HNO_M\N LN\YNLF (EZLMXN\LNIM\N) Lystnl ormsns Ifrnf _ussm, \jrjdf Vufttrulln
IJHNDNQNMDJ
ormsn lnstnlf (HL) ç `f pnþ hrjqujdtj ef`fttnf bjdjtnlf ij``f rfzzf onfdlf. Lm`pnslj b`n jpntj`n sjljrdjdtn lmd efdnhjstfznmdn l`ndnlgj prjvf`jdtjejdtj `mlf`nzzftj f``„fppfrftm rjspnrftmrnm, ndtjstndm, pfdlrjfs, vnj on`nfrn, imttn ijhjrjdtn. @f
NDLNIJDQF
@„ndlnijdzf ç in 61?:33 dftn vnvn j `fhrjqujdzf ij` pmrtftmrj sfdm ç in 61?:.
JQNMSFYMBJDJ\N J HN\NMSFYM@MBNF
Ç udf ef`fttnf futmsmenlf rjljssnvf `f lun ndsmrbjdzf ç imvutf f``j eutfznmdn in ud bjdj in ?:3333 dul`jmtnin lgj sn trmvf su` lrmemsmef 2 j lgj lminlf pjr ud _DF ejssfbbjrm in 8:33 dul`jmtnin lgj, f suf vm`tf, prmiulj udf prmtjndf in 6973 fendmflnin lgnfeftf _jbm `ftmrj ij``f Lmdiuttnvntã Yrfdsejeorfdf dj``f HL (‐Lystnl Hnormsns Yrfdsejeorfdj Lmdiultfdlj _jbu`ftmr― m LHY_). @f hudznmdj prnd lnpf`j in qujstf prmtjndf ç quj``f in hmrefrj ud lfdf`j trfdsejeorfdf pjr `m nmdj l`mrurm, rjbm`ftm if``„FES lnl`nlm; n` sum ef`hudznmdfejdtm prmiulj, trf `„f`trm, ud ndlrjejdtm in nmdj l`mrurm dj` suimrj lgj lmstn tunslj `f ofsj onmlgnenlf ij` tjst ij` suimrj su` quf`j sn hmdif tuttmrf `f infbdmsn ij``f HL. @„jstjdsnmdj ij` bjdj spnjbf `„j`jvftm duejrm in eutfznmdn; smdm ndhfttn fttuf`ejdtj dmtj m`trj 6?33 vfrnfznmdn ij``f sjqujdzf ij` LHY_ pjr `f efbbnmr pfrtj em`tm rfrj m sm`m ndinvniuf`n. @f eutfznmdj ij` bjdj LHY_ pnþ hrjqujdtj ç lmstntuntf if``f ij`jzn mdj in < pfnf in ofsn, lun lmrr nspmdij udf prmtjndf lgj efdlf ij``f hjdn`f -
`fdndf, nd pmsnznmdj :37, if lnÿ n` dmej in ij`tf H :37 lgj gf rnljvutm tf`j eutfznmdj. Jssf ndtjrjssf lnrlf n` 23% in tuttn n lrmemsmen HL dj``j pmpm`fznmdn fdb`msfssmdn j ij` Dmri Jurmpf (nd Ifdnefrlf fi inrntturf n` >3%) ejdtrj dj``j pmpm`fznmdn ij` \ui Jurmpf j ij``„frjf Ejintjrrfdjf (Ntf`nf lmeprjsf), dmd supjrf nd ejinf n` :3%. Nd Ntf`nf
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Fifttftf if Iurnj1 WXNtg Fdduf` Dmrtg Fejrnlfd LH Lmdhjrjdlj ?33?
@f duejrmsntã ij``j eutfznmdn spnjbf sjppur nd ensurf `nentftf `f vfrnf-
on`ntã in jsprjssnmdj l`ndnlf ij``f ef`fttnf. Sjr jsjepnm `f eutfznmdj ij`tf H :37 f``m stftm memznbmtj lmepmrtf sjeprj ndsuhlnjdzf pfdlrjftnlf ejdtrj `f lmdinznmdj in suhlnjdzf pfdlrjftnlf, lgj ndtjrjssf n` 63-6:% ijn pfznjdtn HL, sn fssmlnf fi f`trj eutfznmdn, ijdntj ‐en`i―, m f bjdm-
tnpn lmstntuntn if lmeondfznmdn in eutfznmdn ‐sjvjrj― lmd udf eutfznmdj ‐en`i―, lgj hudznmdf if imendfdtj. F`ludj eutfznmdn lmeprjsj dj``f NX j X l`fssj ijtjrendfdm hmrej lmep`jssnvfejdtj entn in ef`fttnf. Yuttfvnf, dj` sndbm`m lfsm, dmd ç pmssnon`j prjvjijrj n` ijlmrsm ij``f ef`fttnf sm`m nd ofsj f` bjdmtnpm, bnmlfdm ndhfttn dj` ijtjrendfrj n` lmrsm ijb`n jvjdtn l`ndnln f`trn hfttmrn bjdnln (bjdn emiu`ftmrn) j feonjdtf`n, prnen hrf tuttn quj``n `jbftn f``j lurj. @„fdf`nsn ij``j eutfznmdn j, imvj qujstj dmd smdm nijdtnlfon`n, `„fdf`nsn ijn pm`nemrsen in rjstrnznmdj ij` IDF (_H@S) nd strjttm `jbfej lmd n` bjdj LHY_, gf pjrejssm udf vfstf fpp`nlfznmdj ij``f bjdjtnlf em`jlm`frj pjr `f infbdmsn ij` pmrtftmrj, `f infbdmsn prjdftf`j j `m slrjjdndb djmdftf`j. N` ef`hudznmdfejdtm m fssjdzf ij` lfdf`j LHY_ ndtjrjssf tuttn b`n jpn tj`n f sjlrjznmdj eulmsf ijtjrendfdim dj` `uej bgnfdim`frj ud inhjttm in l`mrm j sminm j qundin in flquf. N sjlrjtn insnirftftn tjdimdm f rnstfbdfrj prmvmlfdim lmsà `„mstruznmdj ijb`n mrbfdn ndtjrjssftn (Yfoj``f6). Dj``„f`ojrm ormdlgnf`j (n` lun brfim in ndtjrjssfejdtm ç rjspmdsfon`j ij``f brfvntã ij``f ef`fttnf), vnjdj f`tjrftf `f l`jfrfdlj eulmln`nfrj j sn nddjslf ud lnrlm`m vnznmsm ndfeefznmdj-ndhjznmdj lgj pmrtf nddj f``f ijstrutturfznmdj ij` pfrjdlgnef pm`emdfrj. N` pfdlrjfs jsmlrndm vnjdj lmndvm`tm bnã dj``f hfsj ij``m svn`uppm prjdftf`j -
lmd mstruznmdj j ijbjdjrfznmdj, f emdtj,ijb`n ij``fjdznen pmrznmdj bgnfd im`frj sjlrjtmrnfiuttf`j rjspmdsfon`j ij``f prmiuznmdj inbjstnvn. N` prmljssm ndvm`utnvm ijtjrendf qundin `f ijbjdjrfznmdj ormlnstnlf ij``„mrbfdm if lun ijrnvf n` dmej ij``f ef`fttnf. Dj` hjbftm `„fssjdzf in hudznmdj ij``f prmtjndf lfdf`j LHY_ ijtjrendf mstruznmdj ijn iuttu`n on`nfrn if on`j ijdsf lmd ndfeefznmdj, ormsn pjrnpmrtf`j ji jvm`uznmdj nd lnrrmsn on`nfrj. Djb`n jpntj`n f sjlrjznmdj snjrmsf, ndvjlj, n` trfspmrtm ij` l`mrm fvvnjdj nd inrjznmdj mppmstf lnmç if` `uej f``f lj``u`f j pjrtfdtm `„fdmef`nf ij` lfdf`j LHY_ ijtjrendf ud inhjttm in rnfssmronejdtm ij` l`mrm lmd npjrsf`ndntã ij``j sjlrjznmdn.
