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C. RY*YCK
3. Gikjcgcth Gikjcgcth gfrefafj gfrefafjhh bck strumtur strumtur mcpckj mcpckj bck m`cghr m`cghr sincrc gcmrfsmfphm bck ghmrfsmfphm. <. Giglib Giglibcmc cmckk mcpckj mcpckj thkjmc thkjmctt thkjjh thkjjh bck rikbc rikbc`. `. L. CAC CACR BCK BCK LC% LC%CK CK
Tircactck yckj bhjukcmck bcacg prcmthmug gfrefafjh mcpckj bck m`cghr
sincrc gcmrfsmfphs bck ghmrfsmfphs tirsilut cktcrc achk ychtu piglcmcr sphrtus, sphrtus, ocrug tckcg tcocg, ocrug tckcg luact, jiacs floim, mcnc pikutup jiacs floim, bck ghmrfsmfp nc`cyc. Cbcpuk lc`ck yckj bhjukcmck siacgc prcmthmug ychtu lhcmck mcpckj \`hzfpus sp. lirugur 9 `crh, lhcmck mcpckj Cspirjhaaus sp. lirugur : `crh, lhcmck mcpckj Tikhnhaahug sp. lirugur : `crh, lhcmck m`cghr Nckbhbc calhncks lirugur 3 `crh, camf`fa :!, acrutck acmtfeikfa, acrutck git`yaiki laui,
bck mirtcs thsu N. R"F\H
"ukjh girupcmck miafgpfm ghmrffrjckhsgi iumcryfthm `itirftrfe yckj thbcm lirmafrfeha, lirbhkbhkj sia bcrh mhthk ctcu siauafsc, bcpct bcpct lirliktum `hec ctcu sia tukjjca sirtc liriprfbumsh simsuca simsuca bck csimsuca. #ilcjch #ilcjch ghmrffrjckhsgi `itirftrfe, eukjh bcpct lirpirck silcjch bimfgpfsir, scprfeht, ctcu lc`mck pcrcsht bh ahkjmukjck. #ilcjhck liscr tulu` eukjh tirbhrh bcrh likckj$likckj yckj bhsilut `hec yckj scahkj lir`ulukjck gikocahk sigcncg ocrhkj `caus, ychtu ghsiahug. %Tian&cr ' (`ck 3)*+ 3*) ' 3)3)- ckbocr bmm. ckbocr bmm. 3))<
Gikurut shect yckj bhghahmh fai` gcshkj$gcshkj eukjh, miacs Csnfgynftc bck
Lcshbhfgynftc bhjfafkjmck gikocbh eukjh thkjmct thkjjh, sibckjmck _yjfgynftc
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bck Biutirfgynftc bhjfafkjmck bcacg eukjh thkjmct rikbc`. Csnfgynftc bck Lcshbhfgynftc bhmctcmck silcjch eukjh thkjmct thkjjh mcrikc gighahmh `hec yckj
lirsimct % siptcti siptcti `yp`c/ ctcu gfkfnythn bck strumtur strumtur jikircthe pikj`csha pikj`csha spfrc spfrc csimsucakyc bhbumukj fai` strumtur tckjmch mfkhbhfefr tckpc cbckyc mftcm spfrc, si`hkjjc spfrc csimsuca yckj bh`cshamckkyc bhsilut mfkhbhc %Tian&cr bmm. 3):: >$$>39- Gcbhjck bmm. 3)): ::9/. _yjfgynftc bck Biutirfgynftc bhcmctcmck silcjch eukjh thkjmct rikbc` mcrikc strumturkyc yckj thbcm gigpukych simct %siptc/ pcbc `heckyc si`hkjjc bhsilut `hec nfikfnythn yckj gigpukych lckycm kumaius pcbc ehacgik `hec tckpc bhphsc`mck fai` siptc. #pfrc bh`cshamck lircbc bcacg mcktukj spfrc spfrc yckj bhsilut spfrckjhug, yckj tiraitcm bh uoukj tckjmch `hec cirhca . #pfrc tirsilut lhcsc bhsilut bikjck spfrckjhfefr. spfrckjhfefr. #ithcp spfrckjhug bcpct gikj`cshamck gikj`cshamck rctusck spfrc %spfrckjhfspfrc/ %2frtfrc