PRUEBAS DE RESISTENCIA DE LAS ROCAS ¿Por qué ensayar las rocas? Las rocas son materiales muy duros y se requiere conocer su competencia para poder hacer uso de esa competencia
1. ROCA Material compuesto de uno o varios minerales como resultado final de los diferentes procesos geológicos. geológicos. El concepto concepto de roca no se se relaciona necesariamente necesariamente con la forma compacta o cohesionada; también las gravas, arenas, arcillas, o incluso el petróleo, son rocas. Las rocas están sometidas a continuos cambios por las acciones de los agentes geológicos, segn un ciclo cerrado ! el ciclo de las rocas", llamado ciclo litológico, en el cual intervienen incluso los seres vivos.
!. CLASI"ICACI#N DE LAS ROCAS
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
$. CARACTERISTICAS CARACTERISTICAS "%SICO&'EC(NICAS "%SICO&'EC(NICAS
). E*ALUACI#N IN SITU DE RESISTENCIA DEL 'ATERIAL ROCOSO
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
+. *ALORACI#N DE ROCAS
,. CARACTERISTICAS DE LA ROCA INTACTA Los maci#os rocosos son cuerpos esencialmente anisotrópicos, ya que están compuestos habitualmente por diversas especies de minerales que han sufrido procesos tectónicos crea creand ndoo supe superf rfic icie iess de disc discon onti tinu nuida idad; d; sin sin emba embarg rgoo para para pode poderlo rlo cara caract cter eri# i#ar ar mecá mecáni nica came ment nte; e; gene general ralme ment ntee se recu recurre rre a ensa ensaya yarr mues muestr tras as norm normalm almen ente te sin sin discontinuidad. Estas pruebas tienen la finalidad de determinar las propiedades f$sicas y mecánicas de la roca roca inta intact cta, a, es deci decirr sin sin que que la roca roca se encu encuen entr tree afec afecta tada da por por elem elemen ento toss geoestructurales !fallas, fracturas" o factores geológicos geológicos que alteren sus sus propiedades; propiedades; por tanto sus valores valores son mayores mayores que la del maci#o maci#o rocoso.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
-.1. %n/0ce /e res0senc0a 2anual 3IR'4 es una prueba de campo que se efecta con la ayuda de una picota de geólogo y un cuchillo de bolsillo.
&on estos implementos se pueden determinar el rango apro'imado de la resistencia a la comprensión uni a'ial !(&" de la roca la identificación de campo, descripción, as$ como el grado de resistencia
-.!. Prue5as Esclero2ér0ca Esclero2ér0ca )ara las pruebas de campo debe de utili#arse un esclerómetro o martillo tipo *+ con energ$a de impacto de -./ 0g. Mediante la siguiente ecuación; se consigue la correspondencia del rebote !1" obtenida con el martillo *L para el cual se debe utili#ar el ábaco de la fig. +2 3.
6
Conoc0/o RN
RL = - 3.4 + (0.83 RN) + 0.0029 (RN) 2
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
7. ENSAO DE ROCAS EN EL LABORATORIO 4 Ensayos $ndice de los materiales de roca intacta para su identificación y clasificación 4 &aracter$sticas de resistencia y stiffness 4 )otencial de degradación, durabilidad 4El programa de medicina, de rocas, consiste en determinar las propiedades f$sicas y mecánicas de la roca intacta, as$ como el estudio petrográfica de la roca, para poder evaluar y calificar su condiciones geomecánicas.
7.1. Esu/0o 8ero9r:;0cas. 8ero9r:;0cas. Esta Estass se real reali# i#an an en labo labora rato tori rios os espe especi cial ali# i#ad ados os !5+6E !5+6EMM MME7 E7"" para para enco encont ntra rar r caracter$sticas macroscópicas y microscópicas.
7.!. Pro80e/a/es ;
Volume
>. Poros0/a/ 3n4 Es la relación entre el volumen de vació !poros" y el volumen total de la muestra y se calcula mediante la siguiente relación en término porcentuales.
= Peso s!"ur!#o s!"ur!#o $ Peso Peso seco x 100 % & x 'olume
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
& = Peso s!"ur!#o s!"ur!#o $ Peso seco x 100 Peso seco
E@e28lo En el siguiente cuadro se muestra un e?emplo del resultado de las propiedades f$sicas obtenidas de una muestra representativa%
Ø mm.