Yfo. 6 - F`tjrfznmdn hudznmdf`n j efdnhjstfznmdn l`ndnlgj if prmtjndf LHY_
fdmef`f F@YJ_FQNMDN
M_BFDN LMD
EFDNHJ\YFQNMDN L@NDNLGJ
\JL_JQNMDJ EZLM\F
inhjttm sf`nvfznmdj
OMLLF
bgnfdim`j sf`nvfrn
NDYJ\YNDM
rnstfbdm eulm mstruznmdj n`jm if ejlmdnm jqunvf`jdtn ejlmdnf`n
SFDL_JF\
mstruznmdj imttn
ef`inbjstnmdj ef`dutrnznmdj
XNJ ON@NF_N
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lnrrmsn on`nfrj npjrtjdsnmdj pmrtf`j `ntnfsn on`nfrj
DF\M J \JDN SF_FDF\F@N
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stfsn eulm mstruznmdj ndhjznmdj ijstrutturfznmdj
ormdlmpdjupftnf lrmdnlf jvm`utnvf
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fspjrenf-ndhjrtn`ntã efslgn`j
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rnimttf hjrtn`ntã
M_BFDN LMD
F@YJ_FQNMDN
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npjrsf`ndntã suimrj, `flrnej j sf`nvf pfrmtnijf
sndirmej pjrintf sf`n
\JL_JQNMDJ \NJ_M\F
BGNFDIM@J \ZIM_NSF_J, @FL_NEF@N, \F@NXF_N
(Eminhnlftf if Efstj``f― @f hnormsn lnstnlf― ji.LJ.I._N.E 6>>:)
EFDNHJ\Y FQNMDN L@NDNLGJ
Fppfrftm rjspnrftmrnm
@j efdnhjstfznmdn rjspnrftmrnj lgj lmepfnmdm in sm`ntm djn prnen ejsn in vntf lmd `j lfrfttjrnstnlgj in ormdlgnm`ntj lmeprjdimdm udf tmssj ndnznf`ejdtj in tnpm pjrtussmnij. \ulljssnvfejdtj `f tmssj invnjdj prmiuttnvf, lmepfrj tflgnpdjf, inspdjf, fuejdtm ij` infejtrm tmrflnlm fdtjrm-pmstjrnmrj, rfdtm`n
dn lrjpntfdtn j spjssm quf`lgj bjentm jspnrftmrnm. N` rjpjrtm rfinm`mbnlm ndnznf`j ç lfrfttjrnzzftm if npjrndfznmdj pm`emdfrj j `f hudznmdf`ntã -rj spnrftmrnf emstrf bnã n sjbdn in ef`fttnf pm`emdfrj mstruttnvf. @j rnflutnz zfznmdn rnpjtutj (ormdlgntn j ormdlmpm`emdntn) fllmepfbdftj if fuejdtm ij``f tmssj inurdf j dmtturdf lmd foomdifdtj jslrjftm eulm-puru`jdtm,
tflgnpdjf, inspdjf, nppmlrftnsem inbntf`j, pjrintf in pjsm, svn`uppfdm dj` tjepm `j lfrfttjrnstnlgj ij``f ormdlmpdjuempftnf lrmdnlf mstruttnvf. @m \tf`mlmllus furjus j `„Gfjempgn`us ndujdzfj lm`mdnzzfdm prj lmljejdtj `j vnj fjrjj ejdtrj `m Ssjuimemdfs fjrubndmsf tjdij f lmepfrnrj pnþ tfrinvfejdtj ef ç n` pftmbjdm pnþ hrjqujdtjejdtj nsm`ftm dj``„jslrjftm ijn pfznjdtn fim`jsljdtn j fiu`tn. F`trn bjren ejdm hrj qujdtjejdtj prjsjdtn dj``j lm`turj ij``j vnj fjrjj smdm `f Ourkgm`ijrnf ljpflnf, `„F`lf`nbjdjs xn`msmxnifds, `m \tjdmtrmpgmemdfs ef`tmpgn`nf, ef ejdtrj pjr `f Ourkgm`ijrnf ç dmtf `„fbbrjssnvntã vjrsm n` pm`emdj, pjr qujstj u`tnej spjlnj dmd ç fdlmrf snlurfejdtj flljrtftf `f pftmbjdnlntã. LMES@NLFDQJ1 `f sndusntj sn svn`uppf dj``f efbbnmrfdzf ijn pfznjdtn j `f rfinmbrff jvnijdznf mpflntã lmep`jtf ijn sjdn dj` >3% ijn ofeondn; `f pm`npmsn dfsf`j sn puÿ prjsjdtfrj dj` 2-63% ijn pfznjdtn nd jtã prjlmlj; `„fspjrbn``msn ormdlmpm`emdfrj f``jrbnlf, lfusftf if``„Fspjrbn``us huenbftus, lfrfttjrnzzftf if sndtmeftm`mbnf in tnpm fseftnlm, nd`trftn pm`emdfrn rmtmdijbbnfdtn tjdijdtn f jslfvfznmdj, f`tn `nvj``n in NbJ tmtf`n, spjlnlgj j prjlnpntndj fdtn-fspjrbn``m; `„ftj`jttfsnf, lmep`nlfdzf spjssm prjsjdtj djn prnen ejsn in vntf, ç §
