Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb deuf`f`b`
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>¿ Nàsedj - Mrupj St`tgàb - EMC^
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b`
© Ebstetutj Mu`tck`gtcdj fc Cfud`deôb ^`fejiôbed`, EMC^. Cs ub` jnr` prjfudef` pjr cg Fcp`rt`kcbtj fc ^cf`ddeôb y Fescðj, p`r` cg Ebstetutj Mu`tck`gtcdj fc Cfud`deôb ^`fejiôbed`, EMC^. 00 `vcbef` 0<-63, Deuf`f Bucv`, zjb` > Deuf`f fc Mu`tck`g`. XN\? >483 0808 Djrrcj cgcdtrôbedj? emcrHemcr.cfu.mt Xàmeb` wcn? www.emcr.cfu.mt Cfedeôb >809 Ekprcsj cb EMC^ t`ggcrcs mràidjs
Dôfemj? 0008<8938> ETNB? 5=<55>5906356<
^cscrv`fjs tjfjs gjs fcrcdljs. Pucf` remurjs`kcbtc prjlenef` g` rcprjfuddeôb tjt`g j p`rde`g fc cstc k`tcre`g cfud`tevj, pjr du`gquecr kcfej j prjdcfekecbtj, seb g` `utjrez`deôb fcg Ebstetutj Mu`tck`gtcdj fc Cfud`deôb ^`fejiôbed`, EMC^. Tcmÿb `rtëdugj 6> fc g` Djbstetudeôb Xjgëted` fc Mu`tck`g` quc sc rcicrc ` g` `utjrë`.
Ëbfedc Ëbfedc .............................................................................................................................................................................................
E
¡Necbvcbef` y necbvcbefj! ..................................................................................................................................................
0
Tck`b` 0 Ebvcstem`deôb sjde`g ...........................................................................................................................................
00
@ycr... ljy... G`s p`g`nr`s drc`b ................................................................................................................................................................
0>
kubfj fcfc g`sdecbde`s decbde`ssjde`gcs sjde`gcs 0.CgDjbdcptjs ................................................................................................................................. >. ^`zjb`kecbtj y pcbs`kecbtj gômedj ..................................................................................................................... 4. Xcbs`kecbtj drëtedj ....................................................................................................................................................... ^csukcb ........................................................................................................................................................................................ Ebvcstemuc cb g` rcf... ............................................................................................................................................................. @utjdjbtrjg ................................................................................................................................................................................ V`ggcr fc cquef`..................................................................................................................................................................... f
04 09 0< 05 05 >8 >0
Tck`b` > Xrjdcsj fc ebvcstem`deôb sjde`g .....................................................................................................
>4
@ycr... ljy... G` p`seôb pjr ebvcstem`r fc L`rrect K`rtebc`u ......................................................................................................... Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs
>6
0. Jrm`bez`deôb fc g` ebvcstem`deôb.............................................................................................................................. `. Tcgcddeôb fcg tck` j g` efc` mcbcr`fjr`..........................................................................................................
>3 >3
Xg`btc`kecbtj fcg prjngck` ................................................................................................................................. d.n.Jnoctevjs ........................................................................................................................................................................ f. K`rdj tcôredj .............................................................................................................................................................. c. Vr`n`oj fc d`kpj....................................................................................................................................................... i. @bàgeses fc rcsugt`fjs y djbdgusejbcs ................................................................................................................. ^csukcb ........................................................................................................................................................................................ @utjdjbtrjg ................................................................................................................................................................................ V`ggcr fc ebvcstem`deôb ..........................................................................................................................................................
>9 >9 >< >5 >5 40 4> 44
Tck`b` 4 Cg djbtebcbtc `kcred`bj.............................................................................................................................
43
@ycr... ljy... @ g` fcrev` ................................................................................................................................................................................ 49 Ebvcstemuc cb g` rcf... ......................................................................................................................................................... 49 Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs 0. Lestjre` fcg djbtebcbtc `kcred`bj........................................................................................................................... >. Vcdtôbed` pg`d`s ........................................................................................................................................................ >.0 Xg`d`sfc y i`gg`s mcjgômed`s fc @kåred` ............................................................................................................. 4. Yugbcr`negef`f y recsmj ................................................................................................................................................. 4.0 @ddeôb luk`b` ircbtc ` gjs recsmjs b`tur`gcs ............................................................................................. ^csukcb ........................................................................................................................................................................................ @utjdjbtrjg ................................................................................................................................................................................ V`ggcr fc deuf`f `bë` ...............................................................................................................................................................
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Ëbfedc
4= 4< 45 68 60 6> 64 63
E
Tck`b` 6 Mcjmr`ië` fc @kåred` ..................................................................................................................................... @ycr... ljy... @kåred` ..................................................................................................................................................................................... Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs
6=
6<
0. Mcjmr`ië` pjgëted` fc @kåred` ................................................................................................................................... 0.0 Gëketcs fc @kåred` ................................................................................................................................................. 0.> Feveseôb pjgëted` fc @kåred` pjr rcmejbcs ..................................................................................................... `. Feveseôb pjgëted` fc @kåred` fcg Bjrtc .......................................................................................................
65 65 38 38
n. Feveseôb pjgëted` pjgëted` fc fc @kåred` Dcbtrj`kåred` d. Feveseôb Ebsug`r.............................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................. f. Feveseôb pjgëted` fc @kåred` fcg Tur ............................................................................................................ >. Mcjmr`ië` iësed` fc @kåred` ........................................................................................................................................ >.0 Cg rcgecvc `kcred`bj................................................................................................................................................ >.> Dgek` y nejfevcrsef`f............................................................................................................................................. Ebvcstemuc cb g` rcf... ............................................................................................................................................................. ^csukcb ........................................................................................................................................................................................ @utjdjbtrjg ................................................................................................................................................................................
38 38 38 3> 3> 36 36 33 3=
Tck`b` 3 Xjng`deôb fc @kåred` .....................................................................................................................................
90
@ycr... ljy... G` Ducv` fc g`s K`bjs ........................................................................................................................................................ Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs
9>
0. Xjng`kecbtj fc @kåred`..............................................................................................................................................
94
0.0 Mr`bfcs devegez`dejbcs fc @kåred` .................................................................................................................... 0.> Djgjbez`deôb fcg Bucvj Kubfj ........................................................................................................................ >. Xjng`deôb `dtu`g fc @kåred` ...................................................................................................................................... >.0 @kåred` kugtedugtur`g y pgureåtbed` ................................................................................................................... >.> Cg icbôkcbj fc g`s mr`bfcs urncs .................................................................................................................. 4. I`dtjrcs fc d`knej fckjmràidj ............................................................................................................................. Ebvcstemuc cb g` rcf... ............................................................................................................................................................. Mgjs`rej .......................................................................................................................................................................................... ^csukcb ........................................................................................................................................................................................ @utjdjbtrjg ................................................................................................................................................................................ V`ggcr fc deuf `f`bë` ................................................................................................................................................................
94 96 93 93 99 9= 9< 9< 95 =8 =0
Tck`b` 9 Mcjmr`ië` cdjbôked` fc @kåred`? tr`n`oj y fcs`rrjggj ............................
=4
@ycr... ljy... Gcojs ........................................................................................................................................................................................... Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs
0. @dtevef`fcs cdjbôked`s fc @kåred`....................................................................................................................... >. Fcs`rrjggj ebfustre`g....................................................................................................................................................... 4. D`gef`f fc vef` ................................................................................................................................................................ 4.0 Xjnrcz` y pjnrcz` cxtrck` ................................................................................................................................. 4.> @kåred` pjnrc y fcsemu`g.....................................................................................................................................
EE
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
=6 =3 == =< =< =<
Ebvcstemuc cb g` rcf... ............................................................................................................................................................. ^csukcb ........................................................................................................................................................................................ @utjdjbtrjg ................................................................................................................................................................................ V`ggcr fc ijrk`deôb cb cg tr`n`oj .....................................................................................................................................
=5 <8 <0 <4
Tck`b` = Kemr`dejbcs .....................................................................................................................................................................
<3
@ycr... ljy... Kjo`fj ......................................................................................................................................................................................
<9
Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs 0. Kemr`dejbcs ebtcrb`s y cxtcrb`s ............................................................................................................................... >. Kemr`dejbcs fc Curjp` ` @kåred` ........................................................................................................................... 4. Kemr`dejbcs fcg d`kpj ` g` deuf`f ......................................................................................................................... 6. Kemr`dejbcs fc Dcbtrj`kåred` ` Cst`fjs Sbefjs ............................................................................................. 3. ^ckcs`s y fcs`rrjggj..................................................................................................................................................... 9. Djbscducbde`s fc g`s kemr`dejbcs........................................................................................................................... `. Cb g` sjdecf`f fc ggcm`f` ...................................................................................................................................... n. Cb g` sjdecf`f fc p`rtef` ....................................................................................................................................... ^csukcb ........................................................................................................................................................................................ @utjdjbtrjg ................................................................................................................................................................................ V`ggcr fc vef` i`kege`r .............................................................................................................................................................
Tck`b` < Tck`b`s 0 — =
<= <= << <5 <5 58 58 58 5> 54 53
........................................................................................................................................................
5=
ºDôkj s`d`r prjvcdlj fc cstc rcp`sj: ........................................................................................................................ Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs
5<
Ebvcstem`deôb sjde`g .................................................................................................................................................................... Xrjdcsj fc ebvcstem`deôb sjde`g............................................................................................................................................. Cg djbtebcbtc `kcred`bj........................................................................................................................................................... Mcjmr`ië` fc @kåred` ............................................................................................................................................................... Xjng`deôb fc @kåred` ............................................................................................................................................................... Mcjmr`ië` cdjbôked` fc @kåred`? tr`n`oj y fcs`rrjggj .............................................................................................. Kemr`dejbcs................................................................................................................................................................................... ºDôkj scrà g` prucn` fc cv`gu`deôb: ............................................................................................................................
55 08> 083 08< 00> 003 00< 0>8
Tck`b` 5 Curjp`? fc g`s kjb`rquë`s `nsjgut`s ` g` ^cvjgudeôb ir`bdcs`.
0>0
@ycr... ljy... «Cg Cst`fj sjy yj± G`s kjb`rquë`s `nsjgut`s ........................................................................................................... Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs
0>>
0. G` Cf`f Kjfcrb` cb Curjp` ...................................................................................................................................... >. G` ^cvjgudeôb ir`bdcs` ................................................................................................................................................. `. @btcdcfcbtcs fc g` ^cvjgudeôb ir`bdcs` .......................................................................................................... n. Djbscducbde`s fc g` ^cvjgudeôb ir`bdcs` ........................................................................................................ 4. ^cvjgudeôb Ebfustre`g y d`pet`geskj ......................................................................................................................... ^csukcb ........................................................................................................................................................................................ @utjdjbtrjg ................................................................................................................................................................................
0>4 0>6 0>6 0>3 0>9 0>< 0>5
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Ëbfedc
EEE
Tck`b` 08 Cg ieb fcg djgjbe`geskj ....................................................................................................................................
044
@ycr... ljy... Fjgjrcs Ncfjy` fc Kjgeb` ................................................................................................................................................. Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs
046
0. G` Djbstetudeôb fc Dàfez ............................................................................................................................................. 0.0 Xrebdepejs fc g` Djbstetudeôb fc Dàfez ............................................................................................................ >. D`us`s fc g`s gudl`s fc ebfcpcbfcbde` cb @kåred`......................................................................................... `. D`us`s cxtcrb`s .......................................................................................................................................................... n. D`us`s ebtcrb`s ........................................................................................................................................................... 4. Ebfcpcbfcbde`s cb @kåred` ....................................................................................................................................... 6. Ebfcpcbfcbde` fc Mu`tck`g` .................................................................................................................................... `. D`us`s ............................................................................................................................................................................ n. Ierk` fcg @dt` fc Ebfcpcbfcbde` ....................................................................................................................... d. Djbscducbde`s ............................................................................................................................................................. Mgjs`rej .......................................................................................................................................................................................... Ebvcstemuc cb g` rcf... ............................................................................................................................................................. ^csukcb ........................................................................................................................................................................................ @utjdjbtrjg ................................................................................................................................................................................ V`ggcr fc cquef`f fc måbcrj, fc ctbe` y sjde`g ..........................................................................................................
043 049 04= 04= 04= 04< 045 045 045 068 068 068 060 06> 066
Tck`b` 00 Mu`tck`g` fcspuås fc g` Ebfcpcbfcbde` .......................................................................
063
@ycr... ljy... C X ...................................................................................................................................................................................
