EJ^@DHVJPDG EHKOGKDPG
Ehkogkdtjc bgjrt `dsgjsg Ijssdih Ebgssj, Ijrdh Ejridkjtd
@GLDKD]DHKG
Cj ijclhrijzdhkd ejr`dhvjsehcjrd rjpprgsgktjkh cg jkhijcdg ehkogkdtg pdô lrgqug lrgqugktd ktd rdcgvjt rdcgvjtgg kgc prdih jkkh `d vdtj, ehk ukj prgvjc prgvjcgkzj gkzj vjrdjn vjrdjndcg dcg lrj dc 5.7 g dc :5.? pgr idccg kjtd vdvd. ECJUUDLDEJ]DHKG
Lrj cg vjrdg ecjssdejzdhkd qugccj sdhpjthchodej sdhpjthchodej â qugccj ebg rgk`g pdô sgipcdeg c—jpprheedh g dc trjttjigkth. Pjn. : - Cj
ecjssdlejzdhkg `gccg ejr`dhpjtdg ejr`dhpjtdg ehkogkdtg
Vjthchodg ehk sbukt sdkdstrh-`gstrh
@dlgtth `gc sgtth dktgrjtrdjcg (@DJ) @dlgtth `gc sgtth dktgrvgktrdehcjrg (@D\) @dlgtth `gc sgtth jtrdhvgktrdehcjrg (EJ\) @htth `d Nhtjcch pgrvdh (@NV)
Jkhijcdg `d hrdodkg `gd orhssd vjsd
Prukeus Jrtgrdhsus (P (PJ) J) \gktrdehch `gstrh j `hppdj usedtj (\@@W) Prjsphsdzdhkg Prjs phsdzdhkg `gccg orhssg jrtgrdg (POJ) Prjsphsdzdhkg ehkogkdtjigktg ehrrgttj `gccg Prjsphsdzdhkg orhssg jrtgrdg (PEOJ)
Ejr`dhpjtdg ehk hstruzdhkg jcc—gllcussh `gstrh
Utgkhsd vjcvhcjrg phcihkjrg (U\V) Jtrgsdj phcihkjrg (JV) Pgtrjchodj `d Ljccht (P`L)
Ejr`dhpjtdg ehk hstruzdhkg jcc—gllcussh sdkdstrh
Utgkhsd jhrtdebg (UJh) Ehjrtjzdhkg Jhrtdej (EhJh)
\jrdg
^dthrkh vgkhsh phcihkjrg jkhijch (^\VJ) \gktrdehch Wkdeh (\W)
D @DLGPPD DKPG ^J ^JP^DJCD P^DJCD
@glkdzdhkg
D tdpd jkjthided vgkohkh ecjssdejtd j sgehk`j `gccj chejcdzzjzdhkg= :. jtrdh ukdeh= jssgkzj ehipcgtj `gc sgtth dktgrjtrdjcg1 >. tdph hstdui hstdui sgeuk`ui= sgeuk`ui= `dlgtth j cdvgcch `gccj `gccj lhssj hvjcg hvjcg (â dc pdô lrgqugktg)1 5. tdph sgkh vgkhsh= j cdvgcch ejvjcg supgrdhrg, j cdvgcch ejvjcg dklgrdhrg1 0. tdph sgkh ehrhkjrdh= j cdvgcch cdvgcch `gc sgkh ehrhkjrdh1 7. tdph hstdui prdiui= j cdvgcch `gccj odukzdhkg jtrdhvgktrdehcjrg jtrdhvgktrdehcjrg11 vdgkg jkebg `gkdth ehig ejkjcg jtrdhvgktrdehcjrg pjrzdjcg. Ldsdhpjthchodj
C—gcgigkth ebdjvg â c—gktdtæ `gcch sbukt sdkdstrh-`gstrh `gtgridkjth sdj `jccg `digksdhkd `gc `dlgtth ebg `jccj ehipcdjkeg `gd vgktrdehcd. Ch sbukt `gtgridkj shvrjeejrdeh `djsthcdeh `gc euhrg `gstrh g dpgrjlussh phcihkjrg1 c—dpgrtgksdhkg phcihkjrg dk gtæ kghkjtjcg g pg`djtrdej â rjrj. Ejrjttgrdstdebg ecdkdebg
Dk gtæ pg`djtrdej d sdkthid shkh sejrsd h jssgktd g pgr qugsth ihtdvh cj `djokhsd â spgssh ejsujcg. Uhkh phssdndcd cg dklgzdhkd rdehrrgktd. Kgc njindkh pdô orjk`g g kgcc—j`hc kgcc—j`hcgsegktg gsegktg â rdcgvjnd rdcgvjndcg cg jcc—js jcc—jsehctjzdh ehctjzdhkg= kg= sgehk`h thkh s`hppdjth ssh g shlh sdsthcdeh suc lhehcjdh phcihkjrg. @djokhsd
GEO= ncheeh `d nrjkej `gstrh1 shvrjeejrdeh `d vhcuig `gstrh. ^x thrjeg= spgssh dkutdcg1 tjchrj sgokd `d dpgrjlussh phcihkjrg. Gehejr`dhorjj ehchr `hppcgr= dk`dvd`uj dk`dvd`uj cj sg`g `gc `dlgtth, cg `digksdhkd g cg rdpgreussdhkd gih`dkjidebg. gih`dkjidebg. Kgd @DJ tdph sgkh vgkhsh â kgegssjkgegssjrdh gsecu`grg c—jsshedjzdhkg ehk uk rdthrkh vgkhsh phcihkjrg jkhijch (^\VJ.) C—gehejr`dhorjiij trjksgshljogh khk â dk ogkgrg kgegssjrdh. Pgrjpdj
^jrjigktg d @DJ sd ebdu`hkh sphktjkgjigktg. sphktjkgjigktg . Cj ebdusurj `gc `dlgtth â dk`dejtj dk gtæ prgsehcjrg (rjrjigktg prdij) sdj pgr gvdtjrg cdidtjcdidtj zdhkg jcc—jttdvdtæ sdej sdj trjuid psdehchoded `gcc—gssgrg ehksd`grjth uk –ejr`dhpjtdeh’. Cj ebdusurj puþ gssgrg gsgoudtj trjksejtgtgrg dk hctrg c—26% `gd @DJ tdph hstdui sgeuk`ui, igktrg â ebdrurodej pgr tuttd ocd jctrd. Lhcchw-up
Ehktrhccd jkkujcd dkdzdjcigktg g sg khk vd shkh prhncgid rgsd`ud, jkebg hokd `ug-trg jkkd. Kgssukj cdidtjzdhkg jcc—jttdvdtæ sdeh-sphrtdvj.
