glpc`g`ks `cspuçs `c ib vgstb Tg `cspuçs `c ib vgstb sc glpksgjgigtbrc biaÿh Lbagstrb`k, `c sucrtc quc hk puc`b bsgstgr b ib `gsdusgôh y vktbdgôh, `brâ su vktk pkr csdrgtk, euh`b`k y egrlb`k, y ik rclgtgrâ `grcdtblchtc bi ]rcsg`chtc `ci trgjuhbi. Tg hk pu`gcrc csdrgjgr hg egrlbr, sc vbi`râ `ci Ictrb`k `c ib B`lghgstrbdgôh `c Oustgdgb `ci trgjuhbi. Ci vktk bsì clgtg`k sc dklputbrâ dkh iks `clâs y sc dkhscrvbrâ, rujrgdb`k pkr ci quc prcsg`b, dkh ci igjrk `c schtchdgbs. Dubh`k ci Lbagstrb`k glpc`g`k hk pu`gcrc vktbr hg buh `c bquci lk`k, sc `cdg`grâ ci bsuhtk pkr iks `clâs Lbagstrb`ks quc nujgcrch bsgstg`k b ib vgstb, sg dklpusgcsch iks hcdcsbrgks pbrb ekrlbr lbykrìb. Hk nbjgçh`kiks, sc prkdc`crâ b hucvb vgstb, dkh bsgstchdgb `c iks quc nujgcrch dkhdurrg`k b ib bhtcrgkr y `c bquci k bquciiks quc `cjbh sustgtugr b iks glpc`g`ks, sgch`k ch cstc dbsk bpigdbjic ik `gspucstk ch iks brtìduiks 27= b 27: `c ib ICD. Ik `gspucstk bhtcrgkrlchtc sc bpigdbrâ tbljgçh dubh`k biauhk `c iks Lbagstrb`ks quc pbrtgdgpbrkh ch ib vgstb hk puc`b ghtcrvchgr ch ib `cigjcrbdgôh y vktbdgôh pkr nbiibrsc ch biauhk `c iks dbsks prcvgstks ch ci bpbrtb`k : `ci brtìduik 270.
4.> Glpc`glchtk `ci Oucz k `ci Ictrb`k `c ib B`lghgstrbdgôh `c Oustgdgb quc nujgcrc bsgstg`k b ib vgstb k dklpbrcdchdgb Ch iks Prgjuhbics uhgpcrskhbics, dubh`k `cspuçs `c ib vgstb sc glpksgjgigtbrc ci Oucz quc nujgcrc bsgstg`k b ciib y hk pu`gcrc `gdtbr ib rcskiudgôh hg sgqugcrb dkh ib bsgstchdgb `ci Ictrb`k `c ib B`lghgstrbdgôh `c Oustgdgb, sc dcicjrbrâ hucvb vgstb prcsg`g`b pkr ci Oucz quc sustgtuyb bi glpc`g`k. Ik lgslk sc nbrâ dubh`k ci Oucz quc nbyb pbrtgdgpb`k ch ib vgstb hk puc`b `gdtbr ib rcskiudgôh pkr nbiibrsc dklprch`g`k ch biauhk `c iks dbsks prcvgstks ch ci bpbrtb`k : `ci brtìduik 270. Ik bhtcrgkr scrâ `c bpigdbdgôh b iks Ictrb`ks `c ib B`lghgstrbdgôh `c Oustgdgb quc hk pu`gcrch `gdtbr rcskiudgôh, jgch pkrquc sc glpksgjgigtbrch k pkrquc ghdurrgcrbh ch iks supucstks dkhtclpib`ks ch ci brtìduik 270 jgs, `cspuçs `c dcicjrb`b ib dklpbrcdchdgb bhtc ciiks.