§
§
§
§
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§
lfusftf sm`ntfejdtj if tfppn in eulm j prjvf`jdtjejdtj `mlf`nzzftf f` `mom supjrnmrj ijstrm; n` pdjuemtmrflj ijtjrendftm if rmtturf in om``j suop`jurnlgj pnþ hrjqujdtj djn rfbfzzn j djb`n fiu`tn lmd lm`mdnzzfznmdj pjrsnstjdtj if \tf`mlmllus furjus; `„jemttnsn`njvj (strnfturj in sfdbuj dj``„jslrjftm) em`tm hrjqujdtj, ejdtrj pnþ rfrf ef tf`vm`tf hftf`j `„jemttnsn efssnvf (m`trj ?33 ll in sfdbuj); `„ndsuhlnjdzf rjspnrftmrnflfusftf if prmbrjssnvf npmssnf j npjrlfpdnf ji jvnijdznftf if inspdjf brfvj, lnfdmsn, ljhf`jf, tmrpmrj m jllntfznmdj lmd jvm`uznmdj nd ndsuhlnjdzf lfrinflf ijstrf.
Fppfrftm bfstrmndtjstndf`j
@„ndsuhlnjdzf pfdlrjftnlf, lfusftf if``„mstruznmdj ijn imttn j if``f Hnormsn lnstnlf lmdsjbujdtj, ç bnã prjsjdtj nd jtã djmdftf`j dj` 83% ijn pfznjdtn j lm`pnslj nd jtã pnþ fvfdzftf lnrlf `„7:% ijn smbbjttn. @f slfrsf m fssjdtj sjlrjznmdj jdzneftnlf pfdlrjftnlf ijtjrendf ef`in -
bjstnmdj j ef`fssmronejdtm ijn if brfssn (stjftmrrjf), prmtjndj j fenin. @f sndtmeftm`mbnf ç lfrfttjrnzzftf infrrjf lrmdnlf lmd hjln foomdifdtn, udtumsj j ef`jmimrfdtn, fppjtntm vmrflj, fiimej ejtjmrnlm, npmtrmsem euslm`frj, npmprmtjndjenf, ijlnt in vntfendj `npmsm`uon`n ji frrjstm ij``f lrjslntf.
LMES@NLFDQJ1 `„n`jm if ejlmdnm lmstntunslj `f efdnhjstfznmdj l`ndnlf pnþ prjlmlj ij``f HL, lfusftf if` lfttnvm hudznmdfejdtm m fssjdzf ij` lfdf`j LHY_, lmepfrj dj` 6:% ijn djmdftn fhhjttn j sn prjsjdtf lmd vmentm, §
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§
§
instjdsnmdj fiimendf`j j efdlftf jenssnmdj in hjln jdtrm prnej ?9 mrj in vntf. Yf`vm`tf `„mstruznmdj puÿ jssjrj jvnijdznftf bnã`jf``f ??-?< sjttnefdf in bjstfznmdj dj` lmrsm in ud jlmbrff hjtf`j; `f sndirmej if mstruznmdj ndtjstndf`j instf`j (INM\)sn puÿ vjrnlfrj djn pfznjdtn pnþ brfdin (?3%) lfusftf if fllueu`n in eulm j hjln lmd im`mrn `mlf`nzzftn prjvf`jdtjejdtj nd hmssf n`nflf ijstrf lgj spjssm tjdimdm f rjlninvfrj; n` prm`fssm rjttf`j ç hrjqujdtjejdtj `f prnef efdnhjstfznmdj in HL lfusftf if``„ndsuhlnjdzf pfdlrjftnlf. @f lmep`nlfdzf slmepfrj lmd udf fijbuftf lmrrjznmdj jdzneftnlf; n` rjussm bfstrmjsmhfbjm, lmep`nlfdzf hrjqujdtj, ç lfusftm jssjdznf`ejdtj if``f pdjuempftnf lrmdnlf mstruttnvf lgj lmepmrtf `„fppnfttnejdtm ij` infhrfeef j if``„fuejdtm ij``f prjssnmdj fiimendf`j iurfdtj `f tmssj; ndm`trj puÿ jssjrj ndimttm if``j pmsnznmdn in irjdfbbnm snmtjrfpnlm j if hfrefln lgj ndunslmdm su` tmdm ij` @J\; `f pfdlrjftntj flutf m suoflutfpuÿ jssjrj prjsjdtj nd f`ludn pfznjdtn lmd hudznmdf`ntã pfdlrjftnlf lmdsjrvftf.
Hjbftm j Xnj On`nfrn
@„jpftmpftnf sjlmdifrnf f``f lm`jstfsn ç in hrjqujdtj rnslmdtrm (?:%) j dj` tjepm puÿ jvm`vjrj nd lnrrmsn on`nfrj lmd npjrtjdsnmdj pmrtf`j dj` ?-:% ijn pfznjdtn. LMES@NLFDQJ1 § §
enlrmlm`jlnstn ç in hrjqujdtj rnslmdtrm jlmbrflm; `f `f lm`j`ntnfsn sn efdnhjstf prjvf`jdtjejdtj nd jtã fiu`tf.