@DLGPPH @GC UGPPH DKPG^\GKP^DEHCJ^G
@glkdzdhkg
^jpprgsgktj cj ijclhrijzdhkg ejr`djej pdô lrgqugktg1 `j shcj ehstdtudseg dc 76% `gccg ejr`dhpjtdg ehkogkdtg. Pgkgk`h Pgkgk`h ehkth `gcc—jkjthidj sgttjcg sd phsshkh ecjssdejrg= :. `dlgttd pgrdiginrjkhsd1 >. shtthjrtgrdhsd1 5. iusehcjrd. Ldsdhpjthchodj
Ocd gcgigktd ejrjttgrdzzjktd shkh cj `digksdhkg `gc `dlgtth g cg rgsdstgkzg vjsehcjrd phcihkjrd. Dc `dlgtth sd `gkdseg rgstrdttdvh sg dc orj`dgktg trjksvgktrdehcjrg â uoujcg h supgrdhrg jd >/5 `gccj prgssdhkg sdsthcdej sdstgidej. C—dpgrjlussh phcihkjrg tdpdeh `d uk `dlgtth KHK rgstrdttdvh, ehiphrtj juigkth `gccg rgsdstgkzg phcihkjrd vjsehcjrd g uk shvrjeejrdeh `djsthcdeh `gc vgktrdehch sdkdstrh. Ejrjttgrdstdebg ecdkdebg
• Njindkd ehk ehk `dlgttd pdeehcd pdeehcd rgstrdttdvd= jssgkzj `d sdkthid. • Njindkd ehk `dlgttd jipd= sgokd sgokd `d dpgrjlussh, dpgrjlussh, ehk sejrsh jeergsedigkth stjturh phk`grjcg g tjchrj sehipgksh ejr`djeh. • Njindkd ehk `dlgttd pdeehcd rgstrdttdvd= rgstrdttdvd= shlh hchsdsthcdeh, hchsdsthcdeh, ru`g jkebg 5-0/< tjchrj ngk juseuctjndcg jccj puktj g jc igshejr`dh ehk phssdndcg drrj`djzdhkg jccj cdkgj gidjsegccjrg. • Njindkd ehk `dlgttd jipd= shlh `d dktgksdtæ rd`httj, pgrebä cg prgssdhkd vgktrdehcjrd shkh qujsd d`gktdebg. @djokhsd
GEO= â khrijcg kgd `dlgttd pdeehcd. Kgd `dlgttd jipd ihstrj sgokd `d dpgrtrhj-shvrjeejrdeh `gc vgktrdehch sdkdstrh1 dk prgsgkzj `d dpgrtgksdhkg phcihkjrg â phssdndcg phssdndcg dpgrtrhj ndvgktrdehcjrg. ndvgktrdehcjrg. ^x thrjeg= phssdndcd sgokd `d dpgrjlussh phcihkjrg. Gehejr`dhorjj ehchr `hppcgr `heuigktj= :. cj sg`g1 >. c—jipdgzzj1 5. dc shvrjeejrdeh shvrjeejrdeh `d vhcuig `gc vgktrdehch sdkdstrh1 0. jkhijcdg `gcc—jppjrjth tgkshrg shtthvjcvhcjrg1 7. `dlgttd jsshedjtd1 <. dc orj`dgktg trjksvgktrdehcjrg. Pgrjpdj
D `dlgttd pdeehcd phsshkh jk`jrg dkehktrh j ebdusurj sphktjkgj kgd prdid 5-7 jkkd `d vdtj.
D pjzdgktd sdkthijtded ehk `dlgttd jipd `gvhkh gssgrg shtthphstd j tgrjpdj ig`dej (`durgtded º JEG-dkdndthrd). JEG-dkdndthrd). C—dktgrvgkth ebdrurodeh qujk`h kgegssjrdh vj gsgoudth gktrh c—jkkh `d vdtj pgr gvdtjrg cj ehipjrsj `d dpgrtgksdhkg phcihkjrg. phcihkjrg. Â jttujcigktg phssdndcg ebdu`grg trjksejtgtgrg `dlgttd dktgrvgktrdehcjrd dktgrvgktrd ehcjrd sdj iusehcjrd sdj pgrdiginrjkhsd jkebg dk gtæ pg`djtrdej. Lhcchw-up
Ehktrhccd jkkujcd dkdzdjcigktg g sg khk vd shkh prhncgid rgsd`ud, jkebg hokd `ug-trg jkkd. Kgssukj cdidtjzdhkg jcc—jttdvdtæ sdeh-sphrtdvj. EJKJCG JP^DH\GKP JP^DH\GKP ^DEHCJ^G
@glkdzdhkg
Ehstdtudsehkh dc 5% `d tuttd d `dlgttd ehkogkdtd1 gsdstg ukj strgttj jsshedjjsshedjzdhkg ehk cj sdk`rhig `d @hwk. Ud `dstdkouhkh `dstdkouhkh== :. EJ EJ\ \ pjrzdj pjrzdjcg= cg= @DJ hstdui prdiui ehk ecglt `gc cginh jktgrdhrg `gccj idtrjcg (cg vjcvhcg jtrdhvgktrdehcjrd shkh `ug, sgpjrjtg)1 >. EJ EJ\ \ ehipcgth= @DJ hstdui prdiui, @D\ `gc trjtth `d jlussh, vjcvhcj jtrdhvgktrdehcjrg ehiukg1 5. EJ EJ\ \ dktgrig`d dktgrig`dh= h= @DJ hstdui prdiui, @D\ pdeehch pjrzdjcigktg h ehipcgtjigktg ehipcgtjigk tg heecush `j tgssuth trdeuspd`jcdeh jeegsshrdh, dk ogkgrg `ug vjcvhcg jtrdhvgktrdehcjrd. Ldsdhpjthchodj
Dc EJ\ pjrzdjcg g dc EJ\ dktgrig`dh sd ehiphrtjkh ehig uk @DJ, ehk gvgktujcigktg ukj gvhcuzdhkg pdô rjpd`j pgr cj prgsgkzj `gcc—dksul`gcc—dksuledgkzj idtrjcdej sgehk`jrdj jc ecglt vjcvhcjrg. Kgc EJ\ EJ\ ehipcgth, cj prgsgkzj `d sbukt j cdvgcch jtrdjcg g vgktrdehcjrg g dc rdourodth vjcvhcjrg `d ukj h gktrjing cg ehiphkgktd `gccj vjcvhcj ukdej `gtgridkjkh uk quj`rh `d dpgrjlussh phcihkjrg. D `ug vgktrdehcd shkh dk ogkgrg gktrjind `dcjtjtd (sg dc EJ\ â ndcjkedjth) g` â phssdndcg c—gvhcuzdhkg dk dpgrtgksdhkg vjsehcjrg phcihkjrg. Ejrjttgrdstdebg ecdkdebg
• D pjzdgktd jllgttd jllgtt d `j EJ\ EJ\ pjrzdjcg g/h EJ\ EJ\ dktgrig`dh prgsgktjkh prgsgkt jkh uk quj`rh sdidcg jd njindkd ehk @DJ. • D njindkd ehk EJ\ EJ\ thtjcg svdcuppjkh, dkvgeg, uk prgeheg quj`rh `d sehipgksh, ehk orjvg rdtjr`h `gcc—jeergsedigkth stjturh-phk`grjcg, sdidcg j qugcch ebg sd vgrdej dk prgsgkzj `d uk jipdh @D\.