069
Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs @bcxeôb fc Mu`tck`g` ` Kåxedj? d`knej y djbtebuef`f tr`s g` Ebfcpcbfcbde`................................... >.0.^cpÿnged` Icfcr`g fc Dcbtrj @kåred` .................................................................................................................... 4. Drc`deôb fc g` ^cpÿnged` fc Mu`tck`g` ................................................................................................................ 4.0 Xcrëjfj fc gjs 48 `ðjs .......................................................................................................................................... ^csukcb ........................................................................................................................................................................................ @utjdjbtrjg .................................................................................................................................................................................
06= 06< 065 038 030 03>
Tck`b` 0> Cg ^åmekcb Gencr`g cb Mu`tck`g` ................................................................................................
033
@ycr... ljy.. ............................................................................................................................................................... Cg Tcðjr Xrcsefcbtc Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs
039
0. ^åmekcb Gencr`g (0<=0 — 0566) .................................................................................................................................. 0.0 Cg dugtevj fcg d`iå y g` gcmesg`deôb `mr`re` ....................................................................................................... 0.> D`r`dtcrësted`s fc gjs mjnecrbjs gencr`gcs ...................................................................................................... >. Mjnecrbjs fur`btc cg ^åmekcb Gencr`g...................................................................................................................
03= 03= 035 098
`. Kemucg M`rdë` Mr`b`fjs ........................................................................................................................................ n. Oustj ^uibj N`rrejs................................................................................................................................................. d. K`bucg Cstr`f` D`nrcr` ......................................................................................................................................... f. Ojrmc Snedj D`st`ðcf` .......................................................................................................................................... 4. Mu`tck`g`, cbdg`vc n`b`bcrj .................................................................................................................................... Mgjs`rej ..........................................................................................................................................................................................
098 098 098 098 090 09>
EY
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
^csukcb ........................................................................................................................................................................................ @utjdjbtrjg ................................................................................................................................................................................ V`ggcr fc ijrk`deôb cb cg tr`n`oj .....................................................................................................................................
09> 094 093
Tck`b` 04 Yever cb fckjdr`de` ...........................................................................................................................................
09=
@ycr... ljy... ................................................................................................................................................................................. 09< Fë` Ebtcrb`dejb`g fc g` Fckjdr`de`............................................................................................................................... 09< Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs 0. G` fckjdr`de` y sus cgckcbtjs.................................................................................................................................
095
0.0`.Vepjs fc fckjdr`de` .............................................................................................................................................. Fckjdr`de` rcprcscbt`tev` ............................................................................................................................. n. Fckjdr`de` p`rtedep`tev`................................................................................................................................. d. Fckjdr`de` ebdgusev` ......................................................................................................................................... ^csukcb ........................................................................................................................................................................................ Ebvcstemuc cb g` rcf... ............................................................................................................................................................. @utjdjbtrjg ................................................................................................................................................................................ V`ggcr fc cfud`deôb cb v`gjrcs ...........................................................................................................................................
095 095 0=8 0=0 0=> 0=> 0=4 0=3
Tck`b` 06 Oôvcbcs y p`rtedep`deôb fckjdràted` ....................................................................................
0==
@ycr... ljy... «Y`kjs ` djbstruer ub iuturj kcojr, `quë y `ljr`± ................................................................................................. Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs
0=<
0. Gjs oôvcbcs, `dtjrcs cstr`tåmedjs fcg fcs`rrjggj ................................................................................................ `. Ouvcbtuf y cfud`deôb ...............................................................................................................................................
0=5 0=5
Ouvcbtuf y ckpgcj .................................................................................................................................................... >. n. Oôvcbcs y p`rtedep`deôb fckjdràted` ...................................................................................................................... >.0 Fcrcdljs y fcncrcs fc g` p`rtedep`deôb.......................................................................................................... >.> Csp`dejs fc p`rtedep`deôb ouvcbeg....................................................................................................................... ^csukcb ........................................................................................................................................................................................ Ebvcstemuc cb g` rcf... ............................................................................................................................................................. @utjdjbtrjg ................................................................................................................................................................................ V`ggcr fc cfud`deôb cb v`gjrcs ...........................................................................................................................................
0<8 0<0 0<> 0<4 0<6 0<6 0<3 0<=
Tck`b` 03 Kuocrcs y p`rtedep`deôb fckjdràted` ......................................................................................
0<5
@ycr... ljy... «Xjr ub pg`bct` 38 — 38 cb >848? Fckjs cg p`sj pjr g` emu`gf`f fc måbcrj± .............................................. Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs
058
0. Ebdguseôb fckjdràted` fc g`s kuocrcs..................................................................................................................... 0.0 G` p`rtedep`deôb fc g` kuocr? ub` djbquest` kuy g`rm` ...........................................................................
050 05>
0.> Jnstàdugjs p`r` g` p`rtedep`deôb fc g`s kuocrcs......................................................................................... >. Bevcgcs fc p`rtedep`deôb ...............................................................................................................................................
054 053 053 059 05= 055
Ebvcstemuc cb g` rcf... ............................................................................................................................................................. ^csukcb ........................................................................................................................................................................................ @utjdjbtrjg ................................................................................................................................................................................ V`ggcr fc cfud`deôb cb v`gjrcs ...........................................................................................................................................
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Ëbfedc
Y
Tck`b` 09 G`s beð`s y gjs beðjs cb g` djkubef`f fckjdràted`.....................................
>80
@ycr... ljy... ............................................................................................................................................................. ¡Àk`kc y duëf`kc! Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs
>8>
0. Fcrcdljs y fcncrcs fc g`s beð`s y gjs beðjs........................................................................................................ `. Fcrcdljs ........................................................................................................................................................................ n. Fcncrcs y jngem`dejbcs ........................................................................................................................................... >. @nusj ebi`bteg y `fjgcsdcbtc ...................................................................................................................................... 4. Ebstetudejbcs fc prjtcddeôb fc g` ebi`bde`............................................................................................................. Ebstetudejbcs fcg Cst`fj ................................................................................................................................................ Ebstetudejbcs fc g` sjdecf`f deveg............................................................................................................................... ^csukcb ........................................................................................................................................................................................ Ebvcstemuc cb g` rcf... ............................................................................................................................................................. @utjdjbtrjg ................................................................................................................................................................................. V`ggcr fc vef` i`kege`r .............................................................................................................................................................
>84 >84 >84 >83 >8= >8= >8= >8< >8< >85 >00
Tck`b` 0= ^cp`sj? Tck`b`s 5 — 09
.......................................................................................................................
ºDôkj s`d`r prjvcdlj fc cstc rcp`sj: ........................................................................................................................ Curjp`? fc g`s kjb`rquë`s `nsjgut`s ` g` ^cvjgudeôb ir`bdcs` ......................................................................... Cg ib fcg djgjbe`geskj ......................................................................................................................................................... Mu`tck`g` fcspuås fc g` Ebfcpcbfcbde` ................................................................................................................... Cg ^åmekcb Gencr`g cb Mu`tck`g` .................................................................................................................................. Yever cb Fckjdr`de`............................................................................................................................................................. Oôvcbcs y p`rtedep`dejb fckjdràted`............................................................................................................................ Kuocrcs y p`rtedep`deôb fckjdràted`............................................................................................................................ G`s beð`s y gjs beðjs cb g` djkubef`f fckjdràted` .............................................................................................. ºDôkj scrà g` prucn` fc cv`gu`deôb: ............................................................................................................................
Dg`vcs
....................................................................................................................................................................................
Nengejmr`ië`
YE
.....................................................................................................................................................................
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
>04 >06 >03 >0< >>0 >>6 >>9 >>< >40 >46 >49 >4= >33
¡Necbvcbef` y necbvcbefj! Necbvcbef` y necbvcbefj `g dursj fc Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` fcg mrupj St`tgàb (>ª i`sc fcg dedgj nàsedj). L`rckjs ub rcdjrrefj fc fecdesectc sck`b`s, cb g`s quc `njrf`rckjs g`s du`trj djkpctcbde`s k`rd`f`s pjr cg Durrëdugj B`dejb`g N`sc (D). G`s decbde`s sjde`gcs cstufe`b g`s sjdecf`fcs cb g`s festebt`s åpjd`s y cb festebtjs gum`rcs. Cs ekpjrt`btc djbjdcr gjs d`knejs quc l`b tr`bsijrk`fj g` vef` fc g` luk`bef`f ` gj g`rmj fc g` lestjre`, pjrquc l`y `spcdtjs fcg p`s`fj quc pcrsestcb cb cg prcscbtc y pucfcb ebuer cb g` tjk` fc fcdesejbcs fc bucstr` vef` iutur`. Cstc dursj prctcbfc ijrk`r ` g` deuf`f`b` y deuf`f`bj mu`tck`gtcdj fcg semgj \\E. X`r` cggj, l`rckjs åbi`ses cb du`trj djkpjbcbtcs? •
G` vef` y gjs csp`dejs mcjmràiedjs.
•
G`s sjdecf`fcs ` tr`vås fcg teckpj, y prebdep`gkcbtc, cb g` lestjre` fc @kåred` y fc Mu`tck`g`.
•
Cg cocrdedej fc g` deuf`f`bë` y gjs v`gjrcs deuf`f`bjs.
•
Cg usj fc g` ebijrk`deôb p`r` g` tjk` fc fcdesejbcs y g` rcsjgudeôb fc prjngck`s y fcs`iëjs.
@btcs fc cbtr`r `g fct`ggc fc g`s djkpctcbde`s p`r` cstc dursj, jnscrvckjs g` pjrt`f`. Cg kubfj fc g` pjrt`f` bjs rcducrf` quc sjkjs p`rtc fcg pg`bct` Vecrr` y quc cb åg, g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs y g` ijrk`deôb deuf`f`b` sjb lcrr`kecbt`s ekprcsdebfengcs p`r` `prcbfcr ` vever cb sjdecf`f y cocrdcr ub` deuf`f`bë` pgcb` y rcspjbs`ngc. G` k`bj f`bfj ub dged bjs ebvet` ` cxpgjr`r, ebvcstem`r, fcsdunrer y djkp`rter djbjdekecbtjs djb cg rcstj fcg kubfj, ` tr`vås fc ebtcrbct. G` ek`mcb fc ub mrupj fc k`bjs `grcfcfjr fc ub djr`zôb bjs l`ng` fc cst`ngcdcr rcg`dejbcs sjgef`re`s y fc emu`gf`f djb g`s pcrsjb`s quc bjs rjfc`b.
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ ¡Necbvcbef` y necbvcbefj!
0
Djkpctcbde`s fcg àrc` fc Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` Cg Durrëdugj B`dejb`g N`sc prjpjbc g`s du`trj djkpctcbde`s cspcdëid`s p`r` cgscmubfj `ðj fcg dedgj Nàsedj, bucstrj mrupj St`tgàb. X`r` djbdrct`r cg `gd`bdc d`f` djkpctcbde`, cg D scð`g` ub` screc fc ebfed`fjrcs fc gjmrj. Iëocsc necb cb g` t`ng`. Cb g` p`rtc supcrejr pucfc gccr g` djkpctcbde`, cb g` djgukb` ezquecrf` gjs ebfed`fjrcs fc gjmrj y cb g`s dcgf`s fc g`s djgukb`s fc g` fcrcdl` k`rd`rckjs djb ub` druz cg bÿkcrj fc sck`b` j sck`b`s quc gc `yuf`ràb ` fcs`rrjgg`r cs` djkpctcbde`. Djkpctcbde` 0
Ebtcrrcg`dejb` cgckcbtjs fc g`s fekcbsejbcs cdjbôked`s, sjde`gcs y dugtur`gcs fcg csp`dej mcjmràidj fc @kåred`, jrecbt`fjs `g fcs`rrjggj sustcbt`ngc. Tck`b`
Ebfed`fjrcs fc gjmrj
0
>
0.0. ^cg`dejb` cg ekp`dtj fc gjs `scbt`kecbtjs luk`bjs djb cg cbtjrbj sjde`g y b`tur`g cb @kåred` y cg bevcg fc vef` fc g` pjng`deôb.
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0.>. ^cg`dejb` g`s ijrk`s fc prjfuddeôb, festrenudeôb y djbsukj djb cg fcs`rrjggj y cg sunfcs`rrjggj fc g` pjng`deôb cb gjs csp`dejs mcjmràiedjs fc @kåred`.
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0.4. G`s `ddejbcs luk`b`s quc ebdefcb cb cg kcfej `knecbtc fcg djbtebcbtc `kcred`bj.
