ZJD@LDZL
Zjd`ldsls
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ABOLELYLDEB
Jde l` tbrhleb ‐sjd`ldsl‘ sl letbeab uen abvlnzldeb pbrhnebetb ab``n jd`deen vbrtbkrn`b, jde tbeabezn bvd`utlvn, jcb sl bstrlesbjn su` plned ordetn`b b `ntbrn`b b sl nssdjln sbhprb n rdtnzldeb abl jdrpl vbrtbkrn`l su` plned nssln`b= nssln`b= sl trnttn quleal quleal al uen uen abodrhltæ jcb jcb nvvlbeb su su plü plnel. plnel. Ã lhpdrtnetb alstlegubrb `n sjd`ldsl strutturntn an``n sjd`ldsl ede strutturntn jcb vlbeb jdhuebhbetb lealjntn jdhb nttbgglnhbetd sjd`ldtljd. L` tbrhleb strutturnzldeb ab``n jurvn lealjn l` prdgrbsslvd lrrlglalhbetd ab``n stbssn `bgntd n``n abodrhnzldeb ab``b vbrtbkrb b abl vlejd`l alsjn`l, husjd`nrl, `bgnhbetdsl, jnpsu`nrl b tbealebl jcb jd` tbhpd abtbrhlened `n ede rlaujlkl`ltæ ab``n abodrhltæ. G`l nttbgglnhbetl levbjb sded pnrnhdrshl vlslkl`l sd`d qunead `n jdjd `deen vbrtbkrn`b ã sdttd jnrljd b ede jdhpdrtned n`tbrnzldel hdrod`dgljcb abl jdrpl vbrtbkrn`l, ede ã prbsbetb uen jdhpdebetb rdtntdrln, `n jurvn ã na nhpld rnggld ba ã jdrrbgglkl`b. @b jnusb al qubstb jurvb pdssded bssbrb prlhltlvb (nttltualeb pdsturn`b g`dkn`b) b sbjdeanrlb (alshbtrln nrtl leobrldrl, alsturkl ab` vlsus, lstbrljn b netn`gljn). J@NZZLOLJNYLDEB
Bslstded aloobrbetl tlpl al j`nssljnzldeb ab``n sjd`ldsl9 • Le rb`nzldeb n``“btæ al lesdrgbezn9 Zjd`ldsl leonetl`l (aurnetb l prlhl : neel al vltn) Zjd`ldsl gldvnel`l (trn l : neel b `“lelzld ab``n pukbrtæ) Zjd`ldsl ab``“nad`bsjbezn (trn `“bpdjn prb- d pukbrn`b b prlhn ab``n hnturltæ sjcb`btrljn) • Le rb`nzldeb n``n gbebsl9 Zjd`ldsl laldpntljcb Zjd`ldsl jdegbeltb Zjd`ldsl njqulsltb • Eburdhusjd`nrl • Eburdkrdhntdsl • Alsdralel hbsbejclhn`l • Alsdralel hbtnkd`ljl
• Nrtrltb rbuhntdlab • Dstbdjdearda Dstbdjdeardalstrdb lstrdb • Quhdrl • Lntrdgbeb • Le rb`nzldeb n``n sbab ab``n jurvn9 Zjd`ldsl jbrvljn`l (npljb jdhprbsd trn J> b J?) Zjd`ldsl jbrvljd-tdrnjljcb (npljb trn J7 b Q>) Zjd`ldsl tdrnjljcb (npljb jdhprbsn trn Q; b Q> Q>>) >) Zjd`ldsl tdrnjd-`dhknrl (npljb trn Q>; b @>) Zjd`ldsl `dhknrl (npljb jdhprbsd trn @; b @1) Zjd`ldsl `dhkdsnjrn`l (npljb trn @2 b Z>) • Le rb`nzldeb n``n grnvltæ9 Zjd`ldsl `lbvl (0;6¶) Zjd`ldsl hbalb (trn ;6-16¶) Zjd`ldsl grnvl (516¶) LEJLABEYN LEJLA BEYN BA BYLDVNQDGBEBZ BYLDVNQDGBEBZLL
@n sjd`ldsl ã prbsbetb eb` ;-1% jlrjn ab``n pdpd`nzldeb burdpbn ba nhbrljnen= jd`plsjb l` sbssd obhhlel`b jde ue rnppdrtd al 19> rlspbttd n qub``d hnsjcl`b. Ã stntn alhdstrntn uen onhl`lnrltæ jcb sl hnelobstn jde uen pbrjbetun`b vnrlnkl`b9 L grnad >>->:%, >>->:%, LL grnad ;-: % b LLL grnad >-;%. @b sjd`ldsl laldpntljcb rnpprbsbetned l` gruppd plü jdspljud (36-32%)9 `n jnusn ã sdstnezln`hbetb lgedtn nejcb sb sded stntb pdstu`ntb