WDQDIFZF JHQHAQD JHQHAQDIF IF FM@ FM @DMUFIF Whefdtrfj jhrhardi pdisy Edmfhid Qfjjf, Hubhmfk Nhrjurf Nhrjurf
EH@FMF_FKMH
I‖hsprhssfkmh ’ pdrdifsf jhrhardih
fm`dmtfih„ (WJF) ehmfsjh um efsturak phrsfsthmth, nd mkm fnnkefjdafih, fnnkefjdafih, ehi nkvfnhmtk h ehiid pksturd, pksturd, ehthrnfmdtk ed pdtkikbfh mkm hvkiutfvh jch jkipfsjkmk fi Zfsthnd Mhrvksk Jhmtrdih eurdmth id sud `dsh ef svfiuppk shjkmedrfk. FMJFEHM_D
I‖fmjfehm ‖fmjfehmzd zd vdrfd mhiih efvhrsh efvhr sh zkmh ehi nkmek trd 4.0-1.8 jdsf phr 4777 mdtf vfvf. Id prhvdihmzd ehiid WJF ã sfbmfjdtfvdnhmth pfö hihvdtd mhf adnafmf mdtf prhndturf. prhndturf. H_FKIKBFD
Pdrf tfpf ef fmsuitf, jch pksskmk prhshmtdrsf fm nknhmtf efvhrsf ehiik svfiuppk, pksskmk prkvkjdrh WJF. Zf efstfmbukmk jdush de krfbfmh? prhmdtdih? `dttkrf bhmhtfjf, dmkndifh jhrhardif jkmbhmfth, pdtkikbfh
nhtdakifjch, fm`hzfkmf jkmbhmfth, jknpifjdmzh pidjhmtdrf, jkmefzfkmf ndthrmh qudif fpkthmsfkmh, bhstksf h dmhnfd, dbhmtf tkssfjf, tkssfjf , erkbch, dijkki< phrfmdtdih? fm`hzfkmf mhkmdtdif, fpkssfd/fsjchnfd, fpkssfd/fsjchnfd, hnkrrdbfd fmtrdjrdmfjd,
fpkbifjhnfd, fphrafifruafmhnfd fphrafifruafmhnfd<< pkstmdtdih? fm`hzfkmf (hmjh`diftf h nhmfmbftf), trdunf jrdmfjf, mhkpidsfh,
efsnhtdakifsnf h squfifarf ferkhihttrkiftfjf. Zf rfjkmksjkmk fmkitrh munhrksf `dttkrf jch pksskmk dunhmtdrh fi rfsjcfk ef svfiuppdrh umd ihsfkmh jhrhardih h qufmef umd WJF. Urd f pfö fnpkr tdmtf skmk id prhndturftç he fi adssk phsk diid mdsjftd, i‖fmjknpdtfafiftç ndthrmk-fm`dmtfih, ih brdvfedmzh nuitfpih, fm pdrtfjkidrh mhi jdsk ef nkrth fm uthrk ef um bhnhiik.
JIDZZF@FJD_FKMH
Id WJF cd jdrdtthrfstfjch jifmfjch mkm knkbhmhh h puñ prhshmtdrh ifvhiif efvhrsf ef brdvftç. Id jidssfjdzfkmh pfö shbuftd d ifvhiik fmthrmdzfkmdih ã adsdtd su jrfthrf jch jknafmdmk id ikjdifzzdzfkmh tkpkbrd`jd tkpkbrd`jd ehiih ef`jkitç nktkrfh jkm ih jdrdtthrfstfjch dmkndifh ehi nkvfnhmtk. IKJDIF__D_FKMH UKWKBQD@FJD • Uhtrdpihbfd? efsturak ehi jkmtrkiik nktkrfk ehi trkmjk h ehf qudttrk drtf. Ih `krnh thtrdpihbfjch rfsuitdmk ih pfö `rhquhmtf, dssknndmek d jfrjd 4/: ef tuttf f jdsf ef WJF. • Hnfpihbfd? efsturak ehi jkmtrkiik nktkrfk ef um hnfidtk. • Efpihbfd? efsturak ehi jkmtrkiik nktkrfk prhvdihmth dbif drtf fm`hrfkrf. JDQDUUHQFZUFJCH JDQD UUHQFZUFJCH DMKNDIH DMKNDI H EHI NKPFNHMUK • Ih `krnh spdstfjch rdpprhshmtdmk fi 27-28% ehiih WJF h skmk jdrdtthrfzzdth ed dunhmtk ehi tkmk, fphrrhhssfd h shbmf pfrdnfedif qudif Adafmslf pksftfvk h jikmk. • Ih `krnh efsjfmhtfjch rdpprhshmtdmk fi 47-48% ehiih WJF h skmk jdrdtthrfzzdth ed umd uttudzfkmh ehi tkmk nusjkidrh h ed nkvfnhmtf fmvkikmtdrf, fmjkmtrkiidtf h rfjkrrhmtf. Fi tkmk nusjkidrh ã vdrfdafih. Phmbkmk efstfmth fm? efstkmfjch (jkm dmkndifh ehiid pksturd, tkmk nusjkidrh vdrfdafih nd jkm mhttd prhvdihmzd ehiid jknpkmhmth fphr tkmfjd) h jkrhk-dthtksfjch jkm fphrjfmhsfh h tkmk nusjkidrh uttudmth nd prhvdihmthnhmth rfekttk. • Ih `krnh dtdssfjch skmk nhmk ehi 8% ehf jdsf h skmk jdrdtthrfzzdth ed um efsturak ehiid jkkrefmdzfkmh h ehii‖hqufifarfk. F nkvfnhmtf skmk efsnhtrfjf h ndmjdmk ef rftnk h prhjfsfkmh. Wrhshmtf dmjch trhnkrh he fpktkmfd. • Zkmk ehtth `krnh nfsth ih WJF jch prhshmtdmk jdrdtthrfstfjch jknafmdth ef euh k pfö `krnh. Jfrjd fi :7% ehiih WJF ndmf`hstd jdrdtthrfstfjch nfsth. WDUKBHMHZF H MHXQKFN MH XQKFNNDBFMF NDBFMF
I‖hshjuzfkmh ef mhurkfnndbfmf k``rh fmefjdzfkmf sphjfjch suiid pdtk bhmhsf ehiid WJF. I‖hjkbrdd I‖hjkbrdd h id rfskmdmzd rfskmdmz d ndbmhtfjd jhrhardif jhrhard if pksskmk ehthrnfmdrh id mdturd h i‖hmtftç ehiid ihsfkmh jch puñ pkrtdrh diik svfiuppk ehiid WJF. Fi tfpk ef ihsfkmh efphmeh edi nknhmtk fm juf i‖fmsuitk dvvfhmh, fm rhidzfkmh diid ndturftç ehii‖hnarfkmh h ehi sfsthnd mhrvksk jhmtrdih, h ediid sud eurdtd. Xm fmsuitk nkitk prhjkjh, qudih umd fm`hzfkmh jkmbhmftd k um ehjft pidjhmtdrh, puñ dithrdrh fi mkrndih svfiuppk ehiih strutturh jdusdmek ndi`krndzfkmf jhrhardif jknpihssh.
Mhi mhkmdtk prhndturk f nhjjdmfsnf rhspkmsdafif ehi edmmk jhrhardih skmk jkrrhidtf df euh quderf ef ihsfkmf prhvdihmtf? hnkrrdbfd fmtrdvhmtrfjkidrh h ihujkndidjfd phrfvhmtrfjkidrh. Mhi mhkmdtk d thrnfmh pfö `rhquhmthnhmth sf vhrfjd umd umd dsssfd bhmhrdifzzdtd, jkm edmmk jhrhardih ef``usk. JDQDUUHQFZUFJCH JIFMFJCH DZZKJFDUH DI EFZUXQAK NKUKQFK Fi 28% ehf adnafmf jkm WJF prhshmtd ditrf ehjft dsskjfdtf. Ehjft jkbmftfvk ã
prhshmth mhi 07% ehf jdsf. Id prhvdihmzd vdrfd d shjkmed ehi tfpk ef WJF h id shvhrftç ehi rftdrek nhmtdih dppdrh sphssk jkrrhidtd diid brdvftç ehi ehjft nktkrfk, trdmmh mhiih `krnh efsjfmhtfjch. Id prhshmzd ef hpfihssfd fmthr`hrfsjh jkm ik svfiuppk fmthiihttfvk. Wrkaihnf jknpkrtdnhmtdif skmk 8 vkith pfö `rhquhmtf h i‖fphrdttfvftç i‖fphrdttfvf tç he
fi ehjft ef dtthmzfkmh skmk pfö jknumf mhf adnafmf jkm WJF. I‖hpfihssfd hskrefsjh