4.7 Lbykrìb `c vktks Ch iks trgjuhbics dkicagb`ks, iks butks y schtchdgbs sc `gdtbrâh pkr lbykrìb bjskiutb `c vktks, sbivk quc cxprcsblchtc ib icy scòbic uhb lbykr prkpkrdgôh. Ch hghaÿh dbsk sc pk`râ cxgagr uh hÿlcrk `ctcrlghb`k `c vktks dkhekrlcs quc `csvgrtÿc ib rcaib `c ib lbykrìb.
200
c`gtkrgbi } dcp
Ibs rcskiudgkhcs `c iks ôrabhks ou`gdgbics
4.2= @gsdkr`gbs Dubh`k ch ib vktbdgôh `c uhb rcskiudgôh hk rcsuitbrc lbykrìb `c vktks skjrc dubiqugcrb `c iks prkhuhdgblgchtks `c ncdnk k `c `crcdnk quc `cjbh nbdcrsc, vkivcrâh b `gsdutgrsc y b vktbrsc iks puhtks ch quc nbybh `gschtg`k iks vktbhtcs. Tg hk sc kjtuvgcrc bducr`k, ib `gsdkr`gb sc rcskivcrâ lc`gbhtc dcicjrbdgôh `c hucvb vgstb, dkhdurrgch`k iks Lbagstrb`ks quc nujgcrbh bsgstg`k b ib prglcrb, bulchtâh`ksc `ks lâs, sg nujgcsc sg`k glpbr ci hÿlcrk `c iks `gsdkr`bhtcs, y trcs ch ci dbsk `c nbjcr sg`k pbr. Dkhdurrgrâ pbrb ciik, ch prglcr iuabr, ci ]rcsg`chtc `c ib Tbib k Tcddgôh, sg hk nujgcrc yb bsgstg`k6 ch scauh`k iuabr, iks Lbagstrb`ks `c ib lgslb Tbib quc hk nbybh vgstk ci picgtk6 ch tcrdcr iuabr, ci ]rcsg`chtc `c ib Bu`gchdgb6 y, eghbilchtc, iks Lbagstrb`ks `c ibs `clâs Tbibs k Tcddgkhcs, dkh prcecrchdgb `c iks `ci lgslk kr`ch ourgs`gddgkhbi, scaÿh ci kr`ch quc pkr ib Tbib `c Akjgcrhk sc bducr`c. Ci quc `cjb prcsg`gr ib Tbib dklpucstb scaÿh ik bhtcrgkrlchtc cxpucstk nbrâ ci scòbiblgchtk, lc`gbhtc prkvg`chdgb, `c ibs vgstbs `c `gsdkr`gb y `csgahbdgkhcs kpkrtuhbs. Dubh`k ch ib vktbdgôh `c uhb rcskiudgôh pkr ib Tbib prcvgstb bhtcrgkrlchtc hk sc rcuhgcrc tblpkdk lbykrìb skjrc iks puhtks `gsdkr`b`ks, sc prkdc`crâ b hucvb vktbdgôh, sklctgch`k sôik b çstb iks `ks pbrcdcrcs quc nbybh kjtchg`k lbykr hÿlcrk `c vktks ch ib prcdc`chtc.
4.22 Zc`bddgôh `c ibs rcskiudgkhcs ch iks trgjuhbics dkicagb`ks Ch iks trgjuhbics dkicagb`ks dkrrcspkh`c bi pkhchtc ib rc`bddgôh `c ibs rcskiudgkhcs quc sc nbybh sklctg`k b `gsdusgôh `c ib Tbib k Tcddgôh, sg sc dkhekrlbrc dkh ik bdkr`b`k. Dubh`k ci pkhchtc hk sc dkhekrlbrc dkh ci vktk `c ib lbykrìb, `cdighbrâ ib rc`bddgôh `c ib rcskiudgôh, `cjgch`k ekrluibr lktgvb`blchtc su vktk pbrtgduibr. Ch cstc dbsk, ci ]rcsg`chtc chdklch`brâ ib rc`bddgôh b ktrk Lbagstrb`k y `gspkh`râ ib rcdtgegdbdgôh hcdcsbrgb ch ci turhk `c pkhchdgbs pbrb rcstb jicdcr ib gaubi`b` ch ci ci lgslk.
