. Persalinan Letak Sungsang Persalinan sungsang adalah persalinan untuk melahirkan janin yang membujur dalam uterus dengan bokong atau kaki pada bagian bawah dimana bokong atau kaki akan dilahirkan terlebih dahulu daripada anggota badan lainnya.
Prevalensi Letak sungsang terjadi dalam 3-4% dari persalinan yang ada. Terjadinya letak sungsang berkurang dengan bertambahnya umur kehamilan. Letak sungsang terjadi pada 25% dari persalinan yang terjadi sebelum umur kehamilan 28 minggu, terjadi pada 7% persalinan yang terjadi pada minggu ke 32 dan terjadi pada 1-3% persalinan yang terjadi pada kehamilan aterm.2,3 Sebagai contoh, 3,5 persen dari 136.256 persalinan tunggal dari tahun 1990 sampai 1999 di Parkland Hospital merupakan letak sungsang.1 Patofisiologi Letak janin dalam uterus bergantung pada proses adaptasi janin terhadap ruangan dalam uterus. Pada kehamilan sampai kurang lebih 32 minggu, jumlah air ketuban relatif lebih banyak, sehingga memungkinkan janin bergerak dengan leluasa. Dengan demikian janin dapat menempatkan diri dalam presentasi kepala, letak sungsang atau letak lintang.6 Pada kehamilan triwulan terakhir janin tumbuh dengan cepat dan jumlah air ketuban relatif berkurang. Karena bokong dengan kedua tungkai terlipat lebih besar daripada kepala, maka bokong dipaksa untuk menempati ruang yang lebih luas di fundus uteri, sedangkan kepala berada ruangan yang lebih kecil di segmen bawah uterus. Dengan demikian dapat dimengerti mengapa pada kehamilan belum cukup bulan, frekuensi letak sungsang lebih tinggi, sedangkan pada kehamilan cukup bulan, janin sebagian besar ditemukan dalam presentasi kepala.6 Sayangnya, beberapa fetus tidak seperti itu. Sebagian dari mereka berada dalam posisi sungsang. Dikenal beberapa jenis letak sungsang, yakni:1,2,3,4,5,6 yakni:1,2,3,4,5,6 • Presentasi bokong (frank breech) (50-70%). Pada presentasi bokong akibat ekstensi kedua sendi lutut, kedua kaki terangkat ke atas sehingga ujungnya terdapat setinggi bahu atau kepala janin. Dengan demikian pada pemeriksaan dalam hanya dapat diraba bokong. • Presentasi bokong kaki sempurna ( complete breech ) ( 5-10%). Pada presentasi bokong kaki sempurna disamping bokong dapat diraba kaki. • Presentasi bokong kaki tidak sempurna dan presentasi kaki ( incomplete or footling ) ( 1030%). Pada presentasi bokong kaki tidak sempurna hanya terdapat satu kaki di samping bokong, sedangkan kaki yang lain terangkat ke atas. Pada presentasi kaki bagian paling rendah adalah satu atau dua kaki. Etiologi Ada beberapa penyebab yang memegang peranan dalam terjadinya letak sungsang diantaranya adalah:4 1. Prematuritas karena bentuk rahim relatif kurang lonjong, air ketuban masih banyak dan kepala anak relatif besar 2. Hidramnion karena anak mudah bergerak. 3. Plasenta previa karena menghalangi turunnya kepala ke dalam pintu atas panggul. 4. Panggul sempit 5. Kelainan bentuk kepala: hidrocephalus, anencephalus, karena kepala kurang sesuai dengan bentuk pintu atas panggul. Faktor lain yang menjadi predisposisi terjadinya letak sungsang selain umur kehamilan termasuk diantaranya relaksasi uterus berkaitan dengan multiparitas, multi fetus, persalinan sungsang sebelumnya, kelainan uterus dan tumor pelvis. Plasenta yang terletak di daerah kornu fundus uteri dapat pula menyebabkan letak leta k sungsang, karena plasenta mengurangi luas
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ruangan di daerah fundus.6 Fianu dan Vaclavinkova (1978) menemukan prevalensi lebih tinggi pada implantasi plasenta di daerah kornual-fundal pada letak lintang (73 %) dari presentasi vertex (5 %) dengan sonografi. Frekuensi terjadinya letak sungsang juga meningkat dengan adanya plesenta previa, tetapi hanya sejumlah kecil letak sungsang yang berhubungan dengan plasenta previa. Tidak ada hubungan yang kuat antara letak sungsang dengan pelvis yang menyempit (panggul sempit).1 Diagnosis Diagnosis letak sungsang pada umumnya tidak sulit. Pada pemeriksaan luar, di bagian bawah uterus tidak dapat diraba bagian yang keras dan bulat, yakni kepala, dan kepala teraba di fundus uteri. Kadang-kadang bokong janin teraba bulat dan dapat memberi kesan seolah-olah kepala, tetapi bokong tidak dapat digerakkan semudah kepala. Seringkali wanita tersebut menyatakan bahwa kehamilannya terasa lain daripada kehamilannya yang terdahulu, karena terasa penuh di bagian atas dan gerakan terasa lebih banyak di bagian bawah. Denyut jantung janin pada umumnya ditemukan setinggi atau sedikit lebih tinggi daripada umbilikus. 6 Apabila diagnosis letak sungsang dengan pemeriksaan luar tidak dapat dibuat, karena misalnya dinding perut tebal, uterus mudah berkontraksi atau banyaknya air ketuban, maka diagnosis ditegakkan berdasarkan pemeriksaan dalam. Apabila masih ada keragu-raguan, harus dipertimbangkan untuk melakukan pemeriksaan ultrasonografik atau M.R.I. ( Magnetic Resonance Imaging ). 6 Setelah ketuban pecah, dapat diraba lebih jelas adanya bokong yang ditandai dengan adanya sakrum, kedua tuber ossis iskii, dan anus. Bila dapat diraba kaki, maka harus dibedakan dengan tangan. Pada kaki terdapat tumit, sedangkan pada tangan ditemukan ibu jari yang letaknya tidak sejajar dengan jari-jari lain dan panjang jari kurang lebih sama dengan panjang telapak tangan. Pada persalinan lama, bokong janin mengalami edema, sehingga kadangkadang sulit untuk membedakan bokong dengan muka. 6 Pemeriksaan yang teliti dapat membedakan bokong dengan muka karena jari yang akan dimasukkan ke dalam anus mengalami rintangan otot, sedangkan jari yang dimasukkan ke dalam mulut akan meraba tulang rahang dan alveola tanpa ada hambatan. Pada presentasi bokong kaki sempurna, kedua kaki dapat diraba disamping bokong, sedangkan pada presentasi bokong kaki tidak sempurna, hanya teraba satu kaki di samping bokong.1,6 Penatalaksanaan Penatalaksanaan Dalam kehamilan Mengingat bahaya-bahayanya, sebaiknya persalinan dalam letak sungsang dihindarkan. Untuk itu bila pada waktu pemeriksaan antenatal dijumpai letak sungsang, terutama pada primigravida, hendaknya diusahakan melakukan versi luar menjadi presentasi kepala. Versi luar sebaiknya dilakukan pada kehamilan antara 34 dan 38 minggu. Pada umumnya versi luar sebelum minggu ke-34 belum perlu dilakukan, karena kemungkinan besar janin masih dapat memutar sendiri, sedangkan setelah minggu ke-38 versi luar sulit untuk berhasil karena janin sudah besar dan jumlah air ketuban relatif berkurang. 6 Sebelum melakukan versi luar, diagnosis letak leta k janin harus pasti, sedangkan denyut jantung janin harus baik. Apabila bokong sudah turun, bokong harus dikeluarkan lebih dahulu dari rongga panggul, tindakan ini dilakukan dengan meletakkan jari-jari kedua tangan penolong pada perut ibu bagian bawah untuk mengangkat bokong janin. Kalau bokong tidak dapat dikeluarkan dari panggul, usaha untuk melakukan versi luar tidak ada gunanya. Setelah bokong keluar dari panggul, bokong ditahan dengan satu tangan, sedang tangan yang lain mendorong kepala ke bawah sedemikian rupa, sehingga fleksi tubuh bertambah. 6 Selanjutnya kedua tangan bekerjasama untuk melaksanakan putaran janin untuk menjadi