Volume Longitud n mm. cm.3
34.80
30.50
39.10
P. natural Gr.
P. seco Gr.
P. saturado Gr.
8.5
8.45
8.
P.E. (δ) Kg./m
Absorción %
3
Poro s %
2.53
0.2
0.2
7.$. Pro80e/a/es 'ec:n0cas. Las pruebas para determinar las caracter$sticas mecánicas de la roca, nos ayudan a comprender el comportamiento de de estas, al medir y evaluar los efectos efectos que se originan a ser sometidas al esfuer#o provocado. 9 &ontinuación detallamos los ensayos y pruebas que deben utili#arse.
A. %n/0ce /e res0senc0a a la car9a 8unual 3Is4 Este ensayo se e?ecuta mediante de la modalidad de carga diametral o *ensayo de compresión de @ran0lin este $ndice es una indicación ra#onable de la resistencia a la comprensión !(&" y se calcula mediante las siguientes relaciones% *s = P c 2
Aonde% 5s
B Cndice de carga de punto.
)
B &arga necesaria para romper el espécimen.
A
B Aiámetro del ncleo !mm".
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
, = (14 + 0.15 ) *s
La carga que se requiere para romper r omper un ncleo de roca con este método, es apro'imadamente la muestra sometida al esfuer#o de compresión un$ a'ial.
A. Ensayo /e co28rens0>n s028le o un< a0al 3C4. 8e define como% la fuer#a por unidad de área requerida para romper una muestra que esta sometida a esfuer#o un$ a'iales !no confinado" y viene e'presado en unidades de fuer#a sobre el área. El ensa ensayo yo se real reali# i#aa con con prob probet etas as cil$ cil$nd ndric ricas as,, some someti tida dass las las mism mismas as a carg cargas as comprensivas a'iales cada ve mayor hasta producir la rotura. Las velocidades de carga aplicada deben de estar dentro del rango recomendable de / a 3-
Aonde% (&
B 1esistencia a la comprensión.
)
B &arga ltima de ruptura !
A
B Aiámetro de la probeta !cm."
)ara la determinación determinación de la resistencia se toma como referencia referencia la clasificación clasificación hecha
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
>a?a
/-4/--
Media
/--4 3,--
/ D /&arbón, limonita, /- D 3--
3.---4.---
9lta
Muy 9lta
,---
3--4--
--
9renisca, pi#arra, lutita Mármol, granito, neiss &uarcita, gabro.
E?emplo% 1esultados de dos pruebas de comprensión un$ a'ial.
Pro9res0a -F/3 -F/3
Con/0c0>n Ensayo 8aturado 8eco
Pro5eas
Car9a
C
Roura F c2. G.3G.3J
L c2. H.// H.//
9. /,3K,---
9.c2! 3,IGI.3,HIJ./-
'Pa 3I3.3HG.K-
Ae aqu$ se puede determinar el coeficiente de !
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
&. Ensayo e racc0>n 34 Es definida como la fuer#a por unidad de área requerida para romper una muestra muestra sometida a esfuer#os tensiónales. tensiónales. 8e debe utili#ar el método de tracción indirecta o método >rasilero. Este ensayo cons consis iste te en some somete terr a una una prob probet etaa cil$ cil$nd ndric ricaa !dis !disco co de roca roca"" a una una carg cargaa linea lineall comprensiva actuando a lo largo de su diámetro. El resultado de este esfuer#o comprensivo, es una tención hori#ontal y un esfuer#o comprensivo vertical variable. Las muestras suelen romperse en dos mitades segn el e?e de carga diametral. )ara este caso se debe de utili#ar la relación longitud:diámetro !L:A" B -./. La resistencia a la tracción !(t" obtenida por este método esta dada por la relación% , " = 2 L
Aonde% )
B &arga de rotura.
A
B diámetro de la probeta.
L
B Longitud de la probeta.
E?emplo% El siguiente cuadro muestra el resultado de una probeta.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Mediante este ensayo se determina los $ndices volumétricos de resistencia como son% la cohesión !&" que e'presa la tensión tangencial má'ima cuando la tensión normal es igual a cero, y el ángulo de fricción fricción !", que relaciona el el incremento de las tenciones tenciones normales y tangenciales por la superficie de despla#amiento de la discontinuidad que obtenga la roca !fig.