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Djkpctcbde` >
Cketc ouedejs `dcrd` fcg djbtcxtj lestôredj kubfe`g fcbtrj fcg du`g sc fcs`rrjggô cg prjdcsj fc ijrk`deôb fc g` b`deôb mu`tck`gtcd` quc drcô ub` deuf`f`bë` feicrcbde`f` djb g` djbtebuef`f fc g` cstrudtur` djgjbe`g. Ebfed`fjrcs fc gjmrj
>.0. Djbtr`st` prjdcsjs lestôredjs quc sc fcs`rrjgg`b cb cg semgj \E\ cb Curjp` y cb G`tebj`kåred`. >.>. @b`gez` g` ruptur` fcg jrfcb djgjbe`g cb gjs fjkebejs csp`ðjgcs y pjrtumucscs. >.4. @b`gez` gjs d`knejs cb g` cstrudtur` pjgëted` y cdjbôked` mcbcr`fjs pjr g`s rcijrk`s gencr`gcs cb Mu`tck`g`.
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EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
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Djkpctcbde` 4
Xrjkucvc cg gjmrj fc kct`s djboubt`s cb cg k`rdj fc g` p`rtedep`deôb deuf`f`b`, cb cg àknetj i`kege` r y pÿngedj. Tck`b`
Ebfed`fjrcs fc gjmrj
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4.0. G` pgcb` fckjdr`de` ekpged` quc tjfjs gjs kecknrjs fc ub` sjdecf`f cståb ebdguefjs. x x x
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4.>. Xr`dted` cg cocrdedej fc g` fckjdr`de` cb cg mjnecrbj cstufe`bteg y g` djkubef`f quc djbtrenuyc ` su ijrt`gcdekecbtj.
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4.4. @b`gez` g`s djbscducbde`s fc g` bj ebsdrepdeôb fc deuf`f`bjs oôvcbcs cb cg rcmestrj cgcdtjr`g y g` `uscbde` fc p`rtedep`deôb cb cg cocrdedej fc g` deuf`f`bë`.
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4.6 Efcbteied` g`s iubdejbcs fc g`sfeicrcbtcs Ebstex
tudejbcs quc prjtcmcb ` g` beðcz y ouvcbtuf.
Djkpctcbde` 6
@pged` tådbed`s y kåtjfjs fc ebvcstem`deôb sjde`g cb g` tjk` fc fcdesejbcs y prjpucst` fc sjgudejbcs ` prjngck`s y fcs`iëjs fc su cbtjrbj. Ebfed`fjrcs fc gjmrj
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6.0 Stegez` gjs p`sjs fcg kåtjfj fc ebvcstem`x x x deôb. 6.> Cg`njr` cxpged`dejbcsiubf`kcbt`f`s y pcrsjb`gcs sjnrc gj ebvcstem`fj cb iucbtcs fj- x x dukcbt`gcs.
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6.4 Cstrudtur` g` ebijrk`deôb p`r` `rmukcbt`r ` i`vjr fc sus pubtjs fc vest` cb ub` cxpjsedeôbx x x xx djlcrcbtc.
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Djb su csiucrzj, pjfrà djbquest`r cst`s djkpctcbde`s ` tr`vås fc trcs tepjs fc djbtcbefjs?
Fcdg`r`tevjs? Gjs djbtcbefjs fcdg`r`tevjs gc `pjrt`ràb cg djbjdekecbtj fc gjs festebtjs `spcdtjs tcôredjs, djbdcptu`gcs y decbtëiedjs fcg àrc`.
Xrjdcfekcbt`gcs? Djkj ebfed` su bjknrc, gjs djbtcbefjs prjdcfekcbt`gcs sc fcs`rrjgg`ràb ` n`sc fc cocrdedejs, prjdcfekecbtjs j `bàgeses fc prjngck`s cb gjs du`gcs pucf`
fckjstr`r cg fjkebej y g` pucst` cb pràdted` fc gjs djbjdekecbtjs fcdg`r`tevjs. @dtetufeb`gcs? Gjs djbtcbefjs `dtetufeb`gcs sjb tjfj `qucggj quc tecbc quc vcr djb su `dtetuf `btc cg cstufej y `btc g` vef` cb mcbcr`g. Cb cg genrj cbdjbtr`rà `dtevef`fcs y rcigcxejbcs sjnrc setu`dejbcs djtefe`b`s fc g` vef` sjde`g y deuf`f`b`.
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ ¡Necbvcbef` y necbvcbefj!
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Genrj, dg`sc r`fe`g y dërdugj fc cstufej ¡Tu cquepj fc tr`n`oj! Cg genrj, djb scr ub` nucb` lcrr`kecbt`, bj gj cs tjfj. X`r` quc ustcf `gd`bdc cg bevcg fc djkpctcbde` fcsc`fj, bucstrj sestck` pjbc ` su fespjsedeôb? cg genrj, g` dg`sc r`fe`g y g` ebvet`deôb ` p`rtedep`r cb ub dërdugj fc cstufej.
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Cg genrj dukpgc du`trj iubdejbcs? `.
Vcxtj, cb cg quc cbducbtr` g` ebijrk`deôb y cg fcs`rrjggj fc gjs djbtcbefjs ` cstufe`r.
n.
Xez`rrôb, p`r` quc fur`btc g` dg`sc r`fe`g sunr`yc efc`s ekpjrt`btcs j rc`gedc festebt`s `dtevef`fcs.
d.
Du`fcrbj fc tr`n`oj, djb cocrdedejs p`r` pr`dted`r gj `prcbfefj.
f.
Lcrr`kecbt` fc `utjcv`gu`deôb, du`bfj rcsucgvc su `utjdjbtrjg d`f` sck`b`.
G` dg`sc r`fe`g tecbc djkj iubdeôb prebdep`g cxpged`r y i`deget`r g` djkprcbseôb fc gjs tck`s tr`t`fjs cb cg genrj. Xucfc csdudl`r g` dg`sc r`fe`g cb ub` ckesjr` fc su gjd`gef`f, fcsd`rm`rg`s cb bucstr` pàmeb` www.emcr.cfu.mt j `fquererg`s cb cb g` djjrfeb`deôb rcmejb`g.
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Cg dërdugj fc cstufej cs cg gum`r p`r` djkp`rter y `prcbfcr oubtjs. @prjvcdlc cstjs rcdursjs y `pôycsc cb pcrsjb`s fc su djkubef`f p`r` rcsjgvcr sus fuf`s.
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ ¡Necbvcbef` y necbvcbefj!
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Bucstr` kctjfjgjmë` p`sj ` p`sj X`r` i`deget`r su `prcbfez`oc y `prjvcdl`r kàs y kcojr cg cstufej d`f` sck`b`, sem` cstjs p`sjs. ¡Bj sc s`gtc bebmubj!
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Gc` cg djbtcbefj fc g` sck`b` Gccr cg djbtcbefj bjs pcrketc tcbcr ub` efc` mcbcr`g fcg tck`? quå s`nckjs, djb quå gj rcg`dejb`kjs, ctd. Cstc prekcr djbt`dtj t`kneåb bjs l`rà d`cr cb g` ducbt` fcg csiucrzj ` rc`gez`r p`r` `prcbfcr gj bucvj y bjs pjbfrà "cb jbf`" p`r` g` dg`sc r`fe`g.
Csdudlc g` dg`sc r`fe`g Djb gjs 3 scbtefjs
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G` dg`sc r`fe`g cs bucstr` k`cstr`. Fc `lë quc cg prjmr`k` sc gg`kc "Cg K`cstrj cb D`s`". G`s k`cstr`s y k`cstrjs gjdutjrcs cxpged`b cg djbtcbefj, prjpjbcb cocrdedejs y jtrjs cockpgjs p`r` `kpge`r cg tck`.
Fcspuås fc g` dg`sc r`fe`g, su tr`n`oj pcrsjb`g Cstufej y `utjdjbtrjg
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Ieb`gez`f` g` dg`sc r`fe`g cs cg kjkcbtj fc su tr`n`oj pcrsjb`g. Festrenuy` su teckpj? cs kcojr ub pjdj d`f` fë`, quc tjfj g` vëspcr`.
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Djbsugtc sus fuf`s Sb cstufe`btc ebtcgemcbtc s`nc duàbfj pcfer `yuf` Djbsugtc gjs tck`s quc bj gc l`b qucf`fj dg`rjs cb jtrjs genrjs, cb ebtcrbct, djb i`kege`rcs j `kemjs. Tcmurj quc cbdjbtr`rà pcrsjb`s fespucst`s ` `yuf`rgc.
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X`rtedepc cb ub dërdugj fc cstufej @prcbfcr oubtjs Xôbm`sc fc `ducrfj djb jtrjs cstufe`btcs y jrm`bedcb ub dërdugj fc cstufej. Tjgedetcb g` `yuf` fc `gmub` pcrsjb` vjgubt`re` fc g` djkubef`f. Csj gcs `yuf`rà ` rcsjgvcr fuf`s y rcijrz`r gj `prcbfefj. @fckàs, tcbfràb g` jpjrtubef`f fc ebtcrd`kne`r `prcbfez`ocs, efc`s y scbtekecbtjs.
^cducrfc quc seckprc pucfc `dufer ` su tutjr `semb`fj.
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EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
0 Ebvcstem`deôb sjde`g ºPuå cbdjbtr`rà cst` sck`b`: G`s p`g`nr`s drc`b Djbdcptjs ekpjrt`btcs fc g`s Decbde`s Tjde`gcss ^`zjb`kecbtj y pcbs`kecbtj gômedj Xcbs`kecbtj drëtedj
Cst` sck`b` gjmr`rà?
Y`gjr`r g` ekpjrt`bde` fc g` ebvcstem`deôb cb Decbde`s Tjde`gcs p`r` tr`bsijrk`r g` sjdecf`f.
@b`gez`r icbôkcbjs sjde`gcs.
@pged`r g` d`p`def`f fc r`zjb`kecbtj fcfudtevj c ebfudtevj.
Xcricddejb`r cg pcbs`kecbtj drëtedj.
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 0
00
@ycr... ljy... G`s p`g`nr`s drc`b ºXucfc d`gdug`r duàbt`s p`g`nr`s djbjdc: ºDôkj sc secbtc du`bfj quecrc cxpged`r `gmj y bj cbducbtr` g`s p`g`nr`s:
Tjgj gjs scrcs luk`bjs tcbckjs g` d`p`def`f fc g` p`g`nr`, fcg
gcbmu`oc . Cstj
bjs feicrcbde` fcg rcstj fcg rcebj `bek`g y bjs pcrketc djkubed`r gj quc bjs jdurrc, gj quc vckjs, gj quc pcbs`kjs, gj quc scbtekjs, bucstr`s fuf`s, kecfjs, ctd. Bucstrj gcbmu`oc sc l` ijrk`fj `g `semb`r p`g`nr`s ` gjs
jnoctjs quc bjs rj-
fc`b p`r` bjknr`rgjs y ` g`s cxpcrecbde`s y gjs scbtekecbtjs quc vevekjs p`r` tr`bsketergjs y pcbs`r sjnrc cggjs. Fedcb quc g`s p`g`nr`s drc`b pjrquc djb cgg`s pcbs`kjs, cg`njr`kjs bucv`s efc`s y tcbckjs g` d`p`def`f fc djkubed`r ncggjs pcbs`kecbtjs, f`r àbekj, djbsjg`r j, pjr cg djbtr`rej, jicbfcr. Gc` cg semuecbtc ir`mkcbtj fc Cg Xjpjg Yul sjnrc g` ekpjrt`bde` fc g` p`g`nr`.
Ggcmô `quë cbtjbdcs g` p`g`nr`, vebecrjb oubtjs Vcpcu y Muduk`tz, cb g` jsduref`f, cb g` bjdlc, y l`ng`rjb cbtrc së Vcpcu y Muduk`tz. L`ng`rjb pucs, djbsugt`bfj cbtrc së y kcfet`bfj1 sc pusecrjb fc `ducrfj, oubt`rjb sus p`g`nr`s y su pcbs`kecbtj.
@b`gedc y djkp`rt` Gc ebvet`kjs ` utegez`r su drc`tevef`f y ` csdrener `g kcbjs fjs p`g`nr`s quc cxprcscb gj quc gc tr`bsketc cst` ek`mcb.. i u k p d> o/ k j .gd r u y b e //t ? ttp l
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EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs 0. Djbdcptjs fc decbde`s sjde`gcs G`s decbde`s sjde`gcs cstufe`b tck`s fc mr`b ekpjrt`bde` cb g` vef` fc g`s pcrsjb`s y g`s sjdecf`fcs, t`gcs djkj g`s rcg`dejbcs luk`b`s, g` i`kege`, gjs sestck`s fc jrm`bez`deôb pjgëted`, cg tr`n`oj, ctd. Cb gjs cstufejs fc decbde`s sjde`gcs sc `pged` cg kåtjfj decbtëidj y cbtr`b cb oucmj trcs cgckcbtjs ekpjrt`btcs? gjs icbôkcbjs sjde`gcs, gjs djbdcptjs y g`s tcjrë`s.