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karena usaha tersebut tidak akan berhasil. 6 Kontraindikasi lain untuk melakukan versi luar ialah: 1) panggul sempit, 2) perdarahan antepartum; 3) hipertensi; 4) hamil kembar; 5) plasenta previa. Pada panggul sempit tidak ada gunanya melakukan versi luar, karena meskipun berhasil menjadi presentasi kepala, akhirnya perlu dilakukan seksio sesarea. Tetapi bila kesempitan panggul hanya ringan, versi luar harus diusahakan karena kalau berhasil akan memungkinkan dilakukan partus percobaan. Versi luar pada perdarahan antepartum tidak boleh dilakukan, karena dapat menambah perdarahan akibat lepasnya plasenta. 6 Pada penderita hipertensi, usaha versi luar dapat menyebabkan solusio plasenta; sedangkan pada kehamilan kembar, selain janin yang lain dapat menghalangi usaha versi luar tersebut, yang lebih berbahaya ialah bila janin berada dalam satu kantong amnion kemungkinan tali pusat kedua janin akan saling melilit. 6 Kalau versi luar gagal karena penderita menegangkan otot-otot dinding perut, penggunaan narkosis dapat dipertimbangkan. Kerugian penggunaan narkosis untuk versi luar a ntara lain: narkosis harus dalam, sebab dengan narkosis ringan versi laur jauh lebih sulit dibandingkan bila penderita tetap dalam keadaan sadar. Disamping itu, karena penderita tidak merasakan sakit ada bahaya kemungkinan digunakan tenaga berlebihan dan dapat mengakibatkan lepasnya plasenta. Mengingat bahayanya, sebaiknya tidak melakukan versi luar dengan menggunakan narkosis.1,6 Versi Versi atau pemutaran, merupakan tindakan untuk mengubah presentasi janin secara artifisial, baik melalui penggantian kutub yang satu dengan lainnya pada letak longitudinal, atau konversi letak oblik atau letak lintang menjadi letak longitudinal. Tergantung pada bagian presentasi janin (kepala atau bokong), dapat dilakukan versi sefalik atau podalik. Jenis versi ini juga diberi nama menurut metode yang dipakai. Jadi, versi luar merupakan tindakan manipulasi yang dilakukan lewat dinding abdomen ; sementara pada versi dalam, seluruh tangan operator dimasukkan ke dalam kavum uteri. A. Versi Sefalik Luar Tujuan prosedur ini adalah untuk mengubah presentasi yang kurang menguntungkan menjadi presentasi verteks atau presentasi belakang kepala. Indikasi Jika presentasi bokong atau bahu (letak lintang) didiagnosis pada minggu-minggu terakhir kehamilan, pengubahannya menjadi presentasi verteks dapat dicoba lewat manuver luar asalkan tidak terdapat disproporsi nyata antara besar janin dan ukuran panggul. Versi sefalik dianggap oleh sebagian dokter kebidanan sebagai teknik yang sering berhasil baik dengan morbiditas yang kecil, sehingga harus dicoba untuk menghindari peningkatan angka mortalitas yang menyertai persalinan sungsang. Jika letak janin melintang, perubahan presentasi tersebut merupakan satu-satunya alternatif bagi tindakan seksio sesarea, kecuali bila janin itu berukuran sangat kecil dan biasanya belum viabel. Menurut Fortunato dkk. (1998), versi sefalik luar lebih besar kemungkinannya untuk berhasil jika : (1) bagian presentasi belum turun ke dalam panggul; (2) cairan ketuban masih terdapat dalam jumlah yang normal; (3) posisi punggung bayi tidak menghadap ke belakang; (4) pasien tidak gemuk. Denyut jantung janin harus dimonitor terus-menerus, sehingga dokter bisa mendengar suara denyut jantung tersebut selama melakukan tindakan. Kalau ada, alat sonografi akan bermanfaat. Jangan menggunakan anestesi, karena akan mengakibatkan pemakaian tenaga yang tidak semestinya. Dalam stadium awal persalinan, sebelum ketuban pecah, berlaku inidikasi yang sama. Indikasi tersebut kemudian bisa diperluas sampai pada letak bayi yang tidak stabil biasanya masih bisa berubah secara spontan menjadi letak longitudinal ketika proses persalinan
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ke dalam rongga rahim, menangkap salah satu atau kedua kaki janin, dan menariknya keluar lewat serviks, sementara bagian atas badan janin didorong ke arah yang berlawanan secara trans abdomen. Tindakan ini kemudian diikuti oleh ekstraksi bokong. Indikasi Kecuali pada persalinan bayi kedua dalam kehamilan kembar, hanya ada beberapa indikasi untuk dilakukannya versi podalik dalam. Terkadang prosedur ini bisa dibenarkan kalau serviks sudah berdilatasi penuh, ketuban masih utuh dan janin yang berada dalam letak lintang berukuran kecil dan atau sudah mati. Kemungkinan trauma yang serius pada janin dan ibu pada waktu dilakukan versi podalik dalam dari suatu presentasi kepala. Managemen Dalam persalinan Jenis pimpinan persalinan sungsang1,2,3,4,5,6 sungsang1,2,3,4,5,6 1. Persalinan pervaginam Berdasarkan tenaga yang dipakai dalam melahirkan janin pervaginam, persalinan pervaginam dibagi menjadi 3 yaitu: a) Persalinan spontan (spontaneous breech). Janin dilahirkan dengan kekuatan dan tenaga ibu sendiri. Cara ini lazim disebut cara Bracht. b) Manual aid (partial breech axtraction; assisted breech delivery). Janin dilahirkan sebagian dengan tenaga dan kekuatan ibu dan sebagian lagi dengan tenaga penolong. c) Ekstraksi sungsang (total breech extraction). Janin dilahirkan seluruhnya dengan memakai tenaga penolong. 2. Persalinan per abdominam ( seksio sesarea) A. Prosedur Pertolongan Persalinan Spontan1,5,6 Tahapan 1. Tahap pertama: fase lambat, yaitu mulai lahirnya bokong sampai pusat (skapula depan ).disebut fase lambat karena fase ini hanya untuk melahirkan bokong, yaitu bagian yang tidak begitu berbahaya. 2. Tahap kedua: fase cepat, yaitu mulai dari lahirnya pusar sampai lahirnya mulut. Disebut fase cepat karena pada fase ini kepala janin mulai masuk pintu atas panggul, sehingga kemungkinan tali pusat terjepit. Oleh karena itu fase ini harus segera diselesaikan dan tali pusat segera dilonggarkan. Bila mulut sudah lahir, janin dapat bernafas lewat mulut. 3. Tahap ketiga: fase lambat, yaitu mulai lahirnya mulut sampai seluruh kepala lahir. Disebut fase lambat karena kepala akan keluar dari ruangan yang bertekanan tinggi (uterus), ke dunia luar yang tekanannya lebih rendah, sehingga kepala harus dilahirkan secara perlahan-lahan untuk menghindari terjadinya perdarahan intra kranial (adanya ruptur tentorium serebelli). Teknik 1. Sebelum melakukan persalinan, penolong harus memperhatikan sekali lagi persiapan untuk ibu, janin, maupun penolong. Pada persiapan kelahiran janin harus selalu disediakan cunam Piper. 2. Ibu tidur dalam posisi litotomi, sedang penolong berdiri di depan vulva. Ketika timbul his ibu disuruh mengejan dengan merangkul kedua pangkal paha. Pada waktu bokong mulai membuka vulva (crowning) disuntikkan 2-5 unit oksitosin intra muskulus. Pemberian oksitosin ini adalah untuk merangsang kontraksi rahim sehingga fase cepat dapat diselesaikan dalam 2 his berikutnya. 3. Episiotomi dikerjakan pada saat bokong membuka vulva. Segera setelah bokong lahir, bokong dicengkram secara Bracht, yaitu kedua ibu jari penolong sejajar sumbu panjang paha, sedangkan jari-jari lain memegang panggul. 4. Pada setiap his ibu disuruh mengejan. Pada waktu tali pusat lahir dan tampak sangat
