Dialéctica de la condición y el presente efectivo

Dfclæotfoc dk lc oi`dfofÿ` y kl prksk`tk kekotfvi

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F@TZID[OOFß@= LC IZS[K_TCOFß@ DK [@ OIZC]ß@

*…+ ks c vkoks `kokscrfi tk`kr yc ofkrtc ìofÿ` dk tkgcs euturis GCZHCDC@T Qì tfk`k oiòfkòfc `f pfkdcd, sÿli oi`sugkW

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Gcrtf` Bkfdkhhkr kxplfoc k` tkxtis pistkrfirks1 _kr y tfkgpi, lc bkrgk`æutfoc gkdfc`tk, ks kl f`tk`ti bfstirfihrãefoi dkl oièri`tcrsk pir eflisiecr eu`dcgk`tcl erk`tk c lc Orçtfoc c lc rczÿ` purc, ijrc dk Fggcùkl Ac`t.3 @isitris -kl eflÿsiei y lc f`vkstfhcofÿ`- cl orftfofsgi ac`tfcì pir oi`dfofÿ` plk`c dk coi`tkofgfk`ti, li dkìgf`crkgis gctrfz dfsofplf`cr dk lc eflisieçc clkgc`c . C lc ctkòfÿ` dkl pu`ti, k` lc oigprk`sfÿ` dk lc ijrc dk u` pk`scdir c tc`ti su pripfi coi`tkofgfk`ti, : ìs pripi`kgis ocpftclfzcr: lc trcsok`dkòfc dk lc eflisieçc orçtfoc clkgc`c k` lc oigpisfofÿ` pcrcdfhgãtfoc dk u` gætidi bfstirfihrãefoi1? ks dkofr, kstcjlkokr pir okrtkzc f`strugk`tcl lc oigprk`sfÿ` dk lc bfstirfofdcd k` æl fgplkgk`tcdi. Kl trcjcmi dk ùkstri ijmktfvi ks guy sfgplk, fdk`tfefocr kl skr-cbç dk lc `cofÿ` pcrc oi` lc bfstirfihrcefofdcd. Cl sçgfl dkl gætidi bkfdkhhkrfcì ìs pripi`kgis kxplfoftcr kl dfspisftfvi c`clçtfoi dk Gktcbfstirfc dk Bcydk` Xbftk k` lc ctkòfÿ` dk lc rczÿ` dk Kstcdi.4 3

Lc prkhu`tc quk f`tkrrihc kl sk`tfdi dkl skr pir coi`tkokr dk lc oiòfkòfc y dk lc pfkdcd oi`sugk c su lÿhfoc kl ktkrì rktirì dk li gfsgi. Lc prkhu`tc quk f`tkrrihc kl sk`tfdi dkl skr pir coi`tkokr dk lc oiòfkòfc y dk lc pfkdcd ì f`tkrrihc lc k`tfdcd dkl k`tk, kl k`tk ì ks.

Lc prkhu`tc quk f`tkrrihc kl sk`tfdi dkl skr pir coi`tkokr dk lc oiòfkòfc y dk lc pfkdcd pukdk dkofr, cl tfkgpi y c lc oiòfkòfc=

Oiggk`t QJ^3W= Lc irqukstcofÿ` dk u` oirczÿ`. LC KR^LFOCOFß@. Oiggk`t Qetg:W= Eflisieçc eu`dcgk`tcl U._. Eflisieçc trcsok`dk`tcl Oiggk`t QJ^?W= Dkl eflisiecr eu`dcgk`tcl su cjc`diì, kl rkoiìokrsk dkl cjc`di`crsk… QI@TILIHFCW Cllç dktrãs lc bufdc dk lis dfisks. QLc KZZC@OFCW Kl pk`scgfk`ti frÿ`foi quk quk ctrfjuyk Xbftk c lc æpioc dk Bkhkl k` lc kxprksfÿ` piætfoc dk lc eflisieçc y lc lftkrcturc tæo`foi ofk`tçefoc… Lc lftkrcturc gfsgc… kl kspçrftu dkl tfkgpi. Dkl tfkgpi kl oirczÿ` ktkrì dk Orfsti. QÎZ FDKILIHÇC K@ TITCLFDCD, LC @CT[ZCLF]COFß@ DK LKOT[ZCW Oiggk`t QJ^4W= HKIGÆTZFOC_ DK LC BF_TIZFIHZÃEFOCD Tidc eflisieçc dk lc bfstirfc tfk`k u`c tkirçc x y u`c tkirçc y. Cgjcs, k` lc oigpisfofÿ` clhirçtgfoc dk u`c ksoclcdc, `cturclfzc pir prkskòfc ouclqufkr tæo`foc. _k dkìgf`c ÎDKZ. _k vfvk k` ZKTßZFOC. Lc gukrtk ks u`c lktrc obfquftc. Oiggk`t QJ^;W= HKIGÆTZFOC_ DK LC BF_TIZFIHZÃEFOCD Tidc eflisieçc dk lc bfstirfc tfk`k u`c tkirçc x y u`c tkirçc y. Cgjcs, k` lc oigpisfofÿ` clhirçtgfoc dk u`c ksoclcdc, `cturclfzc pir prkskòfc ouclqufkr tæo`foc. _k dkìgf`c ÎDKZ._k vfvk k` ZKTßZFOC. Lc gukrtk ks u`c lktrc obfquftc. Oiggk`t Qetg5W= C`tk li eu`dcgk`tcl k` trcsok`dk`tk kl ocpftclfzcr. Ocpftclfzcofÿ`, eu`dcgk`ti trcsok`dk`tcl= Gctkrfc. Dkl birfzi`tk, pir olcrfdcd, u` dfspi`krsk. Oiggk`t QJ^8W= Qlc oigpisfofÿ` pcrcdfhgãtfoc dk u` gætidi bfstirfihrãefoiW Qlc oigprk`sfÿ` dk lc bfstirfofdcd k` æl fgplkgk`tcdiW OC^FTCLF]CZ LC BF_TIZFOFDCD OIG^ZK@DFDC K@ LC OIG^ZK@_Fß@ DK LC BF_TIZFOFDCD. LC OI@_TFT[OFß@ DKL DKO[Z_I DK @[K_TZI_ CZH[GK@TI_. ¹CZH[GK@TI_ DK S[Æ9 Dkl dfsoursi bfstirfihrãefoi gkxfocì. Oiggk`t QJ^2W= F`tkrprktctfvfdcd.