4.2: Egrlb `c ibs i bs rcskiudgkhcs rcski udgkhcs Ibs rcskiudgkhcs ou`gdgbics scrâh egrlb`bs pkr ci Oucz k pkr tk`ks iks Lbagstrb`ks hk glpc`g`ks `chtrk `ci pibzk cstbjicdg`k pbrb `gdtbribs. Dubh`k `cspuçs `c `cdg`g`k ci bsuhtk pkr uh trgjuhbi dkicagb`k sc glpksgjgigtbrc biaÿh Lbagstrb`k `c iks quc nujgcrch vktb`k y hk pu`gcrc egrlbr ib rcskiudgôh, ci quc nujgcrc prcsg`g`k ik nbrâ pkr çi, cxprcsbh`k ci hkljrc `ci Lbagstrb`k pkr qugch egrlb y nbdgch`k dkhstbr quc ci Lbagstrb`k glpksgjgigtb`k vktô pcrk hk pu`k egrlbr. Tg ci glpc`g`k eucrb ci ]rcsg`chtc, ci Lbagstrb`k lâs l âs bhtgauk egrlbrâ pkr çi. Ibs rcskiudgkhcs ou`gdgbics `cjcrâh scr butkrgzb`bs k pujigdb`bs lc`gbhtc egrlb pkr ci Ictrb`k `c ib B`lghgstrbdgôh `c Oustgdgb, jbok pchb `c huig`b`.
4.24 Uktks pbrtgduibrcs Pk`k ci quc tklc pbrtc ch ib vktbdgôh `c uhb schtchdgb k butk `ceghgtgvk egrlbrâ ik bdkr`b`k, buhquc nujgcrc `gschtg`k `c ib lbykrìb6 pcrk pk`râ, ch cstc dbsk, bhuhdgâh`kik ch ci lklchtk `c ib vktbdgôh k ch ci `c ib egrlb, ekrluibr vktk pbrtgduibr, ch ekrlb `c schtchdgb, ch ib quc pk`râh bdcptbrsc, pkr rclgsgôh, iks puhtks `c ncdnk y euh`blchtks `c `crcdnk `c ib `gdtb`b pkr ci trgjuhbi dkh iks quc cstuvgcrc dkhekrlc.
c`gtkrgbi } dcp
203
]rkdc`glgchtks ]rkdc`glgch tks Ou`gdgbics. B) Hkrlbs Dkluhcs b tk`ks iks ]rkdc`glgchtks Dgvgics. Pclb :2
Ci vktk pbrtgduibr, dkh ib egrlb `ci butkr, sc ghdkrpkrbrâ bi igjrk `c schtchdgbs y sc hktgegdbrâ b ibs pbrtcs ouhtk dkh ib schtchdgb bprkjb`b pkr lbykrìb. Dubh`k, `c bducr`k dkh ib icy, scb prcdcptgvb ib pujigdbdgôh `c ib schtchdgb, ci vktk pbrtgduibr, sg ik nujgcrc, nbjrâ `c pujigdbrsc ouhtk b ciib. Pbljgçh pk`râ ekrluibrsc vktk pbrtgduibr, dkh suocdgôh b ik `gspucstk ch iks pârrbeks bhtcrgkrcs, ch ik quc rcsuitc bpigdbjic, rcspcdtk `c iks butks y prkvg`chdgbs sudghtblchtc lktgvb`bs.
0.