prhvdihmthnhmth mhi prfnk dmmk ef vftd h sphssk ã mhjhssdrfk um trdttdnhmtk pkifthrdpfjk phr fi jkmtrkiik ehiih jrfsf. I‖fmjfehmzd ã pfö ditd mhiih `krnh spdstfjch thtrdpihbfjch k hnfpihbfjch rfsphttk d quhiih efpihbfjch k diih `krnh dtdssfjch. Ehjft k`tdinkikbfjf skmk prhshmtf mhi 01% ehf jdsf. Mhf adnafmf mdtf
prhndturf sf rfsjkmtrd umd umd hihvdtd fmjfehmzd ef rhtfmkpdtfd. rhtfmkpdtfd. Efsprdssfh krknktkrfh? prkaihnf ef drtfjkidzfkmh ehiid pdrkid skmk prh-
shmtf mhi :3% ehf jdsf. Wrkaihnf ef difnhmtdzfkmh, efsturak ehiid suzfkmh (82%) h ehbiutfzfkmh (:3%) skmk nkitk `rhquhmtf mhi prfnk dmmk ef vftd h pksskmk phrsfsthrh mhf jdsf pfö shvhrf. Ehjft ueftfvk ã prhshmth mhi 41% ehf jdsf. Ã pfö `rhquhmth mhf adnafmf
jch prhshmtdmk adssk phsk diid mdsjftd, lhrmftthrk, nhmfmbfth mhkmdtdih k umd shvhrd fpkssf-fsjchnfd fpkssf-fsjchnfd.. EFDBMKZF
à fmefsphmsdafih id rdjjkitd ef umd stkrfd jifmfjd ehttdbifdtd jch fmedbcf id `dnfifdrftç phr efvhrsf tfpf ef pdtkikbfh (bhmhtfjch, nhtdakifjch, hmekjrfmh, ehjft ehiid jkdbuidzfkmh), id brdvfedmzd, i‖hpkjd phrfmdtdih h ih tdpph ef svfiuppk ehi adnafmk.
Fm prhshmzd ef `dttkrf ef rfsjcfk k pkssfafif jdush ef ihsfkmf jhrhardif h/k shbmf jifmfjf prhjkjf ã shnprh jkmsfbifdafih hshbufrh um dpprk`kmefnhmtk efdbmkstfjk jkm umd mhurkfnndbfmh. Hjkbrdd jhrhardih h rfskmdmzd ndbmhtfjd mujihdrh skmk hstrhndnhmth utfif phr vdiutdrh id prhshmzd, id sheh h i‖hsthmsfkmh ehii‖fmsuitk ehi ZMJ. Mhiid ndbbfkr pdrth ehf jdsf quhstf hsdnf phrnhttkmk ef drrfvdrh k jkm`hrndrh id efdbmksf hzfkikbfjd. Fmed bfmf bhmhtfjch k nhtdakifjch k ik stuefk ehf `dttkrf ehiid jkdbuidzfkmh
skmk utfif mhf jdsf fm juf sf hvfehmzfd um ehthrfkrdnhmtk ehiih jkmefzfkmf ehi adnafmk, umk squfifarfk nhtdakifjk k um fm`drtk drthrfksk mhkmdtdih. Xmd vdiutdzfkmh ehiid vfstd h ehii‖ueftk ã fmkitrh shnprh fmefjdtd fm jdsk ef sk``hrhmzd `htdih k phrf-mhkmdtdih. I‖hshjuzfkmh ef um hihttrkhmjh`dikbrdnnd ã mhjhssdrfk mhi sksphttk ef hpfskef jkmvuisfvf. I‖hsdnh mhurkikbfjk phrnhtth
ef ehmfrh fi tfpk ef WJF h ehvh jkn prhmehrh id vdiutdzfkmh ehiid pksturd, ehi tkmk dttfvk h pdssfvk, ehiid nktfiftç, ehiid `krzd nusjkidrh, ehiid shmsfafiftç h, sh prhshmtf, ehi pdssk h ehiid jkrsd. Fi pdtthrm nktkrfk tfpfjk ehiih efvhrsh `krnh sf hvfehmzfd brdeudinhmth mhi prfnkk dmmk ef vftd ekp prfn ekpkk um fmthrvdiik fmthrvdiik –nutk‖. –nutk‖. Fi adnafmk adnafmk puñ nkstrdrh nkstrdrh um rftdrek mhii‖djqufsfzfkmh ehiih tdpph ehiik svfiuppk psfjknktkrfk psfjknktkrf k h umd dithrdzfkmh ehi tkmk (dunhmtk k rfeuzfkmh) jch puñ hsshrh bhmhrdifzzdtd k ifnftdtd de um hnfidtk k de dijumf efstrhttf. I‖dsshmzd ef dithrdzfkmf ehi tkmk k ehiid nktfiftç mhf prfnf 41 nhsf mkm hsjiueh id pkssfafiftç ef `krnh ifhvf ef WJF h i‖fmskrbhmzd ef shbmf mhurkikbfjf nfmkrf nfmkr f mhi shjkmek dmmk ef vftd. UQDUUDNHMUK
