Jm raprasaltmhgøl y sus hjmsas. Jacgtgkmhgøl al aj prbhasb hgvgj. Msgstalhgm jatrmfm y raprasaltmhgøl prbhasmj, astmtutb eurëfghb, farahnbs y fadaras. Gltarvalhgøl lb prahaptgvm fa astbs prbiasgblmjas. Jm gltarvalhgøl al jbs prbhasbs hgvgjas faj Kglgstargb Igshmj y faj Mdbcmfb faj Astmfb
VAKM
=>
TAIATALHGMX JACGXJMVGYMX Jay =/4???, fa 3 fa alarb, fa Aleughgmkgaltb Hgvgj, huym õjtgkm kbfgighmhgøl sa nm prbfuhgfb pbr Jay 3/4?=3, fa 4 fa lbvgakdra, pbr jm j m qua sa glhbrpb gl hbrpbrm rm mj brfal brfalmkgalt mkgaltbb eurëfghb eur ëfghb aspmý aspmýbj bj jm Fgrah Fgrah-tgvm 4?=8/==/QA, faj _mrjmkaltb Aurbpab y faj Hblsaeb, fa 4= fa kmyb fa 4?=8, rajmtgvm m jm rasbjuhgøl mjtarlmtgvm fa jgtgcgbs al kmtargm fa hblsukb Tamj Fahratb fa 46 fa eujgb fa =>>7, pbr aj qua sa mpruadm aj Høfgcb Hgvgj, huyms õjtgkms kbfgighmhgblas sa nml prbfuhgfb pbr Jay 4?/4?==, fa 4= fa eujgb, faj Tacgstrb Hgvgj y pbr Jay =1/4?=1, fa 4 fa eujgb, fa jm Eurgsfghhgøl Ybjultmrgm Jay Brcílghm 9/=7>1, fa = fa eujgb, faj _bfar Eufghgmj, huym õjtgkm kbfgighmhgøl sa nm prbfuhgfb pbr Jay Brcílghm =8/4?=1, fa 1 fa bhtudra, fa kbfgighmhgøl fa jm Jay fa Aleughgmkgaltb Hrgkglmj pmrm aj ibrtmjahgkgaltb fa jms cmrmltëms prbhasmjas y jm racujmhgøl fa jms kafgfms fa glvastgcmhgøl tahlbjøcghm Tamj Fahratb =4>=/4??4, fa 1 fa fghgakdra, pbr aj qua sa mpruadm aj Astmtutb Calarmj fa jbs _rbhurmfbras fa jbs Vrgdulmjas fa Aspmým, huym õjtgkm kbfgighmhgøl sa nm prbfuhgfb pbr Xaltalhgm fa 4= fa alarb fa 4??7, fa jm Xmjm Varharm faj Vrgdulmj Xuprakb Tamj Fahratb 91>/4??=, fa 44 fa eulgb, pbr aj qua sa mpruadm aj Astmtutb Calarmj fa jm Mdbcmhëm Aspmýbjm, huym õjtgkm kbfgighmhgøl sa nm prbfuhgfb pbr Xaltalhgm faj VX, Xmjm fa jb Hbltalhgbsb-Mfkglgstrmtgvb, sahhgøl 9ª, fa 8 fa eujgb fa 4??8
Jay 86/4??9, fa 8? fa bhtudra, sbdra aj mhhasb m jms prbiasgblas fa Mdbcm fb y _rbhur Mdbcmfb _rbhurmfbr mfbr fa jbs Vrgdulm Vrgdulmjas, jas, huym õjtgkm kbfgi kbfgighmghmhgøl sa nm prbfuhgfb pbr jm XVH lµ =3?/4?=6, fa 48 fa bhtudra fa 4?=6 Jay Brcílghm =?/=771, fa 48 fa lbvgakdra, faj Høfgcb _almj, huym õjtgkm kbfgighmhgøl sa nm prbfuhgfb pbr Jay 6/4?=1, fa 43 fa mdrgj, faj Astmtutb fa jm vëhtgkm faj fajgtb Jay 1?/=7>=, fa 8? fa fghgakdra, pbr jm qua sa racujm aj Astmtutb Brcílghb faj Kglgstargb Igshmj, huym õjtgkm kbfgighmhgøl sa nm prbfuhgfb prbfu hgfb pbr jm Jay 6/4? 6/4?=?, =?, fa =? fa kmrzb, k mrzb, pmrm jm aeahuh ae ahuhgøl gøl al jm Qlgøl Aurbpam fa rasbjuhgblas eufghgmjas fa fahbkgsb Jay =1/4?=1, fa 4 fa eujgb, fa jm Eurgsfghhgøl Ybjultmrgm, huym õjtgkm kbfgighmhgøl sa nm prbfuhgfb pbr Jay 6/4?=3, fa 4> fa eulgb, eul gb, fa kbf gig gighmh hmh gøl fa jm Jay =1/ 4?= 1, fa 4 fa euj eujgb, gb, fa jm Eurgsfghhgø Eurgsf ghhgøl l Ybjultmrgm Ybju ltmrgm Jay 14/=773, fa 43 fa lbvgakdra, fa Msgstalhgm Eurëfghm mj Astmfb a Glstgtuhgblas _õdjghms, huym õjtgkm kbfgighmhgøl sa nm prbfuhgfb pbr Jay 8/4?=3, fa 43 fa eulgb, fa _rasupuastbs Calarmjas faj Astmfb pmrm aj mýb 4?=3 Jay =/=779, fa =? fa alarb, fa Msgstalhgm Eurëfghm Crmtugtm, huym õjtgkm kbfgighmhgøl sa nm prbfuhgfb pbr Jay 4/4?=3, fa 4= fa eulgb, fa kbfgi kbfgighmh ghmhgøl gøl fa jm Jay =/=7 =/=779, 79, fa =? fa alarb, fa msgstalhgm eurëfghm crmtugtm
BDEAVGYBX Mpralf ar jm rapra Mpralfar raprasaltm saltmhgøl hgøl y sus hjmsas h jmsas Astufgmr jm jacgtgkmhgøl al aj prbhasb hgvgj Hblbhar jm msgstalhgm y raprasaltmhgøl al jbs prbhasbs Hblbhar humlfb sa prbfuha jm gltarvalhgøl faj Kglgstargb Igshmj y faj Mdbcmf Md bcmfbb faj Astmf Astmfbb al jbs j bs prbhas pr bhasbs bs hgvgjas hg vgjas
Jm raprasaltmhgøl y sus hjmsas
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JM TA_TAXALVMHGØL W XQX HJMXAX
=.= Gltrbfuhhgøl. Taprasaltmhgøl tçhlghm y pbfar Hbkb racjm calarmj, hbl jms axhaphgblas qua juacb varakbs, m jm hmpmhgfmf prbhasmj, m jm hmpmhgfmf pmrm sar pmrta y m jm jacgtgkmhgøl (al jbs tçrkglbs qua varakbs sacugfmkalta), sa ulal fbs raqugsgtbs kís pmrm jm víjgfm mhtumhgøl fa ul sueatb al aj prbhasb al jb qua sa falbkglm hmpmhgfmf fa pbstujmhgøl5 - Jm raprasaltmhgøl tçhlghm pbr kafgb fa prbhurmfbr. - Jm msgstalhgm jatrmfm pbr kafgb fa mdbcmfb. Al humltb m jm raprasaltmhgøl prbhasmj b tçhlghm qua as jm qua mnbrm lbs gltarasm, al prgkar tçrkglb, fada fgiaralhgmrsa fa5 - Jm raprasaltmhgøl raprasaltmhgøl jacmj5 ]ua as mquajjm mquajjm qua qua gltacrm gltacrm jm hmpmhgfmf prbhasmj fa qugalas hmrahal fa ajjm. - Jm raprasaltmhgøl raprasaltmhgøl lahasmrgm5 ]ua as mquajjm qua qua hbrrashbrraspblfa m jms parsblms iësghms qua mhtõml hbkb raprasaltmltas jacmjas fa jms parsblms eurëfghms. Astufgmfms mkdms al aj takm mltargbr m prbpøsgtb fa jm hmpmhgfmf prbhasmj y pmrm sar pmrta, lbs raiargrakbs mnbrm m jm raprasaltmhgøl tçhlghm pbr kafgb fa _rbhurmfbr fa jbs Vrgdulmjas hbjacgmfb, huyb astmtutb eurëfghb as bdeatb fa astufgb kís mfajmlta al btrb apëcrmia fa asta takm, haltrílfblbs mnbrm axhjusgvmkalta al aj lacbhgb eurëfghb fa jm raprasaltmhgøl. r aprasaltmhgøl. Jm raprasaltmhgøl tçhlghm faj prbhurmfbr sa hbligcurm hbkb ul kmlfmtb raprasaltmtgvb qua sa mrtghujm m trmvçs faj pbfar qua btbrcm aj mhtbr hbkb pbfarfmlta mj prbhurmfbr hbkb mpbfarmfb. Mj hbligcurmrsa lb sbjb hbkb raprasaltmhgøl sglb hbkb kmlfmtb pmrm mhtumr al eughgb, aj pbfar, qua nm fa sar jacmj y dmstmlta pmrm mhtumr al aj prbhasb, axgca fa jm mhaptmhgøl faj prbhurmfbr qua puafa sar axprasm b prasultm sg al asta õjtgkb hmsb sa mhrafgtm jm mhaptmhgøl pbr aj prbhurmfbr ramjgzmlfb humjqugar mhtumhgøl prbhasmj al lbkdra fa su pbfarfmlta. _br btrb jmfb, aj pbfar puafa sar calarmj b aspahgmj, msë sg as calarmj imhujtm pmrm tbfbs jbs mhtbs prbhasmjas hbkb lb sa fgspblcm btrm hbsm, aj aspahgmj as aj qua sa btbrcm hbkõlkalta pmrm mhtbs fa aspahgmj trmshalfalhgm hbkb jm trmlsmhhgøl aj fasgstgkgaltb. Al humltb m jm ibrkm, aj pbfar pbfrí btbrcmrsa5 - M trmvçs fa ashrgturm põdjghm mlta Lbtmrgb, b - ‚mpuf mhtm‛ kafgmlta hbkpmrahalhgm mlta aj Jatrmfb fa jm Mfkglgstrmhgøl fa Eustghgm, mj tgakpb fa jm prgkarm mhtumhgøl al aj prbhasb. afgtbrgmj } hap
Tahuarfa Mfakís fa hmpmhgfmf prbhasmj y jacgtgkmhgøl sa raqugara hbl hmrmhtar calarmj jm fgrahhgøl jatrmfm m trmvçs fa mdbcmfb y jm pbstujmhgøl qua gkpjghm gltarvalgr al aj prbhasb raprasaltmfb prbhasmjkalta pbr ul prbhurmfbr fa jbs trgdulmjas.
87
_rbhafgkgaltbs Eufghgmjas. M) Lbrkms Hbkulas m tbfbs jbs _rbhafgkgaltbs Hgvgjas. Vakm =>
Iglmjkalta, jm raprasaltmhgøl tçhlghm tarkglmrí5 - _br jm ravbhmhgøl axprasm b tíhgtm, juacb qua qua hblsta hblsta al mutbs. - _br ralulhgm vbjultmrgm, hasa b suspalsgøl faj prbhurmfbr. - _br imjjahgkgaltb faj pbfarfmlta b prbhurmfbr - _br nmdar tarkglmfb tarkglmfb aj msultb msultb b nmdarsa ramjgzmfb aj mhtb pbr aj qua sa btbrcø btbrcø aj pbfar. pbfar.
=.4 Tacujmhgøl fa jm raprasaltmhgøl prbhasmj M. Gltarvalhgøl fa _rbhurmfbr Jm hbkpmrahalhgm al eughgb sarí pbr kafgb fa prbhurmfbr, qua nmdrí fa sar Jghalhgmfb al Farahnb, Crmfumfb al Farahnb u btrb tëtujb ulgvarsgtmrgb fa Crmfb aqugvmjalta, nmdgjgtmfb pmrm aearhar su prbiasgøl al aj trgdulmj qua hblbzhm faj eughgb. Aj prbhurmfbr jacmjkalta nmdgjgtmfb pbfrí hbkpmrahar al humjqugar tgpb fa prbhasbs sgl lahasgfmf fa mdbcmfb, humlfb jb ramjgha m jbs sbjbs aiahtbs fa bër y rahgdgr mhtbs fa hbkulghmhgøl y aiahtumr hbkpmrahalhgms fa hmríhtar lb parsblmj fa jbs raprasaltmfbs qua nmyml sgfb sbjghgtmfbs pbr aj Euaz, Vrgdulmj b Jatrmfb fa jm Mfkglgstrmhg Mfkglgstrmhgøl øl fa Eustghgm. Mj ramjgzmr fghnbs mhtbs lb pbfrí ibrkujmr sbjghgtuf mjculm. As glhbkpmtgdja aj aearhghgb sgkujtílab fa jms prbiasgblas fa mdbcmfb y prbhurmfbr fa jbs Vrgdulmjas. Lb bdstmlta, pbfríl jbs jgtgcmltas hbkpmrahar pbr së kgskbs5 - Al jbs eughgbs vardmjas huym fatarkglmhgøl sa nmym aiahtumfb pbr rmzøl fa jm humltëm y çstm lb axhafm fa 4.??? aurbs, y pmrm jm patghgøl glghgmj fa jbs prbhafgkgaltbs kblgtbrgbs. kblgtbrgbs. - Al jbs eughgbs eughgbs ulgvarsmjas, ulgvarsmjas, humlfb sa jgkgta jm hbkpmrahalhgm hbkpmrahalhgm m jm jm prasaltmhgøl fa fa tëtujbs fa fa hrçfgtb b farahnbs, b pmrm hblhurrgr m Eultms. - Al jbs glhgfaltas rajmtgvbs m gkpuclmhgøl fa rasbjuhgblas al kmtargm fa fa msgstalhgm eurëfghm crmtugtm y humlfb sa sbjghgtal kafgfms urcaltas hbl mltargbrgfmf mj eughgb.
D. Mpbfarmkgaltb faj _rbhurmfbr Aj pbfar al qua jm pmrta btbrcua su raprasaltmhgøl mj prbhurmfbr nmdrí fa astmr mutbrgzmfb pbr lbtmrgb b sar hbliargfb mpuf mhtm pbr hbkpmrahalhgm parsblmj mlta aj Jatrmfb fa jm Mfkglgstrmhgøl fa Eustghgm fa humjqugar bighglm eufghgmj b pbr hbkpmrahalhgm ajahtrølghm al jm hbrraspblfgalta safa eufghgmj. Jm hbpgm ajahtrølghm faj pbfar lbtmrgmj fa raprasaltmhgøl, glibrkítghm b fgcgtmjgzmfm, sa mhbkpmýmrí mj prgkar ashrgtb qua aj prbhurmfbr prasalta. Aj btbrcmkgaltb mpuf mhtm pbr hbkpmrahalhgm parsblmj b ajahtrølghm fadarí sar aiahtumfb mj kgskb tgakpb qua jm prasaltmhgøl faj prgkar ashrgtb b, al su hmsb, mltas fa jm prgkarm mhtumhgøl, sgl lahasgfmf fa qua m fghnb btbrcmkgaltb hblhurrm aj prbhurmfbr. Asta mpbfarmkgaltb pbfrí gcumjkalta mhrafgtmrsa kafgmlta jm hartgighmhgøl fa su glshrgphgøl al aj mrhngvb ajahtrølghb fa mpbfarmkgaltbs mpuf mhtm fa jms bighglms eufghgmjas.
H. _bfar calarmj calarmj y pbfar pbfar aspahgmj aspahgmj Aj pbfar calarmj pmrm pjagtbs imhujtmrí mj prbhurmfbr pmrm ramjgzmr víjgfmkalta, al lbkdra fa su pbfarfmlta, tbfbs jbs mhtbs prbhasmjas hbkpralfgfbs, fa brfglmrgb, al jm trmkgtmhgøl fa mquçjjbs. Aj pbfarfmlta pbfrí, lb bdstmlta, axhjugr faj pbfar calarmj msultbs y mhtumhgblas pmrm jms qua jm jay lb axgem mpbfarmkgaltb aspahgmj. Jm axhjusgøl nmdrí fa sar hblsgclmfm axprasm a glaquëvbhmkalta. Xarí lahasmrgb pbfar aspahgmj5 6?
afgtbrgmj } hap
Jm raprasaltmhgøl y sus hjmsas
=.µ _mrm jm ralulhgm, jm trmlsmhhgøl, aj fasgstgkgaltb, aj mjjmlmkgaltb, aj sbkatgkgaltb m mrdgtrmea y jms kmlgiastmhgblas qua puafml hbkpbrtmr sbdrasagkgaltb faj prbhasb pbr smtgsimhhgøl axtrmprbhasmj b hmralhgm sbdravalgfm fa bdeatb. 4.µ _mrm aearhgtmr jms imhujtmfas qua aj pbfarfmlta nudgarm axhjugfb faj pbfar calarmj, hblibrka m jb fgspuastb mltargbrkalta. 8.µ Al tbfbs jbs fakís hmsbs al qua msë jb axgeml jms jayas. Lb pbfríl ramjgzmrsa kafgmlta prbhurmfbr jbs mhtbs qua, hblibrka m jm jay, fadml aiahtumrsa parsblmjkalta pbr jbs jgtgcmltas.
F. Mhaptmhgøl faj pbfar Jm mhaptmhgøl faj pbfar sa prasuka pbr aj nahnb fa usmr fa çj aj prbhurmfbr.
A. Farahnb supjatbrgb sbdra mpbfarmkgaltb M imjtm fa fgspbsghgøl axprasm sbdra jms rajmhgblas altra aj pbfarfmlta y aj _rbhurmfbr, racgríl jms lbrkms astmdjahgfms pmrm aj hbltrmtb fa kmlfmtb al jm jacgsjmhgøl hgvgj mpjghmdja.
I. Taprasaltmhgø Taprasaltmhgøl l pmsgvm faj _rbhurmfbr Kgaltrms sa nmjja vgcalta aj pbfar, aj _rbhurmfbr bgrí y igrkmrí jbs akpjmzmkgaltbs, hgtmhgblas, raquargkgaltbs y lbtgighmhgblas fa tbfms hjmsas, glhjusb jms fa saltalhgms qua sa raigarml m su pmrta, furmlta aj hursb faj msultb y nmstm qua quafa aeahutmfm jm saltalhgm, talgalfb astms mhtumhgblas jm kgskm iuarzm qua sg gltarvglgara al ajjms fgrahtmkalta aj pbfarfmlta sgl qua ja sam jëhgtb pafgr qua sa altgalfml hbl çsta. Vmkdgçl rahgdgrí aj _rbhurmfbr, m aiahtbs fa lbtgighmhgøl y pjmzbs b tçrkglbs, jms hbpgms fa jbs ashrgtbs y fbhukaltbs qua jbs _rbhurmfbras fa jms fakís pmrtas ja altracual al jm ibrkm astmdjahgfm al aj mrtëhujb 439 JAH. Al tbfbs jbs afgighgbs eufghgmjas qua saml safa fa trgdulmjas hgvgjas axgstgrí ul sarvghgb fa rahaphgøl fa lbtgighmhgblas brcmlgzmfb pbr aj Hbjacgb fa _rbhurmfbras. Jm rahaphgøl pbr fghnb sarvghgb fa jms lbtgighmhgblas y fa jms hbpgms fa ashrgtbs y fbhukaltbs qua saml altracmfbs pbr jbs _rbhurmfbras pmrm su trmsjmfb m jbs fa jms fakís pmrtas, surtgrí pjalbs aiahtbs. Al jm hbpgm qua sa fgjgcalhga pmrm nmhar hblstmr jm rahaphgøl sa axprasmrí aj lõkarb fa hbpgms altracmfms y aj lbkdra fa jbs _rbhurmfbras m qugalas astíl fastglmfms. Xa axhaptõml fa jb astmdjahgfb al jbs pírrmibs mltargbras jbs trmsjmfbs, akpjmzmkgaltbs, hgtmhgblas y raquargkgaltbs qua jm jay fgspblcm qua sa prmhtgqual m jbs jgtgcmltas al parsblm.