+2 ". En el siguiente cuadro se muestra un e?emplo%
Pres0>n /e Pro9res0a
con;0na20eno
Res0senc0a
F
C
9.c2.!
9.c2.!
3H4
9.c2.!
3--
,J//.-
GK
--
-F/3
µ E. Ensayos /e consanes el:s0cas 3E
4 8e debe además efectuar ensayos para
conocer las propiedades propiedades elásticas a fin de determinar el modulo de elasticidad elasticidad !E" y la
µ relación relación de poisson poisson
!
" que son las caracter$sticas fundamentales de formación en
los l$mites de su estabilidad elástica. El ensa ensayo yo debe debe de real reali# i#ar arse se en una una prob probet etaa cil$ cil$nd ndric rica, a, some someti tida da a unac unacar arga ga comprensiva a'ial cada ve# mayor hasta producir su rotura, durante la aplicación de la citada citada carga, carga, se deb debee de hacer hacer medici medicines nes de la deform deformaci ación ón longit longitudi udina nall !EL" !EL" y deformación diamental !EA" !ver figura +2 ". La velocidad de la carga aplicada debe de estar en el rango recomendable de /4
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
J K/.HG M)a
EL B 9L L
decremento longitudinal
Longitud
µ & Relac0>n /e 8os0c0>n 3 4 Es el conciente de la relación de las deformaciones diametral ! EA " y longitudinal longitudinal ! EL ", ba?o ba?o una carga carga un$ a'ial !(l"
µ = L
J -.3/
Las fórmulas presentadas son para cuerpos Elásticos 5deales que nos son precisamente las rocas, por consiguiente, se debe utili#ar el Modulo 7angencial 7angencial al /- de la carga de rotura, siguiendo de esta manera los criterios de Aeere, para poder normali#ar la elección de los módulos de deformación !figura +2 G". 8egn este concepto el autor da a conocer la clasificación de acuerdo al modulo relativo, como se muestra a continuación%
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
E8@NE1OP8 )15+&5)9LE8 E+ EL AEQ5L579M5E+7P
2500
2000
1500
1000
C = Cohesión Ø = Angulo de fracción interna. I = 1 = 96 kg./c2 II = c= 1!"! kg/c2 # 2 = $% III
III
500
II
c I
500
1000
1500
2000
&'()&*+, -,*A #./c 2%
2500
$000
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
A = deforación longitudinal A = eforación diaetral
9A
Clase S
Descr08c0>n Modulo 1elativo Elevado
M
Modulo 1elativo
L
Medio Modulo 1elativo
'o/ulo rela0o /--- D /- --
Aonde% E B Modulo de Elasticidad B K/.HG M)a. ( & a /- B 1esistencia a la comprensión 8imple al /- B H-.J M)a. 8egn este criterio se tiene que% !odulo "elati#o =
, ! 50
B K/.HG B I3 M)a 90.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
K. E*ALUACI#N DE RESULTADOS. Los parámetros de las propiedades f$sicas y mecánicas se resumen en el cuadro +V 3 de los que se pueden concluir% Los valores de propiedades f$sicas de la roca intacta, valores de porosidad, de absorción $ndice de permeabilidad y la densidad, de las discontinuidades e'istente en el maci#o. Los $ndice $ndicess de las propie propiedad dades es mecán mecánica icas, s, como como la resist resistenc encia, ia, compor comportam tamien ientos tos elásticos, ablandamiento, etc. 8in embargo hay que tener en cuenta la composición mineralógica de los maci#os y su condición a largo pla#o. En el cuadro +V 3 es e?emplo de un grano diorita% &uadro +V 3
Prue5as Pro80e/a/e s ;
)eso
espec$fico
!W 4
)orosidad !n" 9bsorción !X"
Resula/o
Un0/a/
.J/
6r.:cm
-.K
O5serac0> >a?a >a?a
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
C
Modulo 1elativo
!Et"
Módulo 7angencial 7angencial
!Ei"
I3 J.GK ' 3-
Elevada
A 1. CLASI"ICACION MEO'ECANICA DE LOS 'ACIOS.