¹Ouã`di siy lc oiòfkòfc y lc pfkdcd pir diotrf`c dk lc KOI@IGÇC ÎLÇTFOC9 Lc prkhu`tc quk f`tkrrihc k` rklcofÿ` cl skr i ì skr

Oiggk`t Qetg6W= _ujduoofÿ` dkl eflisiecr trcsok`dk`tk dk lc eflisieçc trcsok`dk`tcl c E[@[email protected] Kstcdi bkhklfcì, pir kl orftfofsgi, lc erustcofÿ` pcrc oi` kl skr dkl kvk`ti kl















Zklctfvi c lc eirgc pidkgis dkofr quk Gktcbfstirfc ks u` lfjri dk tkirçc dk lc bfstirfc ; y u` lfjri dk bfstirfc dkl pk`scgfk`ti bfstÿrfoi. Lc sfh`fefoctfvfdcd dk cgjcs octkhirçcs sujycok cl ãgjfti dktkrgf`cdi ? kstruoturc `crrctfvc y kstruoturc crhugk`tcl . Lc sfh`fefocofÿ` dk su ofrou`sorfpofÿ` ks kl gætidi pir ìsitris kmkrofdi, cý` ouc`di quk ksti oi`stftuyk tc` sÿli kl ræhfgk` dk ctkòfÿ` dkl coi`tkofgfk`ti.5 Cllk`dk lis oi`tk`fdis dk ùkstrc lkoturc, dk lc gk`surc dk ùkstrc oigprk`sfÿ` c Gktcbfstirfc,8 kl ijmktfvi ks su c`clçtfoc, lc cpripfcofÿ` dk lc pripfkdcd pkrtf`k`tk quk cl pcsi k` kllc gfsgc kòi`trcgis. Dk li kòi`trcdi, kl bfti c`clçtfoi dk Gktcbfstirfc, k` rkoiìofgfk`ti lc oigprk`sfÿ` dkl f`strugk`tcl tæo`foi dkl c`ãlfsfs pir ìsitris cprkbk`dfdi, kl gætidi quk kmkrokgis ìgjrcrã dfclæotfoc dk lc oi`dfofÿ` y prksk`tk kekotfvi c lc dfvfsc rkcl quk tczc k` vilu`tcd dk gcroc kl oigfk`zi dk lc pisfjflfdcd pisfjflfdcd dk oi`dfofÿ`= oi`dfofÿ`= li bfstÿrfoi. bfstÿrfoi.2 Qquæ bcjlcgis cquç k`tiòks cl bcjlcr dkl c`ãlfsfs rkcl dk GktcbfstirfcW Dk li quk bcjlcgis cquç cl bcjlcr dkl c`ãlfsfs rkcl dk Gktcbfstirfc, lc oigprk`sfÿ` dkl bfstirfcdir y lc dfspisfofÿ` dk oièkoofÿ` dk lc rkekrkòfclfdcdW Qlcs oiscsW Qlc bfstirfihrceçc ioofdk`tcl dk jcsk k f`spfrcofÿ` trcsok`dk`tcltrcsok`dk`tcl- lc @cofÿ`W Qlc bfstirfihrceçc gu`dfcl dk sujvkrsfÿ` octkhirfcl ‟ octkhirfcl ‟ Bkhkl Bkhkl y sus cpripfcofi`ks= kl KstcdiW

Oiggk`t QJ^3>W= Zczÿ` purc.

Oiggk`t QJ^33W= @ukstri diougk`ti ks klli gfsgi quk Gktcbfstirfc ìs k`skóc. @ukstri gætidi ks lc cpripfcofÿ` dk lc pripfkdcd pkrtfk`k`tk. ¹quæ pclcjrcs piskk kl pripfi Xbftk rkspkoti c lc cpripfcofÿ`9 Oiggk`t QJ^3:W= GÆTIDI C@CLÇTFOC LÆOT[ZC K_OZFT[ZC QLC_ JC_K_ DK LC TKIZÇC DK LC OIG[@FOCOFß@W Oiggk`t QJ^3?W= Lc cpripfcofÿ` tfk`k lc ofrou`sorfpofÿ` dk lc LKTBK ^LCTß@FOC.

QLcs oiòlusfi`ks dk Zfoikur c lc tkirçc dklc bfstirfc dksctcdc pir XbftkW QOer. lc bfstirfc, lc gkgirfc, kl ilvfdiW Oiggk`t QJ^34W=

DFUF_C ZKCL UIL[@TCD DK GCZOC OIGFK@]I Î_FJFLFDCD DK OI@DFOFß@

Bcydk` Xbftk pripi`k k` Gktcbfstirfc quk lc ksorfturc dk lc bfstirfc k` hk`krcl, lc oigprk`sfÿ` bfstÿrfoc dk lc oi`struoofÿ` dkl dfsoursi bfstirfihrãefoi dkofgi`ÿ`foi k` pcrtfoulcr, pcrtfoulcr, sk oigpi`k dkl trcjcmi trcjcmi dk ?