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asisten melakukan ekspresi Kristeller pada fundus uterus, sesuai dengan sumbu panggul. Maksud ekspresi Kristeller ini adalah: a. Agar tenaga mengejan lebih kuat, sehingga fase cepat dapat segera diselesaikan. b. Menjaga agar posisi kepala janin tetap dalam posisi fleksi. c. Menghindari terjadinya ruang kosong antara fundus uterus dengan kepala janin sehingga tidak terjadi lengan menjungkit. 6. Dengan melakukan gerakan hiperlordosis ini berturut-turut lahir tali pusat, perut, bahu dan lengan, dagu, mulut dan akhirnya seluruh kepala. 7. Janin yang baru lahir diletakkan diperut ibu. Seorang asisten segera menghisap lendir dan bersamaan dengan itu penolong memotong tali pusat. 8. Keuntungan a. Tangan penolong tidak masuk ke dalam jalan lahir, sehingga mengurangi bahaya infeksi. b. Cara ini adalah cara yang paling mendekati persalinan fisiologik, sehingga mengurangi trauma pada janin. 9. Kerugian a. 5-10% persalinan secara Bracht mengalami kegagalan, sehingga tidak semua persalinan letak sungsang dapat dipimpin dengan cara Bracht. b. Persalinan secara Bracht mengalami kegagalan terutama dalam keadaan panggul sempit, janin besar, jalan lahir kaku misalnya pada primigravida, adanya lengan menjungkit atau menunjuk. B. Prosedur Manual Aid1,5,6 Indikasi 1. Persalinan secara Bracht mengalami kegagalan, misalnya bila terjadi kemacetan baik pada waktu melahirkan bahu atau kepala. 2. Dari semula memang hendak melakukan pertolongan secara manual aid. Di Negara Amerika sebagian besar ahli kebidanan cenderung untuk melahirkan letak sungsang secara manual aid, karena mereka menganggap bahwa sejak pusar lahir adalah fase yang sangat berbahaya bagi janin, karena pada saat itulah kepala masuk ke dalam pintu atas panggul, dan kemungkinan besar tali pusat terjepit diantara kepala janin dan pintu atas panggul. Tahapan 1. Tahap pertama, lahirnya bokong sampai pusar yang dilahirkan dengan tenaga ibu sendiri. 2. Tahap kedua, lahirnya bahu dan lengan yang memakai tenaga penolong. Cara atau teknik untuk melahirkan bahu dan lengan adalah secara: a. Klasik ( Deventer ) b. Mueller c. Louvset 3. Tahap ketiga, lahirnya kepala. Kepala dapat dilahirkan dengan cara: a. Mauriceau b. Najouks c. Wigan Martin-Winckel d. Prague terbalik e. Cunam Piper C. Prosedur Ekstraksi sungsang Teknik Ekstraksi Kaki 1. Setelah persiapan selesai, tangan yang searah dengan bagian-bagian kecil janin
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pergelangan kaki dipegang oleh jari kedua dan jari ketiga dan dituntun keluar dari vagina sampai batas lutut. 2. Kedua tangan penolong memegang betis janin, yaitu kedua ibu jari diletakkan di belakang betis sejajar sumbu panjang betis, dan jari-jari lain di depan betis. Dengan pegangan ini, kaki janin ditarik curam ke bawah sampai pangkal paha lahir. 3. Pegangan dipindahkan pada pangkal paha setinggi muingkin dengan kedua ibu jari di belakang paha, sejajar sumbu panjang paha dan jari-jari lain di depan paha. 4. Pangkal paha ditarik curam ke bawah sampai trokanter depan lahir. Kemudian pangkal paha dengan pegangan yang sama dielevasi ke atas sehingga trokanter belakang lahir. Bila kedua trokanter telah lahir berarti bokong telah lahir. 5. Sebaliknya bila kaki belakang yang dilahirkan lebih dahulu, maka yang akan lahir lebih dulu ialah trokhanter belakang dan untuk melahirkan trokhanter depan maka pangkal paha ditarik terus curam ke bawah. 6. Setelah bokong lahir, maka untuk melahirkan janin selanjutnya dipakai teknik pegangan femuro-pelviks. Dengan pegangan ini badan janin ditarik curam ke bawah sampai pusar lahir. Selanjutnya untuk melahirkan badan janin yang lain dilakukan cara persalinan yang sama seperti pada manual aid.1,5,6 Gambar 4. Ekstraksi kaki menggunakan perasat Pinard 7 Teknik Ekstraksi Bokong 1. Ekstraksi bokong dikerjakan bila jenis letak le tak sungsang adalah letak bokong murni (frank breech), dan bokong sudah berada di dasar panggul, sehingga sukar untuk menurunkan kaki. 2. Jari telunjuk tangan penolong yang searah dengan bagian kecil janin, dimasukkan ke dalam jalan lahir dan diletakkan di pelipatan paha depan. Dengan jari telunjuk ini, pelipatan paha dikait dan ditarik curam ke bawah. Untuk memperkuat tenaga tarikan ini, maka tangan penolong yang lain mencengkeram pergelangan tangan tadi, dan turut menarik curam ke bawah. 3. Bila dengan tarikan ini trokanter depan mulai tampak di bawah simfisis, maka jari telunjuk penolong yang lain segera mengait pelipatan paha ditarik curam ke bawah sampai bokong lahir. 4. Setelah bokong lahir, bokong dipegang secara femuro-pelviks, kemudian janin dapat dilahirkan dengan cara manual aid (bedah kebidanan).1,5,6 Penyulit persalinan pervaginam 1. Sufokasi. Bila sebagian besar badan janin telah lahir, terjadilah pengecilan rahim, sehingga terjadi gangguan sirkulasi plasenta dan menimbulkan anoksia janin. Ke adaan ini merangsang janin untuk bernapas. Akibatnya darah, mukus, cairan amnion dan mekonium akan diaspirasi, yang dapat menimbulkan sufokasi. Badan janin yang sebagian sudah berada diluar rahim, juga merupakan rangsangan yang kuat untuk janin bernapas. 2. Asfiksia fetalis. Selain akibat mengecilnya uterus pada waktu badan janin lahir, yang menimbulkan anoksia, maka anoksia ini diperberat lagi, dengan bahaya terjepitnya tali pusat pada waktu kepala masuk panggul (fase cepat). 3. Kerusakan jaringan otak. Trauma pada otak janin dapat terjadi, khususnya pada panggul sempit atau adanya diproporsi sefalo-pelvik, serviks yang belum terbuka lengkap, atau kepala janin yang dilahirkan secara mendadak, sehingga timbul dekompresi. 4. Fraktur pada tulang-tulang janin.