• Jsehctjthr Jsehctjthrdjigktg djigktg dc EJ\ EJ\ pjrzdjcg bj uk rgpgrth rgpgr th sdidcg j qugcch qugcc h `gc @DJ. • Dc EJ\ dktgrig`dh puþ prgsgktjrg uk shlh hchsdsthcdeh `j pdeehch @D\. Dk gktrjind d ejsd â phssdndcg cj prgsgkzj `d uk shlh `j rdourodth idtrjcdeh idtrjcd eh (shlh sdsthcdeh `hceg j gcgvjtj lrgqugkzj ehk ijssdij dktgksdtæ jccj puktj). @djokhsd
GEO= dpgrtrhj vgktrdehcjrg `gstrj g `gvdjzdhkg j sdkdstrj `gcc—jssg gcgttrdeh `gc Z^U. Ncheeh jtrdhvgktrdehcjrg `d D tdph. ^x thrjeg= Hinrj ejr`djej juigktjtj slgrdej ehk sgokd `d dpgrjlussh phcihkjrg. Gehejr`dhorjj ehchr `hppcgr= gvd`gkzdj cj cgsdhkg `gc sgtth jtrdhvgktrdjtrdhvgktrdehcjrg, cg ejrjttgrdstdebg `gccj/g vjcvhcj/g jtrdhvgktrdehcjrg/d. Pgrjpdj
EJ\ pjrzdjcg g dktgrig`dh= trjttjigkth sdidcg jc @DJ. Vhssdndcg ebg sd rgk`j kgegssjrdj ukj tgrjpdj `durgtdej sg c—dksuledgkzj idtrjcdej `dvgktj sdokdejtdvj. EJ\ EJ \ ehipcgth= tgrjpdj jktdsehipgksh (`durgtded º JEG J EG-dkdndthrd). -dkdndthrd). EbdEbdrurodj gktrh c—jkkh `d vdtj. Lhcchw-up
Ehktrhccd jkkujcd ehk pjrtdehcjrg jttgkzdhkg jd `dlgttd sgttjcd rgsd`ud g jc rdourodth idtrjcdeh rgsd`uh. Kgssukj cdidtjzdhkg jcc—jttdvdtæ sdeh-sphrtdvj sdeh-sphrt dvj sg khk vd shkh rgsd`ujtd, dk ejsh ehktrjrdh rdijk`jrg cj `gedsdhkg jc ejr`dhchoh pg`djtrj. @HPPH @D N HP HPJCCH JCCH VG ^\DH
@glkdzdhkg
Vgrsdstgkzj `gccj pgrvdgtæ `gc ejkjcg (`htth `d Nhtjcch) ebg `urjktg cj vdtj lgtjcg igttg dk ehiukdejzdhkg dc edreudth phcihkjrg ehk c—jhrtj. Ldsdhpjthchodj
C—gcgigkth `gtgridkjktg â c—gktdtæ `gcch sbukt sdkdstrh-`gstrh ebg ehkehk`dzdhkj uk phssdndcg dpgrjlussh phcihkjrg ehk shvrjeejrdeh `d vhcuig `gccg sgzdhkd sdkdstrg. Ejrjttgrdstdebg ecdkdebg
• Dk gtæ kghkjtjcg d pjzdgktd jllgttd jllgttd `j `httd jipd jipd ehk sbukt sbukt sdokdejtdvh, phsshkh prgsgktjrg prgsgktjrg uk quj`rh `d sehipgksh sehipgksh ejr`djeh. • D njindkd dk eud dc `htth `htth â sg`g `d ukh sbukt sbukt ih`gsth khk khk bjkkh rdpgr eussdhkd gih`dkjidebg sdokdejtdvg.
• Vhssdndcg uk shlh ehktdkuh ehktdkuh dk rgodhkg rgodhkg shtthecjvgjrg sdkdstrj. sdkdstrj. @djokhsd
GEO= spgssh khrijcg1 phssdndcd sgokd `d shvrjeejrdeh vgktrdehcjrg vgktrdehcjrg sdkdstrh `d vhcuig. ^x thrjeg= khk sdokdejtdvh. Gehejr`dhorjj ehchr `hppcgr= prgsgkzj `gc `htth, `digksdhkd, sgokd `d shvrjeejrdeh. Pgrjpdj
Kgc kghk kghkjth jth dk d k pjrtde pjr tdehcjr hcjrgg prgijt pr gijturh, urh, â kgegss kg egssjrdj jrdj cj ebdus e bdusurj urj rjpd rjpd`j `j `gc `htth `j jttujrg h ljrijehchodejigktg h, sg dkglejeg, ebdrurodebdrurodejigktg. Kgc njindkh jsdkthijtdeh â phssdndcg cj ebdusurj `hph d >0 igsd `d vdtj, pgr vdj trjkseutjkgj jkebg dk ehksd`grjzdhkg `gc ijoodhr rdsebdh `d gk`hejr`dtg njttgrdej. Lhcchw-up
Ehktrhccd ndgkkjcd sg `htth pgrvdh1 ehktrhccd sjctujrd `hph ebdusurj. KgsKgssukj cdidtjzdhkg jcc—jttdvdtæ sdeh-sphrtdvj. P^WKEWU J^PG^DHUWU
@glkdzdhkg
Ud ejrjttgrdzzj pgr c—hrdodkg `d uk vjsh ukdeh pgr dc edrehch sdstgideh, phcihkjrg g ehrhkjrdh. ehrhkjrdh. Ud `dstdkouhkh 0 tdpd= :. prgsgkzj `d uk trhkeh phcihkjrg ehiukg1 >. d rjid phcihkjrd phcihkjrd sd sd hrdodkjkh ehktdoud, phstgrdhrigktg, phstgrdhrigktg, `jc `jc trhkeh jrtgrdhsh1 5. d rjid phcihkjrd hrdodkjkh `jccg pjrgtd cjtgrjcd `gc trhkeh jrtgrdhsh1 jrtgrdhsh1 0. jssgkzj `gccg jrtgrdg phcihkjrd g `gc `htth `htth jrtgrdhsh. Dc edrehch phcihkjrgg â sgrvd phcihkjr sgrvdth th `j jrtgr jrtgrdg dg sdstgid s dstgidebg ebg ebg hrdodkj h rdodkjkh kh `jcc—jh `j cc—jhrtj rtj `dsegk`gktg. Ldsdhpjthchodj
Ehk`dzdhkg `d dpgrjlussh phcihkjrg. Ejrjttgrdstdebg ecdkdebg
• Ehipjrsj `d sehipgksh ejr`djeh kgd prdid prdid trg igsd `d vdtj. • Â phssdndcg phssdndcg c—jssgkzj `d rgpgrtd jsehctjthrd spgeded. spgeded.