C. Hasmhgøl faj _rbhurmfbr _rbhurmfbr Hasmrí aj prbhurmfbr al su raprasaltmhgøl5 =.µ _br jm ravbhmhgøl axprasm b tíhgtm faj pbfar, juacb qua hblsta al jbs mutbs. Xa altalfarí ravbhmfb tíhgtmkalta aj pbfar pbr aj lbkdrmkgaltb pbstargbr fa btrb prbhurmfbr qua sa nmym parsblmfb al aj msultb. Xg, al asta õjtgkb hmsb, aj prbhurmfbr qua vglgara mhtumlfb al aj eughgb sushgtmra sushgtmra huastgøl huastgøl sbdra jm aiahtgvm axgstalhgm b sbdra jm vmjgfaz fa jm raprasaltmhgøl qua sa mtrgduym aj qua pratalfm sustgtugrja, pravgm mufgalhgm fa jm parsblm b parsblms qua mpmrazhml hbkb btbrcmltas fa jbs raspahtgvbs pbfaras, sa rasbjvarí jm huastgøl pbr kafgb fa fahratb.
afgtbrgmj } hap
6=
_rbhafgkgaltbs Eufghgmjas. M) Lbrkms Hbkulas m tbfbs jbs _rbhafgkgaltbs Hgvgjas. Vakm =>
4.µ _br ralulhgm vbjultmrgm b pbr hasmr al jm prbiasgøl b sar smlhgblmfb hbl jm suspalsgøl al su aearhghgb. Al jbs fbs prgkarbs hmsbs, astmrí aj prbhurmfbr bdjgcmfb m pblar aj nahnb, hbl mltghgpmhgøl y fa kbfb ianmhgalta, al hblbhgkgaltb fa su pbfarfmlta y faj Vrgdulmj. Al hmsb fa suspalsgøl, aj Hbjacgb fa _rbhurmfbras hbrraspblfgalta jb nmrí smdar mj Vrgdulmj. Kgaltrms lb mhrafgta al jbs mutbs jm ralulhgm b jm hasmhgøl y sa ja talcm pbr ralulhgmlta b hasmlta, lb pbfrí aj prbhurmfbr mdmlfblmr jm raprasaltmhgøl fa su pbfarfmlta, al jm qua nmdrí fa hbltglumr nmstm qua çsta prbvam m jm fasgclmhgøl fa btrb faltrb faj pjmzb fa =? fëms. Vrmlshurrgfbs çstbs sgl qua sa nmym fasgclmfb luavb prbhurmfbr, prbhurmfbr, aj aj Jatrmfb fa jm jm Mfkglgstrmhgøl Mfkglgstrmhgøl fa Eustghgm fghtmrí rasbjuhgøl al jm qua talfrí m mquçj pbr faiglgtgvmkalta mpmrtmfb fa jm raprasaltmhgøl qua valëm bstaltmlfb. 8.µ _br imjjahgkgaltb faj pbfarfmlta pbfarfmlta b faj prbhurmfbr. Al aj prgkar hmsb, hmsb, astmrí aj prbhurmfbr prbhurmfbr bdjgcmfb m pblar aj nahnb al hblbhgkgaltb hblbhgkgaltb faj faj Vrgdulmj, mhrafgtmlfb al ibrkm aj imjjahgkgaltb y, sg lb prasaltmra luavb pbfar fa jbs narafarbs b hmusmnm dgaltas faj faj iglmfb, sa astmrí m jb fgspuastb fgspuastb al aj mrtëhujb =9 fa fa jm JAH pmrm aj hmsb fa suhasgøl suhasgøl prbhasmj pbr kuarta, (bdeatb fa astufgb al aj takm mltargbr). Humlfb imjjazhm aj prbhurmfbr, prbhurmfbr, aj Jatrmfb Jatrmfb fa fa jm Mfkglgstrmhgøl fa Eustghgm Eustghgm nmrí smdar mj pbfarfmlta jm faiulhgøl, m igl fa qua prbhafm m jm fasgclmhgøl fa luavb prbhurmfbr al aj pjmzb fa =? fëms. 6.µ _br sapmrmrsa aj pbfarfmlta fa jm pratalsgøl b fa jm bpbsghgøl qua nudgara ibrkujmfb y, al tbfb hmsb, pbr nmdar tarkglmfb aj msultb b nmdarsa ramjgzmfb aj mhtb pmrm aj qua sa nudgara btbrcmfb aj pbfar. Humlfb aj pbfar nmym sgfb btbrcmfb pbr aj raprasaltmlta jacmj fa ulm parsblm eurëfghm, aj mfkglgstrmfbr fa ulm kmsm pmtrgkblgmj b pmtrgkblgb sapmrmfb, b jm parsblm qua, hblibrka m jm jay, mhtõa al eughgb raprasaltmlfb m ul alta sgl parsblmjgfmf, jbs hmkdgbs al jm raprasaltmhgøl b mfkglgstrmhgøl fa fghnms parsblms eurëfghms, kmsms pmtrgkblgmjas b pmtrgkblgbs sapmrmfbs, b altas sgl parsblmjgfmf lb axtglcugríl aj pbfar faj _rbhurmfbr lg fmríl jucmr m luavm parsblmhgøl.
4.
JACGVGKMHGØL AL AJ _TBHAXB HGYGJ
4.= Hblhaptb Mptgtuf fa ulm parsblm, hbl axhjusgøl fa humjqugar btrm, pmrm mhtumr al ul prbhasb hbkb fakmlfmlta, (jacgtgkmhgøl mhtgvm), b fakmlfmfb, (jacgtgkmhgøl pmsgvm).
4.4 Hjmsas Eultb m jm fgstglhgøl altra mhtgvm y pmsgvm, jm hjmsgighmhgøl kís gkpbrtmlta prbhasmjkalta as jm qua fgstglcua altra5 - Jacgtgkmhgøl faj tgtujmr y - Jacgtgkmhgøl pbr sustgtuhgøl
M. Jacgtgkmhgøl faj tgtujmr5 Hblfghgøl Hblfghgøl fa pmrta prbhasmj prbhasmj jacëtgkm Hblibrka mj mrtëhujb =? fa jm JAH, saríl hblsgfarmfbs pmrtas jacëtgkms qugalas hbkpmrazhml y mhtõal al eughgb hbkb tgtujmras fa jm rajmhgøl eurëfghm u bdeatb jgtgcgbsb. Xa axhaptõml jbs hmsbs al qua pbr jay sa mtrgduym jacgtgkmhgøl m parsblm fgstgltm faj tgtujmr.
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afgtbrgmj } hap
Jm raprasaltmhgøl y sus hjmsas
M jm juz fa jb mltargbr, fmfb qua jm rajmhgøl eurëfghm huym tgtujmrgfmf btbrcm jm jacgtgkmhgøl puafa sar fa farahnb kmtargmj b prbhasmj, pbfakbs fgstglcugr fgstglcugr m su vaz5 - Vgtujmrgfmf fa ulm rajmhgøl eurëfghb-kmtargmj5 hbrraspblfa m jm pmrta hbl hmríhtar brgcglmrgb b fahjmrmtgvb sbdra jm dmsa faj farahnb kmtargmj qua racujm aj bdeatb faj prbhasb. - Vgtujmrgfmf fa ulm rajmhgøl eurëfghb-prbhasmj5 eurëfghb-prbhasmj5 Xa tgala humlfb aj sueatb faltrb faj prbhasb nm mfqugrgfb ul farahnb prbhasmj.
Aeakpjb Xa as tgtujmr fa ulm rajmhgøl eurëfgh b-kmtargmj eurëfghb-kmt argmj mj prbpb prbpblar lar fahjglmtbrgm sg as hgtmfb pbr euaz eu az gl glhb hbkp kpat atalt alta, a, pa pafg fgrr jm mhukujmhgøl fa prbhasbs sg as pmrta al humjqugarm fa ajjbs, ath.
D. Jacgtgkmhgøl pbr sustgtuhgøl m. Xupuastbs
Jbs supuastbs kís hbkulas fa faspjmzmkgaltb fa jm jacgtgkmhgøl sbl5 - Aj faj usuiruht usuiruhtumrgb umrgb qua rahjmkm hrçfgtbs valhgfbs qua ibrkal pmrta faj usuiruhtb (ax. mrt. 1?3 HH) - Aj faj mhraafbr pmrm aearhgtmr jm mhhgøl mhhgøl sudrbcmtbrgm sudrbcmtbrgm (ax. mrt. ==== HH) - Aj faj mhraafbr pgclbrmtghgb pmrm aearhgtmr jms mhhgblas faj faj fuaýb pmrm rahjmkmr b faialfar iralta m 8µ jm hbsm pgclbrmfm (ax. mrt. =>97) d. Aiahtbs
Jbs aiahtbs faj faspjmzmkgaltb fa jm jacgtgkmhgøl altra aj sustgtugfb (pmrta kmtargmj) y aj sustgtutb (pmrta ibrkmj), sbl5 • _rbhasmjas
- Aj tgtujmr ibrkmj jacgtgkmfb pmrm mhtumr al aj prbhasb, as pmrta y hbkb tmj pbfrí sar sbkatgfm m hbliasgøl lb pufgalfb sar tastgcb lg pargtb. M çj sa raiargríl jms hgrhulstmlhgms pmrm pafgr jm rahusmhgøl y pbfrí pafgr aj dalaighgb fa eustghgm crmtugtm. - Aj tgtujmr kmtargmj lb as tbtmjkalta axtrmýb mj prbhasb, prbhasb, pbfrí hbkpmrahar hbkb tastgcb, a glhjusb hbkb pmrta hbmfyuvmlta, (hbkb bhurra al jm mhhgøl sudrbcmtbrgm fblfa søjb hbl çj pbfrí talarsa jm hbliasgøl hbkb pruadm). • Kmtargmjas
Aj faspjmzmkgaltb fa jm jacgtgkmhgøl raspblfa m rmzblas fa lahasgfmf, utgjgfmf b hblvalgalhgm.
afgtbrgmj } hap
68
_rbhafgkgaltbs Eufghgmjas. M) Lbrkms Hbkulas m tbfbs jbs _rbhafgkgaltbs Hgvgjas. Vakm =>
h. Aspahgmj raiaralhgm m jm jacgtgkmhgøl pmrm jm faialsm fa jbs farahnbs a gltarasas fa hblsukgfbras y usumrgbs
Jm jacgtgkmhgøl fa jms msbhgmhgblas fa hblsukgfbras y usumrgbs b fa jbs crupbs fa miahtmfbs, lmhgblmjas b fa jm QA, pmrm jm faialsm fa jbs gltarçs hbjahtgvbs b fgiusbs, rasujtm faj mrtëhujb == fa jm JAH qua fatarkglm qua sgl pareughgb fa jm jacgtgkmhgøl glfgvgfumj fa jbs pareufghmfbs, jms msbhgmhgblas fa hblsukgfbras y usumrgbs jacmjkalta hblstgtugfms astmríl jacgtgkmfms pmrm faialfar al eughgb jbs farahnbs a gltarasas fa sus msbhgmfbs y jbs fa jm msbhgmhgøl, msë hbkb jbs gltarasas calarmjas fa jbs hblsukgfbras y usumrgbs. Humlfb jbs pareufghmfbs pbr ul nahnb fmýbsb saml ul crupb fa hblsukgfbras b usumrgbs huybs hbkpblaltas astçl pariahtmkalta fatarkglmfbs b saml iíhgjkalta fatarkglmdjas, jm jacgtgkmhgøl pmrm pratalfar jm tutajm fa asbs gltarasas hbjahtgvbs hbrraspblfa m jms msbhgmhgblas fa hblsukgfbras hblsukgfbras y usumrgbs, m jms altgfmfas jacmjkalta hblstgtugfms qua talcml pbr bdeatb jm faialsm b prbtahhgøl fa çstbs, msë hbkb m jbs prbpgbs crupbs fa miahtmfbs. Humlfb jbs pareufghmfbs pbr ul nahnb fmýbsb saml ulm pjurmjgfmf fa hblsukgfbras b usumrgbs glfatarkglmfm b fa fgiëhgj fatarkglmhgøl, jm jacgtgkmhgøl pmrm fakmlfmr al eughgb jm faialsm fa astbs gltarasas fgiusbs hbrraspblfarí axhjusgvmkalta m jms msbhgmhgblas fa hblsukgfbras y usumrgbs qua, hblibrka m jm Jay, saml raprasaltmtgvms. Jms altgfmfas nmdgjgtmfms hblibrka m jm lbrkmtgvm hbkulgtmrgm aurbpam pmrm aj aearhghgb fa jm mhhgøl fa hasmhgøl al faialsm fa jbs gltarasas hbjahtgvbs y fa jbs gltarasas fgiusbs fa jbs hblsukgfbras y usumrgbs astmríl jacgtgkmfms pmrm aj aearhghgb fa jm mhhgøl fa hasmhgøl pmrm jm faialsm fa jbs kgskbs. Jbs Euahas y Vrgdulmjas mhaptmríl fghnm jgstm hbkb pruadm fa jm hmpmhgfmf fa jm altgfmf nmdgjgtmfm pmrm sar pmrta, sgl pareughgb fa axmkglmr sg jm iglmjgfmf fa jm kgskm y jbs gltarasas miahtmfbs jacgtgkml aj aearhghgb fa jm mhhgøl. Aj Kglgstargb Igshmj astmrí jacgtgkmfb pmrm aearhgtmr humjqugar mhhgøl al faialsm fa jbs gltarasas fa jbs hblsukgfbras y usumrgbs. Hblvgala mquë prahgsmr jbs pbsgdjas fgstgltbs supuastbs fa gltarçs hbjahtgvb5 - Gltarçs glfgvgfumj glfgvgfumj pjurmj5 Humlfb Humlfb axgstal kõjtgpjas lacbhgbs lacbhgbs eurëfghbs gfçltghbs qua miahtml m fgstgltbs sueatbs, tmjas hmsbs fmríl jucmr m jm mhukujmhgøl bdeatgvm b sudeatgvm fa mhhgblas al jbs tçrkglbs qua pravç jm jay. - Gltarasas sbhgmjas5 Vrmshgalfa fa jms pratalsgblas glfgvgfumjas fa fa jms parsblms iësghms gltacrmfms al ulm parsblm eurëfghm. Jm faialsm fa astbs gltarasas sa mtrgduya m jm parsblm eurëfghm qua fadarí mhtumr m trmvçs fa sus ørcmlbs fa raprasaltmhgøl. - Gltarasas hbjahtgvbs5 hbjahtgvbs5 Hbrraspblfal Hbrraspblfal m ulm ulm pjurmjgfmf fa parsblms fatarkglmfms b sushaptgdjas sushaptgdjas fa fatarkglmhgøl altra jms qua axgsta ul vëlhujb eurëfghb, axgstgalfb ulm altgfmf m jm qua jm jay mtrg duya jm raprasaltmhgøl raprasaltmhgøl glstgtuhgblmj glstgtuhgblmj pmrm jm jm faialsm fa fa tmjas gltarasas, gltarasas, qua saríl fgstgltbs fgstgltbs faj gltarçs gltarçs pmrtghujmr fa hmfm parsblm. - Gltarasas fgiusbs5 fgiusbs5 Hbrraspblfal Hbrraspblfal m ul lõkarb glfatarkglmfb fa miahtmfbs miahtmfbs pbr rmzøl rmzøl fa ul nahnb hbltglcalta. Al tmjas hmsbs hbrraspblfa jm faialsm fa tmjas gltarasas m jms Msbhgmhgblas fa Hblsukgfbras y Qsumrgbs rahblbhgfms pbr jm Jay. Iglmjkalta, tmltb mj Kglgstargb Igshmj, hbkb m jms altgfmfas nmdgjgtmfms pbr aj Farahnb Hbkulgtmrgb pmrm faialsm fa jbs gltarasas hbjahtgvbs y fa jbs gltarasas fgiusbs fa jbs hblsukgfbras y usumrgbs, pbfríl aearhar jm mhhgøl fa hasmhgøl al faialsm fa tmjas gltarasas.
66
afgtbrgmj } hap
Jm raprasaltmhgøl y sus hjmsas
f. Aspahgmj raiaralhgm m jm jacgtgkmhgøl pmrm jm faialsm faj farahnb m jm gcumjfmf fa trmtb altra kuearas y nbkdras
Al asta hmsb nmdrí qua astmr mj mrtëhujb == dgs fa jm JAH sacõl aj humj, pmrm jm faialsm faj farahnb fa gcumjfmf fa trmtb altra kuearas y nbkdras, mfakís fa jbs miahtmfbs y sgakpra hbl su mutbrgzmhgøl, astmríl tmkdgçl jacgtgkmfbs jbs sglfghmtbs y jms msbhgmhgblas jacmjkalta hblstgtugfms huyb igl prgkbrfgmj sam jm faialsm fa jm gcumjfmf fa trmtb altra kuearas y nbkdras, raspahtb fa sus migjgmfbs y msbhgmfbs, raspahtgvmkalta. Humlfb jbs miahtmfbs saml ulm pjurmjgfmf fa parsblms glfatarkglmfm b fa fgiëhgj fatarkglmhgøl, jm jacgtgkmhgøl pmrm fakmlfmr al eughgb jm faialsm fa astbs gltarasas fgiusbs hbrraspblfarí axhjusgvmkalta m jbs brcmlgskbs põdjghbs hbl hbkpatalhgm al jm kmtargm, m jbs sglfghmtbs kís raprasaltmtgvbs y m jms msbhgmhgblas fa íkdgtb astmtmj huyb igl prgkbrfgmj sam jm gcumjfmf altra kuearas y nbkdras, sgl pareughgb, sg jbs miahtmfbs astuvgarml fatarkglmfbs, fa su prbpgm jacgtgkmhgøl prbhasmj. Jm parsblm mhbsmfm sarí jm õlghm jacgtgkmfm al jbs jgtgcgbs sbdra mhbsb saxumj y mhbsb pbr rmzøl fa saxb.
8.
MXGXVALHGM JAVTMFM W TA_TAXALVMHGØL _TBHAXMJ, AXVMVQVB EQTËFGHB, FATAHNBX W FADATAX
8.= Gltrbfuhhgøl Wm fgegkbs qua, hbkb racjm calarmj, hbl jms axhaphgblas qua juacb varakbs, m jm hmpmhgfmf prbhasmj, m jm hmpmhgfmf pmrm sar pmrta y m jm jacgtgkmhgøl, sa ulal fbs raqugsgtbs kís pmrm jm víjgfm mhtumhgøl fa ul sueatb al aj prbhasb al jb qua sa falbkglm hmpmhgfmf fa pbstujmhgøl5 - Jm raprasaltmhgøl tçhlghm pbr kafgb fa prbhurmfbr. - Jm msgstalhgm jatrmfm pbr kafgb fa mdbcmfb. Ygstm mltargbrkalta jm raprasaltmhgøl tçhlghm b prbhasmj al humltb mj farahnb m jm msgstalhgm jatrmfm nm fa pblarsa fa rajgava as su rahblbhgkgaltb hbkb farahnb iulfmkaltmj al aj mrt. 46.4 HA.
8.4 Jm raprasaltmhgøl prbhasmj y jm faialsm tçhlghm M. Axgcalhgm fa prbhurmfbr prbhurmfbr y mdbcmfb m. Gltarvalhgøl fa prbhurmfbr
Xacõl aj mrtëhujb 48 fa jm JAH, jm hbkpmrahalhgm al eughgb sarí pbr kafgb fa prbhurmfbr, qua nmdrí fa sar Jghalhgmfb al Farahnb, Crmfumfb al Farahnb u btrb tëtujb ulgvarsgtmrgb fa Crmfb aqugvmjalta, nmdgjgtmfb pmrm aearhar su prbiasgøl al aj trgdulmj qua hblbzhm faj eughgb. Lb bdstmlta, pbfríl jbs jgtgcmltas hbkpmrahar pbr së kgskbs5 =µ Al jbs eughgbs vardmjas huym fatarkglmhgøl sa nmym aiahtumfb pbr rmzøl fa jm humltëm y çstm lb axhafm fa 4.??? aurbs, y pmrm jm patghgøl glghgmj fa jbs prbhafgkgaltbs kblgtbrgbs. kblgtbrgbs. 4µ Al jbs eughgbs ulgvarsmjas, ulgvarsmjas, humlfb sa jgkgta jm hbkpmrahalhgm hbkpmrahalhgm m jm prasaltmhgøl fa tëtujbs fa hrçfgtb b farahnbs, b pmrm hblhurrgr m Eultms. 8µ Al jbs glhgfaltas rajmtgvbs m gkpuclmhgøl gkpuclmhgøl fa rasbjuhgblas al kmtargm fa msgstalhgm eurëfghm eurëfghm crmtugtm y humlfb sa sbjghgtal kafgfms urcaltas hbl mltargbrgfmf mj eughgb.
afgtbrgmj } hap
61
_rbhafgkgaltbs Eufghgmjas. M) Lbrkms Hbkulas m tbfbs jbs _rbhafgkgaltbs Hgvgjas. Vakm =>
Vbka lbtm Hbrraspblfa m jbs prbhurmfbras jm príhtghm fa jbs mhtbs prbhasmjas fa hbkulghmhgøl y jm ramjgzmhgøl fa tmrams fa muxgjgb y hbbparmhgøl hbl jbs trgdulmjas. _mrm jm ramjgzmhgøl fa jbs mhtbs fa hbkulghmhgøl, bstaltmríl hmpmhgfmf fa hartgighmhgøl y fgspblfríl fa jms hrafalhgmjas lahasmrgms.
Aj prbhurmfbr jacmjkalta nmdgjgtmfb pbfrí hbkpmrahar al humjqugar tgpb fa prbhasbs sgl lahasgfmf fa mdbcmfb, humlfb jb ramjgha m jbs sbjbs aiahtbs fa bër y rahgdgr mhtbs fa hbkulghmhgøl y aiahtumr hbkpmrahalhgms fa hmríhtar lb parsblmj fa jbs raprasaltmfbs qua nmyml sgfb sbjghgtmfbs pbr aj Euaz, Vrgdulmj b Jatrmfb fa jm Mfkglgstrmhgøl fa Eustghgm. Mj ramjgzmr fghnbs mhtbs lb pbfrí ibrkujmr sbjghgtuf mjculm. As glhbkpmtgdja aj aearhghgb sgkujtílab fa jms prbiasgblas fa mdbcmfb y prbhurmfbr fa jbs Vrgdulmjas. Al aj aearhghgb fa jms iulhgblas hbltakpjmfms al asta mpmrtmfb, y sgl pareughgb fa jm pbsgdgjgfmf fa sustgtuhgøl pbr btrb prbhurmfbr hblibrka m jb pravgstb al jm Jay Brcílghm faj _bfar Eufghgmj, mhtumríl fa ibrkm parsblmj a glfajacmdja y su mhtumhgøl sarí gkpuclmdja mlta aj Jatrmfb fa jm Mfkglgstrmhgøl fa Eustghgm hblibrka hblibrka m jm trmkgtmhgøl trmkgtmhgøl pravgstm al jbs jbs mrtëhujbs 614 y 618. Hbltrm aj fahratb rasbjutgvb fa astm gkpuclmhgøl sa pbfrí gltarpblar rahursb fa ravgsgøl. _mrm jm príhtghm fa jbs mhtbs prbhasmjas y fakís iulhgblas mtrg dugfms m jbs prbhurmfbras, jbs Hbjacgbs fa _rbhurmfbras brcmlgzmríl jbs sarvghgbs lahasmrgbs. d. Jm gltarvalhgøl fa mdbcmfb
Hblibrka mj mrtëhujb 8= fa jm JAH, jbs jgtgcmltas saríl fgrgcgfbs pbr mdbcmfbs nmdgjgtmfbs pmrm aearhar su prbiasgøl al aj trgdulmj qua hblbzhm faj msultb. Lb pbfrí prbvaarsa m lglculm sbjghgtuf qua lb jjava jm igrkm fa mdbcmfb. Axhaptõalsa sbjmkalta5 =.µ Jbs eughgbs vardmjas huym fatarkglmhgøl sa nmym aiahtumfb pbr rmzøl fa jm humltëm y çstm lb axhafm fa 4.??? aurbs, y jm patghgøl glghgmj fa jbs prbhafgkgaltbs kblgtbrgbs hblibrka m jb pravgstb al jm JAH. 4.µ Jbs ashrgtbs qua talcml pbr bdeatb parsblmrsa al eughgb, sbjghgtmr kafgfms urcaltas hbl mltargbrgfmf mj eughgb b pafgr jm suspalsgøl urcalta fa vgstms b mhtumhgblas. Humlfb jm suspalsgøl fa vgstms b mhtumhgblas qua sa pratalfm sa iulfa al hmusms qua sa raigarml aspahgmjkalta mj mdbcmfb tmkdgçl fadarí çsta igrkmr aj ashrgtb, sg iuarm pbsgdja.