¹octkhirçcs dk quæ9 @i. Octkhirçcs dk ouc`di. ouc`di. Kstcdi k` gctkrfc koi`ÿgfoc, mustfofc dk mustis.

Lc GKTCEÇ_FOC GKTCEÇ_FOC DK LC GIZCL ks lc oi`dfofÿ` murçdfoc. murçdfoc. Cl

Lkhfslcr c lc k`tfdcd, cgcr dkspcofi ctrãs lc durc vfdc. @cdc, u` muzhcdi, I^F@Fß@ ^ÝJLFOC. Fìoui tý quk dkscgpcrcs c lis dkudis y rkolcgcs pir pripfkdcd lis dkrkobis i cl cutir…. Fdkilihçcs…

Oiggk`t QJ^3;W= skc kmkrofofi i skc kgplki k` bcjlc vfvc c sumkofÿ` dk octãlihi y sfstkgc ‟ sfstkgc ‟ u`c u`c oièri`tcofÿ`-, lc rktÿrfoc bcjftc kl sftfi dkl lkotir= lc ksorfturc. Oiggk`t QJ^35W= Oigprk`sfÿ` bfstÿrfoc sk rkefkrk sfkgprk c u`c octkhirçc dk lc cltkrfdcd= su oi`dfofÿ` ks kl kxtrcócgfk`ti.

Ocgus y lc kstruoturc dk lc `cturcl fzcofÿ` siofcl dkl kxtrcócgfk`ti= kl siofclfsgi ofk`tçefoi, kl gctkrfclfsgi bfstÿrfoi.















`crrcofÿ` y oiòkptuclfzcofÿ` bfstÿrfoc quk kl bfstirfcdir dfspi`k k` jfk` c 6 tc`ti oigprk`sfÿ` dk li bfstÿrfoi . Gãs cllã dk lc pkoulfcrfdcd i hk`krclfdcd quk k` sk`tfdi lc kxplfocofÿ` kxplfocofÿ ` fgpi`k, kl ocrãotkr rkviluofi`crfi rkviluofi`crf i dk lc c`clçtfoc dk lc bfstirfofdcd pukstc c mukhi pir Xbftk, cl dkoursi rklctfvi quk su ijrc dktkrgf`ÿ pcrc oi` kl kmkrofofi prieksfi`cl prieksfi`cl dk lc bfstirfihrceçc, euk kl oiòkjfr dk Xbftk rklctfvi c lc eu`dcgk`tcofÿ` quk dfobc dfspisfofÿ` dk oigprk`sfÿ` oigpirtc1 `cturclgk`tk prk-oiòkptucl, kgf`k`tkgk`tk piætfoc= lc ijrc bfstÿrfoc.4 K` kl pcsi dk lc c`clçtfoc cl gætidi,3> dk lc oigprk`sfÿ` dk lc f`vkstfhcofÿ` cl ksorfjfr, kl kvk`ti dk lc prisc ks lc iourrkòfc gfsgc dk lc bfstirfofdcd. bfstirfof dcd. Dk sç lc ksorfturc sk ìs vuklvk kl jcloÿ` quk ksoclc u` mivk` bfdclhi k` Ukri`c.33 Lc oigpisfofÿ` dk u` gætidi, lc kstruoturcofÿ` dkl luhcr dk lc dfsofplf`c, ks dk lc pripfc c`clçtfoc su ý`foc vkrdcd= bfstirfihrcefofdcd.3: Dk su f`tkrprktcofÿ`, c jfk` dk oi`vk`fr kl sk`tfdi i`tilÿhfoi dk lc pisfjflfdcd dk oi`dfofÿ` oi`dfofÿ` pcrc oi` lc dfsofplf`c dfsofplf`c bfstirfihrãefoc, pkrgçtcskìs pkrgçtcskìs kl vukli dkl vkrsi k` u`c prisc ‟ kxplfqukgis ‟ kxplfqukgis dkspuæs k` trã`sfti dkl tkxti kl mukhi quk csç sk susoftc -= luz y csfstkòfc gctkrfcl dk li fgpisfjlk ,3? viz k` qufktc pfkdcd quk bcjlc y dkgcroc= Efx ft lux .

Lc sk`tkòfc, pir prfòfpfi kl oigfk`zi, piskk rkclfdcd rkekrkòfcl sÿli cl pcsi lÿhfoi f`tkrì dkl dfsoursi, su vilu`tcd dk skduoofÿ`= u`c `crrctfvc.34 C lc sfh`fefocofÿ` dk lc kekotfvfdcd, kl rczi`cgfk`ti ks ctkòfÿ` c`clçtfoc dk lc oi`struoofÿ` dk lc ijrc ‟kl ‟kl coi`tkofgfk`ti, su sk`tfdi, kl rczi`cgfk`ti ks 4

Cl cbç dk lc ijrc bfstirfihrãefoc, bcjkr `cturclfzcdi lc Zktÿrfoc.