IBT ZCTKISDGKHCT @CI ICPZB@K @C IB B@LGHGTPZBDGÔH @C OSTPGDGB
0.2 Dibscs Tcaÿh ci brtìduik :=5.: ICD, ibs rcskiudgkhcs `c iks Ictrb`ks `c ib B`lghgstrbdgôh `c Oustgdgb sc `chklghbrâh `gigachdgbs y `cdrctks. Dubh`k ib icy hk cxprcsc ib dibsc `c rcskiudgôh quc nbyb `c clpicbrsc, sc kjscrvbrâh ibs sgaugchtcs rcaibs? 2.ª Tc `gdtbrâ `gigachdgb `c kr`chbdgôh dubh`k ib rcskiudgôh tchab pkr kjoctk `br b iks butks ci dursk quc ib icy cstbjiczdb. :.ª Tc `gdtbrâ `cdrctk dubh`k sc b`lgtb b trâlgtc ib `clbh`b, dubh`k sc pkhab tçrlghk bi prkdc`glgchtk `ci quc ci Ictrb`k `c ib B`lghgstrbdgôh `c Oustgdgb tuvgcrb btrgjug`b dklpctchdgb cxdiusgvb y, ch dubiqugcr dibsc `c prkdc`glgchtk, dubh`k eucrc prcdgsk k dkhvchgchtc rbzkhbr ik rcsucitk. 4.ª Tc `gdtbrâh `gigachdgbs `c dkhstbhdgb, dkluhgdbdgôh k cocdudgôh b iks cecdtks `c rceicobr ch butks ncdnks k bdtks dkh trbsdch`chdgb prkdcsbi. Ch iks prkdcsks `c cocdudgôh sc scaugrâh, ch ik quc rcsuitch bpigdbjics, ibs rcaibs cstbjicdg`bs ch iks pârrbeks bhtcrgkrcs.
0.: Ekrlb @c dkhekrlg`b` dkh ci brtìduik :=> `c ib ICD? -
Ibs `gigachdgbs `c kr`chbdgôh sc iglgtbrâh b cxprcsbr cxprcsbr ik quc pkr ciibs sc lbh`c c ghdiugrâh ghdiugrâh b`clâs uhb sudghtb lktgvbdgôh dubh`k bsì ik `gspkhab ib icy k qugch nbyb `c `gdtbribs ik cstglc dkhvchgchtc.
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Iks `cdrctks scrâh sgclprc lktgvb`ks y dkhtch`râh ch pârrbeks scpbrb`ks y hulcrb`ks iks bhtcdc`chtcs `c ncdnk y iks euh`blchtks `c `crcdnk ch iks quc sc jbsc ib sujsgaugchtc pbrtc `gspksgtgvb k ebiik.
B`clâs, ch ibs rcskiudgkhcs `gdtb`bs pkr iks Ictrb`ks `c ib B`lghgstrbdgôh `c Oustgdgb sc gh`gdbrâ sgclprc ci hkljrc `ci quc ib nujgcrc `gdtb`k, dkh cxtchsgôh `c su egrlb. Eghbilchtc, tk`b rcskiudgôh ghdiugrâ ib lchdgôh `ci iuabr y ecdnb ch quc sc b`kptc y sg ib lgslb cs egrlc k sg dbjc biaÿh rcdursk dkhtrb ciib, dkh cxprcsgôh, ch cstc ÿitglk dbsk, `ci rcdursk quc prkdc`b, `ci ôrabhk bhtc ci quc `cjc ghtcrpkhcrsc y `ci pibzk pbrb rcdurrgr. Ch rcecrchdgb b ibs rcskiudgkhcs `ci Ictrb`k `c ib B`lghgstrbdgôh `c Oustgdgb, tbhtk ch ib Icy `c Ourgs`gddgôh Dkhtchdgksk-b`lghgstrbtgvb dklk ch ib Icy `c ourgs`gddgôh skdgbi s kdgbi y ch ib Icy `c Chougdgblgchtk Drglghbi sc bpigdb ik cxpucstk ch ib Icy I cy `c Chougdgblgchtk Dgvgi.
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c`gtkrgbi } dcp