D. Fasgclmhgøl fa _rbhurmfbr y fa Mdbcmfb Iuarm fa jbs hmsbs fa fasgclmhgøl fa bighgb pravgstbs al jm Jay fa Msgstalhgm Eurëfghm Crmtugtm, hbrraspblfa m jms pmrtas hbltrmtmr jbs sarvghgbs faj prbhurmfbr y faj mdbcmfb qua jas nmyml fa raprasaltmr y faialfar al eughgb. Lb bdstmlta, aj jgtgcmlta qua lb talcm farahnb m jm msgstalhgm eurëfghm crmtugtm pbfrí pafgr qua sa ja fasgcla mdbcmfb, prbhurmfbr b mkdbs prbiasgblmjas, humlfb su gltarvalhgøl sam 69
afgtbrgmj } hap
Jm raprasaltmhgøl y sus hjmsas
prahaptgvm b humlfb, lb sgçlfbjb, jm pmrta hbltrmrgm nmym hbkulghmfb mj Vrgdulmj qua mhtumrí faialfgfm pbr mdbcmfb y raprasaltmfm pbr prbhurmfbr. Al aj hmsb fa qua jm patghgøl sa ramjgha pbr aj fakmlfmfb, fadarí ibrkujmrjm al aj pjmzb fa jbs tras fëms sgcugaltas m rahgdgr jm hçfujm fa akpjmzmkgaltb b hgtmhgøl. Astms patghgblas sa nmríl y fahgfgríl hblibrka m jb fgspuastb al jm Jay fa Crmtugtm, sgl lahasgfmf fa mhrafgtmr aj farahnb m bdtalar fghnm msgstalhgm, sgakpra qua aj sbjghgtmlta sa hbkprbkatm m pmcmr jbs nblbrmrgbs y farahnbs fa jbs prbiasgblmjas qua sa ja fasgclal. Humlfb al ul eughgb fa mquajjbs m jbs qua sa raigara aj lõkarb =.µ faj mpmrtmfb = faj mrtëhujb 41?, (jbs qua varsal sbdra rahjmkmhgøl fa hmltgfmfas pbr gkpmcb fa raltms y hmltgfmfas fadgfms y jms qua, gcumjkalta, hbl iulfmkaltb al aj gkpmcb fa jm raltm b hmltgfmfas fadgfms pbr aj mrralfmtmrgb, b al jm axpgrmhgøl faj pjmzb igemfb hbltrmhtumj b jacmjkalta, pratalfml qua aj fuaýb, usuiruhtumrgb b humjqugar btrm parsblm hbl farahnb m pbsaar ulm iglhm rõstghm b urdmlm fmfm al mrralfmkgaltb, brfglmrgb b iglmlhgarb b al mpmrharëm, rahuparal jm pbsasgøl fa fghnm iglhm), mjculm fa jms pmrtas sbjghgtmrm aj rahblbhgkgaltb faj farahnb m jm crmtugtm, aj Vrgdulmj, tml prbltb hbkb talcm lbtghgm fa asta nahnb, fghtmrí ulm rasbjuhgøl kbtgvmfm raqugrgalfb fa jbs hbjacgbs prbiasgblmjas aj lbkdrmkgaltb prbvgsgblmj fa mdbcmfb y fa prbhurmfbr, humlfb jms fasgclmhgblas lb nudgarml sgfb ramjgzmfms hbl mltargbrgfmf, sgl pareughgb faj rasmrhgkgaltb pbstargbr fa jbs nblbrmrgbs hbrraspblfgaltas pbr aj sbjghgtmlta sg sa ja falgacm faspuçs aj farahnb m jm msgstalhgm eurëfghm crmtugtm. c rmtugtm. Fghnm rasbjuhgøl sa hbkulghmrí pbr aj kafgb kís rípgfb pbsgdja m jbs Hbjacgbs fa Mdbcmfbs y fa _rbhurmfbras, trmkgtílfbsa m hbltglumhgøl jm sbjghgtuf sacõl jb pravgstb al jm Jay fa Msgstalhgm Eurëfghm Crmtugtm. Al jbs eughgbs faj mrtëhujb 41?.=, =ª fa jm JAH, aj fakmlfmfb fadarí sbjghgtmr aj rahblbhgkgaltb faj farahnb fa msgstalhgm eurëfghm crmtugtm b gltarasmr jm fasgclmhgøl fa mdbcmfb y prbhurmfbr fa bighgb faltrb fa jbs tras fëms sgcugaltas mj fa jm lbtgighmhgøl fa jm fakmlfm. Xg jm sbjghgtuf sa ramjgzmrm al ul kbkaltb pbstargbr, jm imjtm fa fasgclmhgøl fa mdbcmfb y prbhurmfbr pbr jbs hbjacgbs prbiasgblmjas lb suspalfarí jm hajadrmhgøl faj eughgb, smjvb al jbs supuastbs hbltakpjmfbs al aj pírrmib saculfb faj mrtëhujb =9 fa jm Jay =/=779, fa =? fa alarb, fa Msgstalhgm Eurëfghm Crmtugtm.
8.8 Astmtutb eurëfghb fa jbs prbhurmfbras prbhurmfbras Aj astmtutb eurëfghb fa jbs prbhurmfbras sa alhualtrm rahbcgfb al5 - Jm JB_E (mrts. 164 m 169) - Aj Astmtutb Calarmj fa jbs _rbhurmfbras fa jbs Vrgdulmjas fa Aspmým fa 1 fa fghgakdra fghgakdra fa 4??4 (AC_VA) - Jm Jay 86/4??9, fa 8? fa bhtudra, bhtudra, sbdra aj mhhasb m jms prbiasgblas fa Mdbcmfb y _rbhurmfbr fa jbs jbs Vrgdulmjas
M. Hblhaptb Jm _rbhurm, hbkb aearhghgb fa jm prbiasgøl fa _rbhurmfbr fa jbs Vrgdulmjas, as ulm prbiasgøl jgdra, glfapalfgalta y hbjacgmfm qua tgala hbkb prglhgpmj kgsgøl jm raprasaltmhgøl tçhlghm fa qugalas saml pmrta al humjqugar hjmsa fa prbhafgkgaltb, (mrt. = AC_VA). Xbl prbhurmfbras qugalas raulgalfb jms hblfghgblas jacmjas pmrm ajjb, hbkb hbbparmfbras fa jm Mfkglgstrmhgøl fa Eustghgm, fa ibrkm jgdra a glfapalfgalta hbl sbkatgkgaltb m jm Jay sa alhmrcml5 - Kafgmlta mpbfarmkgaltb, mpbfarmkgaltb, fa fa jm raprasaltmhgøl raprasaltmhgøl fa jbs farahnbs a gltarasas faj pbfarfmlta mlta jbs Euzcmfbs y Vrgdulmjas Vrgdulmjas fa humjqugar humjqugar brfal eurgsfghhgblmj. eurgsfghhgblmj. afgtbrgmj } hap
63
_rbhafgkgaltbs Eufghgmjas. M) Lbrkms Hbkulas m tbfbs jbs _rbhafgkgaltbs Hgvgjas. Vakm =>
- Faj igaj hukpjgkgaltb fa fa mquajjms iulhgblas b fa fa jm prastmhgøl fa mquajjbs mquajjbs sarvghgbs qua jas alhbalhbkgalfal jms jayas.
D. Gltacrmhgøl hbjacgmj bdjgcmtbrgm Xacõl aj mrtëhujb 166 fa jm JB_E, jbs Mdbcmfbs, _rbhurmfbras y Crmfumfbs Xbhgmjas, mltas fa glghgmr su aearhghgb prbiasgblmj, prastmríl eurmkaltb b prbkasm fa mhmtmkgaltb m jm Hblstgtuhgøl y mj rastb r astb faj brfalmkgaltb eurëfghb. Jm hbjacgmhgøl fa jbs Mdbcmfbs, _rbhurmfbras y Crmfumfbs Xbhgmjas sarí bdjgcmtbrgm pmrm mhtumr mlta jbs Euzcmfbs y Vrgdulmjas al jbs tçrkglbs pravgstbs al jm JB_E y pbr jm jacgsjmhgøl calarmj sbdra hbjacgbs prbiasgblmjas, smjvb qua mhtõal mj sarvghgb fa jms Mfkglgstrmhgblas põdjghms b altgfmfas põdjghms pbr rmzøl fa fapalfalhgm iulhgblmrgmj b jmdbrmj. _mrm glhbrpbrmrsa m ul Hbjacgb fa _rbhurmfbras as lahasmrgb5 - Astmr al pbsasgøl faj tëtujb fa prbhurmfbr. - Lb astmr glhursb al hmusm fa glhmpmhgfmf, glhbkpmtgdgjgfmf glhbkpmtgdgjgfmf b prbngdghgøl pmrm aj aearhghgb aearhghgb fa jm _rbhurm. - Hmrahar fa fa mltahafaltas mltahafaltas palmjas palmjas qua qua glnmdgjgtal glnmdgjgtal pmrm jm prbiasgøl prbiasgøl fa fa prbhurmfbr. prbhurmfbr. - Mhrafgtmr aj hukpjgkgaltb fa jms bdjgcmhgblas igshmjas pravgms mj mjtm al jm prbiasgøl. prbiasgøl.
H. Astmtutb parsblmj m. Vëtujb fa prbhurmfbr
Jm bdtalhgøl faj tëtujb prbiasgblmj fa prbhurmfbr fa jbs trgdulmjas as lahasmrgm pmrm fasakpaýmr jm raprasaltmhgøl jacmj fa jms pmrtas al jbs prbhasbs eufghgmjas al hmjgfmf fa prbhurmfbr, ramjgzmlfb jbs mhtbs fa hbkulghmhgøl m jms pmrtas y mquajjbs btrbs mhtbs fa hbbparmhgøl hbl jm Mfkglgstrmhgøl fa Eustghgm qua jm jay jas mutbrgha, mutbrgha, msë hbkb pmrm utgjgzmr jm falbkglmhgøl falbkglmhgøl fa prbhurmfbr fa jbs trgdulmjas, trgdulmjas, sgl pareughgb faj hukpjgkgaltb fa humjasqugarm btrbs raqugsgtbs axgcgfbs pbr jm lbrkmtgvm vgcalta pmrm aj aearhghgb fa jm prbhurm. Jm bdtalhgøl fa jbs tëtujbs prbiasgblmjas fa mdbcmfb b prbhurmfbr sarí raqugsgtb r aqugsgtb gkprashglfgdja gkprashglfgdja pmrm jm hbjacgmhgøl al jbs hbrraspblfgaltas hbjacgbs prbiasgblmjas. • Mhrafgtmhgøl fa mptgtuf mptgtuf prbiasgblmj prbiasgblmj
Valfríl farahnb m bdtalar aj tëtujb prbiasgblmj fa mdbcmfb b aj tëtujb prbiasgblmj fa prbhurmfbr fa jbs trgdulmjas jms parsblms qua sa alhualtral al pbsasgøl faj tëtujb ulgvarsgtmrgb fa jghalhgmfb al Farahnb, b faj tëtujb fa crmfb qua jb sustgtuym fa mhuarfb hbl jms pravgsgblas hbltalgfms al aj mrtëhujb >> fa jm Jay Brcílghm 9/4??=, fa 4= fa fghgakdra, fa Qlgvarsgfmfas y su lbrkmtgvm fa fasmrrbjjb y qua mhrafgtal su hmpmhgtmhgøl prbiasgblmj kafgmlta jm suparmhgøl fa jm hbrraspblfgalta ibrkmhgøl aspahgmjgzmfm y jm avmjumhgøl racujmfm pbr jm jay. Jm ibrkmhgøl aspahgmjgzmfm lahasmrgm pmrm pbfar mhhafar m jms avmjumhgblas hblfuhaltas m jm bdtalhgøl fa astbs tëtujbs as ulm ibrkmhgøl racjmfm y fa hmríhtar bighgmj qua sa mfqugrgrí m trmvçs fa jm ramjgzmhgøl fa hursbs fa ibrkmhgøl mhrafgtmfbs hbleultmkalta pbr aj Kglgstargb fa Eustghgm y aj Kglgstargb fa Afuhmhgøl, Hujturm y Fapbrta m trmvçs faj prbhafgkgaltb qua racjmkaltmrgmkalta sa astmdjazhm. • Hblfghgblas calarmjas pmrm pmrm sar prbhurmfbr
_mrm sar prbhurmfbr as lahasmrgb5
6>
afgtbrgmj } hap
Jm raprasaltmhgøl y sus hjmsas
- Valar lmhgblmjgfmf aspmýbjm b fa mjculb fa jbs Astmfbs kgakdrbs kgakdrbs fa jm Qlgøl Qlgøl Aurbpam b fa jbs Astmfbs pmrta faj Mhuarfb sbdra aj Aspmhgb Ahbløkghb Aurbpab, sgl pareughgb fa jb fgspuastb al Vrmtmfbs b Hblvalgbs gltarlmhgblmjas b smjvb fgspalsm jacmj. - Xar kmybr fa afmf afmf y lb astmr glhursb al al hmusm fa glhmpmhgfmf. glhmpmhgfmf. - Astmr al pbsasgøl pbsasgøl faj faj tëtujb fa fa Jghalhgmfb al Farahnb, b fa jbs jbs tëtujbs axtrmlearbs qua, hbl mrracjb m jm jacgsjmhgøl vgcalta, saml nbkbjbcmfbs m mquçj, msë hbkb jbs tëtujbs bdtalgfbs al jbs Astmfbs kgakdrbs fa jm Qlgøl Aurbpam qua imhujtal pmrm aearhar al ajjbs jm _rbhurm y qua nmyml sgfb rahblbhgfbs al Aspmým. - Nmdar bdtalgfb aj tëtujb fa prbhurmfbr, qua sarí axpafgfb pbr aj Kglgstargb fa Eustghgm, pravgm mhrafgtmhgøl fa jbs raqugsgtbs astmdjahgfbs al asta Astmtutb Calarmj, fa mhuarfb hbl jm Jay. PAj tëtujb fa prbhurmfbr fa jbs trgdulmjas sa axpafgrí aj Kglgstargb fa Eustghgm m jbs crmfumfbs y jghalhgmfbs al farahnb qua nmyml suparmfb aj kístar fa mhhasb m jm prbhurm (pbscrmfb) y mfakís mprbdmfb aj axmkal fa astmfb (pruadms fa mptgtuf)[. d. Hblfghgblas pmrm aj aearhghgb fa jm _rbhurm
_mrm aj aearhghgb fa jm prbiasgøl fa prbhurmfbr sa raqugara5 m) Astmr glhbrpbrmfb m ul Hbjacgb fa _rbhurmfbras. _rbhurmfbras. d) _br Jay, m talbr fa jb astmdjahgfb al jbs mrtëhujbs 89 y =67.=. 8?ª fa jm Hblstgtuhgøl, sa pbfríl astmdjahar iørkujms nbkbjbcmdjas hbl aj rastb fa jbs pmësas fa jm Qlgøl Aurbpam qua cmrmltghal jm prapmrmhgøl aspahëighm pmrm aj aearhghgb fa jm prbiasgøl. h) _rastmr eurmkaltb b prbkasm fa fa mhmtmkgaltb m jm Hblstgtuhgøl, msë hbkb mj rastb faj brfalmkgaltb brfalmkgaltb eurëfghb, mlta jm mutbrgfmf eufghgmj fa kmybr rmlcb faj _mrtgfb _mrtgfb Eufghgmj al aj qua sa vmym m aearhar, b mlta jm Eultm fa Cbdgarlb fa su Hbjacgb. f) Astmr fmfb fa mjtm al jm Kutumjgfmf fa _rbhurmfbras fa jbs Vrgdulmjas fa Aspmým, Aspmým, Kutumjgfmf fa _ravgsgøl Xbhgmj m _rgkm Igem b, mjtarlmtgvmkalta, al aj Tçcgkal Aspahgmj fa Vrmdmemfbras Mutølbkbs, al jbs tçrkglbs astmdjahgfbs al jm fgspbsghgøl mfghgblmj fahgkbqugltm fa jm Jay 8?/=771, fa > fa lbvgakdra, fa Brfalmhgøl y Xuparvgsgøl fa jbs Xacurbs _rgvmfbs, b hbl humjqugar jacgsjmhgøl hblhbrfmlta. h. Glhmpmhgfmfas
Xbl hgrhulstmlhgms qua glhmpmhgtml pmrm aj aearhghgb fa jm prbiasgøl fa prbhurmfbr5 m) Jbs gkpafgkaltbs gkpafgkaltbs qua, pbr su lmturmjazm a gltalsgfmf, gkpbsgdgjgtal gkpbsgdgjgtal aj hukpjgkgaltb hukpjgkgaltb fa jms iulhgblas mtrgdugfms m jbs prbhurmfbras. d) Jm glnmdgjgtmhgøl glnmdgjgtmhgøl b suspalsgøl suspalsgøl axprasm pmrm aj aearhghgb fa jm prbiasgøl prbiasgøl fa prbhurmfbr b fa humjqugar humjqugar btrm prbiasgøl faj íkdgtb fa jm Mfkglgstrmhgøl fa Eustghgm y fakís Mfkglgstrmhgblas põdjghms, al vgrtuf fa rasbjuhgøl eufghgmj b hbrpbrmtgvm igrka. h) Jms rasbjuhgblas fgshgpjglmrgms fgshgpjglmrgms igrkas qua gkpblcml jm suspalsgøl suspalsgøl al aj aearhghgb prbiasgblmj b jm axpujsgøl faj Hbjacgb fa _rbhurmfbras. Jms glhmpmhgfmfas fasmpmraharíl humlfb hasal jms hmusms qua jms nudgaral kbtgvmfb b sa nmym axtglcugfb jm raspblsmdgjgfmf palmj y fgshgpjglmrgm, hblibrka mj Astmtutb Calarmj. f. _arfgfm fa jm hblfghgøl fa hbjacgmfb
Jm hblfghgøl fa hbjacgmfb sa parfarí y fmrí jucmr m jm dmem glkafgmtm5 m) _br imjjahgkgaltb. afgtbrgmj } hap
67
_rbhafgkgaltbs Eufghgmjas. M) Lbrkms Hbkulas m tbfbs jbs _rbhafgkgaltbs Hgvgjas. Vakm =>
d) _br hasa vbjultmrgb vbjultmrgb al aj aearhghgb fa jm prbiasgøl. prbiasgøl. h) _br imjtm fa pmcb pmcb fa jms hubtms hubtms brfglmrgms b axtrmbrfglmrgms axtrmbrfglmrgms y fa jms fakís hmrcms hbjacgmjas. Lb bdstmlta, jbs hbjacgmfbs pbfríl ranmdgjgtmr sus farahnbs pmcmlfb jm hmltgfmf mfaufmfm kís sus gltarasas mj tgpb jacmj y, al su hmsb, aj gkpbrta fa jm smlhgøl qua sa ja gkpblcm. f) _br saltalhgm igrka qua jjava hblsgcb hblsgcb jm mhhasbrgm fa glnmdgjgtmhgøl pmrm aj aearhghgb fa jm prbiasgøl. a) _br smlhgøl igrka fa axpujsgøl faj Hbjacgb, mhbrfmfm al axpafgalta fgshgpjglmrgb. i) _br mjtm al btrb Hbjacgb fa _rbhurmfbras, smjvb qua nmym pmsmfb m jm hblfghgøl fa lb aearhgalta al mquaj mj qua partalahgarm mltargbrkalta. Al tbfbs astbs hmsbs hbrraspblfa m jm Eultm fa Cbdgarlb faj Hbjacgb mhbrfmr jm pçrfgfm fa jm hblfghgøl fa hbjacgmfb. Aj mhuarfb sa mfbptmrí al rasbjuhgøl kbtgvmfm qua, ulm vaz igrka, sarí hbkulghmfm mj Hblsaeb Calarmj fa _rbhurmfbras fa jbs Vrgdulmjas, msë hbkb m jbs ørcmlbs eurgsfghhgblmjas hbrraspblfgaltas. a. _rbngdghgblas
Mtalhgøl Xmjvb qua jm Jay fgspblcm btrm hbsm, jms pmrtas pbfríl fasgclmr jgdrakalta m _rbhurmfbras y Mdbcmfbs. Xa fasgclmríl fa bighgb m qugal jb sbjghgta b sa lgacua m lbkdrmrjbs, sgalfb prahaptgvm su gltarvalhgøl. Jm faialsm fa bighgb talfrí hmríhtar crmtugtb pmrm qugal mhrafgta glsuighgalhgm fa rahursbs pmrm jgtgcmr. Al jbs prbhafgkgaltbs jmdbrmjas y fa Xacurgfmf Xbhgmj jm raprasaltmhgøl tçhlghm pbfrí sar bstaltmfm pbr Crmfumfb Xbhgmj hbjacgmfb.
1?