bmm. <3 >>9/. #incrc kfk tcmsfkfghs, eukjh bhlibcmck gikocbh thjc oikhs sisuch pikcgpcmck gfrefafjhkyc, ychtu ychtu m`cghr % Xicst/, mcpckj % Gfuabs Gfuabs ctcu Gfabs/, bck nikbcck % Gus`rffg Gus`rffg/. `cghr ctcu yicst girupcmck sctu$scukyc eukjh ukhsiauair bck lirliktum luact ctcu iahps gikyirupch lcmtirh tckpc cact jircm. Gismhpuk bighmhck, sia m`cghr lirlibc bikjck sia lcmtirh mcrikc m`cghr cbcac` sia iumcrhft, umurckkyc ailh` liscr bcrhpcbc rctc$rctc umurck sia lcmtirh bck gimckhsgi lirmiglckj lhcmkyc lirlibc. 5cbh, m`cghr cbcac` sia yckj ailh` sibir`ckc bhlckbhkjmck eukjh achkkyc, titcph strumtur siakyc ailh` mfgpaims bcrhpcbc strumtur lcmtirh %f %fam ' 0`iiair 3))> 3*)/. 8ilircpc m`cghr tirtiktu bcpct gikjcacgh bhgfrehsgi, ychtu gigliktum ecsi ? % yicst yicst =m`cghr, =m`cghr, liktum sia tukjjca/ bck ecsi %ehacgik, %ehac gik, liktum likckj/. #ilcjhck liscr m`cghr gcsum mi bcacg miacs 8cshbhfgynitis bck 4iutirfgynftc %"ukjh Hgpirinth/. `cghr bcpct lirmiglckj lirmiglckj lhcm sincrc sincrc csimsuca, ychtu bikjck pigliac`ck sia bck lubbhkj %tukcs %tukcs pcbc sia sia hkbum/. %5utfkf bmm. 3):> >+Cai1fpfuafs bmm. 3))+ )$$9/. cpckj ctcu Gfabs cbcac` eukjh guathsiauair yckj gighahmh gighahmh liktum ehacgik yckj lirshect scprfeht ctcu pcrcsht bck bcpct liriprfbumsh bikjck spfrc csimsuca gcupuk simsuca. 5crhkjck tulu` mcpckj gigckockj, lirnclckj$nclckj bck bcpct gigliktum ehacgik yckj sipirth likckj yckj bhsilut `hec. ugpuack bcrh `hec$ `hec tirsilut gigliktum suctu strumtur yckj bhsilut ghsiahug. #trumtur gisiahug tirsilut gigluct mcpckj aikh` gubc` uktum bhmikcah. #iachk htu, mcpckj oujc >
gighahmh strumtur bhkbhkj sia bcrh siauafsc bck &ct mhthk %Gncki ' ckbia 3))+ 3>9-fam ' 0`iiair 3))>3*9/. 4cacg prcmthmug pikjcgctck gfrefafjh mcpckj bck m`cghr sincrc gcmrfsmfphs, lilircpc `ca yckj pirau bhpir`cthmck cktcrc achk 3. 2imstu 2imsturr mfafkh mfafkh ychtu ychtu micbcck micbcck pirgumcc pirgumcckk mfafkh, mfafkh, ghscaky ghscakycc jrckuacr %luthrck/, !ffay %mcpcs/, "ia"itty %liaubru/, bck afnnfsi %likckj/. <. 0crkc rkc mfafk mfafkh,h, ghsca ghscaky kycc Cspirjhaaus sp. gighahmh crkc mfafkh `htcg, `hocu$mukhk`, `hocu, puth`, bck nfmact. >. \i"irsi lcjhck yckj bhcgcth girupcmck lcjhck ghmrffrjckhsgi tcgpcm lcc`=bhah`ct bcrh bcscr gibhug. 8cjhck yckj yckj bhcgcth ychtu crkc, &fkcsh, bck rcbhca urrf!. . 7fkcsh 7fkcsh ychtu timstur timstur yckj tirliktum tirliktum mcrikc mcrikc cbckyc cbckyc piglcjhck piglcjhck hacyc` hacyc` `hec cirhca=jikircthe bck `hec ;ijitcthe cmhlct pfac pirjhahrck. 7fkcsh lirupc ahkjmcrck$ahkjmcrck yckj gikukoummck gikukoummck pirlibcck crkc %tirckj bck jiacp/.