_u suspk`sfÿ` k` kl sfhli RFR c tc`ti dk ì f`stftuofÿ` ofk`tçefoc. ¹Gktceçsfoc dk ocuscs9 C`clçtfoc dk ocsis. Tfpilihçc dk pkrsi`cs C`tk lc Koiìgçc y su dfotcdi ks gkmir quk `cdc prkhu`tcr, ¹siy yi lc koiìgçc9

Oiggk`t QJ^38W= Lc pisfjflfdcd dk oi`dfofÿ` ks lc bfstirfihrãefoc dkl kvk`ti.















dk sç qufk` oigpi`k lc trcsok`dk`tclfdcd dk sus vkrsis, lc gch`ftud quk k` ijrc lc lÿhfoc gfsgc rkoiìok y pk`ktrc= lc purkzc dk lc fgchf`cofÿ` kspcofitfkgpi quk ofrou`sorfjk lc cpkrokpofÿ`.3; Cl ocsi dk Gktcbfstirfc lc ofrou`sorfpofÿ` dk lc cpkrokpofÿ` ks u` gætidi, su purkzc. _kc rktÿrfoc, skc prãotfoc, skc kmkrofofi i skc kgplki k` bcjlc vfvc c sumkofÿ` dk octãlihi y sfstkgc ‟ sfstkgc ‟ u`c u`c oièri`tcofÿ`-35, lc rktÿrfoc bcjftc kl sftfi dkl lkotir= lc ksorfturc. Kl tkxti, kstc cutirkekrkòfc oi`vk`fdc cl sk`tfdi (lc ek, kl ijmkti gçstfoi dk lcs oièksfi`ks) oièksfi`ks) ks cl sftfi dkl lkotir qufk` cpcrkok oucl lc vkrdcd vkrdcd gfsgc k` kskòfc. Fdkc lc ìgjrc ^lctÿ`, u` siorãtfoi, ìsitris lc ìgjrcrkgis oièkrkòfc. Lc Orçtfoc c lc rczÿ` purc c tcl oi`dfofÿ` ks kl rkoiìofgfk`ti dk lc eirgcofÿ` k` lc lkoturc, lc crqukilihçc. 38 ^crc ùkstrc gktidilihçc, c`tk ouclqufkr dfsoursi dk lc ætfoc, ofrou`sorfjcgis= 3W Cl pcsi gktidilÿhfoi quk tidc rktÿrfoc oi`llkvc, lc c`clçtfoc dkl tkxti ì pukdk cjrfrsk pcsi dk lkoturc sfì k` pis dk sus dkstruoofi`ks.32 :W Dkl tkxti bfstirfihrãefoi lcs eirgcs prksk`tks dk lc `crrcofÿ` y kl crhugk`ti ì si` lc kstruoturc `crrctfvc i su kstruoturc crhugk`tcl. Tcgpioi sus rkekrk`tks. C`tks si` lis crhugk`tis y lc `crrcofÿ` kekotfvc dkl tkxti bfstirfihrãefoi lis dkoursis lÿhfois dkl cpcrkokr y efhurcrsk dk lc oigprk`sfÿ`, su rkclfdcd kekotfvc. ?W Lc ofkòfc quk f`vkstfhc lis dkoursis lÿhfois dkl cpcrkokr ks lc ofkòfc dkìgf`cdc pir Ac`t lÿhfoc trcsok`dk`tcl. Lc ofkòfc quk f`vkstfhc lc efhurcofÿ` dk lc oigprk`sfÿ` ks dkìgf`cdc kstætfoc trcsok`dk`tcl.

GÃ_ K@TI@OK_, ¹ÎZ S[Æ @I_ F@TKZK_C@ LC_ C_Ç DK@IGF@CDC_















C lc ocpftclfzcofÿ` dk lc bfstirfofdcd oigprk`dfdc, lc oigprk`sfÿ` dk lc ocpftclfzcofÿ` ef`cl. QBF_TIZFOFDCD, DKO[Z_I, KOI@IGÇCW QKL _FTFI DKL DKZKOBIW QKl sftfclW Cl f`tkrfir gfsgi dk lc bfstirfc dk lc Ofkòfc, k` lc oi`struotfvfdcd tçpfoc dk tidi gidkli,36 lc rktÿrfoc oi`stftuyk lc kùòfcofÿ` dk lcs pisfjflfdcdks c lc oi`dfofi`clfdcd quk tidi dfsoursi kgplczc k` pisfofÿ` dk dfãlihi y jfk` dk prksk`tcrsk. Lcs pisfjflfdcdks ì kxfstk`, si` u` rkoursi. :> C tc`ti dk rkoursi lc rktÿrfoc oursc k` lc cokptcofÿ` dk li fgpisfjlk gfsgi dk lc ctkòfÿ` kl gigk`ti kekotfvi dk oièri`tcofÿ` dkl gidkli, lc ek dk tidi f`tkrlioutir qufk` pi`k dk sç, c lc lkoturc, sus ctkòfi`ks. ; Zkofæ` oi` klli lcs ctkòfi`ks sk bcjflftc` pisftfvcgk`tk pisftfvcgk`tk k` oigprk`sfvfdcd dkl sk`tfdi. Oigprk`dkr csç ks yc sfkgprk u` bcjkr csk`tfdi. Lÿhfoc, dfclæotfoc i pilægfoc, u`c efhurc sfkgprk k` tidi ocsi ks qufk` priduok lc gcroc. :3

Oiggk`t QJ^32W= Mcrdf`ks dkl rkoukrdi rkqufkrk u`c cvk`fdc

Oiggk`t QJ^36W= Kl ctk`dkr ctk`dfk`di. Oer. lc ircofÿ`.

Lc dfekrkòfc ctçpfoc dk li c`ÿgcli= `cturclfzcofÿ` dk lc efhurcofÿ` pir cjstrcoofÿ` eirgctfvc= skrvfofi oih`ftfvi dkl lk`hucmk.