M jbs _rbhurmfbras fa jbs Vrgdulmjas jas astí prbngdgfb5 m) Aearhar jm _rbhurm astmlfb glhursbs al hmusm fa glhbkpmtgdgjgfmf. d) _rastmr su igrkm m qugalas, pbr humjqugar hmusm, lb puafml aearhar hbkb prbhurmfbras. h) Kmltalar vëlhujbs msbhgmtgvbs b jmdbrmjas jmdbrmjas fa hmríhtar prbiasgblmj hbl prbiasgblmjas qua gkpgfml aj hbrrahtb aearhghgb fa jm _rbhurm b qua pblcml al pajgcrb aj sahratb prbiasgblmj. f) Vbfm mhtumhgøl al irmufa fa jay qua fgrahtm b glfgrahtmkalta pratalfm durjmr jms mltargbras prbngdghgblas. i. Glhbkpmtgdgjgfmfas
Jm prbiasgøl fa prbhurmfbr as glhbkpmtgdja hbl5 m) Aj aearhghgb fa jm iulhgøl eufghgmj b igshmj, igshmj, humjqugarm qua sam su falbkglmhgøl y crmfb, hbl aj fasakpaýb faj Xahratmrgmfb fa jbs Euzcmfbs y Vrgdulmjas y hbl tbfb akpjab y iulhgøl muxgjgmr b sudmjtarlm al ørcmlb eurgsfghhgblmj. d) Aj aearhghgb fa jm Mdbcmhëm PFahjmrmfb lujb pbr jm Xaltalhgm VX (Xmjm 8.ª, Xahhgøl 9.ª) fa 47 alarb fa 4??6[ h) Aj aearhghgb fa jm prbiasgøl prbiasgøl fa Mcalta fa Lacbhgbs, Lacbhgbs, Castbr Mfkglgstrmtgvb, Crmfumfb Xbhgmj, y humjasqugarm btrms huym prbpgm lbrkmtgvm racujmfbrm msë jb aspahgigqua.
afgtbrgmj } hap
Jm raprasaltmhgøl y sus hjmsas
f) Hbl aj fasakpaýb fa hmrcbs, iulhgblas b akpjabs põdjghbs al jbs ørcmlbs glstgtuhgblmjas faj Astmfb, fa jm Mfkglgstrmhgøl fa Eustghgm y fa jms Mfkglgstrmhgblas põdjghms y jbs Brcmlgskbs põdjghbs fapalfgaltas fa ajjms. a) Humjqugar akpjab akpjab rakularmfb al jbs Hbjacgbs Hbjacgbs fa _rbhurmfbras y Mdbcmfbs. Mdbcmfbs. Al jbs supuastbs fa aearhghgb sgkujtílab hbl btrms prbiasgblas b mhtgvgfmfas hbkpmtgdjas, sa raspatmrí aj prglhgpgb fa glkafgmhgøl y msgstalhgm m euzcmfbs y trgdulmjas al nbrms fa mufgalhgm. c. Ajahhgøl fa prbhurmfbr. Mhaptmhgøl y ralulhgm
Xacõl aj mrtëhujb 161 fa jm JB_E, smjvb qua jm jay fgspblcm btrm hbsm, jms pmrtas pbfríl fasgclmr jgdrakalta m sus raprasaltmltas y faialsbras altra jbs _rbhurmfbras y Mdbcmfbs qua raõlml jbs raqugsgtbs axgcgfbs pbr jms jayas. Al jbs prbhafgkgaltbs jmdbrmjas y fa Xacurgfmf Xbhgmj jm raprasaltmhgøl tçhlghm pbfrí sar bstaltmfm pbr ul Crmfumfb Xbhgmj, mj qua saríl fa mpjghmhgøl jms bdjgcmhgblas glnaraltas m su iulhgøl, fa mhuarfb hbl jb fgspuastb al su brfalmkgaltb eurëfghb prbiasgblmj, al aj tëtujb fa jm JB_E rajmtgvb m jbs Mdbcmfbs, _rbhurmfbras y Crmfumfbs Xbhgmjas y aspahgmjkalta al jbs mrtëhujbs =>3, 164.8 y 169 fa jm JB_E. Xa fasgclmríl fa bighgb, hbl mrracjb m jb qua al jms jayas sa astmdjazhm, m qugal jb sbjghgta b sa lgacua m lbkdrmrjbs, sgalfb prahaptgvm su gltarvalhgøl. Jm faialsm b raprasaltmhgøl fa bighgb talfrí hmríhtar crmtugtb pmrm qugal mhrafgta glsuighgalhgm fa rahursbs pmrm jgtgcmr al jbs tçrkglbs qua astmdjazhm jm jay. _br btrb jmfb, aj prbhurmfbr lb aearhgalta qua iuasa pmrta al ul prbhasb, pbfrí mhtumr pbr së kgskb mlta aj ørcmlb eurgsfghhgblmj, sgl lahasgfmf fa qua btrb prbhurmfbr jb raprasalta. Aj prbhurmfbr lb aearhgalta pbfrí, tmkdgçl, fasakpaýmr jm raprasaltmhgøl prbhasmj fa su hølyuca b imkgjgmras nmstm aj 4µ crmfb fa hblsmlcuglgfmf b miglgfmf. • Fasgclmhgøl fa fa _rbhurmfbr _rbhurmfbr y fa Mdbcmfb
Iuarm fa jbs hmsbs fa fasgclmhgøl fa bighgb pravgstbs al jm Jay fa Msgstalhgm Eurëfghm Crmtugtm, hbrraspblfa m jms pmrtas hbltrmtmr jbs sarvghgbs faj prbhurmfbr y faj mdbcmfb qua jas nmyml fa raprasaltmr y faialfar al eughgb. Lb bdstmlta, aj jgtgcmlta qua lb talcm farahnb m jm msgstalhgm eurëfghm crmtugtm pbfrí pafgr qua sa ja fasgcla mdbcmfb, prbhurmfbr b mkdbs prbiasgblmjas, humlfb su gltarvalhgøl sam prahaptgvm b humlfb, lb sgçlfbjb, jm pmrta hbltrmrgm nmym hbkulghmfb mj Vrgdulmj qua mhtumrí faialfgfm pbr mdbcmfb y raprasaltmfm pbr prbhurmfbr. Al aj hmsb fa qua jm patghgøl sa ramjgha pbr aj fakmlfmfb, fadarí ibrkujmrjm al aj pjmzb fa jbs tras fëms sgcugaltas m rahgdgr jm hçfujm fa akpjmzmkgaltb b hgtmhgøl. Astms patghgblas sa nmríl y fahgfgríl hblibrka m jb fgspuastb al jm Jay fa Msgstalhgm Eurëfghm Crmtugtm, sgl lahasgfmf fa mhrafgtmr aj farahnb m bdtalar fghnm msgstalhgm, sgakpra qua aj sbjghgtmlta sa hbkprbkatm m pmcmr jbs nblbrmrgbs y farahnbs fa jbs prbiasgblmjas qua sa ja fasgclal. • Jgdartmf fa mhaptmhgøl mhaptmhgøl y ralulhgm ralulhgm
Jbs prbhurmfbras talfríl pjalm jgdartmf pmrm mhaptmr b rahnmzmr jm raprasaltmhgøl prbhasmj al ul msultb fatarkglmfb. Vmkdgçl pbfríl ralulhgmr m jm raprasaltmhgøl mhaptmfm al humjqugar imsa faj prbhafgkgaltb, parb sgakpra fa hblibrkgfmf hbl jb fgspuastb al jms jayas.
afgtbrgmj } hap
1=
_rbhafgkgaltbs Eufghgmjas. M) Lbrkms Hbkulas m tbfbs jbs _rbhafgkgaltbs Hgvgjas. Vakm =>
F. Farahnbs y fadaras fa jbs prbhurmfbras Hbkb lbrkm dísghm nmdrí qua astmr m jb fgspuastb al aj mrtëhujb 168 fa jm JB_E hblibrka mj humj5 - Hbrraspblfa axhjusgvmkalta m jbs prbhurmfbras jm raprasaltmhgøl fa jms pmrtas al tbfb tgpb fa prbhasbs, smjvb humlfb jm jay mutbrgha btrm hbsm. - _bfríl ramjgzmr jbs mhtbs fa hbkulghmhgøl hbkulghmhgøl m jms pmrtas pmrtas faj prbhasb qua jm jay jas mutbrgha. - Jbs prbhurmfbras fadaríl cumrfmr sahratb fa tbfbs jbs nahnbs b lbtghgms fa qua hblbzhml pbr rmzøl fa humjqugarm fa jms kbfmjgfmfas fa su mhtumhgøl prbiasgblmj, lb pufgalfb sar bdjgcmfbs m fahjmrmr sbdra jbs kgskbs. - Al aj aearhghgb fa su prbiasgøl jbs prbhurmfbras pbfríl sar sustgtugfbs pbr btrb prbhurmfbr. Vmkdgçl pmrm jbs mhtbs y al jm ibrkm qua sa fatarkgla racjmkaltmrgmkalta pbfríl sar sustgtugfbs pbr bighgmj nmdgjgtmfb. m. Fadaras • Fadaras asalhgmjas fa jbs prbhurmfbras prbhurmfbras
As fadar faj prbhurmfbr fasakpaýmr dgal y igajkalta jm raprasaltmhgøl r aprasaltmhgøl prbhasmj qua sa ja alhbkgalfa y hbbparmr hbl jbs ørcmlbs eurgsfghhgblmjas al jm mjtm iulhgøl põdjghm fa mfkglgstrmr eustghgm, mhtumlfb hbl prbiasgblmjgfmf, nblrmfaz, jamjtmf, fgjgcalhgm fgjgcalhgm y igrkazm al jm faialsm fa jbs gltarasas fa sus raprasaltmfbs. Al sus rajmhgblas hbl jbs ørcmlbs mfkglgstrmtgvbs y eurgsfghhgblmjas, hbl sus hbkpmýarbs prbhurmfbras, hbl aj jatrmfb y hbl su kmlfmlta aj prbhurmfbr sa hblfuhgrí hbl prbdgfmf, jamjtmf, varmhgfmf y raspatb. Hbl jm pmrta mfvarsm kmltalfrí, al tbfb kbkaltb, ul trmtb hblsgfarmfb y hbrrahtb. • Fadaras calarmjas faj prbhurmfbr prbhurmfbr
Mhaptmfb aj pbfar, aj prbhurmfbr quafmrí bdjgcmfb5 =.µ M sacugr aj msultb kgaltrms lb hasa al su raprasaltmhgøl pbr mjculm fa jms hmusms axprasmfms al aj mrtëhujb 8? JAH. Ja hbrraspblfa jm bdjgcmhgøl fa hbjmdbrmr hbl jbs ørcmlbs eurgsfghhgblmjas pmrm jm sudsmlmhgøl fa jbs faiahtbs prbhasmjas, msë hbkb jm ramjgzmhgøl fa tbfms mquajjms mhtumhgblas qua rasujtal lahasmrgms pmrm aj gkpujsb y jm dualm kmrhnm faj prbhasb. 4.µ M trmlskgtgr mj mdbcmfb ajacgfb pbr su hjgalta b pbr çj kgskb, humlfb m astb sa axtgalfm aj pbfar, tbfbs jbs fbhukaltbs, mltahafaltas b glstruhhgblas qua sa ja rakgtml b puafm mfqugrgr, nmhgalfb humltb hblfuzhm m jm faialsm fa jbs gltarasas fa su pbfarfmlta, dmeb jm raspblsmdgjgfmf qua jms jayas gkpblal mj kmlfmtmrgb. Humlfb lb tuvgasa tuvgasa glstruhhgblas glstruhhgblas b iuaral glsuighgaltas glsuighgaltas jms rakgtgfms rakgtgfms pbr pbr aj pbfarfmlta, nmrí jb qua raqugarm jm lmturmjazm b ëlfbja faj msultb. 8.µ M talar mj pbfarfmlta y mj mdbcmfb sgakpra mj hbrrgalta faj hursb faj msultb qua sa ja nudgara hbligmfb, pmsmlfb mj saculfb hbpgms fa tbfms jms rasbjuhgblas qua sa ja lbtgigqual y fa jbs ashrgtbs y fbhukaltbs qua ja saml trmsjmfmfbs pbr aj trgdulmj b pbr jbs prbhurmfbras fa jms fakís pmrtas. 6.µ M trmsjmfmr jbs ashrgtbs fa su pbfarfmlta y fa su jatrmfb m jbs prbhurmfbras fa jms rastmltas pmrtas al jm ibrkm pravgstm al aj mrtëhujb 439 JAH.
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afgtbrgmj } hap
Jm raprasaltmhgøl y sus hjmsas
1.µ M rahbcar faj mdbcmfb qua hasa al jm fgrahhgøl fa ul msultb jms hbpgms fa jbs ashrgtbs y fbhukaltbs y fakís mltahafaltas qua sa raigarml m fghnb msultb, pmrm altracmrjbs mj qua sa alhmrcua fa hbltglumrjb b mj pbfarfmlta. 9.µ M hbkulghmr fa kmlarm glkafgmtm mj trgdulmj jm gkpbsgdgjgfmf fa hukpjgr mjculm mhtumhgøl qua talcm alhbkalfmfm. 3.µ M pmcmr tbfbs jbs cmstbs qua sa hmusmral m su glstmlhgm, axhaptb jbs nblbrmrgbs fa jbs mdbcmfbs y jbs hbrraspblfgaltas m jbs pargtbs, jms tmsms pbr aj aearhghgb fa jm pbtastmf eurgsfghhgblmj eurgsfghhgb lmj y jbs fapøsgtbs fapøsgtbs lahasmrgbs lahasmrgbs pmrm pmrm jm prasaltmhgøl prasaltmhgøl fa rahursbs, smjvb qua aj pbfarfmlta ja nmym altracmfb jbs iblfbs lahasmrgbs pmrm su mdblb. >.µ M jm ramjgzmhgøl fa jbs mhtbs fa hbkulghmhgøl y btrbs mhtbs fa hbbparmhgøl hbl jm Mfkglgstrmhgøl fa Eustghgm qua su raprasaltmfb ja sbjghgta, b al gltarçs fa çsta humlfb msë sa mhuarfa al aj trmlshursb faj prbhafgkgaltb eufghgmj pbr aj Jatrmfb fa jm Mfkglgstrmhgøl fa Eustghgm, fa hblibrkgfmf hbl jb pravgstb al jms jayas prbhasmjas. 7.µ M mhufgr m jbs euzcmfbs y trgdulmjas mlta jbs qua aearzm jm prbiasgøl, m jms smjms fa lbtgighmhgblas y sarvghgbs hbkulas, furmlta aj parëbfb nídgj fa mhtumhgblas. d. Farahnbs
Jbs prbhurmfbras tgalal farahnb5 m) M rahmdmr fa jbs ørcmlbs ørcmlbs hbrpbrmtgvbs jm prbtahhgøl fa su mhtumhgøl prbiasgblmj, fa su glfapalfalhgm y fa su jgdra hrgtargb fa mhtumhgøl, sgakpra qua sa meusta m jb astmdjahgfb al aj brfalmkgaltb eurëfghb y, al pmrtghujmr, m jms lbrkms çtghms y fabltbjøcghms. Fasfa juacb, pbfríl pafgr m jbs hmrcbs hbrpbrmtgvbs, axpblgalfb jms rmzblas fa su patghgøl, qua sa pblcm al hblbhgkgaltb fa jbs ørcmlbs fa cbdgarlb faj _bfar Eufghgmj, eurgsfghhgblmjas b mfkglgstrmtgvbs, jm vujlarmhgøl b fashblbhgkgaltb fa jbs farahnbs fa jbs hbjacgmfbs. d) M jm rakularmhgøl eustm y mfahumfm fa sus sarvghgbs prbiasgblmjas hbl mrracjb mj mrmlhaj, qua sarí raspatmfm al rajmhgøl hbl sus narafarbs al hmsb fa imjjahgkgaltb. Al lglcõl hmsb sa mfkgtgrí jm igemhgøl faj pmcb qua rasujta glhbkpmtg dja hbl jms lbrkms lbrkms mrmlhajmrgms. h) M jbs favalcbs qua prbhafml pbr jms mhtumhgblas fa hmríhtar axtrmeufghgmj, tbfb ajjb hblibrka m jms racjms faj kmlfmtb. f) M jbs nblbras, praiaralhgms y hblsgfarmhgblas rahblbhgfbs pbr jm Jay m jm prbiasgøl, al pmrtghujmr, mj usb fa jm tbcm humlfb msgstml m sasgblas fa jbs euzcmfbs y trgdulmjas y mhtbs sbjaklas eufghgmjas, y m bhupmr msgaltb al astrmfbs m jm afgtbrgmj } hap
Tahuarfa Jbs prbhurmfbras al su aearhghgb prbiasgblmj parhgdgríl jbs farahnbs qua igeal jms fgspbsghgblas mrmlhajmrgms vgcaltas
18
_rbhafgkgaltbs Eufghgmjas. M) Lbrkms Hbkulas m tbfbs jbs _rbhafgkgaltbs Hgvgjas. Vakm =>
kgskm mjturm fa jbs kgakdrbs faj trgdulmj, igshmjas, Jatrmfbs fa jm Mfkglgstrmhgøl fa Eustghgm y mdbcmfbs. a) M pmrtghgpmr, hbl vbz y vbtb, al jm Msmkdjam Calarmj fa su raspahtgvb Hbjacgb, m ibrkujmr patghgblas y prbpuastms, m mhhafar, al hblfghgblas fa gcumjfmf, m jbs hmrcbs hbjacgmjas, al jm ibrkm y raqugsgtbs qua astmdjazhml jms lbrkms jacmjas y astmtutmrgms y m jbs fakís farahnbs qua pmrm jbs hbjacgmfbs sa hbltakpjml al aj brfalmkgaltb eurëfghb mpjghmdja. i) M sar sustgtugfb, al humjqugar mhtumhgøl prbhasmj pbr btrb prbhurmfbr aearhgalta al jm kgskm fakmrhmhgøl tarrgtbrgmj. h. Aspahgmj raiaralhgm m jm prbvgsgøl fa iblfbs
Aj pbfarfmlta astí bdjgcmfb m prbvaar fa iblfbs mj _rbhurmfbr, hblibrka m jb astmdjahgfb pbr jm jacgsjmhgøl hgvgj mpjghmdja pmrm aj hbltrmtb fa kmlfmtb. Xg, faspuçs fa glghgmfb ul prbhasb, aj pbfarfmlta lb nmdgjgtmra m su prbhurmfbr hbl jbs iblfbs lahasmrgbs pmrm hbltglumrjb, pbfrí çsta pafgr qua sam mquçj mprakgmfb m vargighmrjb. Astm pratalsgøl sa fafuhgrí mlta aj Vrgdulmj qua astuvgara hblbhgalfb faj msultb. Fafuhgfm fghnm pratalsgøl, pbr aj Jatrmfb fa jm Mfkglgstrmhgøl fa Eustghgm sa fmrí trmsjmfb mj pbfarfmlta pbr aj pjmzb fa fgaz fëms y aj Jatrmfb fa jm Mfkglgstrmhgøl fa Eustghgm rasbjvarí kafgmlta fahratb jb qua prbhafm, igemlfb, al su hmsb, jm hmltgfmf qua astgka lahasmrgm y aj pjmzb al qua nmym fa altracmrsa, dmeb mparhgdgkgaltb fa mprakgb.
Xmdëm qua Aj brgcal ngstørghb fa jbs mdbcmfbs astí al aj tçrkglb jmtglb ‚mfvbhmtus‛, (aj jjmkmfb al muxgjgb). Xgalfb su bighgmjgzmhgøl al luastrb farahnb jm qua sa astm djaha aj Jms _mrtgf _mrtgfms ms (GGG, YG, G), qua nmdjml fa jbs dbzarbs hbkb5 ‚bka qua rmzblm pjaytb
fa btrb al Euyzgb, b al aj suyb kgskb, al fakmlfmlfb b al rapralfgalfb. A nm mssg lbka, pbrqua hbl dbzas a hbl pmjm drms, ussm fa su bighgb‛
16
f. Aspahgmj raiaralhgm m jm hualtm faj prbhurmfbr
Humlfb ul prbhurmfbr talcm qua axgcgr fa su pbfarfmlta kbrbsb jms hmltgfmfas qua çsta ja mfaufa pbr jbs farahnbs y cmstbs qua nudgara supjgfb pmrm aj msultb, pbfrí prasaltmr mlta aj Jatrmfb fa jm Mfkglgstrmhgøl fa Eustghgm faj jucmr al qua çsta rmfghmra hualtm fatmjjmfm y eustgighmfm, kmlgiastmlfb qua ja sbl fadgfms y lb smtgsiahnms jms hmltgfmfas qua fa ajjm rasujtal y rahjmka. Gcumj farahnb qua jbs prbhurmfbras talfríl sus narafarbs raspahtb m jbs hrçfgtbs fa astm lmturmjazm qua mquçjjbs jas faemral. Lb sarí prahaptgvm jm gltarvalhgøl fa mdbcmfb lg prbhurmfbr. _rasaltmfm jm hualtm y mfkgtgfm pbr aj Jatrmfb fa jm Mfkglgstrmhgøl fa Eustghgm, çsta raquargrí mj pbfarfmlta pmrm qua pmcua fghnm sukm b gkpucla jm hualtm pbr sar glfadgfm, al aj pjmzb fa fgaz fëms, dmeb mparhgdgkgaltb fa mprakgb sg lb pmcmra lg ibrkujmra gkpuclmhgøl.
afgtbrgmj } hap
Jm raprasaltmhgøl y sus hjmsas
Xg, faltrb fa fghnb pjmzb, sa bpusgara aj pbfarfmlta, aj Jatrmfb fa jm Mfkglgstrmhgøl fa Eustghgm fmrí trmsjmfb mj prbhurmfbr pbr tras fëms pmrm qua sa prblulhga sbdra jm gkpuclmhgøl. M hbltglumhgøl, aj Jatrmfb fa jm Mfkglgstrmhgøl fa Eustghgm axmkglmrí jm hualtm y jms mhtumhgblas prbhasmjas, msë hbkb jm fbhukaltmhgøl mpbrtmfm, y fghtmrí, al aj pjmzb fa fgaz fëms, fahratb fatarkglmlfb jm hmltgfmf qua nmym fa smtgsimharsa mj prbhurmfbr, dmeb mparhgdgkgaltb fa mprakgb sg aj pmcb lb sa aiahtumsa faltrb fa jbs hglhb fëms sgcugaltas m jm lbtgighmhgøl. Aj fahratb m qua sa raigara aj pírrmib mltargbr lb sarí sushaptgdja fa rahursb, parb lb praeuzcmrí, lg sgqugarm pmrhgmjkalta, jm saltalhgm qua pufgara rahmar al eughgb e ughgb brfglmrgb ujtargbr. Xg aj pbfarfmlta lb ibrkujmra bpbsghgøl faltrb faj pjmzb astmdjahgfb, sa faspmhnmrí aeahuhgøl pbr jm hmltgfmf m qua mshgalfm jm hualtm.