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e. Fraktur femur. f. Dislokasi bahu. g. Dislokasi panggul terutama pada waktu melahirkan tungkai yang sangat ekstensi (fleksi maksimal). h. Hematoma otot-otot. Mengingat penyulit pada janin akibat persalinan pervaginam cukup berat, maka perlu dilakukan evaluasi obstetrik dengan teliti, sebelum memutuskan untuk melahirkan janin secara pervaginam. Bila sudah diputuskan melahirkan janin pervaginam, maka penolong dituntut untuk menguasai teknik persalinannya secara terampil. Cara persalinan secara ekstraksi total (total extraction) merupakan cara persalinan dengan penyulit janin yang sangat nburuk, yaitu kematian janin 3 kali lebih banyak dibanding persalinan spontan. Oleh karena itu cara persalinan ini sekarang sudah tidak dianjurkan lagi pada janin hidup. Kematian perinatal pada letak sungsang dibanding dengan letak belakang kepala rata-rata 5 kali lebih banyak.1,5 Komplikasi pada persalinan pervaginam Persalinan sungsang dengan tarikan sampai pada lahirnya umbilikus dan talipusat menyentuh pelvis, akan menekan tali pusat. Oleh karena itu, sekali letak sungsang melewati introitus vagina, abdomen, thoraks, lengan dan kepala harus lahir secara tepat. Ini melibatkan persalinan yang sedikit cepat dapat menekan bagian-bagian janin. Pada kehamilan aterm, beberapa pergerakan kepala mungkin sukses melewati jalan lahir. Pada keadaan yang tidak menguntungkan ini, pilihan persalinan pervaginam keduanya tidak memuaskan: 1. persalinan mungkin tertunda beberapa menit ketika melahirkan kepala yang menyusul melewati pelvis ibu, tetapi hipoksia dan asidemia bertambah berat; atau 2. persalinan mungkin dipaksakan, menyebabkan trauma dari penekanan, tarikan atau keduanya. Pada fetus preterm, perbedaan antara ukuran kepala dan bokong biasanya lebih besar daripada fetus yang lebih tua. Saat itu, bokong dan ekstremitas bawah fetus preterm akan melewati serviks dan dilahirkan, dan serviks belum berdilatasi cukup untuk melahirkan kepala tanpa trauma. Pada keadaan ini, insisi Duhrssen pada serviks mugkin dapat dilakukan. Walaupun demikian, trauma pada fetus dan ibu mungkin dapat dinilai, dan fetal hipoksia mungkin berbahaya. Robertson dan kawan-kawan ( 1995,1996) mengamati tidak ada perbedaan yang bermakna pada kejadian kepala terperangkap pada persalinan sungsang umur kehamilan 28-36 mingggu atau 24-27 minggu. Mereka juga menemukan tidak ada hubungan kelahiran neonatus yang tidak diinginkan setelah kepala terperangkap. Masalah lain pada mekanisme letak sungsang adalah terperangkapnya lengan di belakang leher. Komplikasi lengan menunjuk ( nuchal arm) sampai 6 persen dari persalinan sungsang pervaginam dan dihubungkan dengan peningkatan mortalitas neonatal ( Cheng and Hanah, 1993 ). Frekuensi prolaps tali pusat meningkat apabila fetus berukuran kecil atau bila sungsang tidak
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dikenali untuk persalinan pervaginam mengalami persalinan sesarean karena berisiko dalam persalinan. Apgar skor, khususnya pada 1 menit, pada persalinan pervaginam letak sungsang secara umum lebih rendah dari bila dilakukan persalinan sesarean secara elektif (Flanagan dan kawan-kawan,1987). Dengan cara yang sama, nilai asam basa darah tali pusat secara signifikan berbeda untuk persalinan pervaginam. Christian dan Brady (1991) melaporkan bahwa pH darah arteri umbilikus rendah, Pco2 tinggi, dan HCO3 lebih rendah dibandingkan persalinan letak kepala. Socol dan kawan-kawan (1988) menyimpulkan, bagaimanapun, persalinan sesarean meningkatkan Apgar skor tetapi tidak status asm basa. Flanagan dan kawan-kawan (1987) menekankan bahwa kelahiran bayi pada persalinan sungsang tidak diperburuk oleh perbedaan yang signifikan dari Apgar skor atau status asam basa pada kelahiran. Albrechtsen dan kawan-kawan (1997) mengevaluasi percobaan untuk memilih persalinan pervaginam atau sesarean pada letak sungsang. Pada 1212 letak sungsang, D. Prosedur persalinan sungsang per abdominal 1. Persalinan letak sungsang dengan seksio sesarea sudah tentu merupakan cara yang terbaik ditinjau dari janin. Banyak ahli melaporkan bahwa persalinan letak sungsang pervaginam, memberi trauma yang sangat berarti bagi janin, yang gejala-gejalanya akan tampak baik pada waktu persalinan maupun baru di kemudian hari. 2. Namun hal ini tidak berarti bahwa semua letak sungsang harus dilahirkan per abdominal. Untuk melakukan penilaian apakah letak sungsang dapat melahirkan per vaginam atau harus per abdominam kadang-kadang sukar. 3. Beberapa kriteria yang dapat dipakai pegangan bahwa letak sungsang harus dilahirkan per abdominal, misalnya: a. Primigravida tua. b. Nilai sosial janin tinggi (high social value baby). c. Riwayat persalinan yang buruk (bad obstetric history). d. Janin besar, lebih dari 3,5 kg-4 kg. e. Dicurigai adanya kesempitan panggul. f. Prematuritas. Zatuchni dan Andros telah membuat suatu indeks prognosis untuk menilai lebih tepat a pakah persalinan dapat dilahirkan per vaginam atau per abdominam. Komplikasi Pada letak sungsang yang persisten, meningkatnya komplikasi berikut harus diantisipasi:1,6 1. Morbiditas dan mortalitas perinatal dari persalinan yang sulit. 2. Berat badan lahir yang rendah pada persalinan preterm, hambatan pertumbuhan, atau keduanya. 3. Prolaps tali pusat.
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luka episiotomi dan robekan perineum yang dalam. Anestesi yang memadai untuk menimbulkan relaksasi uterus yang nyata dapat pula mengakibatkan mengakibatkan atonia uteri yang selanjutnya diikuti oleh perdarahan postpartum dari tempat implantasi plasenta. Meskipun demikian, secara umum prognosis bagi ibu yang bayinya dilahirkan dengan ekstraksi bokong bagaimanapun juga lebih baik bila dibandingkan pada tindakan seksio sesarea. Bagi janin, prognosisnya kurang menguntungkan dan akan semakin serius dengan semakin tingginya bagian presentasi pada awal dilakukannya ekstraksi bokong. Di samping peningkatan risiko terjadinya ruptura tentorium dan perdarahan intraserebral, intraserebral, yang menyertai persalinan sungsang, angka mortalitas perinatal juga meningkat akibat semakin besarnya kemungkinan terjadinya trauma lain pada saat dilakukan ekstraksi. Lebih lanjut, prolapsus funikuli pada presentasi presentasi bokong tak lengkap jauh lebih sering dijumpai bila dibandingkan pada presentasi presentasi verteks, dan komplikasi ini selanjutnya akan memperburuk prognosis prognosis bagi bayi. Fraktur humerus dan klavikula tidak selalu dapat dihindari ketika dilakukan pembebasan lengan, dan fraktur femur dapat terjadi dalam pelaksanaan ekstraksi bokong pada persalinan frank breech yang sulit. Hematom otot sternokleidomastoideus sternokleidomastoideus kadang kala terjadi setelah tindakan ekstraksi, meskipun keadaan ini akan hilang spontan. Tetapi, beberapa permasalahan yang lebih serius dapat mengikuti separasi epifisis pada tulang skapula, humerus atau femur. Paralisis lengan merupakan peristiwa yang bisa terjadi akibat tekanan oleh jari tangan operator pada pleksus brakialis ketika melakukan traksi, tetapi lebih sering lagi disebabkan oleh peregangan peregangan leher secara berlebihan ketika dilakukan pembebasan lengan bayi. Kalau bayi ditarik keluar secara paksa lewat panggul yang sempit, fraktur kompresi berbentuk sendok atau fraktur tengkorak yang sebenarnya, dengan akibat yang umumnya fatal, bisa saja terjadi. Kadang-kadang leher bayi sendiri dapat patah kalau pada waktu ekstraksi digunakan tenaga yang besar.1,6 Menolong Persalinan Sungsang
Last Updated on Wednesday, 06 April 2011 Written by Yesie Aprillia, S.Si.T. M.Kes Wednesday, 06 April 2011
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Mekanisme Kelahiran SUNGSANG Saat ini saya terdorong untuk menulis tentang persalinan Sungsang. Sebuah penelitian di Kanada membuktikan persalinan sungsang pervagina ternyata aman. Selama ini beberapa dokter kandungan selalu menganjurkan dan meyakinkan ibu bahwa operasi sesar adalah lebih aman daripada lahir normal. Tapi ternyata tidak.