9. #$ubcti brfps brfps cbcac` gctirh sikycc mhghc `csha gitclfaht simukbir. +. \cbhca %frrf! %frrf! ychtu jcrhs 6 jcrhs jcrhs rcbhca `csha pirtuglu`ck pirtuglu`ck ghmrffrjckhsgi yckj lirpusct pcbc ththm pirtuglu`ck bck gikyirupch ocrh$ocrh rfbc cmhlct pirlibcck minipctck tuglu`. %Tian&cr b&& . 3):: <). 8cbck luc` % ruhthkj lfby/ . 4cscr lcbck luc` 9. 2ckjmc kjmchh lcb lcbck ck luc` luc` +. Cbckyc Cbckyc liktum liktum m`usus m`usus sipirth Cpfehsc, Cpfehsc, stfafk, stfafk, r`h&fgi, r`h&fgi, fft niaa %5utfkf b&& . 3):> < 6 <9/.
B. %C^HA %C^HA T"KJCG T"KJCGC CRCK
3. T+!(!! T+!(!!+ + (!:r' (!:r's:' s:'h: h: :!!+ :!!+ )!+ )!+ :`!(hr :`!(hr
2clia 2clia `csha pikjcgctck gcmrfsmfphm mcpckj bck m`cghr bcpct bhah`ct bh acgphrck.
2
<. T+!(!! T+!(!!+ + (h:r' (h:r's:'h s:'h: : :!!+ :!!+ )!+ )!+ :`!(hr :`!(hr
3.
Tikjcgctck ghmrfsmfphm mcpckj c. cgc lh lhcmck \`hzfpus sp. l. n. b. i. e.
Lgur lhcmck 9 `crh Gibhug T4C Tirliscrck 3 1 3 Ticrkcck 'cntfp`ikfa itirckjck c. spfrckjhfefr l. stfafk b. mfaugiac n. r`h&fhb i. cpfehsi e. spfrckjhfspfrc
c(
cgc lhcmck Lgur lhcmck Gibhug Tirliscrck Ticrkcck itirckjck l. gituac n. ;ishmia
c(
cgc lhcmck Tikhnhaahug sp. Lgur lhcmck : `crh Gibhug T4C Tirliscrck 3 1 3 Ticrkcck 'cntfp`ikfa nfttfk laui itirckjck c. c. mf mfkhbhfefr l. nclckj=lrckn` n. ehcahb=gituac
l. n. b. i. e.
l. n. b. i. e.
<.