`. Gjs icbôkcbjs sjde`gcs Gjs icbôkcbjs sjde`gcs sjb gjs djkpjrt`kecbtjs j g`s `dtevef`fcs quc rc`gez` cg scr luk`bj y cg rcsugt`fj fc cs`s `dtevef`fcs. Gjs cstufejs quc rc`gez`b g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs djbsestcb cb `b`gez`r ubj j v`rejs icbôkcbjs sjde`gcs, j g` rcg`deôb cbtrc cggjs. @gmubjs cockpgjs fc icbôkcbjs sjde`gcs sjb? cg cb`kjr`kecbtj, g` rcgemejsef`f fc ub pucngj, g` djrrupdeôb fc ub mjnecrbj, cg rcspctj fcbtrj fc i`kege` j g` fesdrekeb`deôb l`de` ub fctcrkeb`fj mrupj cb ub` sjdecf`f.
n. Gjs djbdcptjs Sb djbdcptj cs ub djboubtj fc efc`s quc pcrketc cbtcbfcr ub` cxpcrecbde` luk`b` y `g quc sc bjknr` djb ub` p`g`nr`. Sb djbdcptj cs ub sust`btevj `nstr`dtj pjrquc sc rciecrc ` `gmj quc bj sc pucfc tjd`r be vcr cx`dt`kcbtc. Cstj gj feicrcbde` fc ub sust`btevj djbdrctj, quc së sc pucfc vcr. Cockpgjs fc djbdcptjs sjb cg `kjr, g` gencrt`f, g` rcspjbs`negef`f, g` oustede`, cg rcspctj, ctd. G`s decbde`s sjde`gcs tr`t`b fc cxpged`r gjs djbdcptjs fc g` k`bcr` kàs prcdes` pjsengc ` tr`vås fcfciebedejbcs. G`s fciebedejbcs sjb cbubde`fjs quc pcrketcb djkprcbfcr g` efc` quc tr`bsketc ub djbdcptj. Sb cockpgj fc fciebedeôb?
^cgemeôb? Djboubtj fc drccbde`s j fjmk`s `dcrd` fc g` fevebef`f, fc scbtekecbtjs fc vcbcr`deôb y tckjr l`de` cgg`, fc bjrk`s kjr`gcs p`r` g` djbfudt` ebfevefu`g y sjde`g y fc pràdted`s retu`gcs, prebdep`gkcbtc g` jr`deôb y cg s`dreiedej p`r` f`rgc dugtj.
Cb du`gquecr icbôkcbj sjde`g cstàb ekpged`fjs v`rejs djbdcptjs. Cs bcdcs`rej fciber y djkprcbfcr csjs djbdcptjs y g`s rcg`dejbcs cbtrc cggjs p`r` pjfcr cbtcbfcr cg icbôkcbj sjde`g. Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 0
04
Yc`kjs ub cockpgj? Icbôkcbj sjde`g @gmub`s i`kege`s f`b prcicrcbde` ` quc cstufecb gjs leojs v`rjbcs y fco`b ` g`s leo`s seb cfud`deôb ijrk`g.
Djbdcptjs rcg`dejb`fjs Fesdrekeb`deôb
Cfud`deôb ijrk`g
Måbcrj
Vr`t`r ` ub` pcrsjb` j Xrjdcsj fc ijrk`deôb quc Djboubtj fc efc`s quc mrupj fc ijrk` eboust`, nrebf` ` g` pcrsjb` djbjde- tecbc ub` sjdecf`f sjekpefecbfj quc tcbm` kecbtjs, l`negef`fcs y v`gj- nrc dôkj fcncb scr y ` g`s kesk`s jpjrtubef`- rcs p`r` g` vef`. Cb Mu`tc- quå fcncb fcfed`rsc g`s fcs quc jtr`s pcrsjb`s. k`g`, djbst` fc Xrcprek`re`, kuocrcs y gjs ljknrcs, Xrek`re`, Nàsedj, N`dleggcr`tjrcspcdtev`kcbtc. j Fevcrseid`fj y cstufejs ubevcrset`rejs. Cxpged`deôb fcg icbôkcbj
G`s i`kege`s quc bj f`b cfud`deôb ijrk`g ` sus leo`s `dcpt`b g`s efc`s tr`fedejb`gcs fc måbcrj fc g` sjdecf`f? quc g`s kuocrcs fcncb fcfed`rsc ` gjs jiedejs fjkåstedjs y bj cs bcdcs`rej quc cstufecb y quc gjs ljknrcs së fcncb cstufe`r p`r` pjfcr tr`n`o`r iucr` fc d`s`. Cstj cs ub` fesdrekeb`deôb l`de` g`s leo`s pjrquc gcs becm` su fcrcdlj ` g` cfud`deôb y `g fcs`rrjggj pgcbj djkj pcrsjb`s.
d. G`s tcjrë`s Du`bfj ub` lepôtcses j rcspucst` tcbt`tev` ` ub prjngck` fc ebvcstem`deôb sc djkprucn` ` tr`vås fc kudl`s jnscrv`dejbcs j cxpcrekcbtjs, sc djbvecrtc cb ub` tcjrë`. G` ebvcstem`deôb sjde`g utegez` tcjrë`s drc`f`s `btcrejrkcbtc p`r` `v`bz`r cb g` ebvcstem`deôb fc ub icbôkcbj sjde`g y drc`r bucv`s tcjrë`s. Yc`kjs ub cockpgj fc `pged`deôb fc ub` tcjrë` `g icbôkcbj sjde`g `btcrejr? Kÿgtepgcs jnscrv`dejbcs sjde`gcs l`b f`fj gum`r ` g` tcjrë` fc quc cg
`ddcsj
ubevcrs`g ` g` cfud`deôb cb ub p`ës kcojr` su fcs`rrjggj. N`sàbfjbjs cb cst` tcjrë`, pjfckjs fcfuder quc p`r` quc Mu`tck`g` `v`bdc cb su fcs`rrjggj cs bcdcs`rej quc g`s i`kege`s quc bj cbvë`b ` sus leo`s ` cstufe`r d`knecb fc efc` y gj l`m`b.
06
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
f. Xrjpucst` fc `ddeôb Sb` fc g`s p`rtcs kàs `p`sejb`btcs fc g` ebvcstem`deôb cb decbde`s sjde`gcs cs quc, `g djbjdcr necb gjs icbôkcbjs sjde`gcs, pjfckjs prjpjbcr `ddejbcs `fcdu`f`s p`r` tr`bsijrk`r g` sjdecf`f. Djbtebu`bfj djb cg keskj cockpgj, se s`nckjs quc p`r` quc kcojrc cg fcs`rrjggj fc Mu`tck`g` cs bcdcs`rej quc tjf`s g`s beð`s, gjs beðjs y gjs oôvcbcs cstufecb, y` sc pjfrë` cst`ngcdcr ub` nucb` prjpucst` fc `ddeôb. Xjr cockpgj? Xrjpucst` fc `ddeôb
Fescð`r ub prjycdtj fc scbsenegez`deôb feremefj ` g`s i`kege`s quc bj cbvë`b ` sus leo`s ` cstufe`r, djb cg jnoctevj fc djbvcbdcrg`s p`r` quc gj l`m`b.
Cocrdedej 0 Gjs feddejb`rejs y cbdedgjpcfe`s djbtecbcb g`s fcibedejbcs fc keggjbcs fc djbdcptjs. 0. Cb Ebtcrbct, ebmrcsc ` g` cbdedgjpcfe` weaepcfe` cb lttp?//www.weaepcfe`.jrm/ y nusquc g`s fciebedejbcs fc gjs djbdcptjs? cquef`f, djbvevcbde` y rcspctj. >. Csdren` `quë g`s fciebedejbcs. Cb `gmubjs d`sjs, fcncrà l`dcr ub` sëbtcses fc efc`s djb sus p`g`nr`s? `.
Cquef`f?
n.
Djbvevcbde`?
d.
^cspctj?
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 0
03
>. ^`zjb`kecbtj y pcbs`kecbtj gômedj Gjs scrcs luk`bjs tcbckjs g` d`p`def`f fc r`zjb`r, cs fcder, cst`ngcdcr duàg cs g` d`us` y duàg cs cg cicdtj fc ub icbôkcbj, pcbs`r sjgudejbcs p`r` ub prjngck` y cxtr`cr djbdgusejbcs quc sc pucf`b `pged`r ` jtr`s setu`dejbcs sekeg`rcs. Cg r`zjb`kecbtj cs ub pcbs`kecbtj gômedj pjrquc sc n`s` cb jnscrv`r gjs icbôkcbjs y s`d`r djbdgusejbcs sjnrc cggjs. Yc`kjs ub cockpgj scbdeggj? Xrjngck`? Puecrj s`ger y cstà ggjvecbfj. Icbôkcbj 0 jnscrv`fj? Du`bfj ggucvc, tjfj sc kjo`. Icbôkcbj > jnscrv`fj? G` sjknregg` `yuf` ` quc g`s pcrsjb`s bj sc kjocb du`bfj ggucvc. Djbdguseôb? Te s`gmj seb sjknregg`, kc kjo`rå. Cb g` ebvcstem`deôb cb decbde`s sjde`gcs utegez`kjs cg r`zjb`kecbtj p`r` djbjdcr g` rc`gef`f. Xucfc scr fc fjs tepjs? •
^`zjb`kecbtj ebfudtevj? `b`gez` d`sjs p`rtedug`rcs y cxtr`c djbdgusejbcs mcbcr`gcs. Xjr cockpgj?
•
•
D`sj p`rtedug`r? T`nckjs quc ` ^js`, Tegve`, Oj`quëb y Jk`r, quc sjb cstufe`btcs fc >.¸ nàsedj, gcs must` b`vcm`r pjr Ebtcrbct.
•
Djbdguseôb mcbcr`g? Xcbs`kjs quc ` tjf`s g`s pcrsjb`s oôvcbcs fc >.¸ nàsedj gcs must` b`vcm`r pjr Ebtcrbct.
^`zjb`kecbtj fcfudtevj? `b`gez` djbdgusejbcs mcbcr`gcs y g`s `pged` p`r` djbjdcr d`sjs p`rtedug`rcs. Xjr cockpgj? • Djbjdekecbtj mcbcr`g? T`nckjs quc ` g` k`yjrë` fc g`s pcrsjb`s oôvcbcs fc 06 `ðjs gc must` b`vcm`r pjr Ebtcrbct. •
Djbdguseôb cb d`sj p`rtedug`r? Xcbs`kjs quc ` F`becg, quc cs ub ojvcb fc 06 `ðjs, gc must` b`vcm`r pjr Ebtcrbct.
Cocrdedej > @. @b`gedc cg semuecbtc pcbs`kecbtj gômedj y rcspjbf` g`s prcmubt`s. Xrjngck`? Cb ke tr`n`oj l`y pcrsjb`s quc tr`t`b k`g ` jtr`s pcrsjb`s. • •
Icbôkcbj 0 jnscrv`fj? Du`bfj tr`tj necb ` g`s pcrsjb`s, cgg`s kc sucgcb tr`t`b necb. Icbôkcbj > jnscrv`fj? Du`bfj tr`tj k`g ` g`s pcrsjb`s, cgg`s kc sucgcb tr`t`r k`g. Djbdguseôb? Fcnckjs k`gtr`t`r ` g`s pcrsjb`s quc tr`t`b k`g fc jtr`s p`r` quc fcocb fc l`dcrgj.
09
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
0. ºDrcc quc cs vàgef` g` djbdguseôb prjpucst`: @rmukcbtc su rcspucst`.
>. ºPuå jtr` djbdguseôb prjpjbfrë` ustcf:
N. Gc` g` ebijrk`deôb semuecbtc y rc`gedc gj quc sc gc pefc. 0. Cxtr`em` ub` djbdguseôb `pged`bfj cg r`zjb`kecbtj ebfudtevj. D`sj p`rtedug`r? Djbjdckjs ` Ougej, ub ojvcb quc fcoô fc cstufe`r cb nàsedj y quc tr`n`o` djkj `yuf`btc cb ub d`r w`sl , m`b`bfj ub s`g`rej n`oj. V`kneåb djbjdckjs ` Ked`cg`, ub` ojvcb quc fcoô fc cstufe`r cb prek`re` y quc tr`n`o` djkj kcscr`, djb ub s`g`rej n`oj.