Sebenarnya yang terpenting dalam pertolongan persalinan adalah HANDS OFF.karena jika Anda menarik kaki justru akan berbahaya.
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Anda dapat melihat cara bayi turun dengan melihat cara tumitnya mengarah. Tumit ke depan (lihat foto) memberitahu kita bayi bayi berada pada posisi Anterior
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Distosia PERSALINAN PADA PRESENTASI SUNGSANG dr.Bambang Widjanarko, SpOG Fak.Kedokteran & Kesehatan UMJ
Persalinan pada presentasi sungsang : 1. Pers Persal alina inan n perv pervag agin inam am:: ○
Persalinan sungsang spontan pervaginam (cara Bracht)
○
Ekstraksi bokong parsialis
○
Ekstraksi bokong / kaki totalis
1. Persalin Persalinan an perabdo perabdomin minal: al: Sectio Sectio Caesar Caesar
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MEKANISME PERSALINAN SUNGSANG SPONTAN PER VAGINAM Terdapat perbedaan dasar antara persalinan pada presentasi sungsang dengan persalinan pada presentasi belakang kepala. Pada presentasi belakang kepala, bila kepala sudah lahir maka sisa tubuh janin akan mengalami proses persalinan selanjutnya dan umumnya tanpa kesulitan. Pada presentasi sungsang, lahirnya bokong dan bagian tubuh janin tidak selalu dapat diikuti dengan persalinan kepala secara spontan. Dengan demikian maka pertolongan persalinan sungsang pervaginam memerlukan keterampilan khusus dari penolong persalinan.
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pada diameter antero-posterior jalan lahir. Segera setelah bahu, kepala anak yang umumnya dalam keadaan fleksi maksimum masuk panggul melalui diameter oblique dan kemudian dengan cara yang sama mengalami putar paksi dalam sehingga bagian tengkuk janin berada dibawah simfisis pubis. Selanjutnya kepala anak lahir melalui gerakan fleksi. Engagemen bokong dapat terjadi pada diameter tranversal panggul dengan sacrum di anterior atau posterior. Mekanisme persalinan pada posisi tranversal ini sama dengan yang sudah diuraikan diatas, perbedaan terletak pada jauhnya putar paksi dalam ( dalam keadaan ini putar paksi dalam berlangsung sejauh 900 ).
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○
2.
Fase cepat: cepat: ○ ○
○
3.
Disebut fase lambat oleh karena tahapan ini tidak perlu ditangani secara tergesa-gesa mengingat tidak ada bahaya pada ibu dan anak yang mungkin terjadi.
Mulai lahirnya umbilikus sampai mulut. Pada fase ini, kepala janin masuk panggul sehingga terjadi oklusi pembuluh darah talipusat antara kepala dengan tulang panggul sehingga sirkulasi uteroplasenta terganggu. Disebut fase cepat oleh karena tahapan ini harus terselesaikan dalam 1 – 2 kali kontraksi uterus (sekitar 8 menit).
Fase lambat kedua: ○ ○
Mulai lahirnya mulut sampai seluruh kepala. Fase ini disebut fase lambat oleh karena tahapan ini tidak boleh dilakukan secara tergesa-gesa untuk menghidari dekompresi kepala yang terlampau cepat yang dapat menyebabkan perdarahan intrakranial.
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EKSTRAKSI PARSIAL PADA PERSALINAN SUNGSANG PERVAGINAM = manual aid Terdiri dari 3 tahapan : 1. Bokong sampai sampai umbilik umbilikus us lahir lahir secara secara spontan spontan (pada (pada frank breech). breech). 2. Persalinan Persalinan bahu bahu dan dan lengan lengan dibant dibantu u oleh penolong. penolong. 3. Persalin Persalinan an kepala kepala dibant dibantu u oleh penolo penolong. ng.
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•
•
Adanya inklinasi panggul (sudut antara pintu pi ntu atas panggul dengan sumbu panggul) Adanya lengkungan jalan lahir dimana dinding sebelah depan lebih panjang dibanding lengkungan dinding sacrum disebelah belakang
Sehingga setiap saat bahu posterior akan berada pada posisi lebih rendah dibandingkan posisi bahu anterior Tehnik :
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Keuntungan persalinan bahu dengan cara Lovset : 1. Tehn Tehnik ik sede sederh rhan ana. a. 2. Hampir Hampir selalu dapat dapat dikerjakan dikerjakan tanpa tanpa melihat melihat posisi posisi lengan lengan janin. janin. 3. Kemungkinan Kemungkinan infeksi infeksi intrauterin intrauterin minimal. minimal.
2. Persalinan bahu dengan cara KLASIK •
Disebut pula sebagai tehnik DEVENTER.
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elevasi sejauh mungkin dengan gerakan mendekatkan perut anak pada perut ibu. 2. Tangan Tangan kiri penolong penolong dimasu dimasukkan kkan kedalam kedalam jalan jalan lahir, jari tengan tengan dan telunjuk tangan kiri menyelusuri bahu sampai menemukan fosa cubiti dan kemudian dengan gerakan “mengusap muka janin muka janin ” , lengan posterior bawah bagian anak dilahirkan. 3. Untuk melahirka melahirkan n lengan depan, depan, peganga pegangan n pada pergelanga pergelangan n kaki janin janin diubah. Dengan tangan kanan penolong, pergelangan kaki
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depan
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3. Selanjutnya Selanjutnya lengan lengan depan depan dilahirkan dilahirkan dengan tehnik tehnik persalina persalinan n bahu cara cara
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dahi yang persisten hanya dapat berlangsung bila terdapat molase berlebihan sehingga bentuk kepala berubah. Molase berlebihan akan menyebabkan caput didaerah dahi sehingga palpasi dahi menjadi sulit. Pada presentasi dahi yang bersifat sementara (penempatan dahi) , progonosis tergantung pada presentasi akhir. Bila presentasi dahi sudah bersifat menetap, prognosis persalinan pervaginam sangat buruk kecuali bila janin kecil atau jalan lahir sangat luas. Prinsip penatalaksanaan sama dengan pada presentasi muka.