Cspirjhaaus sp. : `crh T4C 3 1 3 'cntfp`ikfa nfttfk laui c. c. mf mfkhbhfefr b. ehcahb i. mfkhbhc
Tikjcgctck ghmrfsmfphm m`cghr c. cgc lhcmck Nckbhbc calhncks l. Lgur lhcmck 3 `crh n. Gibhug ?G8 b. Tirl Tirlis iscrc crckk 3 1 3 3 i. Tic Ticrk rkcc cckk Git`yaiki laui e. itirck itirckjck jck c. sia hkbum hkbum l. thpi ukhpfacr
9
". T"GL T"GLC% C%C^ C^CK CK
C Tikj Tikjcg cgctc ctckk gfref gfrefaf afjh jh mcp mcpck ckjj Trcmthmug pikjcgctck gfrefafjh mcpckj bhjukcmck mcpckj \`hzfpus sp., Cspirjhaaus sp., bck Tikhnhaahug sp. #ilcjch ckjjftc
ehaug _yjfgynftc, \`hzfpus
sp. sirhkj bhsilut silcjch ocgur thkjmct rikbc` mcrikc bhckjjcp prhghth;i bcacg smcac i;faush. #incrc ghmrfsmfphs \`hzfpus sp. gigpukych stfafk, ychtu `hec yckj gikyirupch lctckj gikocacr bck r`h&fhb yckj girupcmck `hec gikyirupch cmcr yckj bcpct bhjukcmck uktum gigcsumh sulstrct rfth. \`hzfpus sp. gighahmh spfrckjhfpfrc yckj lirliktum luact tiaur yckj lircbc bh bcacg spfrckjhug yckj bhtfpckj fai` spfrckjhfefr. spfrckjhfefr. #incrc gcmrfsmfphs mfafkh mfafkh \`hzfpus sp. bcpct tuglu` sincrc nipct gigliktum ghsiahug sipirth mcpcs lircrkc puth` micluck yckj bcpct gigiku`h gibhug lhcmck %Naahs bmm. <: 3<3/. Ghsiahug \`hzfpus sp. thbcm lirsiptc % nfikfnythn/ bikjck mfaugiac lirliktum `ighsp`irhnca , thbcm luact, shahkbrhs ctcu lirliktum phr, phr, thbcm gighahmh rcbhca urrf!, i$ubcti brfps, jrf!hkj zfki zfki , gcupuk &fkcsh %#caai % #caai 3)+3 39/. Ckjjftc jikus \`hzfpus
lhcsckyc lircrkc puth` clu$clu, spfrckjhc spfrckjhc lhcsckyc liscr bck lircrkc `htcg. #pishis ckjjftc jikus \`hzfpus tirsilut bcpct bhhsfacsh bcrh tckc`, rfth lcsh, lhoh$ lhohck, mcnckj tckc`, chr tirpfaush, scyur$scyurck scyur$scyurck bck luc` yckj giglusum giglusum %Tian&cr bmm. 3):: >B>3- ckbocr bmm. 3))) 3/.
cglcr 3. \`hzfpus sp. INaahs bmm. <: 3<>E 5
cpckj oikhs Cspirjhaaus sp(tirjfafkj mi bcacg ehaug Csnfgynftc yckj tirjfafkj bcacg eukjh thkjmct thkjjh. #incrc ghmrfsmfphs Cspirjhaaus sp. gighahmh `hec lirsimct %gfkfnythn/, spfrc csimsuca yckj thbcm lircbc bcacg spfrckjhug yckj bhsilut mfkhbhfspfrc=mfkhbhc. #incrc ugug lcbck mcpckj Cspirjhaaus sp. bhtfpckj fai` strumtur lctckj yckj bhsilut bikjck mfkhbhfefr. #trumtur tirsilut gighahmh uoukj giailcr yckj bhsilut bikjck ;ishmia. Tcbc ;ishmia tirsilut bcpct tuglu` siougac` `hec. Dhec yckj gikjckbukj mfkhbhcspfrc bhsilut ehcahb % p`hcahbi p`hcahbi/, kcguk tirbcpct puac `hec yckj gikukockj ehcahb yckj bhsilut gituac %gituaci/. Cspirjhaaus sp. yckj gighahmh gituac bhsilut silcjch liktum lhsirhcti, sibckjmck yckj thbcm gighahmh gituac bhsilut silcjch liktum ukhsirhcti %Naahs bmm. <: */. #incrc gcmrfsmfphs mcpckj oikhs Cspirjhaaus sp. gighahmh crkc mfafkh `htcg, `hocu, mukhkj, mukhkj$nfmact, nfmact, ctcu puth`. 2imsturkyc 2imsturkyc tcgpcm sipirth luthrck tipukj % pf!biry pf!biry/. cpckj Cspirjhaaus sp. gighahmh jrf!hkj zfki, lilircpc gighahmh &fkcsh bck lilircpc thbcm, gighahmh, i$ubcti brfps, bck rcbhca urrf! %ckbocr 3))< >/.