Djbdguseôb mcbcr`g sjnrc g`s djbscducbde`s fc `n`bfjb`r gjs cstufejs?
>. Cxtr`em` ub` djbdguseôb `pged`bfj cg r`zjb`kecbtj fcfudtevj. Djbjdekecbtj mcbcr`g? Fcspuås fc tjf` ub` bjdlc seb rcdener `gekcbtj, cg dcrcnrj bcdcset` g` cbcrmë` fcg fcs`yubj p`r` pjfcr tr`n`o`r cb g`s ljr`s fc g` k`ð`b`.
Djbdguseôb cb d`sj p`rtedug`r? ºDôkj scrà cg rcbfekecbtj csdjg`r fc Ojsuå, quc cs ub ojvcb quc bj fcs`yub` pjrquc fedc quc bj tecbc l`knrc pjr g` k`ð`b`:
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 0
0=
4. Xcbs`kecbtj drëtedj Bucstr` `p`sejb`btc d`p`def`f fc r`zjb`r bj tcrkeb` djb cg pcbs`kecbtj gômedj. Djbt`kjs, `fckàs, djb cg pcbs`kecbtj drëtedj, quc djbsestc cb ducstejb`r g`s efc`s quc sc bjs prcscbt`b djkj vcrf`f, ebf`m`r kàs sjnrc cgg`s y mcbcr`r ub` jpebeôb prjpe`. ^ctjkckjs ubj fc gjs cockpgjs `btcrejrcs p`r` cbtcbfcr kcojr cg pcbs`kecbtj drëtedj? Kÿgtepgcs jnscrv`dejbcs sjde`gcs l`b f`fj gum`r ` g` tcjrë` fc quc cg `ddcsj ubevcrs`g ` g` cfud`deôb cb ub p`ës kcojr` su fcs`rrjggj. N`sàbfjbjs cb cst` tcjrë`, pjfckjs fcfuder quc p`r` quc Mu`tck`g` `v`bdc cb su fcs`rrjggj cs bcdcs`rej quc g`s i`kege`s quc bj cbvë`b ` sus leo`s ` cstufe`r d`knecb fc efc` y gj l`m`b.
Cst`s efc`s, quc cstàb pg`btc`f`s kcfe`btc ub r`zjb`kecbtj vàgefj, pucfcb scrver p`r` ggcm`r ` cst` pjsengc djbdguseôb? Gjmr`bfj g` cfud`deôb ubevcrs`g cb Mu`tck`g` sc djbscmuerà cg fcs`rrjggj fcg p`ës. Xcrj fcsfc cg pcbs`kecbtj drëtedj pjfckjs f`r ub p`sj kàs y prcmubt`rbjs? ‖ ºL`y jtrjs i`dtjrcs quc `icdt`b `g fcs`rrjggj, `fckàs fc g` cfud`deôb: ‖ ºDuàgcs: ‖ ºDôkj sc pucfcb kcojr`r csjs jtrjs i`dtjrcs: ‖ ºPuå jdurrc se bj kcojr`b y sjgj kcojr` g` cfud`deôb:
@ tr`vås fc cst`s prcmubt`s v`kjs kàs `ggà fc g` vcrf`f jremeb`g y djbstruekjs bucvjs djbjdekecbtjs drëtedjs. Tcr d`p`z fc utegez`r ub pcbs`kecbtj drëtedj sembeid` tcbcr efc`s ebfevefu`gcs, bj `dcpt`r g` jpebeôb fc g` sjdecf`f, seb ducstejb`r1 djbjdcr gjs `rmukcbtjs ` i`vjr y cb djbtr` y tjk`r ub` fcdeseôb prjpe` rcspcdtj ` gj quc sc djbsefcrc vcrf`fcrj j i`gsj, `dcpt`ngc j eb`dcpt`ngc, fcsc`ngc j ebfcsc`ngc.
Cocrdedej 4 Csdren` ub pcbs`kecbtj drëtedj rcspcdtj ` g` semuecbtc `ierk`deôb? G` fcgebducbde` y g` vejgcbde` sc rcsucgvcb se g`s i`kege`s cfud`b cb v`gjrcs ` sus leo`s c leojs.
0<
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
^csukcb Djbdcptjs fc decbde`s sjde`gcs pucfcb scr
Icbôkcbj sjde`g
Djbdcptj
Vcjrë`
Xrjpucst` fc `ddeôb
cs
cs
cs
cs
Djkpjrt`kecbtj fcg scr luk`bj y sus rcsugt`fjs
X`g`nr` quc bjknr` ub` cxpcrecbde` luk`b`
^cspucst` ` ub prjngck` fc ebvcstem`deôb quc sc djkprucn` fcspuås fc kudl`s jnscrv`dejbcs.
Lcdljs djbdrctjs p`r` tr`bsijrk`r g` sjdecf`f.
pjrcockpgj
pjrcockpgj
Cb`kjr`kecbtj ^cgemejsef`f Djrrupdeôb
@kjr Gencrt`f Oustede`
Vepjs fc pcbs`kecbtj pucfcb scr
Xcbs`kecbtj gômedj
Xcbs`kecbtj drëtedj
t`kneåb sc gg`k`
sc n`s` cb
^`zjb`kecbtj
Ducstejb`r, er kàs `ggà fc gj quc `p`rcbtckcbtc cs vcrf`f
tepjs
Ebfudtevj?
Fcfudtevj?
Fc gj p`rtedug`r ` gj mcbcr`g
Fc gj mcbcr`g ` gj p`rtedug`r
sc tr`n`o` ` tr`vås fc
Xrcmubt`s sjnrc g` rc`gef`f.
Djbjdcr feicrcbtcs pubtjs fc vest` sjnrc ub keskj tck`.
Ebvcstemuc cb g` rcf... Cg pcbs`kecbtj drëtedj cs iubf`kcbt`g p`r` bucstrj drcdekecbtj djkj pcrsjb`s y djkj sjdecf`f. Gc ebvet`kjs ` prjiubfez`r cb cg djbdcptj fc pcbs`kecbtj drëtedj ` tr`vås fcg semuecbtc geba? lttp?//fcdjbdcptjs.djk/mcbcr`g/pcbs`kecbtj-dretedj Fcspuås, cxpgequc djb sus p`g`nr`s cb cg du`fcrbj quå ncbcidejs bjs `pjrt` cg pcbs`kecbtj drëtedj. Vjkc djkj rcicrcbde` cg djbtcbefj fcg genrj y gj ebvcstem`fj cb ebtcrbct. Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 0
05
@utjdjbtrjg @dtevef`f 0.
Fckucstrc gj `prcbfefj.
K`rquc djb ub` cques cg du`fr`fj fc g` jpdeôb quc djkpgct` d`f` cbubde`fj. Cg cocrdedej 8 cs ub cockpgj. 8. Gjs djkpjrt`kecbtjs fcg scr luk`bj y sus rcsugt`fjs sc gg`k`b… icbôkcbjs sjde`gcs djbdcptjs tcjrë`s 0. G`s decbde`s sjde`gcs cxpged`b djbdcptjs fc ijrk` prcdes` ` tr`vås fc... fcibedejbcs `rmukcbtjs tcjrë`s >. Sb` rcspucst` ` ub prjngck` fc ebvcstem`deôb sc djbvecrtc cb tcjrë` du`bfj.... g` l` pcbs`fj ub` pcrsjb` djb `gtj bevcg `d`fåkedj sc l` djkprjn`fj ` tr`vås fc kudl`s jnscrv`dejbcs djbierk` ke jpebeôb sjnrc cg prjngck` fc ebvcstem`deôb 4. Xjfckjs prjpjbcr `ddejbcs `dcrt`f`s p`r` tr`bsijrk`r g` sjdecf`f du`bfj... djbjdckjs y cbtcbfckjs necb gjs icbôkcbjs sjde`gcs lckjs csdudl`fj l`ng`r sjnrc `gmubjs prjngck`s sjde`gcs bj lckjs ebvcstem`fj sjnrc icbôkcbjs sjde`gcs 6. Cg pcbs`kecbtj pucfc scr fc tepj... gômedj drëtedj g`s fjs jpdejbcs `btcrejrcs sjb djrrcdt`s 3. Cg r`zjb`kecbtj fcfudtevj p`rtc fc… ub djbjdekecbtj mcbcr`g y fc åg cxtr`c ub` djbdguseôb sjnrc ub d`sj p`rtedug`r ub djbjdekecbtj p`rtedug`r y fc åg cxtr`c ub` djbdguseôb mcbcr`g cs p`rtc fcg pcbs`kecbtj drëtedj 9. Cg pcbs`kecbtj drëtedj cs… jpjbcrsc ` g`s efc`s fc jtr`s pcrsjb`s l`dcr drëted`s ` g`s efc`s fc jtr`s pcrsjb`s ducstejb`rsc sjnrc g`s efc`s quc bjs prcscbt`b djkj vcrf`f, djkp`r`r fevcrsjs pubtjs fc vest` y mcbcr`r fcspuås ub` jpebeôb prjpe`
>8
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
V`ggcr fc cquef`f ¡Xrjkjvcr g` cquef`f cb cfud`deôb! @ljr` quc s`nckjs quc ebvcstem`r icbôkcbjs sjde`gcs bjs pcrketc prjpjbcr `ddejbcs p`r` tr`bsijrk`r g` sjdecf`f, gc ebvet`kjs ` cxpcrekcbt`rgj. X`r` ckpcz`r, gc prjpjbckjs ub` prcmubt` fc ebvcstem`deôb? Cb su djkubef`f j zjb`, ºl`y oôvcbcs y `fugtjs quc suirecrjb ebcquef`f y bj pufecrjb `ddcfcr ` g` cfud`deôb prek`re` secbfj beð`s j beðjs:
Cg prekcr p`sj scrà fcieber djb cx`dtetuf gjs djbdcptjs rcg`dejb`fjs djb cg icbôkcbj fc g` cquef`f cb cg `ddcsj ` g` cfud`deôb. Csdren` ` djbtebu`deôb g`s fciebedejbcs fc? Ebcquef`f?
@ddcsj ` g` cfud`deôb?
Cg scmubfj p`sj scrà jnscrv`r c ebvcstem`r g` rc`gef`f. ^cvesc quå jpjrtubef`fcs l`b tcbefj p`r` cstufe`r gjs kecknrjs fc su i`kege`1 prcmubtc t`kneåb ` ub` vcdeb` j vcdebj dôkj l`b sefj g`s jpjrtubef`fcs fc cstufej p`r` cggjs. @ djbtebu`deôb, csdren` sus djbdgusejbcs drëted`s. Gc jrecbt`kjs djb `gmub`s prcmubt`s? •
Te l`y pcrsjb`s quc bj l`b tcbefj `ddcsj ` g` cfud`deôb cb g` ebi`bde`, ºquå i`dtjrcs ebiguycrjb cb cggj:
•
ºPuå i`dtjrcs `yuf`rjb ` quc `ddcfecr`b ` g` cfud`deôb g`s pcrsjb`s quc së tuvecrjb g` jpjrtubef`f cb su ebi`bde`:
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 0
>0
Fc cst`s djbdgusejbcs sjnrc su i`kege` y vcdebjs, ºsc pucfcb fcfuder `gmub`s djbdgusejbcs mcbcr`gcs sjnrc g` ebcquef`f cb cg `ddcsj ` g` cfud`deôb:
Djkj tcrdcr y ÿgtekj p`sj, csdren` ub` `ddeôb djbdrct` quc pucf` rc`gez`r ustcf p`r` prjkjvcr quc g`s pcrsjb`s oôvcbcs y `fugt`s quc bj l`b cstufe`fj su Xrek`re`, gj l`m`b.
^cvesc su `prcbfez`oc K`rquc djb ub dlcquc
g` d`segg` quc kcojr ebfequc su rcbfekecbtj.
.. .r ` e f u t s c c
Y`gjrj g` ekpjrt`bde` fc g` ebvcstem`deôb cb Decbde`s Tjde`gcs p`r` tr`bsijrk`r g` sjdecf`f.
f s å u p s c F
@pgedj ke d`p`def`f fc r`zjb`kecbtj fcfudtevj c ebfudtevj.
>>
@b`gezj icbôkcbjs sjde`gcs.
Lc pcricddejb`fj ke pcbs`kecbtj drëtedj.