8.6 Astmtutb eurëfghb fa jbs mdbcmfbs mdbcmfbs Aj astmtutb eurëfghb fa jbs mdbcmfbs sa alhualtrm rahbcgfb al5 - Jm JB_E (mrts. 164 m 169) - Astmtutb Calarmj Calarmj fa jm Mdbcmhëm Aspmýbjm fa fa 44 fa eulgb fa 4??= (ACMA) - Jm Jay 86/4??9, fa 8? fa bhtudra, bhtudra, sbdra aj mhhasb m jms prbiasgblas fa Mdbcmfb y _rbhurmfbr fa jbs jbs Vrgdulmjas
M. Hblhaptb Xacõl aj mrtëhujb 164.= JB_E, hbrraspblfa al axhjusgvm jm falbkglmhgøl y iulhgøl fa mdbcmfb mj jghalhgmfb al Farahnb qua aearzm prbiasgblmjkalta jm fgrahhgøl y faialsm fa jms pmrtas al tbfm hjmsa fa prbhasbs, b aj msasbrmkgaltb y hblsaeb eurëfghb. Al su mhtumhgøl mlta jbs euzcmfbs y trgdulmjas, jbs mdbcmfbs sbl jgdras a glfapalfgaltas, sa sueatmríl mj prglhgpgb fa dualm ia, cbzmríl fa jbs farahnbs glnaraltas m jm fgclgfmf fa su iulhgøl y saríl mkpmrmfbs pbr mquçjjbs al su jgdartmf fa axprasgøl y faialsm. Jbs mdbcmfbs fadaríl cumrfmr sahratb fa tbfbs jbs nahnbs b lbtghgms fa qua hblbzhml pbr rmzøl fa humjqugarm fa jms kbfmjgfmfas fa su mhtumhgøl prbiasgblmj, lb pufgalfb sar bdjgcmfbs m fahjmrmr sbdra jbs kgskbs. _br su pmrta, aj ACMA fatarkglm qua jm mdbcmhëm as ulm prbiasgøl jgdra a glfapalfgalta qua prastm ul sarvghgb m jm sbhgafmf al gltarçs põdjghb y qua sa aearha al rçcgkal fa jgdra y jamj hbkpatalhgm pbr kafgb faj hblsaeb y jm faialsm fa farahnbs a gltarasas põdjghbs b prgvmfbs, kafgmlta jm mpjghmhgøl fa jm hgalhgm y jm tçhlghm eurëfghms, al brfal m jm hblhbrfgm, m jm aiahtgvgfmf fa jbs farahnbs y jgdartmfas iulfmkaltmjas y m jm Eustghgm. Al aj aearhghgb prbiasgblmj, aj mdbcmfb quafm sbkatgfb m jm lbrkmtgvm jacmj y astmtutmrgm, mj igaj hukpjgkgaltb fa jms lbrkms y usbs fa jm fabltbjbcëm prbiasgblmj fa jm mdbcmhëm y mj hblsgcugalta rçcgkal fgshgpjglmrgb hbjacgmj. Xbl mdbcmfbs qugalas, glhbrpbrmfbs m ul Hbjacgb aspmýbj fa Mdbcmfbs, al hmjgfmf fa aearhgaltas y hukpjgfbs jbs raqugsgtbs lahasmrgbs pmrm ajjb, sa fafghml fa ibrkm prbiasgblmj mj msasbrmkgaltb, hblhbrfgm y faialsm fa jbs gltarasas eurëfghbs mealbs, põdjghbs b prgvmfbs. Hbrraspblfa al axhjusgvm jm falbkglmhgøl y iulhgøl fa mdbcmfb m qugalas jb saml fa mhuarfb hbl jm prahafalta faiglghgøl, y al jbs tçrkglbs pravgstbs pbr aj mrtëhujb 164 fa jm Jay Brcílghm faj _bfar Eufghgmj.
afgtbrgmj } hap
11
_rbhafgkgaltbs Eufghgmjas. M) Lbrkms Hbkulas m tbfbs jbs _rbhafgkgaltbs Hgvgjas. Vakm =>
D. Gltacrmhgøl hbjacgmj bdjgcmtbrgm Jm mdbcmhëm as ulm prbiasgøl jgdra a glfapalfgalta qua pbfrí aearharsa mlta humjqugar hjmsa fa Vrgdulmjas, ørcmlbs mfkglgstrmtgvbs, msbhgmhgblas, hbrpbrmhgblas y altgfmfas põdjghms fa humjqugar ëlfbja. Xgl akdmrcb, pmrm su aearhghgb sa axgca jm pravgm glhbrpbrmhgøl m ul Hbjacgb fa Mdbcmfbs. Vmjas Hbjacgbs, hbkb hbrpbrmhgblas fa farahnb põdjghb sbl mkpmrmfms pbr jm Jay y rahblbhgfms pbr aj Astmfb, hbl parsblmjgfmf eurëfghm prbpgm y pjalm hmpmhgfmf pmrm aj hukpjgkgaltb fa sus iglas. Msë, fa mhuarfb hbl aj mrtëhujb 166 fa jm JB_E, jbs Mdbcmfbs, _rbhurmfbras y Crmfumfbs Xbhgmjas, mltas fa glghgmr su aearhghgb prbiasgblmj, prastmríl eurmkaltb b prbkasm fa mhmtmkgaltb m jm Hblstgtuhgøl y mj rastb faj brfalmkgaltb eurëfghb. Jm hbjacgmhgøl fa jbs Mdbcmfbs, _rbhurmfbras y Crmfumfbs Xbhgmjas sarí bdjgcmtbrgm pmrm mhtumr mlta jbs Euzcmfbs y Vrgdulmjas al jbs tçrkglbs pravgstbs al jm JB_E y pbr jm jacgsjmhgøl calarmj sbdra hbjacgbs prbiasgblmjas, smjvb qua mhtõal mj sarvghgb fa jms Mfkglgstrmhgblas põdjghms b altgfmfas põdjghms pbr rmzøl fa fapalfalhgm iulhgblmrgmj b jmdbrmj. Aj ACMA hblhratm qua pmrm aj aearhghgb fa jm mdbcmhëm as bdjgcmtbrgm jm hbjacgmhgøl al ul Hbjacgb fa Mdbcmfbs, smjvb al jbs hmsbs fatarkglmfbs axprasmkalta pbr jm Jay b pbr asta Astmtutb Calarmj. Dmstmrí jm glhbrpbrmhgøl m ul sbjb Hbjacgb, qua sarí aj faj fbkghgjgb prbiasgblmj õlghb b prglhgpmj, pmrm aearhar al tbfb aj tarrgtbrgb faj Astmfb. Fadgçlfbsa mýmfgr qua tbfb mdbcmfb glhbrpbrmfb m humjqugar Hbjacgb fa Mdbcmfbs fa Aspmým pbfrí prastmr sus sarvghgbs jgdrakalta, lb søjb al tbfb aj Astmfb, sglb tmkdgçl mlta jbs ørcmlbs eurgsfghhgblmjas fa jm QA, y jbs fakís ørcmlbs eurgsfghhgblmjas e urgsfghhgblmjas gltarlmhgblmjas, gltarlmhgblmjas, msë hbkb al aj rastb fa astmfbs fa jm QA y al jbs fakís pmësas sg dgal hbl mrracjb m jm lbrkmtgvm vgcalta. Jbs mdbcmfbs fa btrbs pmësas pbfríl aearhar al Aspmým hblibrka m jm lbrkmtgvm vgcalta. _br axhaphgøl, jm hbjacgmhgøl lb as lahasmrgm5 - Humlfb aj mdbcmfb mhtõm mj sarvghgb fa jms Mfkglgstrmhgblas _õdjghms b altgfmfas põdjghms pbr rmzøl fa fapalfalhgm iulhgblmrgmj b jmdbrmj (mrt. 166 JB_E). - Humlfb aj mdbcmfb mhtõm al faialsm fa msultbs prbpgbs prbpgbs b fa pmrgaltas nmstm aj aj tarhar crmfb fa hblsmlcuglgfmf b saculfb fa miglgfmf, sgakpra qua jm parsblm qua mhtuç hbkb mdbcmfb talcm jm hmpmhgfmf jacmj pmrm aj aearhghgb fa jm prbiasgøl (mrt. =3.1 ACMA).
H. Astmtutb parsblmj m. Vëtujb fa mdbcmfb
Xacõl rasujtm fa jm Jay 86/4??9, fa 8? fa bhtudra, sbdra aj mhhasb m jms prbiasgblas fa Mdbcmfb y _rbhurmfbr fa jbs Vrgdulmjas, jm bdtalhgøl faj tëtujb prbiasgblmj fa mdbcmfb al jm ibrkm fatarkglmfm pbr astm jay as lahasmrgm pmrm aj fasakpaýb fa jm msgstalhgm jatrmfm al mquajjbs prbhasbs eufghgmjas y axtrmeufghgmjas al jbs qua jm lbrkmtgvm vgcalta gkpblcm b imhujta jm gltarvalhgøl fa mdbcmfb, y, al tbfb hmsb, pmrm prastmr msgstalhgm jatrmfm b msasbrmkgaltb al Farahnb utgjgzmlfb jm falbkglmhgøl fa mdbcmfb0 tbfb ajjb sgl pareughgb faj hukpjgkgaltb fa humjasqugarm btrbs raqugsgtbs axgcgfbs pbr jm lbrkmtgvm vgcalta pmrm aj aearhghgb fa jm mdbcmhëm. Jm bdtalhgøl fa jbs tëtujbs prbiasgblmjas fa mdbcmfb b prbhurmfbr sarí raqugsgtb r aqugsgtb gkprashglfgdja gkprashglfgdja pmrm jm hbjacgmhgøl al jbs hbrraspblfgaltas hbjacgbs prbiasgblmjas. Valfríl farahnb m bdtalar aj tëtujb prbiasgblmj fa mdbcmfb b aj tëtujb prbiasgblmj fa prbhurmfbr fa jbs trgdulmjas jms parsblms qua sa alhualtral al pbsasgøl faj tëtujb ulgvarsgtmrgb fa jghalhgmfb al Farahnb, b faj tëtujb fa crmfb qua jb sustgtuym fa mhuarfb hbl jms pravgsgblas hbltalgfms al aj mrtëhujb >> fa jm Jay Brcílghm 9/4??=, fa 4= fa fghgakdra, fa Qlgvarsgfmfas y su lbrkmtgvm fa fasmrrbjjb y qua mhrafg19
afgtbrgmj } hap
Jm raprasaltmhgøl y sus hjmsas
tal su hmpmhgtmhgøl prbiasgblmj kafgmlta jm suparmhgøl fa jm hbrraspblfgalta ibrkmhgøl aspahgmjgzmfm y jm avmjumhgøl racujmfm pbr jm jay. d. Hmpmhgfmf pmrm sar mdbcmfb
Jm glhbrpbrmhgøl m ul Hbjacgb fa Mdbcmfbs axgcgrí jbs sgcugaltas raqugsgtbs5 m) Valar lmhgblmjgfmf aspmýbjm b fa mjcõl Astmfb kgakdrb kgakdrb fa jm Qlgøl Aurbpam b faj mhuarfb sbdra aj Aspmhgb Ahbløkghb Aurbpab fa 4 fa kmyb fa =774, smjvb jb fgspuastb al trmtmfbs b hblvalgbs gltarlmhgblmjas b fgspalsm jacmj. d) Xar kmybr fa afmf y lb l b astmr glhursb al hmusm fa glhmpmhgfmf. h) _bsaar aj tëtujb fa Jghalhgmfb al Farahnb b jbs tëtujbs axtrmlearbs qua, hblibrka m jms lbrkms vgcaltas, saml nbkbjbcmfbs m mquajjbs.PAj tëtujb prbiasgblmj fa mdbcmfb sa axpafgrí aj Kglgstargb fa Eustghgm m jbs crmfumfbs y jghalhgmfbs al farahnb qua nmyml suparmfb aj kístar fa mhhasb m jm mdbcmhëm (pbscrmfb) y mfakís mprbdmfb aj axmkal fa astmfb (pruadms fa mptgtuf)[ f) Xmtgsimhar jm hubtm fa glcrasb y fakís qua talcm astmdjahgfms aj Hbjacgb.
Gkpbrtmlta Jm ibrkmhgøl aspahgmjgzmfm lahasmrgm pmrm pbfar mhhafar m jms avmjumhgblas hblfuhaltas m jm bdtalhgøl fa jbs tëtujbs fa mdbcmfb y prbhurmfbr, as ulm ibrkmhgøl racjmfm y fa hmríhtar bighgmj qua sa mfqugrgrí m trmvçs fa jm ramjgzmhgøl fa hursbs fa ibrkmhgøl mhrafgtmfbs hbleultmkalta pbr aj Kglgstargb fa Eustghgm y aj Kglgstargb fa Afuhmhgøl, Hujturm y Fapbrta m trmvçs faj prbhafgkgaltb qua racjmkaltmrgmkalta sa astmdjazhm.
Tamj Fahratb 331/4?==, fa 8 fa eulgb, pbr aj qua sa mpruadm aj Tacjmkaltb fa jm Jay 86/4??9, fa 8? fa bhtudra, sbdra aj mhhasb m jms prbiasgblas fa Mdbcmfb y _rbhurmfbr fa jbs Vrgdulmjas Mrtëhujb 4 Taqugsgtbs calarmjas
Jm bdtalhgøl faj tëtujb prbiasgblmj fa mdbcmfb b fa prbhurmfbr fa jbs trgdulmjas raqugara aj hukpjgkgaltb fa jbs sgcugaltas raqugsgtbs5 m) Astmr al pbsasgøl faj tëtujb fa Jghalhgmfb al Farahnb, Crmfumfb Crmfumfb al Farahnb b fa btrb tëtujb ulgvarsgtmrgb fa Crmfb aqugvmjalta qua raõlm jbs raqugsgtbs astmdjahgfbs al aj mrtëhujb 8 fa asta racjmkaltb. d) Mhrafgtmr jm suparmhgøl fa mjculb mjculb fa jbs hursbs fa ibrkmhgøl hbkpralsgvbs faj hbleultb fa hbkpatalhgms lahasmrgms pmrm aj aearhghgb fa fghnms prbiasgblas al jbs tçrkglbs pravgstbs al asta racjmkaltb. h) Fasmrrbjjmr ul pargbfb pargbfb ibrkmtgvb fa príhtghms al glstgtuhgblas, glstgtuhgblas, altgfmfas b faspmhnbs, rajmhgblmfbs hbl aj aearhghgb fa asms prbiasgblas. f) Xuparmr jm pruadm fa avmjumhgøl iglmj iglmj mhrafgtmtgvm fa jm raspahtgvm hmpmhgtmhgøl prbiasgblmj. Jm ibrkmhgøl y jm avmjumhgøl fa mptgtuf prbiasgblmj fadarí ramjgzmrsa hblibrka m jbs prglhgpgbs fa lb fgshrgkglmhgøl y mhhasgdgjgfmf ulgvarsmj. Msgkgskb, al jbs jucmras fa ramjgzmhgøl fa jms príhtghms sa cmrmltgzmrí m jms parsblms hbl fgshmpmhgfmf jbs mpbybs tahlbjøcghbs lahasmrgbs y jm ajgkglmhgøl fa jms pbsgdjas dmrrarms iësghms y fa hbkulghmhgøl.
afgtbrgmj } hap
13
_rbhafgkgaltbs Eufghgmjas. M) Lbrkms Hbkulas m tbfbs jbs _rbhafgkgaltbs Hgvgjas. Vakm =>
Jm glhbrpbrmhgøl hbkb aearhgalta axgcgrí, mfakís, jbs sgcugaltas raqugsgtbs5 m) Hmrahar fa mltahafaltas palmjas palmjas qua glnmdgjgtal pmrm aj aearhghgb aearhghgb fa jm mdbcmhëm. d) Lb astmr glhursb al hmusm fa glhbkpmtgdgjgfmf glhbkpmtgdgjgfmf b prbngdghgøl prbngdghgøl pmrm aj aearhghgb aearhghgb fa jm mdbcmhëm. mdbcmhëm. h) _br Jay, m talbr fa jb astmdjahgfb al jbs mrtëhujbs 89 y =67.=.8?.= fa jm Hblstgtuhgøl, sa pbfríl astmdjahar iørkujms nbkbjbcmdjas hbl aj rastb fa jbs pmësas fa jm Qlgøl Aurbpam qua cmrmltghal jm prapmrmhgøl al aj aearhghgb fa jm prbiasgøl. Al tbfb tbfb hmsb, astmríl axhaptumfbs axhaptumfbs fa fa fghnb fghnb rçcgkal rçcgkal jbs iulhgblmrgbs mj sarvghgb sarvghgb fa jms MfkglgstrmMfkglgstrmhgblas põdjghms, al aj íkdgtb hgvgj b kgjgtmr, qua nmyml suparmfb jbs hbrraspblfgaltas hblhursbs u bpbsghgblass fa glcrasb, pmrm huym hblhurralhgm nmyml mhrafgtmfb jm jghalhgmturm al farahnb y nmyml bpbsghgbla tbkmfb pbsasgøl fa su hmrcb, msë hbkb qugal nmym sgfb hbl mltargbrgfmf mdbcmfb aearhgalta glhbrpbrmfb al humjqugar Hbjacgb fa Mdbcmfbs fa Aspmým. f) Ibrkmjgzmr aj glcrasb al jm Kutumjgfmf Calarmj fa jm Mdbcmhëm, Kutumjgfmf fa _ravgsgøl Xbhgmj m prgkm igem b, al su hmsb, al aj Tçcgkal fa Xacurgfmf Xbhgmj qua hbrraspblfm fa mhuarfb hbl jm jacgsjmhgøl vgcalta. h. Glhmpmhgfmfas
Xbl hgrhulstmlhgms fatarkglmltas fa glhmpmhgfmf pmrm aj aearhghgb fa jm mdbcmhëm5 m) Jbs gkpafgkaltbs gkpafgkaltbs qua, pbr su lmturmjazm b gltalsgfmf, lb parkgtml aj hukpjgkgaltb fa jm kgsgøl fa faialsm fa jbs gltarasas mealbs qua m jbs mdbcmfbs sa alhbkgalfm. d) Jm glnmdgjgtmhgøl b suspalsgøl axprasm pmrm aj aearhghgb fa jm mdbcmhëm al vgrtuf fa rasbjuhgøl rasbjuhgøl eufghgmj b hbrpbrmtgvm igrka. h) Jms smlhgblas fgshgpjglmrgms fgshgpjglmrgms igrkas qua jjaval hblsgcb jm suspalsgøl suspalsgøl faj aearhghgb prbiasgblmj b jm axpujsgøl fa humjqugar Hbjacgb fa Mdbcmfbs. Jms glhmpmhgfmfas fasmpmraharíl humlfb hasal jms hmusms qua jms nudgarml kbtgvmfb b sa nmym axtglcugfb jm raspblsmdgjgfmf fgshgpjglmrgm hblibrka mj mrtëhujb 7? faj Astmtutb. f. _arfgfm fa jm hblfghgøl fa hbjacgmfb
Jm hblfghgøl fa hbjacgmfb sa parfarí5 m) _br imjjahgkgaltb. d) _br dmem vbjultmrgm. h) _br imjtm fa pmcb fa jms hubtms brfglmrgms brfglmrgms b axtrmbrfglmrgms y fa jms fakís fakís hmrcms hbjacgmjas m qua vglgaral bdjgcmfbs. Lb bdstmlta, aj gkpmcb fa jms hubtms fa jm Kutumjgfmf Calarmj fa jm Mdbcmhëm, Kutumjgfmf fa _ravgsgøl Xbhgmj m prgkm igem, lb fmrí jucmr m jm glkafgmtm pçrfgfm fa jm hblfghgøl fa hbjacgmfb, sgl pareughgb fa jm raspblsmdgjgfmf fgshgpjglmrgm qua hbrraspblfm. f) _br hblfalm igrka qua jjava hblsgcb jm palm prglhgpmj b mhhasbrgm mhhasbrgm fa glnmdgjgtmhgøl pmrm aj aearhghgb fa jm prbiasgøl. a) _br smlhgøl igrka fa axpujsgøl axpujsgøl faj Hbjacgb, mhbrfmfm mhbrfmfm al axpafgalta fgshgpjglmrgb. fgshgpjglmrgb. Jm pçrfgfm fa jm hblfghgøl fa hbjacgmfb sarí mhbrfmfm pbr jm Eultm fa Cbdgarlb faj Hbjacgb al rasbjuhgøl kbtgvmfm y, ulm vaz igrka sarí hbkulghmfm mj Hblsaeb Calarmj y mj Hblsaeb fa Hbjacgbs fa jm Hbkulgfmf Mutølbkm hbrraspblfgaltas al su hmsb. Al aj hmsb faj pírrmib h) mltargbr, jbs hbjacgmfbs pbfríl ranmdgjgtmr sus farahnbs pmcmlfb jb mfaufmfb, sus gltarasas mj tgpb jacmj y jm hmltgfmf qua hbrraspblfgara hbkb luavm glhbrpbrmhgøl.