LETAK LINTANG Sumbu panjang janin tegak lurus dengan sumbu panjang tubuh ibu. Kadang-kadang sudut yang ada tidak tegak lurus sehingga terjadi letak oblique yang sering bersifat sementara oleh karena akan berubah menjadi presentasi kepala atau presentasi bokong ( “unstable “unstable lie” ) Pada letak lintang, bahu biasanya berada diatas Pintu Atas Panggul dengan bokong dan kepala berada pada fossa iliaca Deskripsi letak lintang : akromial kiri atau kanan dan dorso-anterior atau dorsoposterior Angka kejadian 1 : 300 persalinan tunggal (0.3%)
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Diagnosis •
•
•
•
•
Diagnosa biasanya mudah dan kadang-kadang hanya melalui inspeksi dimana abdomen terlihat melebar dengan fundus uteri sedikit diatas umbilikus. Tidak ada kutub janin yang teraba dibagian fundus dan kepala teraba di fossa iliaca. Pada dorso-posterior, teraba bagian kecil pada palpasi dinding abdomen. VT pada persalinan dini dapat meraba tulang rusuk, bila pembukaan servik sudah bertambah maka dapat teraba skapula dan klavikula. Arah penutupan aksila menunjukkan arah bahu dan lokasi kepala. Pada persalinan lanjut, bahu terperangkap dalam jalan lahir dan seringkali disertai prolapsus lengan dan keadaan ini disebut letak lintang kasep neglected transverse lie.
Etiologi 1. Grandemultip Grandemultipara ara akibat akibat dinding dinding abdomen abdomen yang kendor 2. Jani Janin n Pret Preter erm m 3. Plas Plasen enta ta pre previ via a 4. Kelaina Kelainan n anatom anatomis is uterus uterus 5. Hidr Hidram amni nion on 6. Pang Panggu gull sem sempi pitt Wanita yang sudah mengalami persalinan > 4 kali dengan bayi aterm memiliki kemungkinan mengalami kehamilan dengan presentasi lintang 10 kali lipat nulipara. Kekendoran otot abdomen yang mengakibatkan perut gantung (“pendulous abdomen”) dapat menyebabkan uterus jatuh kedepan sehingga sumbu panjang janin
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lintang. Mekanisme persalinan
Letak lintang kasep (“neglected transverse lie”) Terdapat lingkaran muskular (pathological retraction ring-Bandl” ) diatas SBR yang sudah sangat menipis. Tekanan His disebarkan secara sentripetal pada dan diatas lingkaran retraksi patologis sehingga regangan terus bertambah dan menyebabkan robekan pada SBR. Persalinan spontan pervaginam pada janin aterm normal dengan presentasi lintang tidak mungkin berlangsung. Setelah selaput ketuban pecah, lengan janin memasuki panggul dan menyebabkan prolapsus lengan. Kontraksi uterus selanjutnya akan menyebabkan bahu masuk kedalam SBR dan menyebabkan regangan SBR berlebihan yang dapat berakhir dengan ruptura uterus (“neglected transverse lie”) Bila janin kecil (kurang dari 800 gram) dan panggul cukup luas, persalinan pervaginam dapat berlangsung bila his yang cukup kuat untuk melipat tubuh janin agar melewati PAP dan persalinan berlangsung dengan mekanisme conduplicatio conduplicatio corporae. Penatalaksanaan Presentasi lintang pada awal persalinan adalah indikasi untuk melakukan SC. Pada minggu ke 39 sebelum persalinan
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Pada saat melakukan SC, akibat terperangkapnya tubuh janin dalam SBR maka insisi uterus lebih baik dilakukan secara vertikal.
PRESENTASI RANGKAP Prolapsus lengan disamping bagian terendah janin.
Presentasi rangkap. Tangan kiri berada didepan bagian terendah janin dan biasanya desensus kepala dapat berlangsung normal. Angka kejadian dan Etiologi: Angka kejadian 1 : 700 persalinan Keadaan ini disebabkan oleh hambatan penutupan PAP oleh kepala janin secara sempurna antara lain seperti yang terjadi pada persalinan preterm. Prognosis dan Penatalaksanaan •
•
•
Angka kematian perinatal meningkat sebagai konsekuensi dari : ○
persalinan preterm,
○
prolapsus talipusat dan
○
prosedur obstetrik yang traumatik.
Pada sebagian besar kasus, penatalaksanaan kasus adalah ekspektatif oleh karena jarang mengganggu jalannya persalinan dan umumnya tangan janin secara reflektoar akan ditarik sehingga tidak lagi mengganggu jalannya persalinan. Tindakan yang bisa dikerjakan adalah dengan mereposisi tangan dan menurunkan kepala kedalam jalan lahir secara bersamaan.
Tebes dkk (1999) melaporkan adanya janin yang
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POSISIO OKSIPITALIS POSTERIOR Satu bentuk kelainan putar paksi dalam ( internal rotation ) pada proses persalinan. Pada 10% kehamilan, kepala masuk PAP dengan oksiput berada pada segmen posterior panggul. Sebagian besar keadaan ini terjadi pada arsitektur panggul yang normal, namun sebagian kecil terjadi pada bentuk android. Diagnosa ditegakkan melalui palpasi abdomen dimana punggung janin teraba disatu sisi pinggang ibu dan dilokasi tersebut DJJ terdengar paling keras. Pada persalinan aktif, pemeriksaan VT dapat memberi informasi yang lebih banyak dengan terabanya occiput dan ubun-ubun besar .
Posisio Occipitalis Posterior Pemeriksaan Vaginal : ubun ubun kecil kiri belakang Selama persalinan berlangsung, kepala janin memperoleh tekanan kearah pelvis sehingga terjadi fleksi kepala. Setelah dilatasi lengkap, proses persalinan selanjutnya dapat terjadi melalui satu dari
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3 kemungkinan dibawah :
Kemungkinan arah Putar Paksi Dalam ( PPD) pada posisio oksipitalis posterior 1. 65% kasus kasus,, kepala kepala melaku melakukan kan PPD PPD sejauh sejauh 1350 sehingga occiput berada dibelakang simfisis (rotasi (rotasi panjang) panjang) → persalinan spontan pervaginam normal. 2. 20% kasus, kasus, kepala kepala tidak tidak dapat melakuka melakukan n PPD secara secara lengkap lengkap sehingga sehingga ubun-ubun kecil berada dikiri atau dikanan (deep tranverse arrest). 3. 15% 15% kasu kasus, s, tterj erjad adii PPD PPD 450 kearah posterior (rotasi (rotasi pendek ) → positio occipitalis posterior persisten.
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simfisis (rotasi panjang) → persalinan spontan pervaginam normal.
15% kasus, terjadi PPD 450 kearah posterior (rotasi pendek) → positio occipitalis posterior persisten. Persalinan pervaginam dapat terjadi melalui berbagai kemungkinan : 1. Persalinan spontan. 2. Ekstraksi cunam dengan occiput posterior. 3. Rotasi manual menjadikan occiput anterior dan diikuti dengan persalinan spontan atau dengan ekstraksi cunam. 4. Rotasi dengan cunam kearah occiput anterior dan kemudian dilahirkan. Prognosis Fitzpatrick dkk (2001) , Ponkey dkk (2003) : membandingkan prognosa antara 246 pasien POPPersisten dengan presentasi occiput anterior (POA) dan tercatat adanya komplikasi persalinan yang lebih tinggi pada POPP dibandingkan pada POA. Hanya 40% kasus POPP yang dapat
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Bila kontraksi uterus cukup kuat, dapat terjadi PPD keanterior dan persalinan dapat berlangsung secara normal atau dengan bantuan ekstraksi cunam outlet. Bila kontraksi uterus tidak kuat atau terdapat kelainan bentuk panggul, persalinan pervaginam mungkin berlangsung dengan didahului oleh tindakan rotasi manual kepala dan dilanjutkan dengan persalinan ekstraksi cunam dengan occiput di anterior atau di posterior. Etiologi posisi occipitalis tranversal tidak selalu sederhana. Panggul jenis platipeloid atau android tidak memiliki cukup ruangan untuk terjadinya rotasi kepala. Pada panggul android, engagemen tidak terjadi sehingga kulit kepala sering terlihat didepan introitus vagina sebagai akibat adanya molase dan pembentukan caput yang berlebihan. Dalam keadaan ini tindakan persalinan dengan cunam harus dilakukan secara hati-hati dan tidak dipaksakan.