Tuasi D elástico
E'isten varios sistemas de clasificación aplicadas a obras subterráneas, como por e?emplo% 7er#aghi, )rotodya0onov, Lauffer, Yicman, >artón, >ieniaXs0i, y otros; siendo de todo los mas conocidos y utili#ados en el campo de la toneler$a los sistemas de >artón !Cndice *T" y >ieniaXs0i !Cndice 1M1". Estos sistemas semi cuantitativos, son las técnicas emp$ricas me?or conocidas para evalua evaluarr la estabi estabilid lidad ad de las obras obras subte subterrán rránea eass y los eleme elemento ntoss de sosten sostenimi imient entoo necesarios. La clasificación geomecánica se utili#a para la identificación y comparación de los maci#os rocosos atravesados durante la e'cavación, procediendo a la obtención de su correspondiente $ndice de calidad. Este $ndice se obtiene a través de la observación de una serie de parámetros y dándole sus correspondientes observación. En definitiva se trata de cuantificar la calidad de los maci#os rocosos atravesados, de forma que pueden ser comparados, #onas ubicadas en distintos puntos del tnel. Los datos deben de obtenerse en el mismo frente de e'cavación, siendo por tanto representativos del estado
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
16000
&
&
1200
!00
c = 1!"! kg/c2 & = 45.29" kg/c2 = 0.15 1 = 50 de
"00
500 2500
1000
1500
2000
c
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
>arton establece su calificación a partir de un $ndice *T, que se obtienen de J parámetros procedentes de la observación del maci#o rocoso, para lo que establece sus correspondientes valuaciones !tabla +V J". Este $ndice *T viene e'presado por la siguiente e'presión%
7 =*7
Aonde%
8
r 8 : n a
'*(
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
*T entre -.--3 D -.-3
% roca e'cepcionalmente e'cepcionalmente mala.
*T entre entre -.-3 D -.3 % roca e'tremadamente e'tremadamente mala. *T entre -.3 D 3
% roca muy mala.
*T entre 3 D G
% roca mala.
*T entre G D 3-
% roca media.
*T entre 3- D G-
% roca buena.
*T entre G- D 3--
% roca muy buena.
*T entre entre 3-- D G-- % roca e'tremadamente e'tremadamente buena. buena. *T entre G-- D 3---
% roca e'cepcionalmente e'cepcionalmente buena.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
'ALA
1000 "00
100 "0
10 "
1
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
El valor de *1M1 se obtiene por la suma de cinco parámetros los que tienen su correspondiente valuación valuación !tabla +V K" y son% 3. resistencia de la roca r oca inalterada. . 1TA . 8eparación 8eparación entre las discontinuidades. discontinuidades. G. Estado de las discontinuidades. /. )resencia de agua. E'iste un J to parámetro que es el a?uste en la valuación que considera la disposición de ?untas respecto ala ala e'cavación. e'cavación. Las categor$as de roca en función del valor del 1M1, están designado como siguen%
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
1M1 !teórico"BG Este valor de 1M1 !teórico" esta dentro del l$mite de confian#a del H-.
1.$. Clas0;0cac0>n a/o8a/a 8or el e@e28lo 8egn el e?emplo estas clasificaciones !T, 1M1" finalmente es adecuada para la obra, agrupando las rocas en tres categor$as o tipos de rocas, siguiendo los criterios por Aeere. Las caracter$sticas adoptadas para la valuación de la calidad de las rocas son%
Roca 08o I rocas generalmente duras y moderadamente fracturadas. Las fracturas son discontinuas e irregulares y con superficie cerradas e inalteradas. El 1TA mayor de H- valores de 1M1 en cima de J- y T mayores mayores de J. La roca con calidad T igual igual o mayo mayorr a J, para para un diám diámet etro ro de J.GJ.G-m. m. se auto auto sopo soporta rta y no requ requie iere re sopo soport rtee sistemático, requiriendo ocasionalmente pernos puntuales para estabili#ar eventuales
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Clas0;0cac0>n /e Roca a/o8a/a 8ara la o5ra Qaluación de la calidad 8istema *T de maci#os rocosos D sistema clasificación
de
8istema 1M1
I
II
III
J J-
-.G 4 J G3 D J-
-.--3 D -.G -- 4 G-