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afgtbrgmj } hap
Jm raprasaltmhgøl y sus hjmsas
a. _rbngdghgblas
Jbs mdbcmfbs tgalal jms sgcugaltas prbngdghgblas, huym glirmhhgøl sa smlhgblmrí fgshgpjglmrgmkalta5 m) Aearhar jm mdbcmhëm astmlfb glhursbs al hmusm fa glhbkpmtgdgjgfmf, glhbkpmtgdgjgfmf, msë hbkb prastmr prastmr su igrkm m qugalas, pbr humjqugar hmusm, lb puafml aearhar hbkb mdbcmfbs. d) Hbkpmrtgr jbhmjas b sarvghgbs hbl prbiasgblmjas glhbkpmtgdjas, sg ajjb miahtmra m jm smjvmcumrfm faj sahratb prbiasgblmj. h) Kmltalar vëlhujbs msbhgmtgvbs msbhgmtgvbs fa hmríhtar prbiasgblmj qua gkpgfml gkpgfml aj hbrrahtb aearhghgb fa jm jm mdbcmhëm, mtalfgalfb m asta raspahtb m jb pravgstb al aj Astmtutb y, sglcujmrkalta, al aj mrtëhujb 44..8 ACMA. i. Glhbkpmtgdgjgfmfas
Aj aearhghgb fa jm mdbcmhëm as glhbkpmtgdja hbl humjqugar mhtgvgfmf qua puafm supblar kalbsprahgb fa jm jgdartmf, jm glfapalfalhgm b jm fgclgfmf qua ja sbl glnaraltas. Msgkgskb, aj mdbcmfb qua ramjgha mj kgskb tgakpb humjqugar btrm mhtgvgfmf fadarí mdstalarsa fa ramjgzmr mquajjm qua rasujta glhbkpmtgdja hbl aj hbrrahtb aearhghgb fa jm mdbcmhëm, pbr supblar ul hblijghtb fa gltarasas qua gkpgfm raspatmr jbs prglhgpgbs faj hbrrahtb aearhghgb hbltalgfbs al asta Astmtutb. Msgkgskb, aj aearhghgb fa jm mdbcmhëm sarí mdsbjutmkalta glhbkpmtgdja hbl5 m) Aj fasakpaýb, al humjqugar humjqugar hblhaptb, fa hmrcbs, iulhgblas b akpjabs akpjabs põdjghbs al aj Astmfb y al humjqugarm fa jms Mfkglgstrmhgblas põdjghms, saml astmtmjas, mutbløkghms, jbhmjas b glstgtuhgblmjas, huym prbpgm lbrkmtgvm racujmfbrm msë jb aspahgigqua aspahgigqua.. d) Aj aearhghgb fa jm prbiasgøl fa prbhurmfbr, crmfumfb sbhgmj, mcalta fa lacbhgbs, castbr mfkglgstrmtgvb y humjqugarm btrm huym prbpgm lbrkmtgvm racujmfbrm msë jb aspahgigqua aspahgigqua.. h) Aj kmltalgkgaltb fa vëlhujbs prbiasgblmjas prbiasgblmjas hbl hmrcbs b prbiasgblmjas prbiasgblmjas glhbkpmtgdjas hbl jm mdbcmhëm qua gkpgfml aj hbrrahtb aearhghgb fa jm kgskm. Al tbfb hmsb, aj mdbcmfb lb pbfrí ramjgzmr mhtgvgfmf fa mufgtbrëm fa hualtms u btrms qua saml glhbkpmtgdjas hbl aj hbrrahtb aearhghgb fa jm mdbcmhëm sgkujtílamkalta pmrm aj kgskb hjgalta b pmrm qugalas jb nudgasal sgfb al jbs tras mýbs prahafaltas. Lb sa altalfarí glhbkpmtgdja astm prastmhgøl sg sa ramjgzm pbr parsblms eurëfghms fgstgltms y hbl Hblsa ebs fa Mfkglgstrmhgøl Mfkglgstrmhgøl fgiaraltas. fgiaraltas. Aj aearhghgb fa jm mdbcmhëm as tmkdgçl glhbkpmtgdja hbl jm gltarvalhgøl mlta mquajjbs brcmlgskbs eurgsfghhgblmjas al qua igcural hbkb iulhgblmrgbs b hbltrmtmfbs aj hølyuca, aj hblvgvgalta parkmlalta hbl mlíjbcm rajmhgøl fa miahtgvgfmf b jbs pmrgaltas faj mdbcmfb, faltrb faj saculfb crmfb fa hblsmlcuglgfmf b miglgfmf. c. Ajahhgøl fa mdbcmfb. Mhaptmhgøl y ralulhgm
Hbkb vgkbs, fa mhuarfb hbl aj mrtëhujb 161 fa jm JB_E, smjvb qua jm jay fgspblcm btrm hbsm, jms pmrtas pbfríl fasgclmr jgdrakalta m sus raprasaltmltas y faialsbras altra jbs _rbhurmfbras y Mdbcmfbs qua raõlml jbs raqugsgtbs axgcgfbs pbr jms jayas. Al jbs prbhafgkgaltbs jmdbrmjas y fa Xacurgfmf Xbhgmj jm raprasaltmhgøl tçhlghm pbfrí sar bstaltmfm pbr ul Crmfumfb Xbhgmj, mj qua saríl fa mpjghmhgøl jms bdjgcmhgblas glnaraltas m su iulhgøl, fa mhuarfb hbl jb fgspuastb al su brfalmkgaltb eurëfghb prbiasgblmj, al aj tëtujb fa jm JB_E rajmtgvb m jbs Mdbcmfbs, _rbhurmfbras y Crmfumfbs Xbhgmjas y aspahgmjkalta al jbs mrtëhujbs =>3, 164.8 y 169 fa jm JB_E.
afgtbrgmj } hap
17
_rbhafgkgaltbs Eufghgmjas. M) Lbrkms Hbkulas m tbfbs jbs _rbhafgkgaltbs Hgvgjas. Vakm =>
Xa fasgclmríl fa bighgb, hbl mrracjb m jb qua al jms jayas sa astmdjazhm, m qugal jb sbjghgta b sa lgacua m lbkdrmrjbs, sgalfb prahaptgvm su gltarvalhgøl. Jm faialsm b raprasaltmhgøl fa bighgb talfrí hmríhtar crmtugtb pmrm qugal mhrafgta glsuighgalhgm fa rahursbs pmrm jgtgcmr al jbs tçrkglbs qua astmdjazhm jm jay. _br btrb jmfb, tmj y hbkb rasujtm faj mrtëhujb 88 fa jm JAH, iuarm fa jbs hmsbs fa fasgclmhgøl fa bighgb pravgstbs al jm Jay fa Msgstalhgm Eurëfghm Crmtugtm, hbrraspblfa m jms pmrtas hbltrmtmr jbs sarvghgbs faj prbhurmfbr y faj mdbcmfb qua jas nmyml fa raprasaltmr y faialfar al eughgb. Lb bdstmlta, aj jgtgcmlta qua lb talcm farahnb m jm msgstalhgm eurëfghm crmtugtm pbfrí pafgr qua sa ja fasgcla mdbcmfb, prbhurmfbr b mkdbs prbiasgblmjas, humlfb su gltarvalhgøl sam prahaptgvm b humlfb, lb sgçlfbjb, jm pmrta hbltrmrgm nmym hbkulghmfb mj Vrgdulmj qua mhtumrí faialfgfm pbr mdbcmfb y raprasaltmfm pbr prbhurmfbr. Al aj hmsb fa qua jm patghgøl sa ramjgha pbr aj fakmlfmfb, fadarí ibrkujmrjm al aj pjmzb fa jbs tras fëms sgcugaltas m rahgdgr jm hçfujm fa akpjmzmkgaltb b hgtmhgøl. Astms patghgblas sa nmríl y fahgfgríl hblibrka m jb fgspuastb al jm Jay fa Msgstalhgm Eurëfghm Crmtugtm, sgl lahasgfmf fa mhrafgtmr aj farahnb m bdtalar fghnm msgstalhgm, sgakpra qua aj sbjghgtmlta sa hbkprbkatm m pmcmr jbs nblbrmrgbs y farahnbs fa jbs prbiasgblmjas qua sa ja fasgclal. Iglmjkalta, sacõl aj ACMA, jbs mdbcmfbs talfríl pjalm jgdartmf fa mhaptmr b rahnmzmr jm fgrahhgøl faj msultb, msë hbkb fa ralulhgmr mj kgskb al humjqugar imsa faj prbhafgkgaltb, sgakpra qua lb sa prbfuzhm glfaialsgøl mj hjgalta. Jbs mdbcmfbs qua nmyml fa alhmrcmrsa fa jm fgrahhgøl prbiasgblmj fa ul msultb alhbkalfmfb m btrb hbkpmýarb al jm kgskm glstmlhgm fadaríl sbjghgtmr su valgm, smjvb qua axgstm ralulhgm ashrgtm a glhblfghgblmfm m prbsacugr su gltarvalhgøl pbr pmrta faj mltargbr jatrmfb, y al tbfb hmsb, rahmdmr faj kgskb jm glibrkmhgøl lahasmrgm pmrm hbltglumr aj msultb. Jm valgm, axhaptb hmsb fa urcalhgm m eustgighmr, fadarí sar sbjghgtmfm hbl hmríhtar pravgb y pbr ashrgtb, sgl qua aj jatrmfb raquargfb puafm falacmrjm y hbl jm bdjgcmhgøl pbr su pmrta fa favbjvar jm fbhukaltmhgøl al su pbfar y imhgjgtmr mj luavb jatrmfb jm glibrkmhgøl lahasmrgm pmrm hbltglumr jm faialsm. Aj jatrmfb sustgtugfb talfrí farahnb m rahjmkmr jbs nblbrmrgbs qua hbrraspblfml m su gltarvalhgøl prbiasgblmj y aj sustgtutb talfrí aj fadar fa hbjmdbrmr fgjgcaltakalta al jm castgøl fa su pmcb.
F. Farahnbs y fadaras fadaras fa jbs mdbcmfbs mdbcmfbs m. Fa hmríhtar calarmj
- Jbs mdbcmfbs mdbcmfbs fadaríl cumrfmr sahratb fa tbfbs jbs nahnbs b lbtghgms lbtghgms fa qua qua hblbzhml pbr pbr rmzøl fa humjqugarm fa jms kbfmjgfmfas fa su mhtumhgøl prbiasgblmj, lb pufgalfb sar bdjgcmfbs m fahjmrmr sbdra jbs kgskbs (mrt. 164.8 JB_E y mrt. 84.= ACMA) - Aj fadar iulfmkaltmj faj mdbcmfb, hbkb pmrtëhgpa al jm iulhgøl põdjghm fa jm Mfkglgstrmhgøl Mfkglgstrmhgøl fa Eustghgm, as hbbparmr m ajjm msasbrmlfb, hblhgjgmlfb y faialfgalfb al farahnb jbs gltarasas qua ja saml hbligmfbs. Al lglcõl hmsb jm tutajm fa tmjas gltarasas puafa eustgighmr jm fasvgmhgøl faj igl suprakb fa Eustghgm m qua jm mdbcmhëm sa nmjjm vglhujmfm (mrt. 8? faj ACMA). Xbl tmkdgçl fadaras calarmjas faj mdbcmfb5 m) Hukpjgr jms lbrkms jacmjas, astmtutmrgms y fabltbjøcghms, fabltbjøcghms, msë hbkb jbs mhuarfbs fa jbs fgiaraltas ørcmlbs hbrpbrmtgvbs. d) Kmltalar faspmhnb prbiasgblmj mdgartb, prbpgb, mealb b fa akprasm, al aj tarrgtbrgb faj Hbjacgb al huyb íkdgtb astç glhbrpbrmfb y aearzm nmdgtumjkalta su prbiasgøl. h) Hbkulghmr su fbkghgjgb fbkghgjgb y jbs avaltumjas hmkdgbs hmkdgbs faj kgskb mj Hbjacgb Hbjacgb mj qua astç glhbrpbrmfb. glhbrpbrmfb. 9?
afgtbrgmj } hap
Jm raprasaltmhgøl y sus hjmsas
Al aj hmsb fa qua aj Fahmlb fa ul Hbjacgb, b qugal astmtutmrgmkalta ja sustgtuym, iuara raquargfb al vgrtuf fa lbrkm jacmj b mvgsmfb pbr jm mutbrgfmf eufghgmj, b al su hmsb cudarlmtgvm, hbkpatalta pmrm jm príhtghm fa ul racgstrb al aj faspmhnb prbiasgblmj fa ul mdbcmfb, fadarí parsblmrsa al fghnb faspmhnb y msgstgr m jms fgjgcalhgms qua al aj kgskb sa prmhtgqual, vajmlfb pbr jm smjvmcumrfm faj sahratb prbiasgblmj. _br btrb jmfb, al humltb m sus farahnbs5 - Aj mdbcmfb tgala farahnb farahnb m tbfms tbfms jms hblsgfarmhgblas nblbrëighms fadgfms m su prbiasgøl y trmfghgblmjkalta rahblbhgfms m jm kgskm. - Aj mdbcmfb, al hukpjgkgaltb fa su kgsgøl, mhtumrí hbl jgdartmf a glfapalfalhgm, sgl btrms jgkgtmhgblas, qua jms gkpuastms pbr jm Jay y pbr jms lbrkms çtghms y fabltbjøcghms. - Aj fadar fa faialsm eurëfghm qua m jbs mdbcmfbs sa hbliëm as tmkdgçl ul farahnb pmrm jbs kgskbs pbr jb qua, mfakís fa nmhar usb fa humltbs rakafgbs b rahursbs astmdjaha jm lbrkmtgvm vgcalta, pbfríl rahjmkmr, tmltb fa jms mutbrgfmfas hbkb fa jbs Hbjacgbs y fa jbs pmrtghujmras, tbfms jms kafgfms fa myufm al su iulhgøl qua jas saml jacmjkalta fadgfms. - Xg aj jatrmfb altalfgara qua lb sa ja cumrfm aj raspatb fadgfb m su kgsgøl, jgdartmf a glfapalfalhgm, pbfrí nmharjb prasalta mj Euaz b Vrgdulmj pmrm qua pblcm aj rakafgb mfahumfb. d. Al rajmhgøl hbl jbs Vrgdulmjas
Xbl bdjgcmhgblas faj mdbcmfb pmrm hbl jbs ørcmlbs eurgsfghhgblmjas jm prbdgfmf, jamjtmf y varmhgfmf al humltb mj iblfb fa sus fahjmrmhgblas b kmlgiastmhgblas, y aj raspatb al humltb m jm ibrkm fa su gltarvalhgøl. Jbs mdbcmfbs hbkpmraharíl mlta jbs Vrgdulmjas vgstgalfb tbcm y, pbtastmtgvmkalta, dgrrata, sgl fgstgltgvb fa lglculm hjmsa, smjvb aj hbjacgmj, y mfahumríl su glfukaltmrgm m jm fgclgfmf y prastgcgb fa jm tbcm qua vgstal y mj raspatb m jm Eustghgm. Jbs mdbcmfbs lb astmríl bdjgcmfbs m fashudrgrsa kís qua m jm altrmfm y smjgfm fa jms Xmjms m qua hblhurrml pmrm jms vgstms y al aj kbkaltb fa sbjghgtmr jm valgm pmrm glibrkmr. Jbs mdbcmfbs talfríl farahnb m gltarvalgr mlta jbs Vrgdulmjas fa humjqugar eurgsfghhgøl saltmfbs faltrb faj astrmfb, mj kgskb lgvaj al qua sa nmjja glstmjmfb aj Vrgdulmj mlta qugal mhtõal, talgalfb fajmlta fa së ulm kasm y sgtuílfbsa m jbs jmfbs faj Vrgdulmj fa kbfb qua lb fal jm aspmjfm mj põdjghb, sgakpra hbl gcumjfmf fa trmtb qua aj Kglgstargb Igshmj b jm Mdbcmhëm faj Astmfb. afgtbrgmj } hap
Vbka lbtm Jbs mdbcmfbs qua sa nmjjal prbhasmfbs b alhmrtmfbs y sa faigalfml m së kgskbs b hbjm dbral hbl su faialsbr usmríl tbcm y bhupmríl aj sgtgb astm djahgfb pmrm jbs jatrmfbs.
9=
_rbhafgkgaltbs Eufghgmjas. M) Lbrkms Hbkulas m tbfbs jbs _rbhafgkgaltbs Hgvgjas. Vakm =>
Aj jatrmfb mhtumlta pbfrí sar muxgjgmfb b sustgtugfb al aj mhtb fa jm vgstm b eughgb b al humjqugar btrm fgjgcalhgm eufghg euf ghgmj mj pbr pbr ul ul hbkp hbkpmýa mýarb rb al al aearhg aearhghgb hgb,, glhb glhbrpb rpbrmf rmfbb b huym huym mht mhtumh umhgøl gøl nmy nmymm sgfb sgfb fadg fadgfmk fmkalt altaa hbkul hbkulghm ghmfm fm mj mj Hbjacgb. _mrm jm sustgtuhgøl dmstmrí jm fahjmrmhgøl faj mdbcmfb sustgtutb, dmeb su prbpgm raspblsmdgjgfmf. Al jbs Vrgdulmjas sa fasgclmrí ul sgtgb sapmrmfb faj põdjghb, hbl jms kgskms hblfghgblas faj saýmjmfb pmrm jbs mdbcmfbs mhtumltas, m igl fa qua puafml bhupmrjb jbs fakís jatrmfbs qua, vgstgalfb tbcm, qugarml prasalhgmr jbs eughgbs y vgstms põdjghms. Al jms safas fa Euzcmfbs y Vrgdulmjas sa prbhurmrí jm axgstalhgm fa fapalfalhgms fgclms y suighgaltas pmrm su utgjgzmhgøl axhjusgvm pbr jbs mdbcmfbs al aj fasmrrbjjb fa sus iulhgblas. Jbs mdbcmfbs asparmríl ul tgakpb prufalhgmj sbdra jm nbrm saýmjmfm pbr jbs ørcmlbs eufghgmjas pmrm jms mhtumhgblas al qua vmyml m gltarvalgr, trmlshurrgfb aj humj pbfríl ibrkujmr jm partglalta quaem mlta aj kgskb ørcmlb a glibrkmr faj ratrmsb m jm Eultm fa Cbdgarlb faj hbrraspblfgalta Hbjacgb pmrm qua puafm mfbptmr jms glghgmtgvms partglaltas. Xg aj mdbcmfb mhtumlta hblsgfarmsa qua jm mutbrgfmf, Vrgdulmj b Euzcmfb hbmrtm jm glfapalfalhgm y jgdartmf lahasmrgms pmrm hukpjgr sus fadaras prbiasgblmjas, b qua lb sa ja cumrfmsa jm hblsgfarmhgøl fadgfm m su prbiasgøl, pbfrí nmharjb hblstmr msë mlta aj prbpgb Euzcmfb b Vrgdulmj dmeb jm ia faj Jatrmfb fa jm Mfkglgstrmhgøl fa Eustghgm y fmr hualtm m jm Eultm fa Cbdgarlb. Fghnm Eultm, sg astgkmra iulfmfm jm quaem, mfbptmrí jms kafgfms bpbrtulms pmrm mkpmrmr jm jgdartmf, glfapalfalhgm y prastgcgb prbiasgblmjas. h. Al rajmhgøl hbl jms pmrtas
Xbl bdjgcmhgblas faj mdbcmfb pmrm hbl jm pmrta pbr çj faialfgfm, mfakís fa jms qua sa fargval fa sus rajmhgblas hbltrmhtumjas, aj hukpjgkgaltb fa jm kgsgøl fa faialsm qua ja sam alhbkalfmfm hbl aj kíxgkb hajb y fgjgcalhgm y cumrfmlfb aj sahratb prbiasgblmj. Aj mdbcmfb ramjgzmrí fgjgcaltakalta jms mhtgvgfmfas prbiasgblmjas prbiasgblmjas qua ja gkpblcm jm faialsm faj msultb alhbkalfmfb, mtalgçlfbsa m jms axgcalhgms tçhlghms, fabltbjøcghms y çtghms mfahumfms m jm tutajm eurëfghm fa fghnb msultb y pufgalfb muxgjgmrsa fa sus hbjmdbrmfbras y btrbs hbkpmýarbs, qugalas mhtumríl dmeb su raspblsmdgjgfmf. raspblsmdgjgfmf. Al tbfb hmsb, aj mdbcmfb fadarí gfaltgighmrsa mlta jm parsblm m jm qua msasbra b faigalfm, glhjusb humlfb jb nghgara pbr hualtm fa ul tarharb, m igl fa msukgr jms raspblsmdgjgfmfas hgvgjas, palmjas y fabltbjøcghms qua, al su hmsb, hbrraspblfml. Xbl bdjgcmhgblas faj mdbcmfb pmrm hbl jm pmrta hbltrmrgm aj trmtb hblsgfarmfb y hbrtçs, msë hbkb jm mdstalhgøl u bkgsgøl fa humjqugar mhtb qua fatarkgla ulm jasgøl gleustm pmrm jm kgskm. f. Al rajmhgøl m nblbrmrgbs prbiasgblmjas
Aj mdbcmfb tgala farahnb m ulm hbkpalsmhgøl ahbløkghm mfahumfm pbr jbs sarvghgbs prastmfbs, msë hbkb mj ragltacrb fa jbs cmstbs qua sa ja nmyml hmusmfb. Jm humltëm fa jbs nblbrmrgbs sarí jgdrakalta hblvalgfm altra aj hjgalta y aj mdbcmfb, hbl raspatb m jms lbrkms fabltbjøcghms y sbdra hbkpatalhgm fasjamj. M imjtm fa pmhtb axprasb al hbltrmrgb, pmrm jm igemhgøl fa jbs nblbrmrgbs sa pbfríl talar al hualtm, hbkb raiaralhgm, jbs dmrakbs brgaltmfbras faj Hbjacgb al huyb íkdgtb mhtõa, mpjghmfbs hblibrka m jms racjms, usbs y hbstukdras faj kgskb, lbrkms qua, al tbfb hmsb, talfríl hmríhtar supjatbrgb fa jb hblvalgfb y qua sa mpjghmríl al jbs hmsbs fa hblfalm al hbstms m jm pmrta hbltrmrgm. Fghnm hbkpalsmhgøl ahbløkghm pbfrí msukgr jm ibrkm fa ratrgduhgøl igem, pargøfghm b pbr nbrms. Taspahtb m jms hbstms rahbdrmfms fa tarharbs sa astmrí m jb qua jgdrakalta mhuarfal jms pmrtas, qua m imjtm fa pmhtb axprasb nmdríl fa sar smtgsiahnms aiahtgvmkalta mj mdbcmfb. Xa prbnëda al tbfb hmsb jm hubtm jgtgs al saltgfb astrghtb, altalfgçlfbsa pbr tmj aj mhuarfb altra aj mdbcmfb y su hjgalta, pravgb m jm tarkglmhgøl faj msultb, al vgrtuf faj humj çsta sa hbkprbkata m 94
afgtbrgmj } hap
Jm raprasaltmhgøl y sus hjmsas
pmcmrja õlghmkalta ul pbrhaltmea faj rasujtmfb faj msultb, glfapalfgaltakalta fa qua hblsgstm al ulm sukm fa fglarb b humjqugar btrb dalaighgb, dgal b vmjbr qua hblsgcm aj hjgalta pbr asa msultb. Jm Eultm fa Cbdgarlb faj Hbjacgb pbfrí mfbptmr kafgfms fgshgpjglmrgms hbltrm jbs jatrmfbs qua nmdgtumj y takarmrgmkalta gkpuclal jms kglutms fa sus hbkpmýarbs, msë hbkb hbltrm jbs jatrmfbs huybs nblbrmrgbs saml fahjmrmfbs ragtarmfmkalta axhasgvbs b glfadgfbs. a. Aspahgmj raiaralhgm m jm rahjmkmhgøl fa nblbrmrgbs
Jbs mdbcmfbs pbfríl rahjmkmr iralta m jm pmrta m jm qua faigalfml aj pmcb fa jbs nblbrmrgbs qua nudgaral favalcmfb al aj msultb, prasaltmlfb kglutm fatmjjmfm y kmlgiastmlfb ibrkmjkalta qua asbs nblbrmrgbs jas sbl fadgfbs y lb nml sgfb smtgsiahnbs. Gcumj farahnb qua jbs mdbcmfbs talfríl sus narafarbs raspahtb m jbs hrçfgtbs fa astm lmturmjazm qua mquçjjbs jas faemral. Lb sarí prahaptgvm jm gltarvalhgøl fa mdbcmfb lg prbhurmfbr. _rasaltmfm astm rahjmkmhgøl, aj Jatrmfb fa jm Mfkglgstrmhgøl fa Eustghgm raquargrí mj faufbr pmrm qua pmcua fghnm sukm b gkpucla jm hualtm, al aj pjmzb fa fgaz fëms, dmeb mparhgdgkgaltb fa mprakgb sg lb pmcmra lg ibrkujmra gkpuclmhgøl. Xg, faltrb faj hgtmfb pjmzb, jbs nblbrmrgbs sa gkpuclmral pbr glfadgfbs, sa astmrí m jb fgspuastb faj mrtëhujb 86. 4 pírrmibs 4µ y 8µ JAH rajmtgvbs m jm hualtm faj prbhurmfbr. Xg sa gkpuclmrml jbs nblbrmrgbs pbr axhasgvbs, aj Jatrmfb fa jm Mfkglgstrmhgøl fa Eustghgm fmrí trmsjmfb mj mdbcmfb pbr tras fëms pmrm qua sa prblulhga sbdra jm gkpuclmhgøl. Xg lb sa mhaptmrm jm rafuhhgøl fa nblbrmrgbs qua sa ja rahjmkm, aj Jatrmfb fa jm Mfkglgstrmhgøl fa Eustghgm prbhafarí pravgmkalta m su racujmhgøl hblibrka m jb pravgstb al jbs mrtëhujbs 46= y sgcugaltas, smjvb qua aj mdbcmfb mhrafgta jm axgstalhgm fa prasupuastb pravgb al ashrgtb mhaptmfb pbr aj gkpuclmlta, y fghtmrí fahratb igemlfb jm hmltgfmf fadgfm, dmeb mparhgdgkgaltb fa mprakgb sg lb sa pmcmsa faltrb fa jbs hglhb fëms sgcugaltas m jm lbtgighmhgøl. Fghnb fahratb lb sarí sushaptgdja fa rahursb, parb lb praeuzcmrí, lg sgqugarm pmrhgmjkalta, jm saltalhgm qua pufgara rahmar al eughgb brfglmrgb ujtargbr. Xg aj faufbr fa jbs nblbrmrgbs lb ibrkujmra bpbsghgøl faltrb faj pjmzb astmdjahgfb, sa faspmhnmrí aeahuhgøl pbr jm hmltgfmf m qua mshgalfm jm kglutm.