DISTOSIA AKIBAT HIDROSEPALUS Hidrosepalus : penumpukan cairan cerebro spinal yang berlebihan menyebabkan pembesaran kepala janin.
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Pada 1/3 kasus disertai dengan presentasi sungsang. Diagnosa dengan ultrasonografi lebih mudah dilakukan yaitu dengan mengukur diameter ventrikel lateral dan ketebalan cortex cerebri serta membandingkan ukuran kepala dengan ukuran thorax dan abdomen.
DISTOSIA AKIBAT PEMBESARAN ABDOMEN Pembesaran abdomen janin dapat menyebabkan distosia Pembesaran abdomen janin dapat terjadi oleh karena : •
Vesika urinaria yang penuh.
•
Pembesaran ginjal atau hepar.
•
Asites
Diagnosa pembesaran abdomen janin jarang ditegakkan sampai terjadinya distosia. Bila diagnosa dapat ditegakkan sebelum persalinan, keputusan melakukan SC harus dipertimbangkan. Prognosa pada umumnya sangat buruk. Pada 97% kasus, persalinan terjadi pada presentasi kepala ; 3% pada presentasi sungsang ; 0.5% pada letak lintang.
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EFEK FETO MATERNAL DARI DISTOSIA EFEK MATERNAL •
Infeksi intrapartum.
•
Ruptura uteri.
•
Lingkaran retraksi patologis ( BANDL).
•
Fistula jalan lahir.
•
Cedera dasar panggul.
•
Cedera saraf ekstrimitas inferior pasca persalinan.
EFEK JANIN •
Caput succadeneum.
•
Molase kepala berlebihan.
•
Fraktura tulang kepala spontan.
•
Perdarahan intrakranial
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EKSTRAKSI VAKUM editor : dr.Bambang Widjanarko, SpOG Pendahuluan
Penggunaan tehn tehnik ik “cupping ” untuk untuk persal persalina inan n sudah diawali pada abad ke 18. Prof Profes esor or Youn Young g Simp Simpsson tah tahun 1849 memper memperken kenalk alkan an satu satu alat alat bantu bantu persal persalina inan n yang yang dinamakan ekstraksi vakum – Ekstraksi Vakum (EV) . Pada Pada tah tahun 1956 1956 Malms almstr trom om meng mengen enal alka kan n instru instrumen men ekstra ekstrakto ktorr vakum vakum modern modern yang yang terbua terbuatt dari “stainless steel” namu namun n akib akibat at seju sejumla mlah h komplikasi maka alat ini lambat laun ditinggalkan. EV kembali digunakan setelah dikenalkannya jenis cawan cawan penghi penghisap sap sekali sekali pakai pakai yang yang relatif relatif lunak. lunak. Inovas Inovasii dalam dalam desain desain instru instrumen men dan ketram ketrampil pilan an apli aplika kasi si cawa cawan n peng penghi hisa sap p tela telah h meni mening ngka katka tkan n keaman keamanan an penggu penggunaa naan n EV . Secara Secara progre progresif sif,, EV telah menggeser penggunaan ekstraksi cunam – EC
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seperti misalnya EC atau EV masih diperlukan untuk mengat mengatasi asi tinggi tingginya nya biaya biaya serta serta resiko resiko tindaka tindakan n 12,,37 operasi SS 12 . Prasyarat Tindakan Ekstraksi Vakum “Informed Consent” Pada setiap tindakan tindakan medik diperlukan diperlukan “informed consent ” yang harus dilihat sebagai bagian dari suatu proses proses dan bukan sekedar selembar selembar formulir formulir yang harus diisi dan ditanda tangani oleh penderita dan atau keluarganya. berisi penjela penjelasan san mengen mengenai ai “Informed Consent” berisi per perlu luny nyaa satu satu tinda tindaka kan n medis medis haru haruss dila dilaku kuka kan, n, manfaa manfaatt serta serta resiko resiko yang yang mungki mungkin n terjadi terjadi serta serta bagaimana bagaimana tindakan tersebut tersebut dilakukan. dilakukan. Selain itu harus disampaikan disampaikan pula berbagai berbagai alternatif alternatif tindakan tindakan medis lain untuk menyelesaikan masalah medik yang terjad terjadi. i. Pada Pada saat saat menjela menjelaska skan n mengen mengenai ai hal-ha hal-hall tersebut tersebut diatas, diatas, pasien dan keluargany keluarganyaa harus diberi kesemp kesempatan atan untuk untuk memper memperole oleh h penjela penjelasan san lebih lebih lanj lanjut ut meng mengen enai ai semu semuaa hal hal yang yang mere mereka ka masi masih h belum mengerti. Pembah Pembahasa asan n rutin rutin mengen mengenai ai kemung kemungkin kinan an akan akan dilakukannya intervensi tindakan medis lebih awal ( yang yang dilaku dilakukan kan saat saat kunjun kunjungan gan antena antenatal tal atau atau sebelum persalinan ) adalah hal yang penting dengan meny menyad adar arii beta betapa pa suli sulitn tnya ya peng pengam ambi bila lan n satu satu keputusan medis penting disaat yang amat genting. Persiapan Operator Dokter Dokter harus harus faham faham tentan tentang g instru instrumen men EV yang yang
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Pemerik Pemeriksaa saan n konfir konfirmat matif if dengan dengan ultras ultrasono onogra grafi fi ini memerl memerluka ukan n pengalaman dan dilakukan secara “bedside”. Analgesia dan anaesthesia Pers Persal alin inan an EV - outl outlet et dapa dapatt dila dilaku kuka kan n tanp tanpaa anas anastes tesia ia atau atau analg analges esia. ia. Bila Bila dipe diperl rluk ukan an dapa dapatt diberi diberikan kan anaste anastesia sia region regional al (blok (blok pudend pudenda) a) atau atau yang yang lebih lebih sering sering (dan lebih lebih efekti efektiff ) , dilaku dilakukan kan anastesia spinal. Indikasi Ekstraksi Vakum
1. Kala Kala II mema memanj njan ang g ○
Pada Nulipara 2 jam
○
Pada Multipara 1 jam
2. 2. Mempe Mempers rsin ingk gkat at Kala Kala II II : ○
Kelainan jantung
○
Kelainan serebrovaskuler
○
Kelainan neuromuskuler
○
Ibu lelah
3. Gawat ja janin Kontraindikasi Ekstraksi Vakum •
Dokter tidak memiliki kompetensi untuk melakukan tindakan EV
•
Aplikasi cawan penghisap secara tepat tidak dapat dilakukan
•
Riwayat gangguan kemajuan persalinan kala I yang nyata
•
Indikasi tindakan EV tidak jelas