`umzf kmf prfmjfpdif skmk fi Id sfkthrdpfd ã fi trdttdnhmtk ef hihzfkmh. Ih `umzfkmf nfbifkrdnhmtk ehiid nktfiftç spkmtdmhd h qufmef ehiik svfiuppk nktkrfk h id prhvhmzfkmh ehiih jkmtrdtturh, jch pksskmk jknprknhtthrh i‖hqufifarfk h id stdafiftç rdbbfumtd edi pdzfhmth. Zphssk sf dttud um dpprkjjfk fmthbrdtk jkm id psfjknktrfjftç jch phrnhtth, trdnfth fi bfkjk ef stfnkidrh id nktfiftç dttfvd h ef jkrrhbbhrh dtthbbfdnhmtf hrrdtf ehi pdzfhmth. I‖fmjrhnhmtk ehiih hsphrfhmzh nktkrfh phrnhtth dmjch um nfbifkrh svfiuppk psfjknktkrfk ehi adnafmk. nfrd, mhi jdsk ef efsprdssfh krkaujjdif, d nfbifkrdrh sfd id suzfkmh h id ndstfjdzfkmh jch id qudiftç ehiid prkeuzfkmh vhradih. Fmkitrh `dvkrfsjh ik svfiuppk ehiih jdpdjftç jknumfjdtfvh h jkbmftfvh. Fi trdttdnhmtk ikbkphefjk
Fi trdttdnhmtk jcfrurbfjk ã ef sjhitd mhf
jdsf fm juf ih jkmtrdtturh skmk brdvf h ifnftdmk uithrfkrnhmth id nktfiftç ehi adnafmk phr juf sf pkmh i‖fmefjdzfkmh phr um fmthrvhmtk ef diiumbdnhmtk ehi thmefmh k ehi nusjkik. Fi trdttdnhmtk `drndjkikbfjk ehiid WJF (prfmjfpdinhmth ahmzkefdzhpfmh,
fmfhzfkmf ikjdifzzdth ef tkssfmd aktuifmfjd k sknnfmfstrdzfkmh fmtrdthjdih ef adjik`hm) thmeh d `dvkrfrh fi rfidssdnhmtk nusjkidrh mhiid spdstfjftç fm nkek ed nfbifkrdrh fi rdmbh ef nkvfnhmtf, rfeurrh ih eh`krndzfkmf, nfbifkrdrh id rfspkstd diid sfkthrdpfd, rftdredrh i‖dpprkjjfk jcfrurbfjk h rfeurrh fi ekikrh mhf jdsf pfö brdvf. Ef hstrhnd fnpkrtdmzd ã dmjch i‖usk ef? krthsf (hs. tutkrf bdnad-pfheh) jch phrnhttkmk umk strhtjcfmb nusjkidrh jkmtfmuk fm nkek ed jkmtrdstdrh ik svfiuppk ef jkmtrdtturh, ndmthmbkmk umd jkrrhttd pksfzfkmh ehii‖drtfjkidzfkmh, edmmk ndbbfkrh stdafiftç h `dvkrfsjkmk f nkvfnhmtf< dusfif jch `dvkrfsjkmk bif spkstdnhmtf dutkmknf (hs. ehdnauidtkrf, jdrrkzzfmd d rkthiih k hihttrfjd) h quhiif jch `djfiftdmk id jknumfjdzfkmh k dijumh `umzfkmf quktfefdmh (hs. jknputhr jkm sjchrnf k tdstfhrh `djfiftdth). `djfiftd th). §
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Afaifkbrd`d hsshmzfdih
- Okmhs NR ht di. Jhrhardi pdisy? fmtrkeujtfkm dme efdbmksfs (pdrt F). O Whefdtr Chditc Jdrh. 1772<14?450-81. - Ifptdl BZ, Nurpcy MD. Wrkvfefmb d Wrfndry Jdrh Nhefjdi Cknh `kr Jcfierhm dme Vkutc Rftc Jhrhardi Wdisy. Whefdtrfjs. 1744< 413? h4:14 -h4:16.