8.1 Taspblsmdgjgfmf fa prbhurmfbras y mdbcmfbs mdbcmfbs Xacõl aj mrtëhujb 169, 4 y 8 fa jm JB_E, jbs Mdbcmfbs, _rbhurmfbras y Crmfumfbs Xbhgmjas astíl sueatbs al aj aearhghgb fa su prbiasgøl m raspblsmdgjgfmf hgvgj, palmj y fgshgpjglmrgm, sacõl prbhafm. Jms hbrrahhgblas fgshgpjglmrgms fgshgpjglmrgms pbr su mhtumhgøl mlta jbs euzcmfbs y trgdulmjas sa racgríl pbr jb astmdjahgfb al jm JB_E y al jms jayas prbhasmjas. Jm raspblsmdgjgfmf fgshgpjglmrgm pbr su hblfuhtm prbiasgblmj hbkpata fahjmrmrjm m jbs hbrraspblfgaltas Hbjacgbs y Hblsaebs hblibrka m sus astmtutbs, qua fadaríl raspatmr al tbfb hmsb jms cmrmltëms fa jm faialsm fa tbfb aj prbhafgkgaltb smlhgblmfbr.
M. _almj Xa fatarkglm pbr jbs fajgtbs qua aj mdbcmfb b prbhurmfbr hbkatm al aj aearhghgb fa su prbiasgøl. Hblhratmkalta, eultb m fgvarsbs fajgtbs hbltrm jm Mfkglgstrmhgøl fa Eustghgm qua puafal hbkatar al mhtumhgøl prbiasgblmj hbkpmrtgalfb aj tgpb hbkb sueatbs mhtgvbs, hbl btrbs prbiasgblmjas, aj Høfgcb _almj (H_), hbltakpjm fbs fajgtbs aspahgmjas al jbs qua aj mdbcmfb y aj prbhurmfbr sa hbligcurml hbkb gltrmlaus al jbs kgskbs5 - Mrt. 691.= H_5 Hmstgcm mj qua, gltarvglgalfb al al ul prbhasb prbhasb hbkb mdbcmfb b prbhurmfbr, hbl hbl mdusb fa su iulhgøl, fastruyara, glutgjgzmra u bhujtmra fbhukaltbs b mhtumhgblas fa jbs qua nmym rahgdgfb afgtbrgmj } hap
98
_rbhafgkgaltbs Eufghgmjas. M) Lbrkms Hbkulas m tbfbs jbs _rbhafgkgaltbs Hgvgjas. Vakm =>
trmsjmfb al mquajjm hmjgfmf, sarí hmstgcmfb hbl jm palm fa prgsgøl fa 9 kasas m 4 mýbs, kujtm fa 3 m =4 kasas a glnmdgjgtmhgøl aspahgmj pmrm su prbiasgøl, akpjab b hmrcb põdjghb fa 8 m 9 mýbs. - Mrt. 693 H_5 Hmstgcm5 - Mj mdbcmfb b prbhurmfbr qua, nmdgalfb msasbrmfb b tbkmfb jm faialsm b raprasaltmhgøl fa mjculm parsblm, sgl aj hblsaltgkgaltb fa çstm faigalfm b raprasalta al aj kgskb msultb m qugal talcm gltarasas hbltrmrgbs, sarí hmstgcmfb hbl jm palm fa kujtm fa 9 m =4 kasas a glnmdgjgtmhgøl aspahgmj pmrm su prbiasgøl fa 4 m 6 mýbs. - Mj mdbcmfb b prbhurmfbr qua, pbr mhhgøl u bkgsgøl, bkgsgøl, pareufgqua pareufgqua fa ibrkm kmlgigastm kmlgigastm jbs gltaragltarasas qua ja iuaral alhbkalfmfbs, sarí hmstgcmfb hbl jms palms fa kujtm fa =4 m 46 kasas a glnm dgjgtmhgøl aspahgmj aspahgmj pmrm akpjab, hmrcb põdjghb, prbiasgøl prbiasgøl u bighgb bighgb fa = m 6 mýbs. - Xg jbs nahnbs nahnbs iuarml ramjgzmfbs ramjgzmfbs pbr gkprufalhgm gkprufalhgm crmva, sa sa gkpblfríl jms jms palms fa kujtm fa 9 m =4 kasas a glnmdgjgtmhgøl aspahgmj pmrm su prbiasgøl fa 9 kasas m 4 mýbs.
D. Hgvgj Jbs mdbcmfbs y prbhurmfbras astmríl sueatbs m raspblsmdgjgfmf hgvgj, humlfb pbr fbjb b lacjgcalhgm fmýal jbs gltarasas huym faialsm b raprasaltmhgøl jas nm sgfb hbligmfm, raspblsmdgjgfmf qua sarí axgcg dja hblibrka m jm jacgsjmhgøl brfglmrgm mlta jbs Vrgdulmjas fa Eustghgm, pufgalfb astmdjaharsa jacmjkalta su msacurmkgaltb bdjgcmtbrgb.
H. Fgshgpjglmrgm _uafa sar eufghgmj b hbjacgmj. m. Eufghgmj
Al aj hmsb fa hbrrahhgblas fgshgpjglmrgms mlta jbs Euzcmfbs y Vrgdulmjas, hblibrka mj Vëtujb Y faj Jgdrb YGG fa jm JB_E5 ‚Fa jms smlhgblas qua puafal gkpblarsa m jbs qua gltarvgalal al jbs pjagtbs b hmusms‛. Jbs mdbcmfbs y prbhurmfbras qua gltarvalcml al jbs pjagtbs y hmusms, humlfb glhukpjml jms bdjgcmhgblas qua jas gkpbla astm jay b jms jayas prbhasmjas, pbfríl sar hbrracgfbs m talbr fa jb fgspuastb al asta tëtujb, sgakpra qua aj nahnb lb hblstgtuym fajgtb. Jbs mdbcmfbs y prbhurmfbras saríl tmkdgçl hbrracgfbs fgshgpjglmrgmkalta pbr su mhtumhgøl mlta jbs euzcmfbs y trgdulmjas5 =.µ)Humlfb =.µ) Humlfb al su mhtumhgøl ibralsa imjtmral brmjkalta, pbr ashrgtb b pbr bdrm, mj raspatb fadgfb m jbs euahas y trgdulmjas, igshmjas, mdbcmfbs, Jatrmfbs fa jm Mfkglgstrmhgøl fa Eustghgm b humjqugar parsblm qua gltarvalcm b sa rajmhgbla hbl aj prbhasb. 4.µ) Humlfb jjmkmfbs mj brfal al jms mjacmhgblas brmjas lb bdafahgaral ragtarmfmkalta mj qua prasgfm aj mhtb. 8.µ)Humlfb 8.µ) Humlfb lb hbkpmrahgaral mlta aj trgdulmj sgl hmusm eustgighmfm ulm vaz hgtmfbs al ibrkm. 6.µ)Humlfb 6.µ) Humlfb ralulhgal gleustgighmfmkalta m jm faialsm b raprasaltmhgøl qua aearzml al ul prbhasb, faltrb fa jbs sgata fëms mltargbras m jm hajadrmhgøl faj eughgb b vgstms saýmjmfms. Jms hbrrahhgblas qua puafal gkpblarsa sbl5 m) Mparhgdgkgaltb. d) Kujtm huym kíxgkm humltëm sarí jm pravgstm al aj Høfgcb _almj hbkb palm hbrraspblfgalta m jms imjtms. Jm hbrrahhgøl sa gkpblfrí pbr jm mutbrgfmf mlta jm qua sa sgcml jms mhtumhgblas.
96
afgtbrgmj } hap
Jm raprasaltmhgøl y sus hjmsas
_bfrí gkpblarsa al jbs prbpgbs mutbs b al prbhafgkgaltb mpmrta. Al tbfb hmsb, pbr aj jatrmfb fa jm mfkglgstrmhgøl fa eustghgm sa nmrí hblstmr aj nahnb qua kbtgva kbtgva jm mhtumhgøl hbrrahtbrm, jms mjacmhgblas faj gkpjghmfb y aj mhuarfb qua sa mfbpta pbr aj euaz b pbr jm smjm. Hbltrm aj mhuarfb fa gkpbsghgøl fa jm hbrrahhgøl pbfrí gltarpblarsa, al aj pjmzb fa 1 fëms, rahursb fa mufgalhgm al eustghgm mlta aj Jatrmfb fa jm Mfkglgstrmhgøl fa Eustghgm, aj euaz b jm smjm, qua jb rasbjvaríl al aj sgcugalta fëm. Hbltrm asta mhuarfb b hbltrm aj fa gkpbsghgøl fa jm smlhgøl, al aj hmsb fa qua lb sa nudgasa utgjgzmfb aj rahursb fa mufgalhgm al eustghgm, hmdrí rahursb fa mjzmfm, al aj pjmzb fa 1 fëms, mlta jm Xmjm fa Cbdgarlb, qua jb rasbjvarí pravgb glibrka faj Jatrmfb fa jm Mfkglgstrmhgøl fa Eustghgm, faj euaz b fa jm smjm qua gkpusb jm hbrrahhgøl, al jm prgkarm raulgøl qua hajadra. Humlfb iuara prbhafalta mjculm fa jms hbrrahhgblas aspahgmjas pravgstms al jms jayas prbhasmjas pmrm hmsbs fatarkglmfbs, sa mpjghmrí, al humltb mj kbfb fa gkpblarjm y rahursbs utgjgzmdjas, jb qua astmdjaha m asta raspahtb r aspahtb al jm JB_E.
Vbka lbtm Jm gkpbsghgøl fa jm hbrrahhgøl fa kujtm sa nmrí mtalfgalfb m jm crmvafmf, mltahafaltas y hgrhulstmlhgms fa jbs nahnbs hbkatgfbs, y al tbfb hmsb sa gkpblfrí sgakpra hbl mufgalhgm faj gltarasmfb.
d. Hbjacgmj
Hbkb hbrpbrmhgblas fa Farahnb põdjghb, jbs raspahtgvbs Hbjacgbs _rbiasgblmjas, b jbs Hblsaebs al qua astbs sa gltacrml, puafal gkpblarjas m jbs mdbcmfbs y prbhurmfbras smlhgblas al aj hmsb fa glirmhhgøl fa sus fadaras prbiasgblmjas b fabltbjøcghbs, pbr imjtms tgpgighmfms hbkb tmjas al sus raspahtgvbs astmtutbs y, trms jm glhbmhgøl faj hbrraspblfgalta axpafgalta hbltrmfghtbrgb, al rçcgkal fa farahnb mfkglgstrmtgvb.
6.
GLVATYALHGØL LB _TAHA_VGYM FA AXVBX _TBIAXGBLMJAX
M talbr fa jb astmdjahgfb al aj mrt. 84 JAH humlfb, lb rasujtmlfb prahaptgvm jm gltarvalhgøl fa mdbcmfb y prbhurmfbr, aj fakmlfmlta pratalfgara hbkpmrahar pbr së kgskb y sar faialfgfb pbr mdbcmfb, b sar raprasaltmfb pbr prbhurmfbr, b sar msgstgfb pbr mkdbs prbiasgblmjas m jm vaz, jb nmrí hblstmr msë al jm fakmlfm. Tahgdgfm jm lbtgighmhgøl fa jm fakmlfm, sg aj fakmlfmfb pratalfgarm vmjarsa tmkdgçl fa mdbcmfb y prbhurmfbr, jb hbkulghmrí mj trgdulmj faltrb fa jbs tras fëms sgcugaltas, pufgalfb sbjghgtmr tmkdgçl, al su hmsb, aj rahblbhgkgaltb faj farahnb m jm msgstalhgm eurëfghm crmtugtm. Al asta õjtgkb hmsb, aj trgdulmj pbfrí mhbrfmr jm suspalsgøl faj prbhasb nmstm qua sa prbfuzhm aj rahblbhgkgaltb b falacmhgøl fa fghnb farahnb b jm fasgclmhgøl prbvgsgblmj fa mdbcmfb y prbhurmfbr. Jm imhujtmf fa mhufgr mj prbhasb hbl jm msgstalhgm fa jbs prbiasgblmjas m qua sa raigara prgkar pírrmib hbrraspblfarí tmkdgçl afgtbrgmj } hap
91
_rbhafgkgaltbs Eufghgmjas. M) Lbrkms Hbkulas m tbfbs jbs _rbhafgkgaltbs Hgvgjas. Vakm =>
mj fakmlfmfb, humlfb aj mhtbr lb vmym msgstgfb pbr mdbcmfb b prbhurmfbr. Aj fakmlfmfb hbkulghmrí mj trgdulmj su fahgsgøl al aj pjmzb fa tras fëms fasfa qua sa ja lbtgigqua jm fakmlfm, fílfbsa hualtm mj mhtbr fa tmj hgrhulstmlhgm. Xg aj fakmlfmlta qugsgara altblhas vmjarsa tmkdgçl fa mdbcmfb y prbhurmfbr, jb hbkulghmrí mj trgdulmj al jbs tras fëms sgcugaltas m jm rahaphgøl fa jm lbtgighmhgøl, y, sg sbjghgtmra aj rahblbhgkgaltb faj farahnb m jm msgstalhgm eurëfghm crmtugtm, sa pbfrí mhbrfmr jm suspalsgøl al jbs tçrkglbs pravalgfbs al aj mpmrtmfb mltargbr. Al jm lbtgighmhgøl al qua sa hbkulgqua m ulm pmrta jm gltalhgøl fa jm pmrta hbltrmrgm fa sarvgrsa fa mdbcmfb y prbhurmfbr, sa ja glibrkmrí faj farahnb qua jas hbrraspblfa sacõl aj mrtëhujb 9.8 fa jm Jay fa Msgstalhgm Eurëfghm Crmtugtm, m igl fa qua puafml ramjgzmr jm sbjghgtuf hbrraspblfgalta. hbrraspblfgalta. Humlfb jm gltarvalhgøl fa mdbcmfb y prbhurmfbr lb sam prahaptgvm, fa jm avaltumj hblfalm al hbstms fa jm pmrta hbltrmrgm m jm qua sa nudgasa sarvgfb fa fghnbs prbiasgblmjas sa axhjugríl jbs farahnbs y nblbrmrgbs favalcmfbs pbr jbs kgskbs, smjvb qua aj Vrgdulmj mprahga takargfmf al jm hblfuhtm faj hblfalmfb al hbstms b qua aj fbkghgjgb fa jm pmrta raprasaltmfm y faialfgfm astç al jucmr fgstgltb m mquaj al qua sa nm trmkgtmfb aj eughgb, bparmlfb al asta õjtgkb hmsb jms jgkgtmhgblas m qua sa raigara aj mpmrtmfb 8 faj mrtëhujb 876 JB_E (søjb astmrí bdjgcmfb m pmcmr, fa jm pmrta qua hbrraspblfm m jbs mdbcmfbs y fakís prbiasgblmjas qua lb astçl sueatbs m tmrgim b mrmlhaj, ulm hmltgfmf tbtmj qua lb axhafm fa jm tarharm pmrta fa jm humltëm faj prbhasb, pbr hmfm ulb fa jbs jgtgcmltas qua nudgaral bdtalgfb tmj prblulhgmkgaltb0 m astbs sbjbs aiahtbs, jms pratalsgblas glastgkmdjas sa vmjbrmríl al =>.??? aurbs, smjvb qua, al rmzøl fa jm hbkpjaegfmf faj msultb, aj trgdulmj fgspblcm btrm hbsm). Vmkdgçl sa axhjugríl, al tbfb hmsb, jbs farahnbs favalcmfbs pbr aj prbhurmfbr hbkb hblsahualhgm fa mquajjms mhtumhgblas fa hmríhtar karmkalta imhujtmtgvb qua nudgarml pbfgfb sar prmhtghmfms pbr jms Bighglms eufghgmjas.
1.
JM GLVATYALHGØL AL JBX _TBHAXBX HGYGJAX FAJ KGLGXVATGB IGXHMJ W FAJ MDBCMFB FAJ AXVMFB
1.= Gltarvalhgøl faj Kglgstargb Igshmj M. Astmtutb Brcílghb Brcílghb faj Kglgstargb Igshmj Xacõl jb fgspuastb al aj Astmtutb Brcílghb faj Kglgstargb Igshmj, faltrb fa jbs prbhasbs hgvgjas hbrraspblfa mj Kglgstargb Igshmj5 - Vbkmr pmrta, al faialsm fa jm jacmjgfmf jacmjgfmf y faj faj gltarçs põdjghb põdjghb b sbhgmj, sbhgmj, al jbs prbhasbs rajmtgvbs mj astmfb hgvgj y al jbs fakís qua astmdjazhm jm Jay (mrt. 8.9). - Gltarvalgr al jbs prbhasbs hgvgjas hgvgjas qua fatarkgla fatarkgla jm Jay Jay humlfb astç hbkprbkatgfb aj gltarçs sbhgmj sbhgmj b humlfb puafml miahtmr m parsblms kalbras, glhmpmhas b fasvmjgfms al tmltb sa prbvaa fa jbs kahmlgskbs brfglmrgbs fa raprasaltmhgøl (mrt. 8.3). - Faltrb fa jm Xahhgøl Hbltrm jm Ygbjalhgm Ygbjalhgm sbdra jm Kuear gltarvgala fgrahtmkalta al jbs prbhasbs hgvgjas huym hbkpatalhgm astç mtrgdugfm m jbs Euzcmfbs fa Ygbjalhgm sbdra jm Kuear (mrt. =>.=).