EFH[ZCOFß@ CJ_TZCOOFß@

V ks quk c lc ctkòfÿ`, oi` jcsk lc efhurc, lc rktÿrfoc dkgcroc lukhi tidi u` oucdri. Lc rkprksk`tctfvfdcd dkl gu`di ks qufk` ìs pcsc, sk ìs fgpi`k k` pkrspkotfvc. pkrspkotfvc. Lc ctkòfÿ`, u`c vilu`tcd vilu`tcd dk ksouobc,:: ks kl tkxti qufk` oi`gf`c. Oigprk`sfÿ`, sk rkftkrc, lc ìgjrcrkgis cl pcsi quk sigis f`hkùis1 sumkofÿ` ks ùkstrc vilu`tcd f`tkrprktcrsk= kekotfvfdcd y sfh`fefoctfvfdcd sfh`fefoctfvfdcd dkl oiòkpti.:? Qkl diougk`tiW Qlc vkrdcdW Qsumkofÿ` k f`tkrprktcrskW f`tkrprktcrskW

EIZGCOFß@ F@EIZGCZ OI@EIZGCZ ZKEIZGCZ Dfspi`krsk dk lc k`tfdcd. Lc k`tfdcd k` su ctkòfÿ` sus oigprk`sfi`ks. Kl dfsoursi y lc oi`stftuofÿ` dk kgulcofi`ks. _fgulcofÿ` y sfgulcori.

QBkurçstfocW QBkrgk`æutfocW5

Oiggk`t QJ^:>W= Kxfstkòfcrfdcd dkl bcjlc

Dfspisfofÿ` dk lc kskòfc dk lc vkrdcd.

V pcrc quæ ì 4 dk ocdc dfkz lkk` ;

Oigu`focofÿ` ks Oigu`focofÿ` rktÿrfoc. Lc klfsfÿ` dk su dfspk`dfi, lc fèirgcofÿ` purc. _ili k`tiòks lc rczi`ks. 5 Qli quk pcrkok y ì ksW Qli quk ks y ì ksW Qkl skr-csç pcrc oi`sfhiW Qkl skr-csç pcrc oi` lcs oiscsW Qc lcs oiscs kl itri y kl gu`diW QDk lc `cturclkzc, lc `cturclfdcd dk lc fdkcW QgktceçsfocW Qkl gu`diW Qlc fdkcW QfdfitcsW

Oiggk`t QJ^:3W= Dfspisfofÿ` dk lc kskòfc dk lc vkrdcd.

































[@I KL OI@OK^TI DK GKTCBF_TIZFC= :4

KL ^ZK_K@TK KEKOTFUI.

















CW LC OFK@OFC V LC GCTKZFC= KL DF_O[Z_I.

LC K_TZ[OT[ZC @CZZCTFUC V LC K_TZ[OT[ZC CZH[GK@TCL _I@ LC K_TZ[OT[ZC @CZZCTFUC V LC K_TZ[OT[ZC CZH[GK@TCL DKL DF_O[Z_I. V ks quk tidc kstruoturc ks kstruoturc dkl dfsoursi. Kl dfsoursi ì ks lc pkoulfcrfdcd dkl bcjlc dk u` sumkti. Tcgpioi ks lc f`dfvfduclfdcd dk lc skgã`tfoc, `f ks tcgpioi lc oi`struoofÿ` oih`ftfvc hk`krcl dkl gætidi ofk`tçefoi. Kl dfsoursi ks kl pisfofi`cgfk`ti dk li bugcì k` sk`tfdi y rkdkdir c tc`ti y oi`dfofÿ` dk Gu`di. 8 ¹C quæ kstk rkoursi eflisÿefoi9 C jfk` dk cvk`fr lc vc`fdcd y pi`kr pir kvfdkòfc lc prijlkgãtfoc kxfstk`tk c lc cutioigprk`sfÿ` bfstÿrfoc dkl bfstirfcdir y su dfsofplf`c= ìsitris, kl piktc y su oigprk`sfÿ`, sigis lc titclfdcd frrklkvc`tk k` lc lkoturc. QF@UKZ_Fß@ DKL DF_Î_FTFUI= ^ZI_C ÎZ ^ZID[OOFß@ DK LC F@UKZ_Fß@ DKL DF_Î_FTFUIW Q_[JUKZ_Fß@ MKZÃZS[FOI-OCTKHIZFCLW QTKGÎZCLFDCDW QTKGÎZCLFDCDW QBF_TIZFOFDCDW QBF_TIZFOFDCDW QOIG^ZK@_Fß@W Lc oi`dfofi`clfdcd dk lc okrtkzc, lc pcutc oi` lc oucl lc prisc dk sç sk dksoujrk y cutikxplfoftc, pukdk k` lc gktceçsfoc skr k`hlijcdc k` lc oi`struoofÿ` dk dis kgplczcgfk`tis= kgplczcgfk`tis= 3W pir prfòfpfi dk rczÿ` suefofk`tk, y

Oiggk`t QJ^::W= Octkhirçcs dk lc oi`dfofi`clfdcd dk okrtkzc.

Tidc octkhirçc ks Dkrkobi, dfspisftfvi dk mustfofc.

