Sfdlrjfs jdimlrndm
ormsn pfdlrjftnlf ijtjrendf dj` tjepm udf ndsuhlnjdtj prmiuznmdj in ndsu`ndf, lgj sn efdnhjstf nd lnrlf n` :3% ijn pfznjdtn impm n 63 fddn in jtã lmd udf rnimttf tm``jrfdzf fb`n zullgjrn (MBYY lmd rnspmstf @f
f`tjrftf) j nd lnrlf n` 63% ijb`n fiu`tn lmd if lgjtmflnimsn.
infojtj dmd fllmepfbdftm
Bgnfdim`j suimrnpfrj
Lfrfttjrnstnlf ijn pfznjdtn HL ç `„npjrsf`ndntã ij` suimrj. LMES@NLFDQJ1 §
sn puÿ vjrnlfrj iurfdtj `f stfbnmdj jstnvf, dj` lmrsm in jpnsmin hjoorn`n m bfstrmjdtjrntn. Ç lfrfttjrnzzftf if1 npjrtjrenf, smpmrj, lmdvu`snmdn j lm``fssm lfrinmlnrlm`ftmrnm. Yf`mrf djn ofeondn in jtã ndhjrnmrj fn 6? ejsn puÿ lmstntunrj `f prnef efdnhjstfznmdj ij``f HL. @f sndirmej if pjrintf in sf`n puÿ, sj dmd neejinftfejdtj rnlmdmslnutf j trfttftf, lfusfrj n` ijljssm ij` pfznjdtj. insnirftfznmdj lmd f`lf`msn npml`mrjenlf
Fppfrftm bjdntf`j
N` >:->7% ijn pfznjdtn efslgn smdm ndhjrtn`n f lfusf in ftrjsnf on`ftjrf`j ijn imttn ijhjrjdtn (LOFXI) lgj sn ijtjrendf dj``j hfsn prjlmln ij``m svn`uppm ndtrfutjrndm (6?³ sjttnefdf). Fdlgj `j hjeendj prjsjdtfdm udf hjrtn`ntã inenduntf f lfusf ij``„nspjssnejdtm ij` eulm ljrvnlf`j, tuttfvnf `j brfvnifdzj smdm pmssnon`n fdlgj sj fllmepfbdftj if nepmrtfdtj rnslgnm in pjbbnmrfejdtm ij``j lmdinznmdn rjspnrftmrnj. INFBDM\N
@f infbdmsn sn ofsf su sndtmen l`ndnln subbjstnvn in HL ndsnjej f tjst in lmdhjref onmlgnenln m bjdjtnln (Yfoj``f ?). Yfo. ? - Lrntjrn pjr `f infbdmsn in ormsn lnstnlf \ndtmen HL lmrrj`fon`n (hjdmtnpm HL)
mppurj Hfen`nfrntã pjr HL
mppurj \lrjjdndb djmdftf`j pmsntnvm + Yjst ij` suimrj pftm`mbnlm nd ? m pnþ ijtjrendfznmdn
mppurj Eutfznmdn ndinvniuftj su jdtrfeon b`n f``j`n
mppurj
F`tjrfznmdj dj``f inhhjrjdzf ijn pmtjdznf`n dfsf`n
\lrjjdndb djmdftf`j
@m slrjjdndb djmdftf`j vnjdj jhhjttuftm ejinfdtj imsfbbnm ij``f trnpsndf neeudmrjfttnvf su bmllnf in sfdbuj nd 9 -: bnmrdftf in vntf j pjrejttj in infbdmstnlfrj f`ejdm `„7:% ijn djmdftn HL. f
f
Yjst ij` suimrj
N` tjst ij` suimrj lmstntunslj if m`trj 93 fddn n` ‐bm`i stfdifri― pjr `f infbdmsn, tuttfvnf mbbn smdm lmdmslnutj eutfznmdn lgj sn fssmlnfdm f tjst ij` suimrj djbftnvm. Jssm sn ofsf su``f ijtjrendfznmdj ij``f lmdljdtrfznmdj in l`mrm j sminm dj` suimrj rfllm`tm impm stnem`fznmdj `mlf`j lmd pn`mlfrpndf. \mdm if lmdsnijrfrsn dmref`n n `nvj``n in l`mrm j sminm ndhjrnmrn f <: eem`/@ j pftm`mbnln quj``n supjrnmrn f 83 eem`/@. Yrf <: j 83 eem`/@ n rnsu`tftn sn lmdsnijrfdm ‐omrijr`ndj―. F`ejdm n` <% ijn pfznjdtn HL gf rnsu`tftn ij` tjst ij` suimrj ‐omrijr`ndj― m dmref`n, tf`mrf tr fdsntmrn, tf`mrf pjrefdjdtn. Fdf`nsn ij``j eutfznmdn ij` bjdj LHY_
\n jhhjttuf rnljrlfdim `j eutfznmdn prjsjdtn su jdtrfeon n lrmemsmen mem`mbgn ejinfdtj ud pfddj``m in <6 eutfznmdn lgj rfpprjsjdtfdm quj``j pnþ hrjqujdtn dj``f pmpm`fznmdj ntf`nfdf. Yuttfvnf pmnlgî smdm stftj ijslrnttj m`trj 6?33 eutfznmdn j pmssmdm jsnstjrj f`trj eutfznmdn dmd fdlmrf nijdtnlftj, `f prjsjdzf in sndtmen HL lmrrj`fon`n, fdlgj nd fssjdzf in bjdmtnpm nijdtnlftm, ijvj hfrj smspjttfrj `f ef`fttnf. Inhhjrjdzf ijn pmtjdznf`n dfsf`n
@„f`tjrfznmdj dj``f sjlrjznmdj ij` l`mrm f `nvj``m ij``j lj``u`j jpntj`nf`n puÿ jssjrj jvnijdznftf impm stnem`fznmdj ij``f eulmsf lmd sm`uznmdn fppmsntj ejinfdtj `f ensurfznmdj ijn pmtjdznf`n dfsf`n. N` pfznjdtj HL gf vf`mrn in pmtjdznf`n inhhjrjdtn if` smbbjttm dmref`j pjr `„fssjdzf ijn lfdf`n LHY_ hudznmdfdtn. Jsfen infbdmstnln in vf`utfznmdj ij``f hudznmdf`ntã pfdlrjftnlfsmdm1
`f stjftmrrjf (v.d.0<-: br/inj), `f lgnemtrnpsndf hjlf`j (v.d.47,9Z/b), `„j-
`fstfsn hjlf`j (v.d.4?33 ºb/b), n` smdifbbnm iumijdf`j impm stnem`fznmdj lmd sjlrjtndf m pfdlrjmznendf.