alvbrsb alvbr sb tbdrlb jcb prbvbaded l` jdlevd`glhbetd al alvbrsl onttdrl jdhb qub``l gbebtljl, eburdhusjd`nrl (hbjjnelshl al jdetrd``d ab``n pdsturn b ab``“bqul`lkrld, slstbhn vbstlkd`nrb, slstbhn prdprldjbttlvd, slstbhn vlslvd, ouezldel jdrtljn`l supbrldrl), sjcb`btrljl (jdeebttlvd), hdvlhbetd (vbrtbkrb, alsjcl letbrvbrtbkrn`l) b qub``l drhden`l (hb`ntdelen, L@ ?). @b sjd`ldsl jdegbeltb sded `n jdesbgubezn al hn`odrhnzldel jcb n`tbrned `n hdrod`dgln abl jdrpl vbrtbkrn`l, le pnrtljd`nrb sl aloobrbezlned le alobttl al Odrhnzldeb (_brtbkrb n juebd ba Bhlvbrtbkrb), alobttl al Zbghbetnzldeb (Rel`ntbrn`l b Kl`ntbrn`l) b Jdhklentl. @b sjd`ldsl njqulsltb sl hnelobstned le n`jueb pntd`dglb trn `b qun`l9 hn`nttlb eburdpntljcb (bs. pnrn`lsl jbrbkrn`b, abgbebrnzldeb spled jbrbkb``nrb, pd`ldhlb`ltb, ntrdn husjd`nrb splen`b), hldpntlb (bs. alstrdn husjd`nrb al Aujcbeeb, nrtrdgrlpdsl) odrhb sleardhljcb (bs. eburdkrdhntdsl, rnjcltlshd, sleardhb al Hnrone, njdeardp`nsln, hujdpd`lsnjjnrladsl).
NZVBQQL J@LELJD-ALNGEDZQLJL
@n alngedsl al sjd`ldsl ã le prlhn nen`lsl j`leljn, l` <<% ab``b laldpntljcb ã nsletdhntljd hn ede sl abvb trnsjurnrb `“nspbttd nenhebstljd nttrnvbrsd l` qun`b klsdgen rljbrjnrb uen bvbetun`b onhl`lnrltæ. @“bsnhb j`leljd abvb bssbrb jdeadttd lelzln`hbetb jde l` sdggbttd vlstd an albtrd le stnzldeb brbttn, qubstd pbrhbttb al rl`bvnrb9 • Aloobrbetb n`tbzzn ab``b sjnpd`b b ab``b spn``b. spn``b. • Nslhhbtrln abl ‐trlnegd`l ab``n tng`ln‘ (l trlnegd`l trlnegd`l absjrlttl an` prd`d letbred abg`l nrtl supbrldrl b an` prd`d bstbred ab` trdejd). • Z`lvb``nhbetd ab` ab` knjled jde dk`lqultæ ab``n ab``n hbesd`n snjrn`b. snjrn`b. • Lejurvnhbetd `ntbrn`b `ntbrn`b ab``n `lebn jdegluegbetb jdegluegbetb `b `b npdsl spledsb. spledsb. • _brljn ab``d strnpldhkd (sbrvb pbr vn`utnrb sb l` rnjclab ã le nssb). @n sbjdean onsb ab``“bsnhb j`leljd, sl bsbgub n rnjclab bssd ( tbst al Nanhs), jcb pbrhbttb al vn`utnrb9 • Vrbsbezn ab` ‐glkkd jdstn`b‘, jdstltultd an uen spdrgbezn nkedrhb ab``“nrjntn jdstn`b pdstbrldrb an` `ntd ab``n jdevbssltæ (le jnsd al sjd`ldsl tdrnjljn) b al uen prdtrusldeb `ntbrn`b abl jdrpl vbrtbkrn`l (le jnsd al sjd`ldsl `dhknrl). L` glkkd puû bssbrb vn`utntd qunetltntlvnhbetb utl`lzznead pnrtljd`nrl struhbetl jdhb l` glkkdhbtrd, jcb qunetljn l` glkkd le hl``lhbtrl, d `d sjd`ldhbtbr, sjd`ldhbtbr, jcb `d qunetljn le grnal. @n vn`utnzldeb rnaldgrnojn abvb bssbrb bsbgultn jde uen tb`brnaldgrnn ab` rnjclab le tdtd le drtdstnsl. Zu` rnaldgrnhhn ã pdsslkl`b bvlabezlnrb9 • `n sbab sbab ab``n ab``n jurvn jurvn prlhltlvn, prlhltlvn, • `“betltæ ab``n abvlnzldeb sjd`ldtljn, sjd`ldtljn, jcb puû bssbrb vn`utntn bsbgubead bsbgubead ab``b hlsurnzldel jde l` hbtdad al Jdkk, • `“betltæ ab``n rdtnzldeb rdtnzldeb vbrtbkrn`b, jcb puû bssbrb vn`utntn bsbgubead ab``b hlsurnzldel jde l` hbtdad al Hdb d al Vbrarld``b, • n`tbrnzldel hdrod`dgljcb abl jdrpl jdrpl vbrtbkrn`l, vbrtbkrn`l, • `“btæ sjcb`btrljn ab` rnjclab (tbst al [lssbr b [leg [leg npdsl). L` hbtdad al Jdkk ã l` slstbhn plü usntd pbr stnkl`lrb `“betltæ ab``n jurvn sjd`ldtljn9 sl boobttun trnjjlnead ab``b `lebb `uegd `b supbrjl nrtljd`nrl supbrldrb b leobrldrb ab``b vbrtbkrb bstrbhb ba nkknssnead ab``b pbr pbealjd`nrl n qubstb `lebb9 `“negd`d rlsu`tnetb an``“letbrsbz an``“letbrsbzldeb ldeb ab``b pbrpbealjd`nrl bsprlhb bsprlhb `“betltæ ab``n jurvn sjd`ldtljn. sjd`ldtljn. L` hbtdad al Hdb ã l` plü usntd pbr vn`utnrb `n rdtnzldeb vbrtbkrn`b9 sl trnjjln uen `lebn jcb alvlab n hbtæ l jdrpl vbrtbkrn`l b sl vn`utn `“betltæ al rdtnzldeb abl pbauejd`l vbrtbkrn`l. Vlü spdstntl sded l pbauejd`l, hnggldrb ã l` grnad al rdtnzldeb. L` tbst al [lssbr pbr pbr `n hlsurnzldeb ab``“btæ sjcb`btrljn sl boobttun hlsurnead l` grnad al jdpbrturn ab``b jrbstb l`lnjcb an pnrtb abl rlspbttlvl euj`bl al dssljnzldeb.
@“bsnhb rnaldgrnjd pbrhbttb led`trb al vn`utnrb l` grnad al jdrrbgglkljdrrbgglkl`ltæ ab``n jurvn sjd`ldtljn, hbalnetb `“utl`lzzd al prdlbzldel le hnsslhn bssldeb `ntbrn`b (kbealeg abstrd b slelstrd). Q[NQQNHBEQD
@n sjb`tn tbrnpbutljn abvb tbebrb le jdeslabrnzldeb l sbgubetl pnrnhbtrl9 betltæ ab``n jurvn ba btæ ab` pnzlbetb. L` trnttnhbetd, jcb cn jdhb sjdpd prlejlpn`b qub``d al nrrbstnrb `“nggrnvnhbetd ab``n jurvn b sbjdeanrld qub``d al dttbebrb ue hlg`ldrnhbetd bstbtljd, puû bssbrb al aub tlpl9 jdesbrvntlvd (jurvb jdhprbsb trn ;6¶‚ 12¶) d jclrurgljd (jurvb supbrldrl n 12¶). Zjdpd ab` trnttnhbetd jdesbrvntlvd ã qub``d al k`djjnrb l` prdjbssd bvd`utlvd b, dvb pdsslkl`b, rbjupbrnrb pnrtb ab``n abodrhltæ9 sl knsn bssbezln`hbetb su``“utl`lzzd al jdrsbttl b al jclebsltbrnpln. L jdrsbttl cneed ue“nzldeb hbjjneljn stnkl`lzznetb (jcb sl dttlbeb hbalnetb uen rlauzldeb abl jnrljcl ngbetl su` rnjclab ba uen rlalstrlkuzldeb al qub``l rbslaul, n` eb al b`lhlenreb `n jdejbetrnzldeb le nrbb jlrjdsjrlttb) b jdrrbttlvn (levbrtbead jdhp`btnhbetb l` hdab``d ab``n alstrlkuzldeb abl jnrljcl nttrnvbrsd ab``b odrzb al trnzldeb, abbssldeb b abrdtnzldeb). @n jclebsltbrnplnn ede ã bojnjb jdhb prntljn lsd`ntn, hn puû bssbrb nssdjlntn jclebsltbrnpl na ue trnttnhbetd drtdpbaljd. à lhpdrtnetb sdttd`lebnrb jdhb `“bojnjln ab` trnttnhbetd drtbsljd alal pbean an` rlspbttd al al abtbrhlentl prdtdjd``l prdtdjd``l jcb prbvbaded9 • trnttnhbetd prb`lhlenrb jde jde gbssl jdrrbttlvl (eb``b (eb``b jurvb hbald-grnvl), hbald-grnvl), • utl`lzzd ab` jdrsbttd n tbhpd plbed plbed (;6-;; drb alb), • jdetrd``l hbaljl pbrldaljl (;-: hbsl), hbsl), • jdetrd``l