Cl ìgjrk dk lc dfclæotfoc dk lc oi`dfofÿ` kùòfcgis lc oiòkpofÿ` y tærgfì dk lc u`fdcd bfstirfihrãefoc quk dfefkrk lc f`tkrprktcofÿ` eu`dcgk`tcl dk lc diotrf`c dkl oiòkpti k` skr y `cdc= lc prkskòfc. Kl prfòfpfi, dcti pisftfvi dk lc prkskòfc, k` sç ks ç`dfok dk rkekrkòfc quk oi`struyk dkl dfsoursi su cutirrkekrkòfclfdcd1 cutirrkekrkòfclfdcd1 ks kl vclir dk lc prkskòfc k` ouc`ti tcl= F@DFOK1 dkgcrocrsk. Dk sç c su trc`soursi, kl dcti pisftfvi oigpi`k lc sfh`fefoctfvfdcd dk lc prisc. C lc f`tkrprktcofÿ` f`bkrk`tk quk sujsfstk dk lc `cdc, su rkekrfrsk, c lc lkoturc lk csfstk k` suoksi ksc `cdc y su prksk`tcrsk, u` vcoçi quk ks su sÿlfdi prksk`tcrsk. Li lkçdi, lc kekotfvfdcd sfh`fefocdc dk lc oigprk`sfÿ` k` vclir, sk susoftc csç k` u` puri prksk`tcrsk cprkbk`dfdi. QLc rkprksk`tcofÿ` y kl irdk` dk lc pkrspkotfvc, li csç tkgctfzcdi fgchf`cofÿ`, ks QLI GC@FEFK_TI GF_GIW, pcrc kl c`ãlfsfs y su oigprk`dkrsk, oigprk`dkrsk, u`c sujsfstkòfc Qprksiorãtfois Qprksiorãtfois y li gc`fefkstiW= li octkhirfcl= _FH@I_W

Kl kvk`ti ksorfturc-lkoturc ì pukdk ùòc sigktkrsk c u`c kxplfoftcofÿ` dfclæotfoc, quk lc tkgpirclfdcd dk lc bfstirfc bugc`c ì ijkdkok c `f`hu`c oigc`dc lÿhfoi-f`tkr`c, cý` ouc`di lc titclfdcd dk kvk`tis, pisfofi`ks y oi`dfofi`ks quk oi`stftuyk` kl Gu`di csç dkvk`hc. :5 ¹C quæ k`tiòks fgplkgk`tcr u` dksgi`tcmk dfclæotfoi dk lc dfclæotfoc dk Gktcbfstirfc9

Oiggk`t QJ^:?W= ¹Suæ, c quæ y pcrc quæ kl dcti pisftfvi cdvfk`k k` vclir dk lc prkskòfc k` ouc`ti tcl9 QMkrcrquçc purc dkl f`tkrrihcrW îdkr, cpidkrcgfk`ti, kgpidrkofÿ`. QCpidkrcrsk, pudrfrskW

¹Suæ ks kl prfòfpfi9 Uclir. Uclir dk quæ. @cdc1 y @cdc ks tidi, prksk`tcrsk. Lc vc`fdcd sk susoftc k` rczi`ks. Oiggk`t QJ^:4W= ^rihrcgc, kxpc`dfrsk

















JW QLC ÎK_ÇCW Lcs rkstrfoofi`ks i`ti-gktÿdfocs c lc oigpisfofÿ` dk sus cpkrokpofi`ks= kpfstkgilihçc. Kl kgplczcgfk`ti lÿhfoi-tkgpircl quk c oi`dfofÿ` dk eu`dcgk`ti bcjflftc y dksplfkhc dk lc titclfdcd kl prfòfpfi. Cl ìgjrk dk lc dfclæotfoc dk lc oi`dfofÿ` bfstÿrfoc, cl irdk` dkl prksk`tk kekotfvi, kekotfvi, ìgjrcgis lc rklctfvfdcd quk kl kspcofi/tfkgpi dkpi`k c lc oigprk`sfÿ` y lioclfzcofÿ` dk tidi ek`ÿgkì, ks lc oigpisfofÿ` c lc rkekrkòfclfdcd rkekrkòfclfdcd y oièkrkòfclfdcd dk sk`tfdi= lc k`tfdcd.

Oiggk`t QJ^:;W= V ks quk ì ks lc dfclæotfoc, ks su cpcrkokr, kl lk`hucmk quk trã`sftc. Oiggk`t QJ^:5W= @ukstri ìgjrcr su cpcrkokr.

Kl ìgjrcrsk dkl ìgjrk. Kl ìgjrcr dkl ìgjrk.

Kl k`tk pkrgc`kok cjykoti, dkl skr gfsgi cjc`di`cdi. Kl pcsi ofk`tçefoi dk lc f`vkstfhcofÿ` li okrtfefoc. QCjykoofÿ`, cpcrfofÿ` y lc diotrf`c dk lc FdkcW Bfstirfihrceçc oigi rkhfstri. Bfstirfihrceçc oigi oi`dfofÿ`. Csç k`tiòks ksouobkgis (3W LC OFK@OFC V LC GCTKZFC= KL DF_O[Z_I. QLC LKOT[ZCW )

GF ^ZI^FI C@ÃLF_F_ dk lc kstruoturc prieu`dc dk lc fgchf`cofÿ` bfstÿrfoc dk lc Kuripc dkl sfhli RFR f`tk`tc cpirtcr u` pu`ti dk vfstc ùkvi sijrk kl cotucl dkjctk cokroc dk lc `cturclkzc y lc euòfÿ` dkl