@djokhsd
GEO= puþ gssgrg khrijcg h ehk sgokd `d dpgrtrhj ndvgktrdehcjrg. ^x thrjeg= ejr`dhigojcdj ehk juigkth `gccj trjij vjsehcjrg phcihkjrg `d dpgrjlussh. Gehejr`dhorjj ehchr `hppcgr= pgrigttg `d dk`dvd`ujrg dc `dlgtth g `d stu`djrg cj vjcvhcj trukejcg ebg puþ gssgrg stgkhtdej h dksuledgktg ehk trg, qujttrh h edkqug euspd`d. Pgrjpdj
Gsecusdvjigktg ebdrurodej ebdrurodej kgd prdid igsd `d vdtj. Lhcchw-up
Ehktrhccd pgrdh`ded ehk lrgqugkzj ebg `dpgk`g `jccj prgsgkzj h igkh `d `dlgttd rgsd`ud. Kgssukj cdidtjzdhkg pgr c—jttdvdtæ sdej sg khk vd shkh rgcdqujtd. \GKP^DEHCH @GUP^H J @HVVDJ WUEDPJ
@glkdzdhkg
Ehstdtudseg igkh `gcc—:% `d tuttd d `dlgttd ejr`djed ehkogkdtd. Gktrjind d vjsd kjsehkh prgvjcgktgigktg `jc vgktrdehch `gstrh1 sd rdehkhsehkh gssgkzdjcigktg trg vjrdjktd jkjthidebg= :. jhrtj `gstrhphstj `gstrhphstj ehk `dlgtth shtthjhrtdeh shtthjhrtdeh g stgkhsd shtthvjcvhcjrg shtthvjcvhcjrg phcihkjrg1 >. jhrtj `gstrhphstj `gstrhphstj ehk ehk `dlgtth shtthphcihk shtthphcihkjrg jrg (tdph Pjussdo-Ndko)1 5. jhrtj `gstrhphstj `gstrhphstj ehk `dlgtth `dlgtth shtthjhrtdeh shtthjhrtdeh sgkzj stgkhsd stgkhsd phcihkjrg. Ldsdhpjthchodj
Dc ussh phcihkjrg `dpgk`g `jccj prgsgkzj h igkh `d ukj hstruzdhkg pgr eud sd vj `jcc—dphjlussh jcc—dpgrjlussh phcihkjrg. J ejusj ejusj `gccj `dvgrsj phsdzdhkg `gc @D\ sd puþ jvgrg ukj sjturjzdhkg khrijcg (@D\ shtthjhrtdeh) h rd`httj (@D\ shtthphcihkjrg), pgr dc `dvgrsh ussh prgprglgrgkzdjcg ebg sd ergj. Ejrjttgrdstdebg ecdkdebg
• Ihcth vjrdjndcd1 vjrdjndcd1 sd vj `j sgokd `d `d dpgrjlussh, j lhrig ehk edjkhsd tdph tgtrjchodj `d Ljccht. • Upgssh jssgktd. Vhssdndcg prgsgkzj `d `d shlh sg â prgsgktg uk @D\ pdeehch h ukj stgkhsd phcihkjrg.
@djokhsd
GEO= spgssh khrijcg. ^x thrjeg= spgssh khrijcg. Gehejr`dhorjj ehchr `hppcgr= gssgkzdjcg pgr `gkdrg dc `dlgtth dk tuttg cg sug ejrjttgrdstdebg. Pgrjpdj
Ebdrurodj gktrh dc prdih jkkh `d vdtj. Lhcchw-up
Ehktrhccd lrgqugktd prg-ebdrurodj g phd hokd <-:> igsd dk rgcjzdhkg jccj prgsgkzj h igkh `d `dlgttd rgsd`ud. C—jttdvdtæ sdej `dpgk` `dpgk`gg `jccj prgsgkzj h igkh `d `dlgttd rgsd`ud. P^JUVHUD]DH KG @GCCG O^HUUG J^PG^DG J^PG^DG
@glkdzdhkg
Ejrjttgrdstdej prdkedpjcg â cj `dsehr`jkzj vgktrdehch jrtgrdhsj, pgr eud c—jhrtj hrdodkj `jc vgktrdehch `gstrh, jktgrdhrigktg g j `gstrj g c—jrtgrdj phcihkjrg phcihkj rg `jc vgktrdehch sdkdstrh, phstgrdhri phstgrdhrigktg gktg g j sdkdstrj1 â phssdndc phssdndcgg cj prgsgkzj `d uk @D\. Ldsdhpjthchodj
Cj edrehcjzdhkg jkzdebä dk sgrdg `dvgktj dk pjrjccgch ehk rdedrehch `gc sjkoug hssdogkjth kgc phcihkg g `d qugcch j njssh ehktgkuth `d H> kgc edrehch sdstgideh1 dc rdsuctjth â ukj orjvg `gsjturjzdhkg. C—gcgigkth ebdjvg pgr pgrigttgrg cj shprjvvdvgkzj `gc kghkjth â dc idxdko , edhâ cj phssdndcdtæ `d ehiidstdhkg lrj d `ug edrehcd ebg sd lj phtgkzdjcigktg j cdvgcch `gc `htth jrtgrdhsh g `gc lhrjig hvjcg. Ejrjttgrdstdebg ecdkdebg
• @dlehctæ rgspdrjthrdg ehk orjvg orjvg `gsjturjzdhkg. `gsjturjzdhkg. • Edjkhsd pdô h igkh sdokdejtdvj sdokdejtdvj `dpgk`gktgigktg `dpgk`gktgigktg `jccj pgrvdgtæ `gc `gc `htth g `gc lhrjig hvjcg. • Vhssdndcg prgsgkzj prgsgkzj `d shlh sdj pgr cj pgrvdgtæ pgrvdgtæ `gc `htth, `htth, sdj sg prgsgktg uk @D\ ehk h sgkzj stgkhsd phcihkjrg. @djokhsd
GEO= khk â `djokhstdeh. ^x thrjeg= pg`ukehch vjsehcjrg rdstrgtth ehk hinrj ejr`djej j uhvh pgr dkorjk`digkth `gccg sgzdhkd `gstrg.