cglcr <. Gfrefafjh ghmrfsmfphs Cspirjhaaus sp. I#uglir Naahs bmm. <: *E
:
cpckj Tikhnhaahug sp. sipirth `cakyc Cspirjhaaus sp. girupcmck ckjjftc bcrh ehaug Csnfgynftc. #incrc ghmrfsmfphs strumtur gfrefafjh Tikhnhaahug sp. tirbhrh ctcs tckjmch lirupc mfkhbhfefr yckj lirnclckj$nclckj. (clckj bcrh mfkhbhfefr bhkcgcmck rcgus, yckj lirnclckj acjh gigliktum gi gliktum rcguaus. #ithcp rcguaus cmck gikfpckj lilircpc gituac yckj gikyfmfkj ehcahb %ckbocr bmm 3))< <:/. 8ilircpc ahtirctur gikyilutmck lc`c rcgus girupcmck fki)stcji lrckn`ib bck bck rcguaus
girupcmck t!f)stcji lrckn`ib . 8ilircpc Tikhnhaahug sp. gighahmh
`hkjjc t`rii)stcji lrckn`ib %Naahs %Naahs bmm. <: 3*/. #incrc gcmrfsmfphs, pikcgpcmck mfafkh Tikhnhaahug sp. lircrkc kucksc `hocu tirmcbckj oujc puth`. 0crkc 0crkc `hocu bcrh Tikhnhaahug sp. tirsilut girupcmck crkc bcrh spfrc. 2imstur 2imstur bcrh Tikhnhaahug sp. lirliktum "ia"itty ctcu liaubru. Tikhnhaahug sp. gighahmh ri"irsi yckj lircrkc puth` mukhkj, tckpc &fkcsh bck rcbhca urrf!( fafkh Tikhnhaahug sp. gighahmh i$ubcti brfps lircrkc mukhkj
ctcu lc`mck lilircpc lircrkc likhkj %ckbocr b&& . 3))) )/.
cglcr >. Gfrefafjh Tikhnhaahug sp. I#uglir Naahs bmm. <: 3)E Tikhnhaahug sp. sckjct ugug bhtigumck pcbc
ckimc prfbum pckjck, sirtc
lc`ck pckjck yckj lirmcbcr chr rikbc`, siachk htu bcpct bcpct puac bhhsfacsh bcrh
0
ahkjmukjck ruckjck bcacg rugc`, ahkjmukjck juruk, ahkjmukjck tckc` `utck, chr sukjch yckj tirpfaush, sircsc` bcuk, r`h&fseir mcnckj tckc` bck tfgct %(crahai ' 0ctmhksfk 0ctmhksfk 3))9 9- ckbocr b&& . 3))) )/. Dcsha prcmthmug pikjcgctck gfrefafjh mcpckj sincrc gcmrfsmfphs bck ghmrfsmfphs gikukoummck gikukoummck `csha yckj lircjcg. Tikjcgctck \`hzfpus sp. lirugur 9 `crh, sincrc gcmrfsmfphs bhpirfai` bhpirfai` lc`c mfafkh \`hzfpus sp. gighahmh crkc puth` miclu$cluck cpclhac bhcgcth bcrh rfkt sibckjmck sibckjmck cpclhac bhcgcth sincrc ri"irsi tcgpcm puth` mimukhkjck cmhlct tir`cackj fai` crkc bcrh gibhug cjcr, bikjck timstur mfafkh gikyirupch sirclut mcpcs % !ffay/ ctcu cscp sgf&y/. fafkh tirsilut thbcm tirbcpct cbckyc rcbhca urrf!, i$ubcti brfps, % sgf&y jrf!hkj zfki zfki , gcupuk &fkcsh &fkcsh
Dca tirsilut tiac` sisuch bikjck ahtirctur.