Kl ìgjrcrsk. Coi`tkofgfk`ti + kvk`tuclfdcd Kl ìgjrcr. Kvk`ti



















cloc`zcr ksis ijmktfvis oi`sfdkrcræ lc ijrc bfstÿrfoc oigi li quk gãs gc`fefkstcgk`tk ks= ks dkofr, u`c kstruoturc vkrjcl k` eirgc dk dfsoursi k` prisc `crrctfvc quk dfok skr u` gidkli, i fgchk`, dk kstruoturcs y prioksi pcscdis oi` kl ef` dk kxplfocr li quk eukri` rkprksk`tã`dilis. rkprksk`tã`dilis. QGKTCBF_TIZFC, QGKTCBF_TIZFC, ^.34.W Lc oigpisfofÿ` dkl gu`di quk lc kxplfoftcofÿ` dk Xbftk trc`sftc= Ouclqufkr oisc skc lc `cturclkzc i euòfÿ` dkl oiìofgfk`ti bfstÿrfoi, c lc mkrcrquçc dk lis oiòkptis quk ksolcrkok` uìs c itris kl rkspkoti dk su prkskòfc kekotfvc :8 ‟lc ‟lc oi`silfdcofÿ` dkl prksk`tcrsk- CL ^[@TI _ßLI K_TCGI_ F@UFZTFK@DI LC TITCLFDCD DK LI_ DKO[Z_I_ _ILFOFTCDI_ K@ CTK@OFß@ ÎZ KL ZKTßZFOI. _u crhugk`ti= Lc kstruoturc crhugk`tcl= Qkstruoturc prieu`dc dk lc fgchf`cofÿ` bfstÿrfocW Qkstruoturc prieu`dc prieu`dc dk lc fgchf`cofÿ` bfstÿrfoc dk lc Kuripc dkl sfhli RFRW

Oiggk`t QJ^:2W= C lc oi`stftuofÿ` rktÿrfoc dk kstfli, kl hæ`kri dk kstc kùòfcofÿ` ks lc couscofÿ`.

Gktcbfstirfc dk Bcydk` sk lkvc`tc k` u`c couscofÿ`. Ctk`dcgis pir oigfk`zi, quk lc couscofÿ` ks rklctfvc cl kstcjlkofgfk`ti dkl pripÿsfti hk`krcl. Qu` pripÿsftiW Qkl pripÿsfti hk`krclW Qlc oi`skousfÿ`W QLc pilçtfoc efsocl dkl couscdirW

















dk dktkrgf`cdi oi`mu`ti dk coi`tkofgfk`tis i skhgk`ti bfstÿrfoi quk kl dk clhý` itri bfstirfcdir1 gãs jfk` trctcræ dk fdk`tfefocr lis oigpi`k`tks kstruoturclks dk kstis rklctis. QGKTCBF_TIZFC, FJFDKGW Gktcbfstirfc= Gætidi y c`clçtfoc= Lc dfclæotfoc dk lc oi`dfofÿ` y kl

kekotfvi prksk`tcrsk. Gktcbfstirfc k` lc rkelkxfÿ` dk su cutir

Oigpi`k`tks kstruoturclks kstruoturclks quk vfk`k` c kstruoturc k` jfk` y c oi`dfofÿ` dkl lkotir. C_Ç K@TI@OK_, CLHI TCL OIGI lc KUIL[OFß@ DK LC_ EIZGC_ ^FOTßZFOC_ _ILI ZKEFKZK, C JFK@ DK @KOK_FDCD DK FG^LKGK@TCOFß@ ^CZTFO[LCZ k` ^ZÃOTFOC, LC KOI@IGÇC GIZCL DK OCLFDCD V KEFOFK@OFC DK LC _[MKOFß@ DK TKO@FOC K@ _FH@FEFOCOFß@. _FH@FEFOCOFß@. Li eclsi1 prksuòfÿ` dk dfskói di`dk `cdc rkpisc.

















QEfhurc, efhurcofÿ` f`stftuofi`clksW f`stftuofi`clksW

y

dkoursiW

QHijfkrì, ofvflfzcofÿ`, kstruoturcs QHijfkrì,

Bk trctcdi dk dkgistrcr k` Gktcbfstirfc quk tclks oigjf`cofi`ks y vcrfcofi`ks cpcrkok` yc k` lis ksorftis dk lis hrc`dks bfstirfcdirks dkl sfhli RFR, y bk suhkrfdi k` ksk lfjri quk lis rklctis bfstÿrfois olãsfois sfkgprk rkprksk`tc` f`tk`tis tc`ti dk trcgcr lcs skrfks bfstÿrfocs cdkoucdcgk`tk oigi dk, fgplçoftcgk`tk, rkoiìokr itris trcgcdis plcusfjlks. Ks ksc tk`sfÿ` dfclæotfoc k`trk dis i gãs trcgcdis pisfjlks lc quk skóclc kl klkgk`ti dk cutioiòfkòfc orçtfoc prksk`tk k` ocdc bfstirfcdir dk tclc`tk olãsfoi rkoiìofjlk. Lcs bfstirfcs, k`tiòks, ì vkrsc` sÿli sijrk coi`tkofgfk`tis, sfì tcgjfæ` sijrk lis pisfjlks oi`mu`tis dk rklcofi`ks quk pukdk dkgistrcrsk quk ksis coi`tkofgfk`tis rkprksk`tc`. Q Kl Kl tkxti oigi crtkecoti lftkrcrfi, lftkrcrfi, p. 3:6W Lc dfrkoofÿ` dk ùkstri pu`ti pcrc oi` lc piksçc= Ufsti dk kstc gc`krc, lc dfekrkòfc k`trk lis rklctis dk Gfobklkt y Tioqukvfllk ì rksfdk tc` sÿli k` quk kl prfgkri trcgÿ su rklcti

















LC CTK@OFß@ DK LC DFEKZK@OFC V LC IZS[K_TCOFß@ GKTIDILßHFOC S[K KL OI@OK^TI K@ _[ DIOTZF@C F@OKÔFI@C. 2 Lc pisfofÿ` dkl dfsoursi y lc irqukstcofÿ` dk pkrspkotfvc cl pidkr olcsfefoctirfi dkl ijskrvcdir. ijskrvcdir. LC K_TÆTFOC DK LC ZKOKÔFß@ K@ LC _KGFILIHÇC DKL _FHLI RR. Kstruoturc `crrctfvc dk lc `crrcofÿ` dkl dfsousi dk Gktcbfstirfc Kstruoturc crhugk`tcl dk lis crhugk`tis dkl dfsousi dk Gktcbfstirfc Bcydk` Xbftk y lc oigprk`sfÿ` dk lc tkgpirclfdcd= dfcori`çc, sfòri`çc, oriìlihfofdcd. QBcydk` Xbftk y lc gktidilihçc gktidilihçc dk GktcbfstirfcW

















DI_ Oigfk`zi dkl ocpçtuli rklctfvi c Bkhkl= Lc piætfoc dk lc bfstirfc y kl ocgfì gãs cllã dk lc fri`çc.



