Gehejr`dhorjj ehchr `hppcgr= lhk`jigktjcg pgr `gkdrg cj `djokhsd jkjthidej `gttjocdjtj. Pgrjpdj
Dklusdhkg `d prhstjocjk`dkg (Vrhstdk \^ pg`djtrde= 6.67 o/ao/idk) pgr ijktgkgrg dc @htth `d Nhtjcch pgrvdh. Jtrdhsgpthsthidj sgehk`h ^jsbadk` (sd ergj uk—jipdj ehiukdejzdhkg dktgrjtrdjcg utdcdzzjk`h uk pjcchkedkh). Kgccj lhrij sgipcdeg cj ehrrgzdhkg ebdruro ebdrurodej dej ebg ehksdstg dk ukh swdteb jrtgrdhsh ehk rgdipdjkth `gccg ehrhkjrdg â prgvdstj kgccg prdig sgttdijkg `d vdtj. Kgccj POJ ehk @D\ â spgssh spgssh prgsgktg prgsgktg stgkhsd stgkhsd phcihkjrg, pgr eud eud sd puþ rdtjr`jrg cj ebdrurodj ebg ehksdstg kgcc—dktgrvgkth `d ^jstgccd (ebdusurj @D\, tukkgccdzzjzdhkg \U-Jhrtj g ehk`htth prhtgsdeh trj dc vgktrdehch `gstrh g c—jrtgrdj phcihkjrg). Lhcchw-up
Ehktrhccd jinucjthrdjcd jkkujcd. Ejtgtgrdsih ejr`djeh dk gtæ prgsehcjrg pgr rdvjcutjrg cg jrtgrdg ehrhkjrdg. ehrhkjrdg. C—d`hkgdtæ jcc—jttdvdtæ sdeh-sphrtdvj vj vjcutjtj `jc ejr`dhchoh pg`djtrj. P^JUVHUD]DHKG EHKOGKDPJIGKPG EH^^GPPJ @GCCG O^HUUG J^PG^DG
@glkdzdhkg
Ud ejrjttgrdzzj pgr ukj `dsehktdkudtæ jtrdh vgktrdehcjrg g vgktrdehch jrtgrdhsj, pgr eud c—jtrdh `gstrh â ehkkgssh jc vgktrdehch sdkdstrh `j eud hrdodkj c—jrtgrdj phcihkjrg g c—jtrdh sdkdstrh â ehkkgssh jc vgktrdehch `gstrh `j eud hrdodkj c—jhrtj. Â phssdndcg cj prgsgkzj `d `dlgttd jsshedjtd tdph @D\ g Utgkhsd Vhcihkjrg. Diphrtjktg rdehr`jrg cj `dschejzdhkg `gc kh`h jtrdh-vgktrdehcjrg. Ldsdhpjthchodj
Dk jssgkzj `d `dlgttd jsshedjtd dc edrehch â –khrijcg’. Ejrjttgrdstdebg ecdkdebg
• Upgssh jsdkthijtdeh1 jsdkthijtdeh1 sg prgsgktd `dlgttd jsshedjtd phssdndcg phssdndcg `dspkgj g edjkhsd kgc prdih jkkh `d vdtj. • Khk gsdsthkh sgokd tdpded sg sg khk dc shlh sdsthcdeh dk prgsgkzj prgsgkzj `d @D\ g stgkhsd phcihkjrg.
@djokhsd
GEO= hk`j V khrijcg, jssgkzj `d Z sgttjcd kgccg prgehr`djcd sdkdstrg, shvrjeejrdeh `gc vgktrdehch `gstrh phsth j sdkdstrj ehk prgehr`djcd `gstrg kgojtdvg1 phssdndcg NJ\ `d D, DD g DDD orj`h. ^x thrjeg= khk sgokd utdcd jccj `djokhsd. Gehejr`dhorjj ehchr `hppcgr= `gkdzdhkg jeeurjtj `gcc—jkjthidj `gccj pjthchodj g `gd `dlgttd gvgktujcigktg gvgktujcigktg jsshedjtd. jsshedjtd. Pgrjpdj
Cj lhrij sgipcdeg `dledcigktg `djokhstdejtj dk gtæ pg`djtrdej. C—jttgo C—jttgo-odjigkth ehksgrvjtdvh â dc pdô lrgqugktg jkebg sg gsdstg cj phssdndcdtæ `d dktgrvgkdrg ehk uk `hppdh swdteb (j cdvgcch jtrdjcg g jrtgrdhsh). Lhcchw-up
Ehktrhccd sgigstrjcd h jkkujcd. D`hkgdtæ jcc—jttdvdtæ sdeh-sphrtdvj sgehk`h dk`dejzdhkd `gc ejr`dhchoh pg`djtrj. UPGKHUD \JC\HCJ^G VHCIHKJ^G
@glkdzdhkg
Hstruzdhkg chejcdzzjtj j cdvgcch `gccj vjcvhcj phcihkjrg ehk lusdhkg `gd trg cgind vjcvhcjrd ebg dk jpgrturj jssuihkh uk jspgtth j euphcj. Pjchrj Pjchrj cj vjcvhcj â `dspcjsdej ehk cgind dspgssdtd. Ldsdhpjthchodj
Kgssukj pjrtdehcjrg pgeucdjrdtæ sjcvh kgc ejsh `gccj lhrij erdtdej `gc kghkjth dk eud cj edrehcjzdhkg phcihkjrg â `htth `dpgk`gktg. Ejrjttgrdstdebg ecdkdebg
• Kgc kghkjth ehk stgkhsd stgkhsd erdtdej, â phssdndcg ukj ukj ehiprhidssdhkg ehiprhidssdhkg ecdkdej diphrtjktg jccj ebdusurj `gc `htth pgrebä cj edrehcjzdhkg phcihkjrg â `htth `dpgk`gktg. • Kgc njindkh njindkh ehk stgkhsd stgkhsd ih`grjtj ih`grjtj h sgvgrj â phssdndcg `dspkgj g `hchrg thrjedeh. • Kgc kghkjth ehk lhrij erdtdej= edjkhsd egktrjcg pgr ehktgiphrjkgj ehgsdstgkzj `gc lhrjig hvjcg pgrvdh. • Kgd njindkd ehk stgkhsd stgkhsd cdgvg, ih`grjtj g/h g/h sgvgrj= shlh sdsthcdeh, sdsthcdeh, jsprh, gcgttdvh, ehk ijssdij dktgksdtæ suc lhehcjdh phcihkjrg (sgehk`h spjzdh dktgrehstjcg sdkdstrh).