#incrc ghmrfsmfphs, mfafkh \`hzfpus sp.yckj mcgh cgcth tcgpcm sipirth siluc` lctckj bikjck uoukj gigluact `htcg scgc `cakyc bikjck jcglcr bh ctcs, `ckyc scoc lcjhck$lcjhckkyc thbcm tcgpcm oiacs. 4crh jcglcr yckj mcgh pirfai` bcrh pikjcgctck, yckj bcpct bhcgcth `ckyc lcjhck spfrckjhfefr, stfafk, r`h&fhb, bck spfrckjhug bikjck spfrckjhfspfrc. 2cgpcm 2cgpcm puac `hec yckj thbcm lirsimct. Dcsha prcmthmug mcpckj Cspirjhaaus sp( yckj lirugur : `crh sincrc gcmrfsmfphs bcpct bhah`ct lc`c timstur lirupc luthrck % pf!biry*, crkc mfafkh `htcg mi`hocuck cpclhac bhah`ct bcrh bipck, gighahmh jrf!hkj zfki zfki , rcbhca urrf!, i$ubcti brfps, bck tckpc cbckyc &fkcsh. ithmc bhcgcth sincrc ri"irsi tcgpcm
crkc tcgpcm miputh`ck bck gighahmh rcbhca urrf!( Dca tirsilut silcjhck liscr subc` sisuch bikjck yckj cbc pcbc ahtirctur. ahti rctur. Tikjcgctck sincrc ghmrfsmfphs gikukoummck `csha yckj thbcm bcpct bhcgcth bikjck oiacs. #trumtur bcrh Cspirjhaaus sp. thbcm bcpct bhlibcmck cktcrc mfkhbhfefr, mfkhbhfefr,
;ishmia, bck
ehcahb=gituackyc. Dca tirsilut bhmcrikcmck bcacg pigluctck pripcrct scct pikjcglhack scgpia migukjmhkck thbcm bhacmumck bikjck `cth$`cth bck likcr, si`hkjjc mithmc bhcgcth yckj bhpirfai` `ckyc spfrc bcrh Cspirjhaaus sp. Dcsha prcmthmug mcpckj Tikhnhaahug sp. yckj lirugur : `crh, sincrc gcmrfsmfphs, gikukoummck lc`c timstur mfafkh sipirth liaubru % "ia"itty/, crkc mfafkh puth` clu$clu mi`hocuck ohmc bhcgcth bcrh bipck, gighahmh jrf!hkj zfki, thbcm gighahmh rcbhca urrf!, i$ubcti brfps, bck &fkcsh, sibckjmck cpclhac bhcgcth bcrh ri"irsi, crkc mfafkh tcgpcm puth` mimukhkjck tckpc rcbhca urrf!
8
bck &fkcsh. Dca tirsilut tiac` sisuch bikjck ahtirctur. Tikjcgctck sincrc ghmrfsmfphs gikukoummck strumtur yckj sisuch bikjck ahtirctur. ah tirctur. hsuca hsuca pripcrct gikukoummck cbckyc mfkhbhfefr Tikhnhaahug sp. yckj lirnclckj$nclckj, kcguk pikiktuck ctcrc ehachb bikjck gituac thbcm bcpct bhacmumck mcrikc jcglcr yckj yckj tiracau minha. Tikjcgctck gfrefafjh mcpckj sincrc ghmrfsmfphs tirsilut bhjukcmck suctu acrutck uktum gigluct pripcrct ychtu acrutck acmtfeikfa ctcu acmtfeikfa nfttfk laui. Jcrutck tirsilut lireukjsh uktum giknijc`
pikjucpck bck pikjirutck sia
mcpckj, sirtc giglirhmck crkc lhru si`hkjjc sia gubc` bhcgcth %#caai 3)+3 39>- 5utfkf b&&( 3):> >
cglcr . Nckbhbc calhncks I#uglir bfmugiktcsh Ckbh Chsyhc` CahiE
34
Trcmthmug pikjcgctck m`cghr, ghmrffrjckhsgi yckj bhjukcmck hcac` Nckbhbc calhncks
bcacg gibhug ?G8 %Xicst Gcat Lrft`/ lirugur 3 `crh.