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
gjmr`fj
cb bj prjdcsj gjmr`fj
> Xrjdcsj fc ebvcstem`deôb sjde`g ºPuå cbdjbtr`rà cst` sck`b`: G` p`seôb pjr ebvcstem`r fc L`rrect K`rtebc`u Jrm`bez`deôb fcg prjdcsj fc ebvcstem`deôb sjde`g Cstrudtur` fc ub pg`b fc ebvcstem`deôb sjde`g
Cst` sck`b` gjmr`rà?
Y`gjr`r cg `pjrtc fc g`s kuocrcs ` g` ebvcstem`deôb sjde`g, cb g` pcrsjb` fc L`rrect K`rtebc`u.
Djbjdcr y l`dcr prjpe` g` cstrudtur` fcg prjdcsj fc ebvcstem`deôb sjde`g.
Cockpgeied`r d`f` p`sj fcg prjdcsj fc ebvcstem`deôb djb ub tck` fc ebvcstem`deôb fc su cgcddeôb.
Ebvcstem`r cb cg dërdugj fc cstufej sjnrc g` ebdefcbde` fc gjs rjgcs fc måbcrj cb cg rcterj fc cstufe`btcs.
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` >
>4
@ycr... ljy... G` p`seôb pjr ebvcstem`r fc L`rrect K`rtebc`u L`rrect K`rtebc`u cs djbjdef` djkj ‗g` prekcr` kuocr sjdeôgjm`‛. B`deô y veveô cb Ebmg`tcrr`, cb cg semgj \E\. Cg ebedej fc su d`rrcr` sjdejgômed` iuc g` rcf`ddeôb y punged`deôb fc ub `rtëdugj tetug`fj ‗Tjnrc g` cfud`deôb ickcbeb`‛, cb cg quc fcbubde`n` cg lcdlj fc bj pjfcr cstufe`r cb g` ubevcrsef`f, djkj sus lcrk`bjs v`rjbcs. Csdreneô ub tjt`g fc 43 jnr`s. Tus genrjs kàs djbjdefjs sjb `qucggjs quc tr`t`b sjnrc cdjbjkë` y pjgëted`, tck`s quc bjrk`gkcbtc `njrf`n`b sjgj gjs ljknrcs. L`rrect K`rtebc`u (0<8> — 0<=9)
Mr`b fcicbsjr` fc gjs fcrcdljs fc g` kuocr, `djbsco`n` cfud`r fc ijrk` cquev`gcbtc ` g`s beð`s y ` gjs beðjs. Cb ub `rtëdugj tetug`fj "Cfud`deôb fc g`s kuocrcs" sjstuvj quc g`s supucst`s feicrcbde`s cbtrc ljknrcs y kuocrcs cr`b cg prjfudtj fc g` fesdrekeb`deôb cfud`tev` Cb su jnr` ‗Dôkj jnscrv`r g` kjr`g y g`s djstuknrcs‛ `rtedug` gjs prebdepejs y kåtjfjs fc g` ebvcstem`deôb sjde`g ckpëred`. V`kneåb rc`gezô cstufejs sjnrc g` rcgemeôb, cg suedefej, cg d`ràdtcr b`dejb`g, g`s rcg`dejbcs fjkåsted`s, g` setu`deôb fc g` kuocr, g` ebtcr`ddeôb cbtrc g`s ebstetudejbcs y gjs ebfevefujs Q...[. Vjk`fj y `f`pt`fj fc? lttps?//sjdecf`fsemgj>0.wjrfprcss.djk/
@b`gedc y djkp`rt` 0. ^cgc` g` gcdtur` y sunr`yc cb cgg` gjs tck`s sjde`gcs quc ebvcstemô L`rrect K`rtebc`u. >. Fc tjfjs gjs tck`s, ºduàg j duàgcs gc p`rcdcb quc fcncrë`b ebvcstem`rsc cb Mu`tck`g` ljy:
4. ^cigcxejbc `btcs fc rcspjbfcr. ºXjr quå drcc quc fcfedô mr`b p`rtc fc su ebvcstem`deôb ` g` setu`deôb fc g`s kuocrcs:
6. Te tuvecr` quc cgcmer ubj fc gjs tck`s quc prjpjbc L`rrect K`rtebc`u, ºduàg cgcmerë`:
>6
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs 0. Jrm`bez`deôb fc g` ebvcstem`deôb G` durejsef`f cs ub` du`gef`f ebb`t` cb gjs scrcs luk`bjs. Kudljs jnoctjs y setu`dejbcs gg`k`b bucstr` `tcbdeôb y qucrckjs s`ncr kàs sjnrc cggjs. L`rrect K`rtebc`u, g` prjt`mjbest` fc bucstr` gcdtur` ebede`g, cs ub` nucb` kucstr` fc cs` p`seôb pjr s`ncr, pjr ebvcstem`r. Gjs djbjdekecbtjs quc ljy tcbckjs sjnrc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs sjb cg prjfudtj fc g` durejsef`f y g`s prcmubt`s fc jtrjs kudljs ` gj g`rmj fc g` lestjre`. Xrcmubt`s djkj? ºPuå tecbcb cb djkÿb gjs mjnecrbjs `utjret`rejs:, ºquå vcbt`o`s tecbc cg sestck` fckjdràtedj:, ºdôkj cgekeb`r g` fesdrekeb`deôb fcbtrj fc ub mrupj luk`bj:, ctd. Gjs djbjdekecbtjs decbtëdjs, cs fcder, pcrtcbcdecbtcs `g d`kpj fc g`s decbde`s, sc djbstruycb ` tr`vås fcg prjdcsj fc ebvcstem`deôb. G` ebvcstem`deôb cs ub prjdcsj cstrudtur`fj. Djbtecbc ub` screc fc p`sjs quc fcnckjs dukpger p`r` quc gjs rcsugt`fjs sc`b vàgefjs. Cb g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs, cg b fc g` ebvcstem`deôb cs cbdjbtr`r sjgudejbcs ` gjs prjngck`s fc g` sjdecf`f. Djbjzd`kjs y `pgequckjs gjs p`sjs fcg prjdcsj fc ebvcstem`deôb.
`. Tcgcddeôb fcg tck` j g` efc` mcbcr`fjr` G` efc` mcbcr`fjr` cs g` efc` j tck` dcbtr`g quc bjs kjtev` ` ebvcstem`r. Cs bcdcs`rej cgcmer necb cg tck` fc bucstr` ebvcstem`deôb, quc mcbcr`gkcbtc cb ub` ebvcstem`deôb sjde`g, sc tr`t`rà fc ub icbôkcbj sjde`g. Gj efc`g cs quc dukpg` fjs rcquesetjs? •
quc bjs ebtcrcsc pcrsjb`gkcbtc y
•
quc sc` ub tck` rcgcv`btc p`r` g` sjdecf`f.
Cocrdedej 0 0. Djpec `dà cg tck` fc ebvcstem`deôb sjde`g quc cgemeô cb g` gcdtur` ebede`g. Vck` fc ebvcstem`deôb?
>. Csdren` fjs prcmubt`s quc gc suro`b fcg tck` cgcmefj. ^cducrfc quc fcnc scr sjnrc ub tck` quc gc ebtcrcsc pcrsjb`gkcbtc y quc sc` fc utegef`f p`r` g` sjdecf`f. `.
n.
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` >
>3
n. Xg`btc`kecbtj fcg prjngck` Xucfc scr quc `gmubjs tck`s quc bjs ebtcrcscb bj sc`b tck`s fc ebvcstem`deôb pjrquc fc cggjs y` sc djbjdc tjf` g` ebijrk`deôb. Xjr cockpgj cg prjngck`? "G`s d`ggcs fc ke djkubef`f, ºcstàb cb nucb cst`fj j cb k`g cst`fj:", bj cs ub prjngck` decbtëidj pjrquc tcbfrë`kjs g` rcspucst` sjgj djb jnscrv`r se g`s d`ggcs tecbcb n`dlcs, se tecbcb n`bquct`s, ctd. X`r` quc ub tck` fc ebtcrås pcrsjb`g y sjde`g sc djbvecrt` cb jnoctj fc ebvcstem`deôb tecbc quc djbtcbcr ub prjngck` decbtëidj. Sb prjngck` decbtëdj cs ub` prcmubt` fc g` quc bj s`nckjs g` rcspucst` y p`r` rcspjbfcrg` tcbckjs quc `b`gez`r g` rc`gef`f, nusd`r f`tjs, jnscrv`r, ctd. Cb Decbde`s Tjde`gcs, gjs prjngck`s decbtëdjs j fc ebvcstem`deôb seckprc tecbcb rcg`deôb djb gjs djkpjrt`kecbtjs fcg scr luk`bj cb sjdecf`f? su ijrk` `dtu`r y fc jrm`bez`rsc, sus drccbde`s, djstuknrcs, ctd. Efcbtequckjs `ljr` ub prjngck` decbtëdj fcg àrc` fc Decbde`s Tjde`gcs. Gc` cg cockpgj. ºPuå i`dtjrcs rcg`dejb`fjs djb g` cfud`deôb ve`g fc pc`tjbcs y fc pcrsjb`s quc k`bco`b vclëdugjs ebdefcb cb cg `trjpcggj fc pcrsjb`s cb g`s d`ggcs fc g` Deuf`f fc Mu`tck`g` :
Djkj pjfckjs jnscrv`r, g` ijrkug`deôb fc ub prjngck` decbtëdj tecbc decrt`s d`r`dtcrësted`s? •
Tc ijrkug` mcbcr`gkcbtc cb ijrk` fc prcmubt`.
•
G` prcmubt` djbtecbc fjs v`re`ngcs j djbdcptjs prebdep`gcs. Cb cstc d`sj, g`s v`re`ngcs sjb gjs ‗i`dtjrcs rcg`dejb`fjs djb g` cfud`deôb ve`g‛ y ‗`trjpcggj fc pcrsjb`s‛.
•
G` prcmubt` fcgeket` djbdrct`kcbtc? cg gum`r cb cg quc jdurrc cg icbôkcbj y quc lckjs cgcmefj p`r` bucstrj cstufej? d`ggcs fc g` Deuf`f fc Mu`tck`g` y g`s pcrsjb`s ebvjgudr`f`s? pc`tjbcs y dljicrcs.
d. Jnoctevjs Sb` vcz quc y` cstà dg`rj duàg cs cg prjngck` ` ebvcstem`r, cs cg kjkcbtj fc ebede`r cg d`kebj fc g` ebvcstem`deôb. Cb prekcr gum`r fcncb o`rsc ub`s kct`s djbdrct`s? gjs jnoctevjs, p`r` bj pcrfcrbjs cb g` nÿsqucf` fc sjgudejbcs j l`dcr g` ebvcstem`deôb fck`se`fj g`rm`r j djstjs`. Gjs jnoctevjs fc ebvcstem`deôb sjb gjs prjpôsetjs quc qucrckjs `gd`bz`r p`r` ggcm`r ` g` kct` fc prjiubfez`r cb bucstrj tck` y rcspjbfcr `g prjngck` fc ebvcstem`deôb. X`r` csdrener ub jnoctevj fcnc `pged`r cst`s rcmg`s? • D`f` jnoctevj djbst` sjgj fc ub` ir`sc.
>9
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
•
Djkcbz`r seckprc djb ub vcrnj cb ebiebetevj? djbjdcr, efcbteied`r, cst`ngcdcr, ctd.
•
Csdrener g` efc` fc ijrk` dg`r` y prcdes`.
L`y fjs tepjs fc jnoctevjs? •
Jnoctevj mcbcr`g? cs cg prjpôsetj kàs mr`bfc quc pg`btc`kjs p`r` bucstr` ebvcstem`deôb. Tc `gd`bz` ` tr`vås fc gjs jnoctevjs cspcdëiedjs. Xjr cockpgj? Djbjdcr g`s d`us`s fcg `trjpcggj fc pc`tjbcs cb g` Deuf`f fc Mu`tck`g`.
•
Jnoctevjs cspcdëiedjs? sjb prjpôsetjs kàs djbdrctjs quc ijrk`b p`rtc fcg jnoctevj mcbcr`g. Cstjs sjb gjs jnoctevjs quc tcbfrckjs quc tr`n`o`r fur`btc bucstrj prjdcsj fc ebvcstem`deôb p`r` pjfcr `gd`bz`r cg jnoctevj mcbcr`g. Xjr cockpgj? • Efcbteied`r g`s rcspjbs`negef`fcs fc g`s pcrsjb`s quc k`bco`b d`rrjs p`r` cvet`r cg `trjpcggj fc pc`tjbcs. • Efcbteied`r g`s rcspjbs`negef`fcs fc gjs pc`tjbcs p`r` cvet`r su `trjpcggj.
Cocrdedej > 0. ^cigcxejbc, jrfcbc sus efc`s y rcf`dtc djb prcdeseôb gj quc sc gc pefc cb d`f` ebdesj. Cxpgequc g` feicrcbde` cbtrc ub jnoctevj mcbcr`g y ub jnoctevj cspcdëiedj.
>. G`s semuecbtcs ekàmcbcs mu`rf`b ub` rcg`deôb cbtrc së. Jnsårvcg`s `tcbt`kcbtc y ` djbtebu`deôb ijrkugc ub prjngck` fc ebvcstem`deôb cb Decbde`s Tjde`gcs rcg`dejb`fj djb cgg`s. gj c v c f // ? p tt l ? c f j f ` k j V
j b ` y r` ` /p y ` f tj t. b c k p
? c f j f ` k j V
/ j m c u i g-` ` b c -gs ` k r` l d c
b ej d u g j v /c k j d . c u e v j d c // ? tp t l
/ s j g em s sj ek gt u b ej d ` t s rc j i c f
Xrjngck` fc ebvcstem`deôb?
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` >
>=
f. K`rdj tcôredj
¡Stegedc g`s nengejtcd`s iësed`s y femet`gcs! G`s nengejtcd`s bjs pcrketcb `ddcfcr ` g`s tcjrë`s y djbdcptjs rcg`dejb`fjs djb bucstrj tck` fc
Fcg keskj kjfj quc ustcf v` djbstruycbfj bucvjs djbjdekecbtjs `pjyàbfjsc cb gjs quc y` tcbë`, gjs djbjdekecbtjs decbtëdjs fc ub` ebvcstem`deôb sc djbstruycb sjnrc g` n`sc fc g`s ebvcstem`dejbcs fc jtr`s pcrsjb`s. Xjr csj, cs bcdcs`rej quc tjfj prjdcsj fc ebvcstem`deôb djbtcbm` ub k`rdj tcôredj, cs fcder, ub` rcveseôb fc gjs prebdep`gcs djbdcptjs y tcjrë`s quc feicrcbtcs `utjrcs j ebstetudejbcs l`b fcs`rrjgg`fj sjnrc csc tck` fc ebvcstem`deôb. Jnscrvc cg cockpgj?
ebvcstem`deôb. ^ctjkc gj `prcbfefj cb Pueremuà sjnrc cg usj fc feicrcbtcs tepjs fc nengejtcd`s y ¡djkecbdc y` ` ebvcstem`r!
K`rdj tcôredj sjnrc `ddefcbtcs fc tràbsetj cb g` Deuf`f fc Mu`tck`g` Djbdcptjs rcg`dejb`fjs? •
@ddefcbtc fc tràbsetj? Cs tjfj ebdefcbtc jdurrefj cbtrc vclëdugjs, p`s`ocrjs y pc`tjbcs, quc jd`sejb` pcrouedej ` tjf`s j `gmub` fc g`s p`rtcs ekpged`f`s. Xucfc fcncrsc ` i`ggjs tådbedjs fc gjs vclëdugjs j ` g` bcmgemcbde` fc dljicrcs, p`s`ocrjs y/j pc`tjbcs.
•
Xc`tôb? pcrsjb` quc sc fcspg`z` ` pec cb csp`dejs `necrtjs fc g` vë` pÿnged`.
•
Cfud`deôb ve`g? djboubtj fc djbjdekecbtjs y l`negef`fcs quc servcb djbfudtjrcs, p`s`ocrjs y pc`tjbcs p`r` s`ncr `dtu`r `fcdu`f`kcbtc cb g` vë` pÿnged`, rcspct`bfj gjs fcrcdljs fc g`s fckàs pcrsjb`s y prcvebecbfj cg recsmj fc `ddefcbtcs.
Gcycs c ebstetudejbcs? •
^cmg`kcbtj fc tràbsetj, @ducrfj Muncrb`tevj >=4 — 5<. Vecbc djkj jnoctj bjrk`r tjfj gj rcg`tevj `g tràbsetj cb tjfj cg tcrretjrej fc g` ^cpÿnged` fc Mu`tck`g`.
•
Kebestcrej fc Mjncrb`deôb ` tr`vås fc g` Xjgedë` B`dejb`g Deveg? cbd`rm`fj fc `pged`r cg rcmg`kcbtj fc tràbsetj. Xucfc fcgcm`r cb g` Xjgedë` Kubedep`g fc Vràbsetj fc gjs feicrcbtcs kubedepejs.
Cocrdedej 4 Csdren` cg prjngck` fcg tck` fc ebvcstem`deôb quc l` pcbs`fj cb cg cocrdedej 0. K`rdj tcôredj sjnrc?
Djbdcptjs rcg`dejb`fjs? • • Gcycs c ebstetudejbcs? • •
><
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
c. Vr`n`oj fc d`kpj Tc gg`k` tr`n`oj fc d`kpj ` g` p`rtc fc g` ebvcstem`deôb quc sc rc`gez` fercdt`kcbtc cb g` rc`gef`f y djb sus prjt`mjbest`s. Cg ebvcstem`fjr `pged` tådbed`s fc rcdjgcddeôb fc ebijrk`deôb p`r` djbjdcr g` cxpcrecbde` fc pcrsjb`s, cbtcbfcr dôkj sc f` cg icbôkcbj sjde`g, ctd. •
Jnscrv`deôb? g` pcrsjb` quc ebvcstem` rc`gez` ub` muë` fc `spcdtjs ekpjrt`btcs ` jnscrv`r sjnrc cg tck` fc ebvcstem`deôb y sc feremc ` gjs gum`rcs fjbfc pucfc vesu`gez`rsc cg icbôkcbj sjde`g quc cstà ebvcstem`bfj y v` `bjt`bfj tjf`s g`s jnscrv`dejbcs rcgcv`btcs quc pucf` rc`gez`r.
•
Cbtrcvest` ? pcrsjb`s rcgcv`btcs fc ebvcstem`deôb djkp`rtcb su cxpcrecbde` sjnrc cg keskjp`r` djb cg cg tck` ebvcstem`fjr. Tc utegez` ub` muë` fc prcmubt`s y gj kcojr cs mr`n`r g` cbtrcvest` p`r` pjfcr `b`gez`rg` fcspuås djb vcr`def`f.
^cducrfc g`s tådbed`s p`r` cg tr`n`oj fc d`kpj quc cstufe`kjs cb g` sck`b` 4 fc Pueremuà?
Iëocsc cb cg cockpgj?
Vr`n`oj fc d`kpj fc g` ebvcstem`deôb sjnrc `ddefcbtcs fc tràiedj cb g` Deuf`f fc Mu`tck`g` Vådbed`s fc rcdjgcddeôb fc ebijrk`deôb quc sc `pged`ràb? •
jnscrv`deôb y cbtrcvest`.
Jnscrv`deôb? •
Jnoctevj? jnscrv`r setu`dejbcs fc recsmj fc `ddefcbtc cb g` vë` pÿnged` fc g` Deuf`f fc Mu`tck`g`.
•
Gum`r fjbfc sc rc`gez`rà? d`ggc K`rtë fc g` Deuf`f fc Mu`tck`g`.
•
@spcdtjs ` jnscrv`r?
Djkpjrt`kecbtjs fc recsmj fc `ddefcbtc fc gjs pc`tjbcs.
Djkpjrt`kecbtjs fc recsmj fc `ddefcbtc fc gjs dljicrcs.
Cbtrcvest`?
•
Jnoctevj fc g`s prcmubt`s? djbjdcr gjs djbjdekecbtjs sjnrc cfud`deôb ve`g quc tecbcb pc`tjbcs y dljicrcs.
•
Xcrsjb`s ` cbtrcvest`r? fjs pc`tjbcs fc g` d`ggc K`rtë, fjs pcrsjb`s quc k`bco`b vclëdugjs pjr g` Deuf`f fc Mu`tck`g`.
i. @bàgeses fc rcsugt`fjs y djbdgusejbcs Sb` fc g`s p`rtcs kàs ekpjrt`btcs fcg prjdcsj fc ebvcstem`deôb cs cg `bàgeses fc gjs rcsugt`fjs. Djbggcv` trcs p`sjs? • @b`gez`r g` ebijrk`deôb jntcbef` cb cg tr`n`oj fc d`kpj. Cb cg d`sj fc g` jnscrv`deôb, fcnckjs gccr tjf`s g`s `bjt`dejbcs rc`gez`f`s fur`btc g` `pged`deôb fc g` tådbed`1 cb cg d`sj fc g` cbtrcvest`, sc fcnc tr`bsdrener g` mr`n`deôb y gccrg` `tcbt`kcbtc. Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` >
>5
•
Djbtr`st`r g` ebijrk`deôb jntcbef` cb cg tr`n`oj fc d`kpj djb cg k`rdj tcôredj? vcrckjs se gjs djbdcptjs, tcjrë`s, gcycs, ctd. fcg k`rdj tcôredj sc dukpgcb j sjb `pged`ngcs ` g` rc`gef`f quc lckjs djbjdefj.
•
^cf`dt`r g`s efc`s quc v`kjs cxtr`ycbfj, tr`t`bfj fc f`r rcspucst` `g prjngck` fc ebvcstem`deôb y ` gjs jnoctevjs cspcdëiedjs quc bjs pg`btc`kjs.
Cg semuecbtc p`sj cs rcf`dt`r g`s djbdgusejbcs. Tjb ub rcsukcb dg`rj y djbdesj fc g`s efc`s fcg `bàgeses fc rcsugt`fjs. @pged`rckjs cg pcbs`kecbtj gômedj, t`btj ebfudtevj djkj fcfudtevj p`r` cstrudtur`r g`s djbdgusejbcs. D`f` djbdguseôb fcnc rcf`dt`rsc cb ub` jr`deôb `p`rtc, fc g` ijrk` kàs dg`r` y nrcvc pjsengc.
Cocrdedej 6 @. Djkj y` feoekjs, p`r` `pged`r g`s tådbed`s fc g` jnscrv`deôb y g` cbtrcvest` cs bcdcs`rej djbstruer prekcrj ub ebstrukcbtj `fcdu`fj p`r` d`f` ub` fc cgg`s. Jnscrvc gjs cockpgjs y djkpgctc g`s prcmubt`s quc i`gt`b cb d`f` ubj. Ijrk`tj fc idl` fc jnscrv`deôb Gum`r fc g` jnscrv`deôb? d`ggc kuy tr`bset`f` fc vclëdugjs y pc`tjbcs fc ke kubedepej. ºPuå jnscr v`r:
^csugt`fjsfc g`jnscr v`deôb
ºL`y sckàijrjs: ºL`y p`s`rcg`s: ºPuå djkpjrt`kecbtjs fc recsmj tecbcb gjs pc`tjbcs:
N. Cg mueôb fc cbtrcvest` ` pcrsjb`s quc k`bco`b vclëdugjs fcnc scr feicrcbtc `g mueôb feremefj ` pc`tjbcs. Csdren` fjs prcmubt`s quc ebdguerë` cb cg mueôb fc cbtrcvest` ` pcrsjb`s quc k`bco`b vclëdugjs. Mueôb fc cbtrcvest` ` pc`tjbcs Xcrsjb` ` g` quc cbtrcvest`rà? pc`tôb quc d`keb` pjr g` d`ggc jnscrv`f`. Xrcmubt`s? 0.
ºTjnrc quå csp`dej fc g` d`ggc `djstuknr` ` d`keb`r:
>.
Te tecbc quc druz`r g` d`ggc, ºdôkj gj l`dc:
4. 6.
48
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
Mueôb fc cbtrcvest` ` dljicrcs Xcrsjb` ` g` quc cbtrcvest`rà? dljicr quc derdug` pjr g` d`ggc jnscrv`f`. Xrcmubt`s? 0. >. 4. 6.