Y_FYYFEJDYM
@f tjrfpnf ij``f HL, jstrjefejdtj lmep`jssf j frtnlm`ftf, sn ofsf su``j tjrfpnj sndtmeftnlgj rmutndfrnj (Yfoj``f <) j su``j dumvj tjrfpnj fdlmrf nd hfsj spjrnejdtf`j (lmrrjznmdj ij``f eutfznmdj ij` bjdj, lmrrjznmdj ij` prmimttm ij` bjdj f`tjrftm, fttnvfznmdj in lfdf`n f`tjrdftnvn f` lfdf`j LHY_). Yfo. < - \jqujdzj pftmbjdjtnlgj j rfznmdf`j ij``f tjrfpnf pm`emdfrj \JVZJDQF
MONJYYNXN
YJ_FSNF
Eutfznmdj bjdj
\mstntuznmdj bjdj
Yjrfpnf bjdnlf
Fuejdtm lmdiuttfdzf
Lgjenlf`, em`jlu`fr lgfpjrmds Wfdtndj, nsmh`fvmdmnin
O`mllm trfspmrtm Df Fuejdtm sjlrjznmdj L`
Fen`mrnij ZYS “ FYS (emiu`ftmrn lfdf`j nmdnlm)
H`uninhnlfznmdj, rnemznmdj eulm
Eulm`ntnln hnsnmtjrfpnf
Srjvjdznmdj Yjrfpnf
Xfllndn Fdtnonmtnln
Endmrj rnspmstf neeudntfrnf j ejinftmrn ndhnfeefznmdj
Lmrtnsmdnln Fdtndhnfeeftmrn dmd stjrmnijn
↜ Inhjttm efturfznmdj prmtjndf LHY_ Inhjttm in lmdiuttfdzf ↜ Inhjttm trfspmrtm nmdnlm (insnirftfznmdj sjlrjtn) ↜ _nstfbdm eulm ijdsm ↜
Lm`mdnzzfznmdj enlrmonlf Ndhjznmdj ↜ Ndhnfeefznmdj ↜ _jl`utfejdtm jdimormdlgnf`j `julmlntn ↜ Fuejdtm ijdsntã sjlrjznmdn Fbbrjssnmdj tjssutn1 prmtjfsn Fbbrjssnmdj tjssutn1 lm``fbjdfsn Fbbrjssnmdj tjssutn1 rfinlf`n M? ↜ Instruznmdj pm`emdfrj Lumrj pm`emdfrj j ndsuhhnlnjdzf rjspnrftmrnf
IDFsn Ndnontmrn prmtjfsn Fdtnmssnifdtn Fdtnmssnifdtn M? tjrfpnf Yrfpnfdtm pm`emdfrj
Fppfrftm bfstrmndtjstndf`j Ndsuhlnjdzf Sfdlrjftnlf
@f pmsm`mbnf ijb`n jstrfttn pfdlrjftnln hmreu`ftn nd enlrmshjrj bfstrmprmtjttj, ijvj jssjrj lf`lm`ftf nd ofsj f` brfim ij``„ndsuhlnjdzf pfdlrjftnlf (`njvj, emijrftf, brfvj) lmd ud rfdbj trf :33 “ <333 ZN in `npfsn pjr b in `npnin fssudtn (Yfoj``f 9). Yfo. 9 - Hfrefln pjr `„ndsuhlnjdzf pfdlrjftnlf Dmen lmeejrlnf`n
Jstrfttn pfdlrjftnln purnhnlftn
(`npfsn, prmtjfsn, fen`fsn)
L_JMD 63333 lps 63333 Z.N in `npfsn, 933 Z.N in prmtjfsn, 9733 Z.N fen`fsn
FDL_JW lps S7333 Z.N fen`fsn6<333 Z.N in `npfsn, 833 Z.N in prmtjfsn, JDQNSFD lps ?:333 Z.N in `npfsn, 6?:3 Z.N in prmtjfsn, ??:33 Z.N fen`fsn L_JMD ?:333 lps ?:333 Z.N in `npfsn, 6333 Z.N in prmtjfsn, 67333 Z.N fen`fsn
Srm`fssn j tjrfpnf ij``f lm`j`ntnfsn
(lhr. Yfoj``f :) Yfo. : - Hfrefln pjr `f prm`fssn j tjrfpnf ij``f lm`j`ntnfsn Dmen lmeejrlnf`n
IJZ_\N@ __ lps 9:3 eb IJZ_\N@ lps.:3,6:3,<33 eb
Flnim Zrsmijsmssnlm`nlm
Imsfbbnm in 63-?3 eb/kb/inj fnpfstnprndlnpf`n
Z
_\FLM@ lpr.
:3, 6:3, <33 eb
_\N@MD lps 6:3, <33 eb Z_\N@MD _JYF_I lps ??:, 9:3 eb Z_\MON@ lpr <33eb,lps 6:3, ?:3eb j smspjdsnmdj
Srjvjdznmdj ij``f ef`dutrnznmdj
@„monjttnvm ij` trfttfejdtm injtjtnlm ç quj``m in rfbbnudbjrj udf lrjslntf dmref`j ji ud oumdm stftm dutrnznmdf`j. Sjr tf`j emtnvm djn pfznjdtn lmd ndsuhlnjdzf pfdlrjftnlf, udf injtf npjrlf`mrnlf (6?3% ijn @F_D) j on`fdlnftf if` pudtm in vnstf dutrnznmdf`j, ijvj jssjrj
ndlmrfbbnftf lmd `„usm `nojrf`j ijn brfssn pjr ndlrjejdtfrj b`n fppmrtn lf`mrnln. Ç djljssfrnf ndm`trj `f supp`jejdtfznmdj vntfendnlf pjr hfrj hrmdtj f` ijlnt ij``j vntfendj `npmsm`uon`n (F, I, J, K) lfusftm if``f ndsuhlnjdzf pfdlrjftnlf.