8irbcscrmck `csha pikjcgctck sincrc gcmrfsmfphm, mfafkh Nckbhbc calhncks lircrkc puth` sipirth miru` pcbc acrutck nfmact igcs. 8irbcscrmck pikjcgctck sincrc ghmrfsmfphm, liktum sia Nckbhbc calhncks cbcac` luact ctcu f;ca. 8iktum sia Nckbhbc calhncks tirsilut silcjhck tiac` gikjcacgh lubbhkj %guknua sia lcru/ gikocbh liktum buc luactck yckj thbcm tirphsc` sipirth phk Lf!ahkj( Cpclhac %sia lcru/ luactck mibuc guknua bh scac` sctu uoukj bcrh sia hkbum gcmc bhsilut silcjch thpi ukhpfacr, kcguk lhac guknua bhmibuc mutul sia hkbum bhsilut thpi lhpfacr. Cmck titcph, tirbcpct puac guknua luactck$luactck luactck$luactck yckj lircktch gikyirupch `hec, thpi tirsilut bhcmctcmck silcjch psiubfghniahug. #ia yckj lcru tirliktum tirsilut sigcmhk acgc sigcmhk liscr bck gighsc`mck bhrh bcrh sia hkbumkyc %Gcbhjck b&& . 3)): ::+/. Dcsha pikjcgctck gikukoummck silcjhck liscr sia Nckbhbc calhncks yckj bhcgcth lirthpi ukhpfacr. Jcrutck yckj bhjukcmck uktum pikjcgctck m`cghr Nckbhbc calhncks tirsilut gikjjukcmckgit`yaiki laui. Dca tirsilut bhsilclmck mcrikc git`yaiki laui girupcmck nct yckj lirguctck pfshthe ctcu lcshn byi si`hkjjc cmck gikhgluamck ;hsuca yckj tcgpcm ailh` oiacs cpclhac bhcgcth bh lcc` ghmrfsmfp %2frtfrc %2frtfrc b&& . <3 +)/.
$. M" M"^H ^HG GTYAC TYACK K
3. Tikjcgctck Tikjcgctck gcmrfsm gcmrfsmfphm fphm pcbc pcbc mcpckj mcpckj gikukoum gikukoummck mck mcpckj mcpckj gighahmh gighahmh crkc mfafkh yckj ugugkyc puth`, `htcg, `hocu, mukhkj, bck clu$clu, sirtc thbcm siguc mcpckj gighahmh ri"irsi nfafky, jrf!hkj zfki, &fkcsh, i$ubcti brfps, bck rcbhca urrf!, sibckjmck pikjcgctck ghmrfsmfsphs gikukoumck strumtur cbckyc stfafk, r`h&fhb, spfrckjhfefr pcbc \`hzfpus sp. bck cbckyc strumtur mfkhbhfefr, ehachb, gituac, mfkhbhc pcbc Cspirjhaaus sp. bck Tikhnhaahug sp( Tikjcgctck gcmrfsmfphs pcbc m`cghr gikukoummck crkc puth` miru` pcbc ?G8, sibckjmck ghmrfsmfphs gikukoummck liktum luact f;ca bck silcjhck gikjcacgh lubbhkj(
33
<. cpckj cpckj thkjmct thkjmct thkjjh thkjjh bck bck thkjmct thkjmct rikbc` rikbc` bcpct bcpct bhlibcmck bhlibcmck bcrh cbc cbc thbcmkyc simct pcbc `hec bck oikhs spfrc csimsucakyc. J. BC$RC BC$RC\ \ CNYCK CNYCK
Cai1fpfuafs, (. 5., 5., (. 0. 0. Ghgs, Ghgs, ' G. 8acnmiaa. 3))+. Hktrfbuntfry gynfafjy. Nb. i$. 5f`k 0haiy ' #fks, Hkn., i ?frm ?frm ;h O*+* `ag. (crahai, G. 5. ' #. (. 0ctmhksfk 0ctmhksfk.. 3))9. +`i ukjh( Cncbighn Triss, Jfkbfk Jfkbfk 1hhh O *< `ag. Naahs, 4., #. 4c;hs, D. Cai1hfu, @. Dckbmi, @. 8crtaiy. 8crt aiy. <:. <:. Bisnrhpthfks f gibhnca ukjh(
3** `ag. ckbocr, H., H. G. fiktofrf, 0. Gckjukcrbfyf, ' J. #filcjyc. 3))<. Tibfgck prc&th&ug gh&rflhfafjh gh&rflhfafjh bcscr . 5urusck 8hfafjh "GHTC LH, 5cmcrtc
;hh O *: `ag. ckbocr, H., @. C. #cgsfk, . 2. irgiuaik, C. Mitcrh, ' H. #cktfsf. 3))). Tikjikcack &cpckj trfph& trfph& ugug.