@djokhsd
GEO= spgssh khrijcg kgccg lhrig cdgvd1 kgccg stgkhsd ih`grjtg sd gvdgvd `gkzdj uk jssg gcgttrdeh ruhtjth j `gstrj g jctgrjzdhkd `gccj ehk`uzdhkg dktrjvgktrdehcjrg `gstrj. ^x thrjeg= khrijcg kgccg lhrig cdgvd1 sgokd `d rd`httj vjsehcjrdzzjzdhkg phcihkjrg kgccg lhrig lhrig ih`grjth-sgvgrg. Gehejr`dhorjj ehchr `hppcgr= ehksgktg cj `djokhsd g cj prgedsj `gkd`gkdzdhkg jkjthidej. Pgrjpdj
Kgccj stgkhsd erdtdej kghkjt kghkjtjcg, jcg, dc prdih prgsd`dh tgrjpgut tgrjpgutdeh deh â c—dklusdh c—dklusdhkg kg `d prhstjocjk`dkg pgr ijktgkgrg pgrvdh dc `htth. C—hpzdhkg tgrjpgutdej `d prdij segctj â cj vjcvuchpcjstdej pgreutjkgj ehk pjcchkedkh. Lhcchw-up
Ehktrhccd jkkujcd phst-trjttjigkth. phst-trjttjigkth. Vhssdndcdtæ `d prjtdejrg jttdvdtæ sdehsphrtdvj j ejrjttgrg khk johkdstdeh. JP^GUDJ VHCIHKJ^G
@glkdzdhkg
Ud `dstdkoug= :. jtrgsdj `gccj vjcvhcj vjcvhcj phcihkjrg phcihkjrg ehk sgtth dktgrvgktrdehcjrg dktgrvgktrdehcjrg dktjtth (JVUD)1 >. jtrgsdj `gccj `gccj vjcvhcj vjcvhcj phcihkjrg phcihkjrg ehk ehk h sgkzj ehktdkudtæ ehktdkudtæ trj dc vgktrdehch `gstrh g dc trhkeh `gcc—jrtgrdj phcihkjrg ehk `dlgtth dktgrvgktrdehcjrg jipdh shtthjhrtdeh (JV+@D\). Ldsdhpjthchodj
Kgccj JVUD= `htth`dpgk`gkzj `htth`dpgk`gkzj `gc edrehch phcihkjrg. phcihkjrg. Kgccj JV+@D\= JV+@D\= ihcth sdidcg jccj tgtrjchodj `d Ljccht ehk vjsehcjrdzzj vjsehcjrdzzj-zdhkg phcihkjrg spgssh iuctdlhejcg (ehccjtgrjcd sdstgideh phcihkjrd). Ejrjttgrdstdebg ecdkdebg
• JVUD= edjkhsd sgvgrj gktrh cj DD-DDD odhrkjtj odhrkjtj `d vdtj. vdtj. • JV+@D\= khk â `d shcdth uk gigrogkzj kghkjtjcg. Cj ecdkdej `dpgk`g `jc tdph g` gktdtæ `gccj vjsehcjrdzzjzdhkg phcihkjrg. @djokhsd
GEO= khk pjrtdehcjrigktg utdcg. ^x thrjeg= pheh dklhrijtdvh.
Gehejr`dhorjj ehchr `hppcgr= lhk`jigktjcg pgr phrrg `djokhsd g `gkdrg tuttg cg ejrjttgrdstdebg jkjthidebg. Ejtgtgrdsih ejr`djeh= lhk`jigktjcg dk gktrjing cg lhrig= • JVUD= vjcutjzdhkg vjcutjzdhkg `gc edrehch edrehch phcihkjrg phcihkjrg g ehrhkjrdh. ehrhkjrdh. • JV+@D\ JV+@D\== `gkdzdhkg `gttjocdjtj `gccj vjsehcjrdzzjzdhkg vjsehcjrdzzjzdhkg phcihkjrg. phcihkjrg. Pgrjpdj
JVUD= `gehiprgssdhkg `gc vgktrdehch `gstrh trjidtg pgrlhrjzdhkg ehk shk`j j rj`dhlrgqugkzj g vjcvuchpcjstdej phcihkjrg. Vgr ijktgkgrg dc `htth pgrvdh dipdjkth `d ukh stgkt h ergjzdhkg ebdrurodej `d ukh sbukt sdstgideh phcihkjrg. JV+@D\== ebdusurj @D\ g ehk`htth JV-\@ kgccg lhrig pdô ljvhrgvhcd. JV+@D\ Kgccg lhrig ehk vjsehcjrdzzjzdhkg iuctdlhejcg, ergjzdhkg `d ukj ehk ehk-kgssdhkg \@-JV dkecu`gk`h tuttd d vjsd ebg vjsehcjrdzzjkh dc phcihkg (tgekdej `d ukdlhejcdzzjzdhkg h cj tgekdej `gc edcdk`rh jhrtdeh `d Jngccj). Lhcchw-up
Ihcth vjrdjndcg dk rgcjzdhkg jcc—jkjthidj hrdodkjrdj, jcc—dktgrvgkth gsgoudth g jd rgcdqujtd. PGP^JCHODJ @D LJCCHP
@glkdzdhkg
Ejrjttgrdzzjtj `j= :. `gvdjzdhkg jktgrh-supgrdhrg `gc sgtth dkluk`dnhcjrg1 >. stgkhsd dkluk`dnhcjrg1 5. @D\ dkluk`dnhcjrg1 0. jhrtj j ejvjcdgrg. Ldsdhpjthchodj
C—gih`dkjidej `dpgk`g `jc orj`h `d stgkhsd jcc—glussh `gstrh. Ejrjttgrdstdebg ecdkdebg
• Ch spgttrh ecdkdeh vj `jccj edjkhsd sgvgrj pgr hstruzdhkg diphrtjktg jc quj`rh `d uk jipdh @D\ pgr cg lhrig ehk idkdij stgkhsd (Ljccht ( Ljccht rhsj). @djokhsd
GEO= `gvdjzdhkg jssdjcg `gstrj ehk dpgrtrhj vgktrdehcjrg `gstrj h ncheeh `d nrjkej `gstrj. ^x thrjeg= euhrg j –zheehch’ ehk dphpgrlusdhkg phcihkjrg. Gehejr`dhorjj ehchr `hppcgr= lhk`jigktjcg pgr cj `djokhsd.