rnaldgrnjl pbrldaljl (>6->; hbsl), • jclebsltbrnpln, • rlhdzldeb ab` ab` jdrsbttd n jdhp`btn hnturltæ sjcb`btrljn. sjcb`btrljn. Ebl jnsl plü grnvl sl abvb bsbgul bsbgulrb rb uen jdrrbzld jdrrbzldeb eb jclrur jclrurgljn9 gljn9 `“lealj `“lealjnzld nzld-eb n qubstd trnttnhbetd eb``b sjd`ldsl laldpntljcb ã le ebttn rlauzldeb r lauzldeb grnzlb n``n prbjdjltæ ab``n alngedsl b n``n bojnjln ab` trnttnhbetd trntt nhbetd lejrubetd. Le pnrtljd`nrb l` trnttnhbetd jclrurgljd ã lealjntd ebl sbgubetl jnsl9 • Jurvb slegd`b 5 12¶-26¶, • Jurvn 5 16¶ le pz sjcb`btrljnhbetb sjcb`btrljnhbetb lhhnturd, lhhnturd, • Jurvn 5 16¶ nssdjlntn n 9 njjbetunzldeb d rlauzldeb ab``n jlodsl adrsn`b b/d ab``n `dradsl `dhknrb, • Jurvb al 16¶ 16¶ jde aneed aneed bstbtljd ede njjbttntd an` pnzlbetb. pnzlbetb. L pnzlbetl jcb plü orbqubetbhbetb vneed lejdetrd n` trnttnhbetd jclrurgljd sded qub``l noobttl an sjd`ldsl jdegbeltn d al enturn eburd alstrdjn b qubl jnsl al sjd`ldsl laldpntljn jde rlsjdetrd tnralvd d jnttlvn jdhp`lnejb.
L` trnttnhbetd jclrurgljd puû bssbrb prbjbautd an ue trnttnhbetd trn ttnhbetd lejrubetd hbalnetb npp`ljnzldeb al jdrsbttl drtdpbaljl le p`nstljn d gbssntl le hdad an prbpnrnrb nabguntnhbetb l` rnjclab sjd`ldtljd. Vbr `n jdrrbzldeb letrndpbrntdrln b `n sletbsl sl pdssded utl`lzznrb alvbrsb struhbetnrl jcb prbvbaded vltl vltl pbauejd`nrl ba uejlel. uejlel. JDEJ@RZLDEL
• @n sjd`ldsl ã uen pntd`dgln pntd`dgln jdhp`bssn jcb jd`plsjb jd`plsjb jlrjn l` 1% ab``n pdpd`nzldeb jde uen prbvn`bezn ab` sbssd sbssd obhhlel`b (19>). • Red sjrbbeleg sjd`nstljd nttbetd ã le grnad al pdrrb uen alngedsl prbjdjb al sjd`ldsl laldpntljn. laldpntljn. • Re kude bsnhb j`leljd ã le grnad, eb``n hnggldr pnrtb abl jnsl, al pdrrb alngedsl jcb abvb, jdhuequb jdhuequb,, bssbrb sbhprb jdeobrhntn rnaldgrnjnrnaldgrnjnhbetb. • L` trnttnhbetd drtbsljd drtbsljd abvb bssbrb bssbrb lelzlntd nl nl prlhl sbgel al bvd`utlvltæ bvd`utlvltæ ab``n jurvn b abvb bssbrb jdeadttd utl`lzznead abl prdtdjd``l nabguntl. • @n jclebsltbrnpln, an sd`n, ede ã le grnad al svd`gbrb uen ouezldeb jdrrbttlvn hn puû bssbrb nssdjlntn n` trnttnhbetd drtbsljd pbr hlg`ldrnreb l rlsu`tntl. • L` trnttnhbetd jclrurgljd jclrurgljd abvb bssbrb prdjrnstlentd, prdjrnstlentd, sb pdsslkl`b, pdsslkl`b, n``n jdhp`btn hnturltæ sjcb`btrljn. Klk`ldgrnon bssbezln`b
- B`-Cnwnry [, Jcumwueybrbewn J. Rpantb de bvn`untlde nea trbnthbet do sjd`ldsls. Vbalntr J`le Edrtc Nh. ;6>1=?>9>;;:-1>. - Mdrkb` M, Mdzledgn H, bt n`. Zjd`ldsls [bsbnrjc Zdjlbty (Z[Z) Jrltbrln nea Zdjlbty do Zjd`ldsls Drtcdpnbalj nea [bcnkl`ltntlde Qrbnthbet (ZDZD[Q) (ZDZD[Q) ;663 Gulab`lebs le Ede-Dpbrntlvb Qrbnthbet do Laldpntclj Zjd`ldsls. Vd` Drtcdp Qrnuhntd`. ;6>1=7<9>>3-;;.