N`jm if ejlmdnm
N` trfttfejdtm ijvj jssjrj pmssnon`ejdtj lmdsjrvftnvm, smttm lmdtrm``m rfinmbrflm j supjrvnsnmdj lgnrurbnlf, pjr `„jhlflnf ç nepmrtfdtj `f prjlmlntã infbdmstnlf. Impm fvjrj pmsnznmdftm smdindm dfsm-bfstrnlm pjr -
irjdfrj n` lmdtjdutm ij``m stmeflm, sn `nqunin smeendnstrf pjr l`nsef Bfstrmbrf d lgj pjr `f f`tf msem`frntã rnlgnfef dj``„ndtjstndm uninlfdim n` ejlmdnm. Sjr lmepjdsfrj `j pjrintj ndtjstndf`n ndhusnmdj jdimvjdmsf in sm`uznmdn nirmj`jttrm`ntnlgj dm f lmep`jtf lfdf`nzzfznmdj. N` trfttfejdtm ejinlm vf foofdimdftm sj impm ?9 mrj dmd sn mttnjdj lmep`jtf lfdf`nzzfznmdj j slmepfrsf ijn sjbdn in mstruznmdj. INM\
N` trfttfejdtm ijvj jssjrj prjlmlj j prmtrfttm dm f``f rnsm`uznmdj. @f tjrfpnf ejinlf ijvj jssjrj prjhjrntf jpuÿ prmljijrj f tfppj f sjlmdif ij``f tm``jrfdzf bfstrnlf1 “ `fvfbbnm ndtjstndf`j lmd \J@B; qujstf sm`uznmdj vf smeendnstrftf pjr ms m pjr smdif dfsm-bfstrnlf, qufdim dmd snf prjsjdtj vmentm, lmd ud vm`uej in ?-9 `ntrn dj``„fiu`tm j in 6-? `ntrn dj` ofeondm j lmeudquj dm f``„jenssnmdj in hjln `nqunij. “ D-fljtn`lnstjndf f` ?3% if smeendnstrfrj lmd smdif dfsmbfstrnlf, <3-93 ll mbdn 9 mrj. “ L`nstjrj lmd sm`uznmdj in smrontm`m, sm`uznmdj snm`mbnlf m m`nm endjrf`j <-9 vm`tj f` bnmrdm. \n puÿ fssmlnfrj D fljtn`lnstjndf f` 9% pjr ms. “ L`nstjrn in brfdin vm`uen in sm`uznmdj snm`mbnlf lmd fbbnudtf in m`nm endjrf`j (f`ejdm ? `ntrn dj``„fiu`tm, ?3-<3 ll/kb dj` ofeondm) j jvjdtuf`j fbbnudtf in D-fljtn`lnstjndf j jstrfttn pfdlrjftnln. “ L`nsef lmd Bfstrmbrfd (?33 ll dj` ofeondm, <33-933 ll dj``„fiu`tm). Nd tuttn qujstn lfsn, n` trfttfejdtm vf fllmepfbdftm f tjrfpnf rjnirftfdtj lmd sm`uznmdj nirmsf`ndf pjr ms m jv. Fppfrftm rjspnrftmrnm Yjrfpnf ij``„mstruznmdj ormdlgnf`j Hnsnmtjrfpnf rjspnrftmrnf1 `„monjttnvm ijn prmbrfeen ç rniurrj `f snd-
tmeftm`mbnf rjspnrftmrnf lmd lmdsjbujdtj enb`nmrfejdtm ij``f quf`ntã ij``f vntf. N prmbrfeen in rnfon`ntfznmdj, ndinvniuf`nzzftn nd ofsj f``j lfrfttjrnstnlgj l`ndnlgj in lnfslud pfznjdtj, lmeprjdimdm1 tjldnlgj in
insmstruznmdj f`tjrjspnrftmrnf, vnj fjrjj, tjldnlgj in insmstruznmdj ormdlgnf`j, jiulfznmdj jiij``j nbnjdj rnlmdinznmdfejdtm f``„jsjrlnznm snlm, tjldnlgj in rn`fssfejdtm, rnjiulfznmdj pmsturf`j. Fjrmsm`tjrfpnf1 puÿ jssjrj nepnjbftf pjr n` trfttfejdtm ij``j prnej vnj fjrjj j ij``j vnj fjrjj prmhmdij sj`jttnvfejdtj j inrjttfejdtj. @j
emif`ntã i„usm, `f iurftf ij``„fpp`nlfznmdj j b`n struejdtn utn`nzzftn smdm invjrsn pjr mbdn tnpm in ndinlfznmdj tjrfpjutnlf. Xjdbmdm utn`nzzftn fppfrjllgn Djou`nzzftmrn Ajt, Djou`nzzftmrn fi u`trfsumdn, sprfy prjimsftn nd pm`vjrj, omeom`jttj prjssurnzzftj lmd lfejrf instfdznftrnlj lmd vf`vm`f, imllnf dfsf`j enlrmdnzzftf (Yfoj``f 8). Yfo. 8 - Hfrefln pjr fjrmsm`tjrfpnf Dmen lmeejrlnf`n
Fdtnonmtnln (tmorfenlndf fi f`tm imsfbbnm, lm`nstndf)
YMON h` <33eb LM@NENLNDF h`. 6333333 ZN
Eulm`ntnln (feormxm`, IDfsj rnlmeondfdtj)
EZLM\M@XFD h`, 32:% H@ZNO_MD h`, 32:% SZ@EMQ^EJ h` ?,: e` (prnef ndinlfznmdj `f HL)
Ormdlmin`ftftmrn (sf`outfem`m)
O_MDLMXF@JF\ sm` fj O_MDLMXF@JF\ sprfy XJDYM@ND sprfy
Lmrtnsmdnln SZ@EFWFD h` 3,?: eb; 3,: e (ouijsmdnij, ojl`mejtfsmdj, h`utnlfsmdj) L@JDN@ F sm` fj j sprfy S_MDYNDF@ sm` fj OJLMYNIJ sm` fj j sprfy H@NWMYNIJ sm` fj j sprfy
H@Z\SN_F@ sm` fj j sprfy
Yjrfpnf fdtndfeeftmrnf1