Ch stu`dh gih`dkjideh dk`dejth kgd ejsd hvg gsdsthkh `unnd succj edrehcjzdhkg ehrhkjrdj. Pgrjpdj
Pgrjpdj ig`dej pgr cg erdsd dpgredjkhtdebg (dklusdhkg `d cdqud`d, sg`jtdvh, n-ncheejktg - prhprjkhchch (D) 6.6: io/ao gv g phd :-> io/ao pgr hs ehig tgrjpdj ehktdkujtdvj). ehktdkujtdvj). Pgrjpdj ebdrurodej ehrrgttdvj gktrh c—jkkh `d vdtj. Lhcchw-up
Ehktrhccd pgrdh`ded. Vhssdndcg @D\ rgsd`uh, stgkhsd `gd rjid phcihkjrd, dksuledgkzj phcihkjrg. UPGKHUD JH^PDEBG
@glkdzdhkg
Ud `dstdkouhkh lhrig= :. vjcvhcjrd1 >. shtthvjcvhcjrd1 5. shprjvjcvhcjrd. Ldsdhpjthchodj
Jssdidcjndcd `jc pukth `d vdstj sdhpjthchodeh pgr c—hstruzdhkg jcc—glussh sdkdstrh ebg `gtgridkjkh. Ejrjttgrdstdebg ecdkdebg
• Utgkhsd vjcvhcjrg sgvgrj= sgvgrj= phcdpkgj, dphsoidj, dphsoidj, shlh sdsthcdeh sdsthcdeh jsprh suc lhehcjdh jhrtdeh (DD spjzdh dktgrehstjcg j `gstrj), sbhea. • Kgccg lhrig igkh orjvd c—ukdeh sgokh puþ gssgrg dc shlh. @djokhsd
GEO= dpgrtrhj vgktrdehcjrg sdkdstrj. ^x thrjeg= tjchrj sgokd `d g`gij dktgrstdzdjcg `j shvrjeejrdeh `d prgssdhkg `gc vgktrdehch sdkdstrh. Gehejr`dhorjj ehchr `hppcgr= pgrigttg cj `djokhsd rdcgvjk`h= • dpgrtrhj vgktrdehcjrg vgktrdehcjrg ehkegktrdej h `dcjtjzdhkg `dcjtjzdhkg vgktrdehcjrg tdph ejr `dhidhpjtdj `dcjtjtdvj1 • ihrlhchodj vjcvhcjrg (trd-ndeuspd`g)1 • prgsgkzj `d hstruzdhkg shtthvjcvhcjrg shtthvjcvhcjrg j iginrjkj, tukkgc1 • prgsgkzj `d hstruzdhkg shprjvjcvhcjrg shprjvjcvhcjrg j ecgssd`rj h tukkgc1 • orj`dgktg vgktrdehch sdkdstrh-jhrtj.
Pgrjpdj
\jcvuchpcjstdej jhrtdej dk urogkzj kgccj lhrij kghkjtjcg erdtdej. \jcvuchpcjstdej kgccg kgcc g lhrig igkh sgvgrg dk gtæ vjrdjndcg vjr djndcg `dpgk`gktgigktg `dpgk`gktgigkt g `jc orj`dgktg, jkjthidj g ecdkdej `gc pjzdgktg. Ebdrurodj pgr cg lhrig shprj- g shtth-vjcvhcjrd. Vhssdndcg dktgrvgkth `d ^hss pgr cg lhrig dk gtæ pdô jvjkzjtj g tdpdejigktg dk gtæ j`hcgsegkzdjcg. Lhcchw-up
Ehktrhccd pgrdh`ded ehk dk`dejzdhkg jcc—jttdvdtæ sdeh-sphrtdvj sgehk`h cj prgsgkzj h igkh `d rgcdqujtd rgcdqujtd (stgkhsd rgsd`uj, rgsd`uj, dksuledgkzj vjcvhcjrg). vjcvhcjrg). EHJ^PJ]DH EHJ^P J]DH KG DUPI DEJ @GC C—JH^P —JH^PJ J
@glkdzdhkg
^gstrdkodigkth (j `djlrjiij, tunucjrg) chejcdzzjth j cdvgcch dstideh `gcc—jhrtj `dsegk`gktg. Upgssh sd jsshedj jccj ndeuspd`dj jhrtdej. Ldsdhpjthchodj
@dpgk`g `jc orj`h `d hstruzdhkg. Kgccg lhrig sgvgrg dc vgktrdehch puþ khk gssgrg dk orj`h `d j`jttjrsd pgr eud jccj ebdusurj `gc `htth sd puþ jvgrg `dcjtjzdhkg g sehipgksh. Kgccg lhrig igkh sgvgrg, dc vgktrdehch sd dpgrtrhzzj. Ejrjttgrdstdebg ecdkdebg
@jcch sehipgksh kghkjtjcg diphrtjktg jc sgipcdeg rdsehktrh `d dpgrtgkdpgrtgksdhkg dk gtæ j`hcgsegkzdjcg. @djokhsd
C—gsjig ecdkdeh puþ gssgrg `djokhstdeh= jssgkzj `d phcsd lgihrjcd g dpgrtgksdhkg higrjcg. GEO= dpgrtrhj g/h shvrjeejrdeh vgktrdehcjrg sdkdstrh. ^x thrjeg= sgokd `d stjsd vgkhsj. Gehejr`dhorjj ehchr `hppcgr= `djokhsd ehk gvd`gkzj `gc rgstrdkodigkth j cdvgcch dstideh ehk juigkth `gccj vgchedtæ `d ussh dk sdsthcg g pgrsdstgkzj `d orj`dgktg jkebg `djsthcdeh. Pgrjpdj
Ebdrurodej dk gtæ kghkjtjcg. Vhssdndcdtæ `d jkodhpcjstdej ehk pjcchkedkh dk gtæ pdô jvjkzjtj g kgccg lhrig `d rdehjrtjzdhkg1 â phssdndcg dksgrdrg ukh stgkt pgr vdj pgr eutjkgj j pjrtdrg `jd >7 ao `d pgsh.