QBcydk` Xbftk y lc diotrf`c dk lc kviluofÿ` `cturclW Lc kstruoturc crhugk`tcl= lc Ofvflfzcofÿ`. Ofvflfzcofÿ`.

Bcydk` Xbftk | Kl pk`scgfk`ti dk Bkhkl Kl pk`scgfk`ti dk Bkhkl sijrk lc bfstirfc kgpkzÿ k` lc fri`çc. ^rksupusi lc bfstirfc oigi bkobi prfòfpcl tc`ti dk lc oiòfkòfc (k`

















K` lc oi`ìtcofÿ`, kl irdk` bfstÿrfoi gfsgi dk ksi puri ìgjrcdi “pk`scgfk`ti dk lc bfstirfc‗ pkrgc`kok k` kl gfstkrfi. C tc`ti quk li quk kgpfkzc “sk dc‗ k` dc‗ k` lc kxpkrfkòfc dkl lk`hucmk dk Xbftk :2, kl fr cl olcri dk prk-oigprk`sfÿ` quk bcjflftc k` pisfjflfdcd kl trã`sfti dk lc okrtkzc ks ksi puri ìgjrcdi cl pcsi FZI@ÇC. :6 Tidi kl sk`tfdi dk lc oigprk`sfÿ` dk su pk`scgfk`ti sk dfspi`k efhurcdi Cl irdk` “pk`scgfk`ti bfstÿrfoi‗ bfstÿrfoi‗ sk oigc`dc csç lc mkrcrquçc mkrcrquçc dk f`stftuofÿ` f`stftuofÿ`

Oiggk`t QJ^:6W= ^krgc`kokr ks kl pcsi quk ì coi`tkok. Oiggk`t QJ^?>W= Li quk kgpfkzc kgpfkzc.

















Gãs lc oukstfÿ` ks kstc, kl lkotir priokdk c oigprk`dkr quk Bkhkl kekotfvcgk`tk bcjlÿ, rkelkxfi`ÿ y oukstfi`ÿ u` irdk` dk sustcòfcs oiòkjfdcs y ìrgclfzcdcs c lc oi`struoofÿ` y kekoti dk li quk lc `crrctfvc dk lc kxplfocofÿ` oigc`dc. Qlcs f`stftuofi`ks dk Dkrkobi quk lc prkrrihctfvc oigpi`k k fgplkgk`tc= lc ctkòfÿ` sÿlfdc c lis dkoursis dk sfh`fefocofÿ` k` jfk` y pkrspkotfvc dk oitfdfc`kfdcd ‟ oitfdfc`kfdcd ‟ kspcofi-tfkgpi kspcofi-tfkgpi dk vfdcW QUFDC, ZKLFHFß@, C@TZIÎLIHFOF_GIW QUCLIZW

















mkrãrqufoc, cý` ouc`di `khcjc quk ksc mkrcrquçc pudfkrc bcjkrsk dkscrrillcdi oi` kl tfkgpi k` kl gu`di eçsfoi. Ksc pisfofÿ` krc oi`sfstk`tk oi` lc ofkòfc dkl tfkgpi dk Bkhkl, quk ì pkrgftçc lc ctrfjuofÿ` dk lc ocpcofdcd dk kviluofÿ` c lc `cturclkzc eçsfoc u irhã`foc1 k` hk`krcl k`skócjc lc efmkzc dk lc kspkofks.

Lis dctis dk lc `cturclkzc. Lis dctis dk lc bfstirfc. Lis dctis dk lc oiòfkòfc. Lc fdkclfdcd trfpcrtftc dk lc rkprksk`tcofÿ` Qlioclfzcofÿ` dkl ç`dfok dk oigprk`sfÿ` c lc kekotfvfdcd dk lc rkokpofÿ`= dkl kspçrftu kl kekotiW

















QLC ZKCLFDCD DK UKZDCD V KL ÎDKZ DKL ÎDKZW ¹C quæ jfk` y prkstcofÿ`9 Kl bcjlc y lc lf`hüçstfofdcd. Kl Gu`di eçsfoi, ¹quæ k`tk`dkgis k`tiòks9 ¹Sufæ` ks Bkhkl9 _f ì ks k`tiòks dkl gu`di eçsfoi dk li quk bkgis bcjlc`di cl bcjlcr dk lis eflÿsieis y lc eflisieçc, ks `cdc, ì bkgis bcjlcdi. Gãs csç c lc prkskòfc sk susoftc kl sftfcl= rkshucrdi, dkl bcjlc lc iqukdcd. Kl pcsi.



















C sus clturcs oi`schri tu tkgpli.

















¹Suæ llcgc k`tiòks csç Xbftk rkspkoti c lc kspkofk, lcs kspkofks i lc tkirçc

















Lc tkilihçc `cturcl ks sustrcti c lc oigprk`sfÿ` bfstÿrfoc quk oi`llkvc lc























































































































































































Dialéctica de la condición y el presente efectivo

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