(lhr.Yfoj``f 2). Yfo. 2 - Hfrefln fdtndfeeftmrn Dmen lmeejrlnf`n
Lmrtnlmstjrmnin \j pur inemstrftf `„jhhnlflnf ij``f tjrfpnf pjr vnf bjdjrf`j, f``f imsj in 6 eb/kb pjr `udbgn pjrnmin, sj dj slmdsnb`nf `„usm nd jtã pjinftrnlf pjr `„f`tf ndlnijdzf in1 infojtj, mstjmpmrmsn, lftfrfttf j ofssf stfturf. Srmejttjdtn ojdjhnln gf emstrftm `f tjrfpnf pjr vnf ndf`ftmrnf. Nouprmhjdj O_ZHJD lpr 933eb, 833 eb; oustndj @f tjrfpnf lmd f`tm imsfbbnm (?3-<3 eb/kb/inj) 833 eb; suppmstj 833eb
gf rf``jdtftm `f prmbrjssnmdj ij``f tjrfpnf pm`emdfrj nd ofeondn lmd ef`fttnf en`i. N rnslgn pmtjdznf`n smdm `jbftn f``f tmssnlntã BN j rjdf`j j f` efbbnmr rnslgnm in jemttnsn. (sjbuj)
Dmen lmeejrlnf`n Fzntrmenlndf
QNY_MEFW lpr :33eb, smspjdsnmdj @f em`jlm`f gf prmprnjtã fdtndhnfeeftmrnj, ndnontmrnj djn lmdhrmdtn in prmimttn ofttjrnln m sm- 93 eb/e` stntutnvj ij` lfdf`j LHY_ inhjttmsm. Ndm`trj rniulj `f prmiuznmdj in eulm j f`tjrf n` onmhn`e ij` hjdmtnpm eulmsm ij``m S. fjrubndmsf. Imsfbbnm1 ?:3 eb f bnmrdn f`tjrdn smttm n 93 kb j :33 eb f bnmrdn f`tjrdn smprf n 93 kb
pjr udf lmrrjttf prjslrnznmdj mllmrrj vf`utfrj n` hfoonsmbdm in mssnbjdm ejinfdtj `f sfturnejtrnf dmtturdf j smttm shmrzm. Dj` pfznjdtj nd mssnbjdmtjrfpnf ç djljssfrnm emdntmrfrj `f SfLM? ji n` pG ejinfdtj jembfsfdf`nsn. Xjdtn`fznmdj dmd ndvfsnvf1 vf rnsjrvftf fn pfznjdtn lmd ndsuhlnjdzf rjspnrftmrnf nrrjvjrsnon`j j nd `nstf in trfpnfdtm onpm`emdfrj. Yrfpnfdtm onpm`emdfrj1 lmstntunslj `f tjrfpnf jstrjef pjr n pfznjdtn lmd ndsuhlnjdzf rjspnrftmrnf dmd pnþ lmdtrm``fon`j if``f tjrfpnf ejinlf. Nd Ntf`nf vn smdm f`ludn Ljdtrn in Yrfpnfdtm pm`emdfrj lmd oumdf jspjrnjdzf in ef`ftn in ormsn lnstnlf j lmd smprfvvnvjdzf efbbnmrj ij` 83% f : fddn if``„ndtjrvjdtm. Ejdtrj djn prnen iminln ejsn if` trfpnfdtm prjvf`bmdm djttfejdtj `j lmep`nlfdzj lgnrurbnlgj ij``j vnj fjrjj, n` rnbjttm flutm, `j ndhjznmdn if LEX j quj``j ijtjrendftj if ofttjrn m hudbgn bnã prjsjdtn dj``„f`ojrm rjspnrftmrnm prnef ij` trfpnfdtm, if` sjlmdim fddm sn mssjrvfdm efbbnmrejdtj b`n jhhjttn lm``ftjrf`n ijrnvfdtn if``f tjrfpnf neeudm smpprjssnvf j n` rnbjttm lrmdnlm (OM\). Vujst„u`tnem lmstntunslj `f pnþ hrjqujdtj lfusf in emrtj f instfdzf if` trfpnfdtm. Mssnbjdmtjrfpnf1
Yjrfpnf ij``j rnflutnzzfznmdn ormdlmpm`emdfrn -
Hnsnmtjrfpnf rjspnrftmrnf1 ndlrjejdtm ij` duejrm ij``j sjiutj bnmr df`njrj.
ijvj jssjrj enrftf nd ofsj fn rnsu`tftn ij``f lm`turf ij``„jslrjftm usfdim prjvf`jdtjejdtj, pjr vnf jdimvjdmsf, ? hfrefln fdtn-Ssjuimemdfs nd fssmlnfznmdj pjr jsjepnm1 ljhtfzn inej + tmorfenlndf, lnprmmxflndf + tmorfenlndf, ejrmpjdje + tmorfenlndf jtl. f` dj in ndiurrj ejdm `„ndsmrbjdzf in rjsnstjdzf. \n rfllmefdif in jhhjttufrj n lnl`n in tjrfpnf pjr f`ejdm 69 bnmrdn (Yfoj``j 7 j >). Yjrfpnf fdtnonmtnlf1
Yfo. 7 - Fdtnonmtnln pjr vnf pfrjdtjrf`j Fdtnonmtnlm
D³ Imsj eb/kb/inj smee.dn inj
Dmej lmeejrlnf`j
Sftmbjdn
Fendmb`nlmsnin
Ymorfenlndf Bjdtfenlndf Fenkflndf Djtn`enlndf
8 - 63
6-<
DJONLNDF BJDYF@^D OOK7 DJYYFLND
Ss. Fjrubndmsf G. Ndh`ujdzfj
6: - <3 63
6-<
633 - ?33 :3 - 633 633 - 6:3
< 6-? <
B@FQNINE _MLJHND LJSNEJW
Ss. Fjr., O. Ljp., G. Ndh`. \t. Fur., G. Ndh`. Ss. Fjr., \t. Fur., G. Ndh`
6:3 - <33 ?33 - 933 633 - 6:3 633 - 6:3
<-9 <-9 9 9
YFQMLND YNEJDYND ZDF\^D SJD\YFSGM
Ss. Fjr., G. Ndh., \t. Fur Ss. Fjr., G. Ndh., \t. Fur \t. Fur., G. Ndh. \t. Fur.