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merupakan modifikasi dari bentuk yang sudah ada seperti misalnya bentuk pompa tangan, katub pelepas tekanan dan perubahan lain. Cawan penghisap baru terbuat dari berbagai material seperti polietilene atau silastik plastik. Desain cawan penghisap yang kaku dan terbuat dari ditemukan kan pada pada berbag berbagai ai model model “stainless “stainless steel” ditemu dari dari Malmst Malmstrom rom yang yang sudah sudah dikena dikenall sejak sejak tahun tahun 1960 an. Sekarang ini di produksi berbagai cawan pen pengh ghis isap ap yang yang menye menyeru rupa paii mode modell Malm Malmst stro rom m namun terbuat dari bahan plastik yang lunak atau kaku. Model ini pertamakali pertamakali digunakan digunakan pada kasus pos posis isii kepa kepala la defl deflek eksi si atau atau pada pada posi posisi sio o osip osipito ito poste posterio riorr namun namun saat saat ini perala peralatan tan terseb tersebut ut sudah sudah lazim lazim diguna digunakan kan pada pada berbag berbagai ai jenis jenis persal persalina inan n pervaginam 22. Perbandingan berbagai peralatan Cawa Cawan n peng penghi hisa sap p luna lunak k seri sering ng meny menyeb ebab abka kan n kegaga kegagalan lan EV diband dibanding ingkan kan dengan dengan penggu penggunaa naan n 25 cawan penghisap kaku (pastik atau metal ) atau EC . Hal ini terutama disebabkan oleh mudahnya cawan pengh penghisa isap p lunak lunak terseb tersebut ut lepas lepas (“pop off”) dari kepala kepala saat dilakukan traksi. Akan tetapi, tetapi, aplikasi aplikasi cawan penghisap lunak ini lebih jarang menyebabkan menyebabkan cedera pada kepala janin meskipun daya daya cengek cengekera eramny mnyaa lebih lebih kurang kurang diband dibanding ingkan kan cawan yang kaku. Masala Masalah h lain lain adalah adalah bahwa bahwa sebagi sebagian an desain desain alat alat ekstraktor yang terbuat dari plastik memiliki tabung pen pengh ghub ubun ung g yang yang kaku kaku sehi sehing ngga ga meny menyul ulitk itkan an aplikas aplikasii cawan cawan penghi penghisap sap secara secara tepat tepat khusu khususny snyaa
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APLIKASI CAWAN PENGHISAP Setelah prasyarat Setelah prasyarat tindakan tindakan EV dipe dipenu nuhi hi maka maka harus kembali dilakukan pemeriksaan vaginal untuk menentukan ulang posisi, derajat penurunan (station) dan sikap (habitus) janin serta lebih dulu memeriksa persiapan instrumen yang akan digunakan.
Mesin vakum
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Insersi - Cawan penghisap dilumuri dengan jelly atau cairan pelicin. Bila menggunakan cawan penghisap lunak, maka sebagian cawan penghisap dapat dikempiskan dengan tangan operat operator or dan dimasu dimasukk kkan an jalan jalan lahir lahir dianta diantara ra labia. labia. Bila Bila sifat sifat cawan cawan penghi penghisap sap yang yang digunakan kaku, maka insersi kedalam jalan lahir dilakukan secara miring setelah kedua labia disisihkan. Setelah berada dalam jalan lahir maka cawan penghisap ditempatkan pada kepala janin.
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Arah tarikan berubah sesuai dengan penurunan kepala dalam jalan lahir.
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Bila kontraksi uterus mereda maka tekanan vakum diturunkan sampai sekitar 200 mmHg dan traksi dihentikan ; traksi kepala diluar kontraksi uterus akan memperbesar cedera pada kepala janin.
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Bila kontraksi uterus mulai timbul kembali, tekanan dinaikkan sampai besaran yang telah ditentukan dan dilanjutkan dengan traksi kepala janin. 9
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Selama traksi, tangan kiri ( “non dominan hand” ) ditempatkan dalam vagina dengan ibu jari pada cawan dan satu atau dua jari pada kepala kepala janin. Aktivitas ini dilakukan untuk mencegah terlepasnya cawan dari kepala.
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sebaliknya ) merupakan masalah yang kontroversial. Pene Peneli liti tian an yang yang dilak dilakuk ukan an oleh oleh Gard Gardel ella la21 dan 49 Towner menunj menunjukk ukkan an bahwa bahwa resiko resiko perdar perdaraha ahan n intrak intrakran ranial ial pada pada aplika aplikasi si sekuen sekuensia siall diatas diatas lebih lebih bes besar ar diba diband ndin ingk gkan an deng dengan an apli aplika kasi si EV atau atau ekstraksi ekstraksi cunam saja. Namun dari penelitian penelitian lain, tidak terlihat adanya perbedaan resiko tersebut 7 11. Menu Menuru rutt penu penulis lis,, resi resiko ko yang yang berb berbed edaa terse tersebu butt disebabkan oleh karena disebabkan oleh gangguan imbang imbang sepalo sepalopel pelvik vik dan persal persalina inan n per vagina vaginam m yang sangat dipaksakan tanpa menyadari bahaya dari penggunaan instrumen pembantu tersebut. CEDERA PERSALINAN Cedera pada Neonatus Tida Tidak k ada ada satu satu tind tindak akan an pers persal alina inan n oper operat atif if per per vaginam yang tidak disertai peningkatan resiko ibu 18,, 33 33,, 41 41,, 49 55 dan atau anak 18 , 55,,, 58 . Angka kejadian kematian janin atau cedera neonatus yang berat akibat EV sangat rendah dan berada pada rentang 0.1 – 3 kasus per 1000 tindakan EV.
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Laserasi kulit kepala janin
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Inkontinensia urine dan inkontinensia alvi Predis Predispos posisi isi geneti genetik, k, distos distosia, ia, persal persalina inan n sponta spontan n pervaginam, laserasi obstetrik, multiparitas dan cara persalinan dapat menyebabkan cedera permanen atau reversibel reversibel pada jaringan jaringan ikat panggul. panggul. Cedera Cedera pada strukt struktur ur penyan penyangga gga pelvik pelvik merupa merupakan kan resiko resiko tak terhindark terhindarkan an pada persalinan spontan per vaginam vaginam , ,43 43,,51 atau persalinan operatif pervaginam.42 pervaginam. 42 48 51,,32 Orga Organ n vise visera ra pang panggu gull berg bergan antu tung ng dari dari atas atas dan dan disangga disangga dari bawah. Keutuhan Keutuhan struktur struktur penyangga penyangga terseb tersebut ut tergan tergantun tung g pada pada faktor faktor interg intergrit ritas as otot, otot,
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Konvulsi
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Cedera sistem saraf pusat
Dasar pertimbangan lain adalah : •
Deraja Derajatt desens desensus us - bila bila kepala kepala sudah sudah didasa didasarr panggu panggull maka maka per persa salina linan n opera operatif tif pervaginam sebaiknya menggunakan ekstraksi cunam ; namun pada kasus yang santa mendesak maka pemilihan instrumen sangat tergantung pada pilihan operator
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Paritas – pada multipara laserasi jalan lahir pada tindakan ekstraksi cunam jarang terjadi.
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Distosia Bahu – resiko distosia bahu lebih sering terjadi pada ekstraksi vakum
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Rekomendasi : •
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Persalinan operatif per vaginam klasifikasi jenis “outlet” atau “rendah ” ( rotasi < 45 0 ) : dengan analgesia adekwat, pemilihan instrumen EV setara dengan EC. Bila rotasi > 45 0 atau jenis tindakan “mid pelvik” : pada posisi sutura sagitalis melintang pilihan cawan penghisap adfalah dari jenis yang kaku atau dari “stainless steel“. Ekstraksi cunam pada kasus ini hanya boleh dikerjakan oleh operator yang sangat berpengalaman. Persalinan operatif per vaginam pada keadaan asinklitismus sebaiknya sebaiknya menggunak menggunakan an EV dengan cawan penghisap yang kaku.