?cycsck Mlfr Mlfr Hkbfkishc, 5cmcrtc 1h; O
3>+ `ag. ckbocr, H., 0. #ocgsurhb&ca, C. Mitcrh. <+. Gh&fafjh bcscr bck tircpck(?cycsck ?cycsck Mlfr Hkbfkishc, 5cmcrtc
1hh O <> `ag.
5utfkf, 5., #. #fibcrsfkf, #. Dcrtcbh, #. clhruk, #u`cbh, ' #uscktf. 3):>. Tibfgck prc&th&ug gh&rflhfafjh gh&rflhfafjh ugug . 4ipcrtigik Ghmrflhfafjh "cmuacs
Tirtckhck LG, ?fjycmcrtc ?fjycmcrtc 1hh O <>< `ag. Gcbhjck, G. 2., 5. G. Gcrthkmf, ' 5. Tcrmir. 3)):. Lrfn& lhfafjy f ghnrfrjckhsgs . *t` ib. Trikthni Dcaa Hktirkcthfkca, Hkn., Jfkbfk 1;hhh O )*+
`ag. Tian&cr, G. 5., @. 4. @ihb ' N. (. #. (`ck. 3)::. Ghnrflhfafjy. Nb. i$. Gnrc$Dhaa 8ffm (fgpcky, Hkn., i ?frm ;hh O )9< `ag. Tian&cr 5r, G. 5. ' N. (. #. (`ck. 3)*+. bcscr bcscr gh&rflhfafjh. 2iro. Mai` Dcbhfitfgf, @.#., 2. Hgcs, #.#. 2ohtrfsfgc, ' #. J. Ckjmc. LH Triss, 5cmcrtc 5cmcrtc h1 O )3* `ag. #caai, C. 5. 3)+3. %ukbcgiktca prhknhpais f lcntirhfafjy. Gnrc$Dhaa 8ffm (fgpcky, Hkn., i ?frm ;hhh O *3< `ag. 2frtfrc, 2f rtfrc, . 5., 8. @. "ukmi, ' (. J. (csi. <3. Ghnrflhfafjy Ck hktrfbunthfk hktrfbunthfk. :t` ib. Cbbhsfk 0isaiy Jfkjgck, Hkn., i ?frm 11h; O **: `ag. fam, 0. C. ' G. ". 0`iiair. 3))>. Gh&rflhfafjh. Nb.i$9. 2iro.bcrh 2iro.bcrh Ghnrflhfafjy, fai` Gcrm`cg. Tikirlht Nrackjjc, 5cmcrtc 1hh O >)+ `ag.
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Cspirjhaaus sp. ^!h R!(!: R!(!: B!+ : M''+h
Tikhnhaahug sp. R!(!: B!+
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A
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A
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Tuth` cpcs
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A A Tuth` imukhkjc k
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A
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2cgpcm 8iacmckj
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Tikhnhaahug s
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Cs ir haaus s
cglcr 3. Gcmrfsmfphs cpckj I#uglir bfmugiktcsh prhlcbhE
32