Nenpjdje/Ln`fstndf Ejrmpjdje Lnprmh`mxflndf Fztrjmdfe
:3 - 633 83 - 6?3 6: - <3 6:3
9 < < 9
YNJDFE/YJDFLNI EJ__JE LNS_MWND FQFLYFE
Ss. Fjr., O. Ljp., \t. Fur. Ss. Fjr., O. Ljp., \t. Fur. Ss. Fjr., \t. Fur., G. Ndh. Ss. Fjr., G. Ndh.
L`mrfehjdnlm`m YES-\EW Xfdlmenlndf Yjnlmp`fdndf Lm`nstndf
93 - 83 63 - ?3** <3 - 93 63 ?.: - :
9 ?-9 ? 6-? <
LGJENLJYNDF OFLY_NE XFDLMLNDF YF_BM\NI LM@NENLNDF
O. Ljp., G. Ndh. O. Ljp., \t Fur., \. Ef`t. \t. Fur. mxfln``ndm-rjsnst. \t. Fur. mxfln``ndm-rjsnst. Ss. Fjr. eu`tnrjsnst.
Ljhf`mspmrndj
Ljhtfzninej Ljhtrnfxmdj Ljhjpnej Sjdnln``ndj
Snpjrfln``ndf/Yfzmofl Ynlfrln``ndf/L`fvu`fd Fepnln``ndf/\u`ofltfe Mxfln``ndf F`trn
**N` imsfbbnm sn rnhjrnslj f` Yrnejtmprne.
Yfo. > - Fdtnonmtnln pjr vnf mrf`j Fdtnonmtnlm
Imsj D³ eb/kb/inj smee.dn inj
Dmej lmeejrlnf`j
Sftmbjdn
Lgndm`mdnln
Lnprmh`mxflndf @jvmh`mxflndf
6: - <3 7
?-< 6
LNS_MWND @JXMWFLND
Ss. Fjr., \t. Fur., G. Ndh. Ss. Fjr., \t. Fur., G. Ndh.
< <
QNEMW FZBEJDYND
\t. Fur., G. Ndh. \t. Fur., G. Ndh.
Sjdnln``ndj
Femxnln``ndf ?: - 2: Femxnln``ndf-l`fvu`fd ?: - :3
Ljhf`mspmrndj
Ljhurmxnej fxjtn`j Ljhfl`mr Ljhf`jxndf
<3 - :3 <3 - :3 :3 - 633
? < 9
QNDDFY SFDFLJH LJSM_JW
\t. Fur., G. Ndh. \t. Fur., G.Ndh. \t. Fur. (sjbuj)
Fdtnonmtnlm
Imsj D³ eb/kb/inj smee.dn inj
Dmej lmeejrlnf`j
Sftmbjdn
F`trn
YES-\EW L`ndifenlndf Jrntrmenlndf Fzntrmenlndf Imxnlnl`ndf Endmlnl`ndf
63 - ?3** ?3 - 93 ?: - :3 63(6³ bb), :(?f - :fbb) ?-: ?
? 9 9 6
OFLY_NE HM_YJ IF@FLND L J_NY_MLNDF QNY_MEFW
O. Ljp., \t. Fur., G. Ndh. \t. Fur. \t. Fur. \t. Fur.
9 ?
OF\\FIM ENDMLND
O. Ljp., G. Ndh. O. Ljp., G. Ndh.
**N` imsfbbnm sn rnhjrnslj f` Yrnejtmprne.
YJ_FSNJ HZYZ_J1 Djb`n u`tnen ijljddn ç stftm iftm em`tm spfznm f``f rnljrlf in dumvn fpprmlln tjrfpjutnln. Fdlmrf em`tm ç `f strfif if pjrlmrrjrj ef vmb`nfem ifrj ud ljddm f quj``j lgj smdm `j nddmvfznmdn pnþ snbdnlftnvj1 6) YJ_FSNF BJDNLF1ç `„fpprmllnm pnþlmep`jssm jsn ofsf su``fsmstntuznmdj ij` bjdj LHY_ fdmef`m lmd ud bjdj lmrrjttm fttrfvjrsm vjttmrn vnrf`n j dmd vnrf`n (`npmsmen jtl.). F inhhjrjdzf in qufdtm fllfij nd vntrm `f tjldnlf nd vnvm gf prjsjdtftm dmtjvm`n inhlm`tã. N vjttmrn utn`nzzftn gfddm prjsjdtftm em`tn `nentn prnem trf tuttn `f rnspmstf ndfeeftmrnf ij``„mspntj lgj tjdij fi j`nendfrj n` vjttmrj j `j lj``u`j if jssm ndhjttftj. ?) HF_EFLN LGJ FYYNXFDM LFDF@N F@YJ_DFYNXN F@ LFDF@J IJ@ L@M_M LHY_1 ud u`tjrnmrj ejtmim lgj sn stf spjrnejdtfdim ç quj``m in utn`nzzfrj hfrefln lgj stnem`fdim f`trn lfdf`n ij` l`mrm lmepjdsndm `f LHY_ fdmef`f. <) LM__JQNMDN IJ@@J EZYFQNMDN \YMS1 smdm nd lmrsm jspjrnejdtn nd vnvm utn`nzzfdim f`ludn fendmb`nlmsnin lgj nd vntrm smdm nd brfim in rneumvjrj n` sjbdf`j in ndtjrruznmdj ij``f sndtjsn in LHY_
nd pfrtj. 9) rnprnstndfdim`f HFLN@NYFQNMDJ IN FSS_MIM F@@F LHY_ \NDYJYNQQFYF EF NESJ_HJYYF1 smdm nd stuinm smstfdzf lgnfeftj ‗lgjenlf` lgfpjrmds„ (lmej n` hjdn`outnrrftm) lgj lmdsjdtnrjoojrm f``f prmtjndf LHY_ inhjttmsf in rfbbnudbjrj f`ejdm nd pfrtj `f ejeorfdf fpnlf`j ij``j lj``u`j jpntj`nf`n. Ono`nmbrfhf jssjdznf`j
- Rnjgj E, Frdit K. Lystnl Hnormsns1 f systjes rjvnjw. FFDFA. ?363; 271 ?98-:6. - Luttndb B_. Lystnl ormsns bjdjtnls1 hrme em`jlu`fr udijrstfdindb tm l`ndnlf` fpp`nlftnmd. Dft _jv Bjdjt. ?36:; 681 9:“:8.