Lhcchw-up
Ehktrhccd pgrdh`ded1 sg pgrsdstg dpgrtgksdhkg j rdphsh h `urjktg slhrzh utdcg c—ush `d ngtj-ncheejktd. ^DPH^KH \GKHUH JKHIJCH
@glkdzdhkg
Unheeh jkhijch pjrzdjcg h thtjcg `gccg vgkg phcihkjrd j cdvgcch `gcc—jtrdh `gstrh, `gccj ejvj dklgrdhrg h `gccj ejvj supgrdhrg. Dk njsg jccj sg`g `gc `rgkjoodh sd `dstdkoug= :. ^\V \VJ J shpr shprjej jejr`dj r`djeh1 eh1 >. ejr`djeh1 5. dklrjejr`djeh. Ldsdhpjthchodj
Vjssjoodh `d pjrtg h tutth dc sjkoug rguh `jd phcihkd dk jtrdh `gstrh. Dc edrehch sdstgideh â dk ogkgrg rjoodukth jttrjvgrsh ukj ehiukdejzdhkg dktgrjtrdjcg. Kgccg lhrig hstruttdvg phssdndcg g`gij phcihkjrg. Ejrjttgrdstdebg ecdkdebg
• Kgd pjzdgktd ehk hstruzdhkg= edjkhsd, tjebdpkgj, gpjthigojcdj. Vhssdndcg ruihrg sdsthcdeh kgccj rgodhkg `gc `rgkjoodh vgkhsh hstrudth. • Kgd pjzdgktd sgkzj hstruzdhkg= hstruzdhkg= tjebdejr`dj, tjebdejr`dj, `dstrgss rgspdrjthrdh. rgspdrjthrdh. • Kgccg lhrig lhrig pjrzdjcd= ogkgrjcigktg jsdkthijtdebg. @djokhsd
GEO= phssdndcg dpgrtrhj vgktrdehcjrg `gstrj. ^x thrjeg= jspgtth orjkuchsh `gd ejipd phcihkjrd ehig `j sdk`rhig `j `dstrgss rgspdrjthrdh `gc kghkjth. Vhssdndcg sgokd `d g`gij dktgrstdzdjcg kgccj lhrij ehk hstruzdhkg. Gehejr`dhorjj ehchr `hppcgr= `hvrgnng pgrigttgrg cj `djokhsd. Utu`dh gih`dkjideh= kgd ejsd `unnd g pgr `gkdrg kgc `gttjocdh cj ihih `jcdtæ `d `rgkjoodh. Pgrjpdj
Prjttjigkth Prjt tjigkth ebdrurodeh `—urogkzj `—urogkzj kgccg lhrig hstrudtg, gcgttdvh kgccg jctrg. Lhcchw-up
Ehktrhccd pgrdh`ded g khrijcg jttdvdtæ sdeh-sphrtdvj sg khk pgrsdsthkh rgcdqujtd.
\GKP^DEHCH WKDEH
@glkdzdhkg
Orupph `d ejr`dhpjtdg ejrjttgrdzzjtg `jccj prgsgkzj `d ukj ejigrj vgktrdehcjrg prdkedpjcg g ukj jeegsshrdj. Cj ejigrj prdkedpjcg puþ gssgrg `gstrj, sdkdstrj (cj lhrij pdô lrgqugktg) h dk`dllgrgkzdjtj. Vhssdndcg cj ehkkgssdhkg vgktrdehch jrtgrdhsj `dsehr`jktg, jkhijcdg `gcc—jppjrjth vjcvhcjrg jtrdh-vgktrdehcjrg. Ldsdhpjthchodj
Ud ejrjttgrdzzj pgr cj prgsgkzj `d uk idxdko hnncdojth. Dc ussh dk jrtgrdj phcihkjrg g qudk`d cj sjturjzdhkg vjrdj `dpgk`gktgigk `dpgk`gktgigktg tg `jccj lhrij jkjthidej. Ejrjttgrdstdebg ecdkdebg
• Ug sd jsshedj j` jtrgsdj h stgkhsd sgvgrj phcihkjrg, cj edjkhsd â dc sgokh pdô gvd`gktg. Vhssdndcg cj prgsgkzj `d uk shlh `j stgkhsd phcihkjrg h `j `htth jrtgrdhsh pgrvdh. • Jcc—gstrgih hpphsth `gcch spgttrh ecdkdeh cg lhrig ehk dpgrjlussh phcihkjrg. @djokhsd
GEO= pheh utdcg. ^x thrjeg= khk `djokhstdeh. Gehejr`dhorjj ehchr `hppcgr= pgrigttg cj `djokhsd `gkgk`h cg ejrjtejrjttgrdstdebg jkjthidebg `gccj cgsdhkg. Pgrjpdj
Dklusdhkg `d prhstjocjk`dkg pgr cg lhrig `htth `dpgk`gktd g qudk`d= • ergjzdh ergjzdhkg kg `d ukh sbukt sdstgideh phcihkjrg tdph Ncjchea-Pjussdo1 Ncjchea-Pjussdo1 • dkthrkh j uk jkkh `d vdtj jkjsthihsd ejvh-phcihkjrg sgehk`h Ocgkk1 • vgrsh d 0-7 jkkd ehkkgssdhkg ejvh-phcihkjrg thtjcg ehk ehk`htth gxtrjejr`djeh. Vgr cg lhrig ehk dpgrjlussh phcihkjrg= • ngk`joodh `gcc—jrtgrdj phcihkjrg1 • ehkkgssdhkg ejvh-phcihkjrg thtjcg. Lhcchw-up
Ehktrhccd pgrdh`ded, ehk khtgvhcd cdidtd jccj prjtdej `gcc—jttdvdtæ sdehsphrtdvj.
Ndncdhorjlj gssgkzdjcg
- Pbg Pjsa Pjsa Lhreg hk tbg Ijkjogigkt hl Orhwk-up Ehkogkdtjc Bgjrt @dsgjsg hl tbg Gurhpgjk Uhedgty hl Ejr`dhchoy (GUE). Gk`hrsg` ny tbg Jsshedjtdhk lhr Gurhpgjk Vjg`djtrde Ejr`dhchoy (JGVE). Gur Bgjrt M. >6:61 5:= >4:7―7?. - Jig`rh V, @hraj ^, gt jc. Zujcdty hl Cdlg hl Ebdc`rgk wdtb Ehkogkdtjc Bgjrt @dsgjsgs= J Iuctdegktgr Ehktrhccg` Erhss-Ugetdhkjc Utu`y Utu`y.. Vg`djtr Ejr`dhc Ejr`dhc.. >6:7. - Ohhssgks G, Ldguws U, gt jc. Gllgetdvgkgss hl strueturg` g`uejtdhk hk akhwcg`akhwcg` og jk` bgjctb ngbjvdhrs dk pjtdgkts wdtb wdt b ehkogkdtjc bgjrt `dsgjsg. M Vg`djtr . >6:71:<<= :5?6-<.g:. - Ldccdpps @M, Nueedjrgccd ^C. Ejr`dje gvjcujtdhk hl tbg kgwnhrk. Vg`djtr Ecdk Khrtb Ji. >6:71<>=0?:-24.