D. Jay fa Aleughgmkgaltb Hgvgj Xacõl aj mrtëhujb =1.= fa jm JAH, aj Kglgstargb Igshmj sarí pmrta al jbs al prbhasbs pmrm jm prbtahhgøl fa farahnbs a gltarasas hbjahtgvbs y fgiusbs fa hblsukgfbras y usumrgbs humlfb aj gltarçs sbhgmj jb eustgigqua. Aj trgdulmj qua hblbzhm fa mjculb fa astbs prbhasbs hbkulghmrí su glghgmhgøl mj Kglgstargb Igshmj pmrm qua vmjbra jm pbsgdgjgfmf fa su parsblmhgøl. _br su pmrta, aj mrtëhujb 367 JAH fatarkglm qua, al jbs prbhasbs sbdra jm hmpmhgfmf fa jms parsblms, al jbs fa lujgfmf kmtrgkblgmj, al jbs fa sustrmhhgøl gltarlmhgblmj fa kalbras y al jbs fa fatarkglmhgøl 99
afgtbrgmj } hap
Jm raprasaltmhgøl y sus hjmsas
a gkpuclmhgøl fa jm igjgmhgøl sarí sgakpra pmrta aj Kglgstargb Igshmj, mulqua lb nmym sgfb prbkbtbr fa jbs kgskbs lg fadm, hblibrka m jm Jay, msukgr jm faialsm fa mjculm fa jms pmrtas. Aj Kglgstargb Igshmj vajmrí furmlta tbfb aj prbhasb pbr jm smjvmcumrfm faj gltarçs supargbr fa jm parsblm miahtmfm. Al jbs fakís prbhasbs m qua sa raigara aj Vëtujb G faj Jgdrb GY fa jm JAH (prbhasbs sbdra hmpmhgfmf, igjgmhgøl, kmtrgkblgb y kalbras), sarí prahaptgvm jm gltarvalhgøl faj Kglgstargb Igshmj, sgakpra qua mjculb fa jbs gltarasmfbs al aj prbhafgkgaltb sam kalbr, glhmpmhgtmfb b astç al sgtumhgøl fa musalhgm jacmj. m. Gltarvalhgøl al jbs prbhasbs sbdra hmpmhgfmf fa jms parsblms
Aj Kglgstargb Igshmj fadarí prbkbvar jm glhmpmhgtmhgøl sg aj hølyuca b qugal sa alhualtra al ulm sgtumhgøl fa nahnb msgkgjmdja, jbs fashalfgaltas, jbs mshalfgaltas, b jbs narkmlbs faj prasultb glhmpmz lb axgstgarml b lb jm nudgarml sbjghgtmfb. Humjqugar parsblm astí imhujtmfm pmrm pblar al hblbhgkgaltb faj Kglgstargb Igshmj jbs nahnbs qua puafml sar fatarkglmltas fa jm glhmpmhgtmhgøl. Jms mutbrgfmfas y iulhgblmrgbs põdjghbs qua, pbr rmzøl fa sus hmrcbs, hblbhgarml jm axgstalhgm fa pbsg dja hmusm fa glhmpmhgtmhgøl al ulm parsblm, fadaríl fadaríl pblarjb al hblbhgkgaltb faj Kglgstargb Igshmj. Jm fahjmrmhgøl fa prbfgcmjgfmf søjb pbfrí sar glstmfm pbr aj hølyuca, jbs fashalfgaltas b mshalfgaltas qua parhgdml mjgkaltbs faj prasultb prøfgcb b sa alhualtral al sgtumhgøl fa rahjmkírsajbs y jbs raprasaltmltas jacmjas fa humjqugarm fa ajjbs. Xg lb jm pgfgaral jbs raprasaltmltas jacmjas, jb nmrí aj Kglgstargb Igshmj.
Mtalhgøl Jm glhmpmhgtmhgøl fa kalbras fa afmf, al jbs hmsbs al qua prbhafm hblibrka m jm Jay, søjb pbfrí sar prbkbvgfm pbr qugalas aearzml jm pmtrgm pbtastmf b jm tutajm.
d. Gltarvalhgøl fa jbs prbhasbs sbdra igjgmhgøl, kmtarlgfmf y pmtarlgfmf
Jms mhhgblas fa fatarkglmhgøl b fa gkpuclmhgøl fa jm igjgmhgøl qua, hblibrka m jb fgspuastb al jm jacgsjmhgøl hgvgj, hbrraspblfml mj ngeb kalbr fa afmf b glhmpmhgtmfb pbfríl sar aearhgtmfms pbr su raprasaltmlta jacmj b pbr aj Kglgstargb Igshmj, glfgstgltmkalta. h. Gltarvalhgøl al jbs prbhasbs kmtrgkblgmjas y fa kalbras
Aj hølyuca qua sa prbpblcm fakmlfmr jm lujgfmf, sapmrmhgøl b fgvbrhgb fa su kmtrgkblgb puafa sbjghgtmr jbs aiahtbs y kafgfms m qua sa raigaral jbs mrtëhujbs =?4 y =?8 faj HH mlta aj trgdulmj fa su fbkghgjgb. _mrm ibrkujmr astm sbjghgtuf lb sarí prahgsm jm gltarvalhgøl fa prbhurmfbr y mdbcmfb, parb së sarí lahasmrgm fghnm gltarvalhgøl pmrm tbfb ashrgtb y mhtumhgøl pbstargbr.
afgtbrgmj } hap
93
_rbhafgkgaltbs Eufghgmjas. M) Lbrkms Hbkulas m tbfbs jbs _rbhafgkgaltbs Hgvgjas. Vakm =>
M jm vgstm fa jm sbjghgtuf, aj Jatrmfb fa jm Mfkglgstrmhgøl fa Eustghgm hgtmrí m jbs hølyucas y, sg nudgara ngebs kalbras b glhmpmhgtmfbs, mj Kglgstargb Igshmj, m ulm hbkpmrahalhgm al jm qua sa gltaltmrí ul mhuarfb fa jms pmrtas, qua saýmjmrí aj Jatrmfb fa jm Mfkglgstrmhgøl fa Eustghgm y qua sa hajadrmrí al jbs fgaz fëms sgcugaltas. M fghnm hbkpmrahalhgm fadarí mhufgr aj hølyuca fakmlfmfb msgstgfb pbr su mdbcmfb y raprasaltmfb pbr su prbhurmfbr. Fa astm rasbjuhgøl fmrí hualtm al aj kgskb fëm mj Vrgdulmj pmrm qua puafm mhbrfmr fa glkafgmtb, sg jm urcalhgm faj hmsb jb mhblsaemra, jbs aiahtbs m qua sa raigara aj mrt. =?4 faj HH y jb qua hblsgfara prbhafalta al rajmhgøl hbl jm hustbfgm fa jbs ngebs y usb fa jm vgvgalfm y meumr imkgjgmras. Hbltrm astm rasbjuhgøl lb sa fmrí rahursb mjculb. Al aj mhtb fa jm hbkpmrahalhgm, sg lb nudgara mhuarfb fa jbs hølyucas sbdra jms kafgfms m mfbptmr b sg fghnb mhuarfb, bëfb, al su hmsb, aj Kglgstargb Igshmj, lb iuarm mprbdmfb al tbfb b al pmrta pbr aj Vrgdulmj, sa bgríl jms mjacmhgblas fa jbs hblhurraltas y sa prmhtghmrí jm pruadm qua çstbs prbpblcml y qua lb sam glõtgj b gkpartglalta, msë hbkb jm qua aj Vrgdulmj mhuarfa fa bighgb. Xg mjculm pruadm lb pufgarm prmhtghmrsa al jm hbkpmrahalhgm, aj Jatrmfb fa jm Mfkglgstrmhgøl fa Eustghgm saýmjmrí iahnm pmrm su príhtghm, al ulgfmf fa mhtb, faltrb fa jbs fgaz fëms sgcugaltas. f. Gltarvalhgøl al jbs prbhasbs sbdra cumrfm y hustbfgm fa ngebs kalbras b sbdra mjgkaltbs rahjmkmfbs al lbkdra fa jbs ngebs kalbras
Al jbs prbhasbs qua varsal axhjusgvmkalta sbdra cumrfm y hustbfgm fa ngebs kalbras b sbdra mjgkaltbs rahjmkmfbs al lbkdra fa jbs ngebs kalbras, pmrm jm mfbphgøl fa jms kafgfms hmutajmras qua saml mfahumfms m fghnbs prbhasbs sa sacugríl jbs tríkgtas astmdjahgfbs al jm JAH pmrm jm mfbphgøl fa kafgfms pravgms, sgkujtílams b faiglgtgvms al jbs prbhasbs fa lujgfmf, sapmrmhgøl b fgvbrhgb. Astmdjahgalfb jm JAH pmrm tmjas tríkgtas qua al aj mhtb fa jm hbkpmrahalhgm, sg lb nudgara mhuarfb fa jbs hølyucas sbdra jms kafgfms m mfbptmr b sg fghnb mhuarfb, bëfb, al su hmsb, aj Kglgstargb Igshmj, lb iuarm mprb dmfb al tbfb b al pmrta pbr aj Vrgdulmj, sa bgríl jms mjacmhgblas fa jbs hblhurraltas y sa prmhtghmrí jm pruadm qua çstbs prbpblcml y qua lb sam glõtgj b gkpartglalta, msë hbkb jm qua aj Vrgdulmj mhuarfa fa bighgb. Xg mjculm pruadm lb pufgarm prmhtghmrsa al jm hbkpmrahalhgm, aj Jatrmfb fa jm Mfkglgstrmhgøl fa Eustghgm saýmjmrí iahnm pmrm su príhtghm, al ulgfmf fa mhtb, faltrb fa jbs =? fëms sgcugaltas. a. Gltarvalhgøl al jbs prbhasbs fa rahblbhgkgaltb fa aighmhgm hgvgj fa rasbjuhgblas b fahgsgblas ahjasgístghms al kmtargm kmtrgkblgmj
Al jms fakmlfms al sbjghgtuf fa jm aighmhgm hgvgj fa jms rasbjuhgblas fghtmfms pbr jbs trgdulmjas ahjasgístghbs sbdra lujgfmf faj kmtrgkblgb hmlølghb b jms fahgsgblas pbltgighgms sbdra kmtrgkblgb rmtb y lb hblsukmfb, sg lb sa pgfgarm jm mfbphgøl b kbfgighmhgøl fa kafgfms, aj trgdulmj fmrí mufgalhgm pbr pjmzb fa fgaz fëms mj btrb hølyuca y mj Kglgstargb Igshmj y rasbjvarí pbr kafgb fa mutb jb qua rasujta prbhafalta sbdra jm aighmhgm al aj brfal hgvgj fa jm rasbjuhgøl b fahgsgøl ahjasgístghm. i. Gltarvalhgøl al jbs prbhasbs sbdra mhbcgkgaltb fa kalbras y mfbphgøl
Aj Kglgstargb Igshmj gltarvalfrí al jbs axpafgaltas fa eurgsfghhgøl vbjultmrgm humlfb miahtal mj astmfb hgvgj b hblfghgøl fa jm parsblm b astç hbkprbkatgfb aj gltarçs fa ul kalbr b ulm parsblm hbl hmpmhgfmf kbfgighmfm eufghgmjkalta, y al mquajjbs btrbs hmsbs al qua jm jay axprasmkalta msë jb fahjmra.
1.4 Gltarvalhgøl faj Mdbcmfb faj Astmfb Astmfb Xacõl aj mrtëhujb 11=.= fa jm JB_E, jm raprasaltmhgøl y faialsm faj Astmfb y fa sus brcmlgskbs mutølbkbs, msë hbkb jm raprasaltmhgøl y faialsm fa jbs ørcmlbs hblstgtuhgblmjas huyms lbrkms gltarlms lb astmdjazhml ul rçcgkal r çcgkal aspahgmj prbpgb, hbrraspblfarí m jbs Mdbcmfbs faj Astmfb gltacrmfbs al aj Xarvghgb Eurëfghb faj Astmfb. Jbs Mdbcmfbs faj Astmfb pbfríl raprasaltmr y faialfar m jbs rastmltas 9>
afgtbrgmj } hap
Jm raprasaltmhgøl y sus hjmsas
brcmlgskbs y altgfmfas põdjghbs, sbhgafmfas karhmltgjas astmtmjas y iulfmhgblas hbl pmrtghgpmhgøl astmtmj, al jbs tçrkglbs hbltalgfbs al jm Jay 14/=773, fa 43 fa lbvgakdra, fa Msgstalhgm Eurëfghm mj Astmfb a Glstgtuhgblas _õdjghms y fgspbsghgbla fgspbsghgblass fa fasmrrbjjb. Jm raprasaltmhgøl y faialsm fa jms altgfmfas castbrms, sarvghgbs hbkulas y btrbs brcmlgskbs b altgfmfas fa lmturmjazm põdjghm, qua hblibrka m jm jay gltacrml jm Mfkglgstrmhgøl fa jm Xacurgfmf Xbhgmj, sgl glhjugr, al hblsahualhgm, jm fa jms kutums hbjmdbrmfbrms fa jm Xacurgfmf Xbhgmj, hbrraspblfarí m jbs Jatrmfbs fa jm Mfkglgstrmhgøl fa jm Xacurgfmf Xbhgmj, gltacrmfbs al aj Xarvghgb Eurëfghb fa jm Mfkglgstrmhgøl fa jm Xacurgfmf Xbhgmj, sgl pareughgb fa qua, fa mhuarfb hbl jb qua racjmkaltmrgmkalta sa fatarkgla, tmjas iulhgblas puafml sar alhbkalfmfms m Mdbcmfb hbjacgmfb aspahgmjkalta fasgclmfb mj aiahtb. _br btrb jmfb, jm Jay 14/=773, fa 43 fa lbvgakdra, fa Msgstalhgm Eurëfghm mj Astmfb a Glstgtuhgblas _õdjghms astmdjaha al su mrt.=.= qua jm msgstalhgm eurëfghm, hblsgstalta al aj msasbrmkgaltb y jm raprasaltmhgøl y faialsm al eughgb faj Astmfb y fa sus Brcmlgskbs mutølbkbs, msë hbkb jm raprasaltmhgøl y faialsm fa jbs Ørcmlbs Hblstgtuhgblmjas, huyms lbrkms gltarlms lb astmdjazhml ul rçcgkal aspahgmj prbpgb, hbrraspblfarí m jbs Mdbcmfbs faj Astmfb gltacrmfbs al aj Xarvghgb Eurëfghb faj Astmfb, fa huyb Fgrahtbr fapalfal sus ulgfmfas, falbkglmfms Mdbcmhëms faj Astmfb. Lb bdstmlta, aj msasbrmkgaltb eurëfghb al aj íkdgtb faj Kglgstargb fa Faialsm y fa jbs Brcmlgskbs mutølbkbs mfshrgtbs mj kgskb hbrraspblfarí m jbs kgakdrbs faj Huarpb Eurëfghb Kgjgtmr, hblibrka m jb astmdjahgfb al jm Jay =3/=7>7, fa =7 fa eujgb, racujmfbrm faj Tçcgkal faj _arsblmj Kgjgtmr _rbiasgblmj, y fakís fgspbsghgblas jacmjas fa mpjghmhgøl. Vbfb ajjb sgl pareughgb fa jms hbkpatalhgms mtrgdugfms pbr jm jacgsjmhgøl m jbs Xudsahratmrgbs y Xahratmrgbs calarmjas tçhlghbs, msë hbkb fa jms iulhgblas mtrgdugfms pbr su lbrkmtgvm m jm Msasbrëm Eurëfghm Gltarlmhgblmj faj Kglgstargb fa Msultbs Axtargbras y fa Hbbparmhgøl hbkb ørcmlb msasbr al kmtargm fa Farahnb gltarlmhgblmj. Iglmjkalta, jm prbpgm Jay 14/=773, fa 43 fa lbvgakdra, rahblbha jbs sgcugaltas prgvgjacgbs al jbs prbhasbs hgvgjas qua sa fgrgeml hbltrm aj Astmfb, sus Brcmlgskbs mutølbkbs, altgfmfas põdjghms fapalfgaltas fa mkdbs b jbs ørcmlbs hblstgtuhgblmjas5 - Valar qua sar sar fakmlfmfbs al jbs Euzcmfbs Euzcmfbs y Vrgdulmjas qua talcml su safa safa al jms hmpgtmjas fa prbvglhgm, (astb lb sarí fa mpjghmhgøl m jbs eughgbs ulgvarsmjas lg m jbs gltarfghtbs fa bdrm ruglbsm). - ]ua jbs mhtbs fa hbkulghmhgøl hbkulghmhgøl sa altgalfal fgrahtmkalta fgrahtmkalta hbl aj Mdbcmfb faj Astmfb al su prbpgm safa. - Astíl axaltbs fa5 tmsms, tmsms, fapøsgtbs, fapøsgtbs, hmuhgblas, hmuhgblas, hblsgclmhgblas hblsgclmhgblas b humjqugar tgpb tgpb fa cmrmltëm. - _bsgdgjgfmf fa pafgr jm suspalsgøl faj hursb fa jbs mutbs.
M. Lbtgighmhgblas, Lbtgighmhgblas, hgtmhgblas, hgtmhgblas, akpjmzmkgaltbs y fakís mhtbs fa hbkulghmhgøl hbkulghmhgø l prbhasmj Al jbs prbhasbs sacugfbs mlta humjqugar eurgsfghhgøl al qua saml pmrta jm Mfkglgstrmhgøl Calarmj faj Astmfb, jbs Brcmlgskbs mutølbkbs b jbs ørcmlbs hblstgtuhgblmjas, smjvb qua jms lbrkms gltarlms fa astbs õjtgkbs b jms jayas prbhasmjas fgspblcml btrm hbsm, jms lbtgighmhgblas, hgtmhgblas, akpjmzmkgaltbs y fakís mhtbs fa hbkulghmhgøl prbhasmj sa altalfaríl fgrahtmkalta hbl aj Mdbcmfb faj Astmfb al jm safa bighgmj fa jm raspahtgvm Mdbcmhëm faj Astmfb. Humlfb jms altgfmfas põdjghms akprasmrgmjas u btrbs Brcmlgskbs põdjghbs racujmfbs pbr su lbrkmtgvm aspahëighm saml raprasaltmfbs y faialfgfbs pbr aj Mdbcmfb faj Astmfb sa mpjghmrí gcumjkalta jb fgspuastb mltargbrkalta.
afgtbrgmj } hap
97
_rbhafgkgaltbs Eufghgmjas. M) Lbrkms Hbkulas m tbfbs jbs _rbhafgkgaltbs Hgvgjas. Vakm =>
Xaríl lujms jms lbtgighmhgblas, hgtmhgblas, akpjmzmkgaltbs y fakís mhtbs fa hbkulghmhgøl prbhasmj qua lb sa prmhtgqual hbl mrracjb m jb mquë fgspuastb.
D. Axalhgøl fa fapøsgtbs y hmuhgblas Aj Astmfb y sus Brcmlgskbs mutølbkbs, msë hbkb jms altgfmfas põdjghms akprasmrgmjas, jbs Brcmlgskbs põdjghbs racujmfbs pbr su lbrkmtgvm aspahëighm fapalfgaltas fa mkdbs y jbs ørcmlbs hblstgtuhgblmjas, astmríl axaltbs fa jm bdjgcmhgøl fa hblstgtugr jbs fapøsgtbs, hmuhgblas, hblsgclmhgblas b humjqugar btrb tgpb fa cmrmltëm pravgstb al jms jayas. Al jbs _rasupuastbs Calarmjas faj Astmfb y fakís glstgtuhgblas põdjghms sa hblsgclmríl hrçfgtbs prasupuastmrgbs pmrm cmrmltgzmr aj prbltb hukpjgkgaltb, sg iuara prbhafalta, fa jms bdjgcmhgblas lb msacurmfms pbr jm axalhgøl.
H. Hbstms
Vbka lbtm Jms hbstms m huyb pmcb iuasa hblfalmfb aj Astmfb, sus Brcmlgskbs põdjghbs b jbs ørcmlbs hblstgtuhgblmjas saríl mdblmfms hbl hmrcb m jbs raspahtgvbs prasupuastbs, fa mhuarfb hbl jb astmdjahgfb racjmkaltmrgmkalta.
Jm tmsmhgøl fa jms hbstms al qua iuara hblfalmfm jm pmrta qua mhtõa al aj prbhasb al hbltrm faj Astmfb, sus brcmlgskbs põdjghbs, jbs ørcmlbs hblstgtuhgblmjas b parsblms faialfgfms pbr aj Mdbcmfb faj Astmfb, sa racgrí, al humltb m sus hblhaptbs a gkpbrta, pbr jms lbrkms calarmjas, hbl glhjusgøl, al su hmsb, fa jbs hbrraspblfgaltas m jms iulhgblas fa prbhurmfurëm. Igrka jm tmsmhgøl, su gkpbrta sa glcrasmrí al jm ibrkm jacmjkalta pravgstm, fílfbsaja aj fastglb astmdjahgfb prasupuastmrgmkalta. _mrm jm axmhhgøl fa jms hbstms gkpuastms m pmrtghujmras sa utgjgzmrí aj prbhafgkgaltb mfkglgstrmtgvb fa mprakgb, al faiahtb fa pmcb vbjultmrgb. Jms hbstms al qua iuara hblfalmfm jm pmrta qua mhtõa al aj prbhasb hbltrm aj Astmfb, Brcmlgskbs põdjghbs y ørcmlbs hblstgtuhgblmjas sa mpjghmríl mj prasupuastb fa glcrasbs faj Astmfb, smjvb al jbs supuastbs fa jbs mrtëhujbs =.8 y =.6 fa jm Jay 14/=773, fa 43 fa lbvgakdra, fa Msgstalhgm Eurëfghm mj Astmfb a Glstgtuhgblas _õdjghms, qua sa racgríl pbr jb astmdjahgfb al aj hbrraspblfgalta hblvalgb.
F. Xuspalsgøl faj hursb fa jbs mutbs Al jbs prbhasbs hgvgjas qua sa fgrgeml hbltrm aj Astmfb, sus Brcmlgskbs mutølbkbs, altgfmfas põdjghms fapalfgaltas fa mkdbs b jbs ørcmlbs hblstgtuhgblmjas, aj Mdbcmfb faj Astmfb rahmdmrí jbs mltahafaltas pmrm jm faialsm fa jm Mfkglgstrmhgøl, Brcmlgskb b altgfmf raprasaltmfm, msë hbkb ajavmrí, al su hmsb, hblsujtm mlta jm Fgrahhgøl faj Xarvghgb Eurëfghb faj Astmfb. M tmj igl, mj rahgdgr aj prgkar trmsjmfb, hgtmhgøl b lbtgighmhgøl faj ørcmlb eurgsfghhgblmj pbfrí pafgr, y aj Euaz mhbrfmrí, jm
3?
afgtbrgmj } hap
Jm raprasaltmhgøl y sus hjmsas
suspalsgøl faj hursb fa jbs mutbs, smjvb qua, axhaphgblmjkalta, y pbr mutb kbtgvmfb, sa astgka qua ajjb prbfuhgrëm crmva fmýb pmrm aj gltarçs calarmj. Aj pjmzb fa suspalsgøl sarí igemfb fgshrahgblmjkalta pbr aj Euaz, sgl qua puafm axhafar fa ul kas lg sar gliargbr m quglha fëms. Fghnb pjmzb sa hbltmrí fasfa aj fëm sgcugalta mj fa jm lbtgighmhgøl fa jm prbvgfalhgm pbr jm qua sa mhuarfa jm suspalsgøl, lb hmdgalfb hbltrm tmj prbvgfalhgm rahursb mjculb. Al jbs gltarfghtbs, prbhafgkgaltbs faj mrtëhujb 6= fa jm Jay Ngpbtahmrgm, msacurmkgaltb fa dgalas jgtgcgbsbs a glhgfaltas, aj pjmzb fa suspalsgøl sarí igemfb fgshrahgblmjkalta pbr aj Euaz, lb sgalfb supargbr m fgaz fëms lg gliargbr m sags.
afgtbrgmj } hap
3=