^csukcb Cg prjdcsj fc ebvcstem`deôb cb Decbde`s Tjde`gcs nusd` f`r sjgudeôb ` prjngck`s fc g` sjdecf`f. Djkprcbfc gjs semuecbtcs p`sjs? `. Tcgcddeôb fcg tck`
Icbôkcbj sjde`g fc ebtcrås pcrsjb`g y sjde`g
• Cb ijrk` fc prcmubt` n. Xg`btc`kecbtj fcg prjngck`
• Djbtecbc fjs v`re`ngcs • Fcgeket` cg gum`r y g`s pcrsjb`s ebvjgudr`f`s
Jnoctevj mcbcr`g
Mr`b prjpôsetj fc g` ebvcstem`deôb
Jnoctevjs cspcdëiedjs
Jnoctevjs kàs djbdrctjs quc pcrketcb ggcm`r `g jnoctevj mcbcr`g
d. Jnoctevjs fc ebvcstem`deôb
f. K`rdj tcôredj
Cxpged`deôb csdret` fc djbdcptjs y tcjrë`s rcg`dejb`fjs djb cg tck` fc ebvcstem`deôb
c. Vr`n`oj fc d`kpj
@pged`deôb fc tådbed`s fc rcdjgcddeôb fc f`tjs
• Jnscrv`deôb • Cbtrcvest` • Jtr`s
i. @bàgeses fc rcsugt`fjs y djbdgusejbcs
Djkp`r`deôb cbtrc ebijrk`deôb fc d`kpj y k`rdj tcôredj ^cspucst` ` prjngck` fc ebvcstem`deôb y ` jnoctevjs cspcdëdjs
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` >
40
@utjdjbtrjg @dtevef`f 0.
Fckucstrc gj `prcbfefj.
@ Gc` gjs feicrcbtcs cgckcbtjs fc ub prjdcsj fc ebvcstem`deôb quc sc prcscbt`b cb g` djgukb` fc g` ezquecrf`. Vr`dc ub` igcdl` p`r` uber d`f` cgckcbtj djb cg bjknrc quc gc djrrcspjbfc. Jnscrvc cg cockpgj. 0. Efcbteied`r cg mr`fj fc djbjdekecbtj quc tecbcb g`s pcrsjb`s fcg kubedepej sjnrc g` tr`bskeseôb fcg YEL.
•
• Vck` fc ebvcstem`deôb
>. Djbjdcr g`s d`us`s fc g` `gt` ebdefcbde` fc • YEL cb ub kubedepej.
• Xrjngck` fc ebvcstem`deôb
4. G` cfud`deôb y g` prcvcbdeôb fcg YEL.
•
• Jnoctevj mcbcr`g
6. ºPuå i`dtjrcs cfud`dejb`gcs `icdt`b ` g` ebdefcbde` fc YEL cb cg kubedepej:
•
• Jnoctevj cspcdëiedj
3. Djbdcptjs fc verus fc ebkubjfciedecbde` • luk`b` y fc ebicddejbcs fc tr`bskeseôb scxu`g.
• K`rdj tcôredj
9. Cbtrcvest` ` pcrsjb`s oôvcbcs y `fugt`s fc g` pjng`deôb cb mcbcr`g.
• Vr`n`oj fc d`kpj
@dtevef`f >.
•
Xecbsc y `pgequc gj quc `prcbfeô.
N. Xr`dtequc g` ijrkug`deôb fc prjngck`s fc ebvcstem`deôb. ^cigcxejbc sjnrc d`f` tck` fc ebvcstem`deôb quc gc prjpjbckjs y csdren` ub prjngck` fc ebvcstem`deôb quc djbsefcrc ebtcrcs`btc cb rcg`deôb `g tck`. Vecbc ub cockpgj? 8. Vck` fc ebvcstem`deôb?Efejk`s ebfëmcb`s y Fcrcdljs fc gjs Xucngjs Xrjngck` fc ebvcstem`deôb? ºPuå i`dtjrcs i`kege`rcs ebdefcb cb quc g`s beð`s y gjs beðjs pucf`b dukpger su fcrcdlj ` djkubed`rsc cb su efejk` k`tcrbj: 0. Vck` fc ebvcstem`deôb?T`guf y lànetjs fc djbsukj Xrjngck` fc ebvcstem`deôb?
>. Vck` fc ebvcstem`deôb?Ijrk`deôb `d`fåked` y `ddcsj `g tr`n`oj Xrjngck` fc ebvcstem`deôb?
4>
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
V`ggcr fc ebvcstem`deôb Gc ebvet`kjs `ljr` ` fescð`r y rc`gez`r ub` ebtcrcs`btc ebvcstem`deôb cb su dërdugj fc cstufej. 0. Djkecbdc gcycbfj y djkprcbfecbfj cg prjngck` fc ebvcstem`deôb quc gc prjpjbckjs? ºDôkj ebdefcb gjs rjgcs fc måbcrj cb cg rcterj fc cstufe`btcs fc su dërdugj fc cstufej, djbsefcr`bfj ` gjs ljknrcs y ` g`s kuocrcs pjr scp`r`fj:
>. @ljr`, ijrkugc gjs jnoctevjs mcbcr`g y cspcdëiedjs quc pg`btc` p`r` cst` ebvcstem`deôb? Jnoctevj mcbcr`g?
Jnoctevjs cspcdëidjs? • • 4. X`r` su k`rdj tcôredj, scrà bcdcs`rej prjiubfez`r sjnrc gjs djbdcptjs rcg`dejb`fjs djb cg prjngck` fc ebvcstem`deôb y t`kneåb djbjdcr g`s gcycs c ebstetudejbcs rcg`dejb`f`s. `. Stegedc feddejb`rejs iësedjs j femet`gcs p`r` fcieber gjs semuecbtcs djbdcptjs? •
^jgcs fc måbcrj
•
^cterj fcg prjdcsj cfud`tevj
n. Gcycs c ebstetudejbcs rcg`dejb`f`s? •
Gcycs sjnrc Cfud`deôb
•
Ebstetudeôb quc remc g` cfud`deôb cb Mu`tck`g`
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` >
44
6. Cg tr`n`oj fc d`kpj fc cst` ebvcstem`deôb pucfc rc`gez`rsc cbtrcvest`bfj ` cstufe`btcs kuocrcs y cstufe`btcs ljknrcs. Fescðc cg mueôb p`r` g` cbtrcvest` djkpgct`bfj cstc ijrk`tj quc gc sumcrekjs? Mueôb fc cbtrcvest` F`tjs fc g` pcrsjb` cbtrcvest`f`?
Kuocr
Ljknrc
Xrcmubt`s? 0. ºDuàgcs scrë`b g`s d`us`s pjr g`s quc ustcf sc vcrë` jngem`fj/` ` rcter`rsc fc gjs cstufejs: >. 4. 3. @pgequc g` cbtrcvest` ` ub cstufe`btc ljknrc y ` ub` cstufe`btc kuocr. 9. X`r` djbdguer, rcigcxejbc sjnrc g`s efc`s y jpebejbcs quc gc l`b `pjrt`fj g`s cbtrcvest`s, rcvesc fc bucvj gjs djbdcptjs fcg k`rdj tcôredj y gjs jnoctevjs fc g` ebvcstem`deôb y tr`tc fc f`r ub` rcspucst` `g prjngck` fc ebvcstem`deôb. ^cspucst`?
^cvesc su `prcbfez`oc K`rquc djb ub dlcquc ... r ` e f u t s c c f s å u p s c F
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g` d`segg` quc kcojr ebfequc su rcbfekecbtj.
Y`gjrj cg `pjrtc fc g`s kuocrcs ` g` ebvcstem`deôb sjde`g. Djbjzdj g` cstrudtur` fcg prjdcsj fc ebvcstem`deôb sjde`g. @pgedj d`f` p`sj fcg prjdcsj fc ebvcstem`deôb ` p`rter fc ub tck`. Ebvcstemj cb cg dërdugj fc cstufej sjnrc g` ebdefcbde` fc gjs rjgcs fc måbcrj cb cg rcterj fc cstufe`btcs. EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
gjmr`fj
cb bj prjdcsj gjmr`fj
4 Cg djbtebcbtc `kcred`bj ºPuå cbdjbtr`rà cst` sck`b`: @ g` fcrev` Lestjre` fcg djbtebcbtc `kcred`bj Vcdtôbed` fc pg`d`s Xg`d`s tcdtôbed`s y i`gg`s mcjgômed`s fc @kåred` Yugbcr`negef`f y recsmjs
Cst` sck`b` gjmr`rà?
Cxpged`r cb quå djbsestc g` tcjrë` fc g` fcrev` djbtebcbt`g.
Sned`r cb cg csp`dej y cb cg teckpj g` ijrk`deôb fcg djbtebcbtc `kcred`bj.
Djbjdcr g` tcdtôbed` fc pg`d`s y uned`r g`s pg`d`s y i`gg`s fc @kåred` y Mu`tck`g`.
Vjk`r djbdecbde` fc g` vugbcr`negef`f fc bucstr` rcmeôb y prjpjbcr `ddejbcs fc prcvcbdeôb fc fcs`strcs b`tur`gcs.
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 4
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@ycr... ljy... @ g` fcrev` Cb 050>, cg mcôgjmj y kctcjrôgjmj @gircf ]cmcbcr prjpusj g` t cjrë` fc g` fcrev` djbtebcbt`g quc cxpged` cg fcspg`z`kecbtj fc gjs djbtebcbtcs. Yc`kjs cb quå djbsestc. Gjs djbtebcbtcs fc g` Vecrr` bj seckprc l`b sefj sces be l`b tcbefj g` ijrk` quc djbjdckjs. L`dc
@gircf ]cmcbcr
(0<<8 — 0548)
488 keggjbcs fc `ðjs, tjfjs gjs djbtebcbtcs sc ubecrjb cb ub` sjg` k`s` fc tecrr`? X`bmc` quc cb mrecmj sembeied` "tjf`s g`s tecrr`s" . Cr` ub supcrdjbtebcbtc rjfc`fj fc `mu`? cg k`r gg`k`fj X`btl`g`ss` .
X`bmc` djkcbzô ` ir`mkcbt`rsc l`dc >88 keggjbcs fc `ðjs cb fjs supcrdjbtebcbtcs? G`ur`se` , `g bjrtc y Mjbfw`b` , `g sur. Cb g` prekcr` i`sc fc su scp`r`deôb, surmecrjb Bjrtc`kåred` y Dcbtrj`kåred`. G` mr`b mrect` ijrk`f` fej gum`r `g jdå`bj @tgàbtedj. Cb cg tcrretjrej fc Bjrtc`kåred` t`kneåb sc ijrkô ub` mr`b i`gg` pjr g` quc djrreô ub rëj, quc kudlj teckpj fcspuås sc gg`k`rë` rëj Kesesepe. L`dc `grcfcfjr fc 038 keggjbcs fc `ðjs sc scp`r`rjb Tuf`kåred` y Àired`. Fcsfc csc kjkcbtj, cg djbtebcbtc `kcred`bj tecbc cg `spcdtj quc djbjdckjs ljy. @dtu`gkcbtc gjs djbtebcbtcs semucb fcspg`zàbfjsc. Tc `gco`b y sc `dcrd`b ubjs fc jtrjs. Puezà fcbtrj fc keggjbcs fc `ðjs X`bmc` vucgv` ` cxester.
Ebvcstemuc cb g` rcf... ¡Xucfc vcr dôkj iuc g` fcsebtcmr`deôb fc X`bmc`! X`r` cggj, ebmrcsc ` www.yjutunc.djk y csdren` "`bek`deôb p`bmc`" cb g` n`rr` fcg nusd`fjr.
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EMC^ ∞ Pueremuà
Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs 0. Lestjre` fcg djbtebcbtc `kcred`bj Ijrk`deôb fcg djbtebcbtc Djkj lckjs vestj, g` @kåred` quc ljy djbjdckjs sc ijrkô l`dc kàs fc 038 keggjbcs fc `ðjs, du`bfj X`bmc` sc fevefeô cb fjs sundjbtebcbtcs? G`ur`se` y Mjbfw`b`. Cr` g` åpjd` fc gjs febjs`urejs y fc gjs mr`bfcs `bek`gcs. Cb @kåred` cxestë`b cg ter`bjs`urej (Vyr`bbjs`urus rcx) y cg Ycgjder`ptjr, cbtrc jtr`s kudl`s cspcdecs prclestôred`s. L`dc 93 keggjbcs fc `ðjs, kudl`s cspcdecs fc febjs`urejs sc cxtebmuecrjb. ºPuå d`usô cst` cxtebdeôb k`sev`: @ubquc cs ub` ducsteôb quc sc semuc cstufe`bfj, gjs decbtëdjs sucgcb djebdefer cb tjrbj ` fjs lepôtcses? • Sb ekp`dtj cxtr`tcrrcstrc, quc pufj scr g` d`ëf` fc ub `stcrjefc j fc ub kctcjretj cb g` Xcbëbsug` fc Uud`tàb y cg Mjgij fc Kåxedj. • Sb pcrëjfj fc mr`b `dtevef`f vjgdàbed`. ^ëjs fc g`v`, buncs fc feôxefj fc d`rnjbj y djbt`keb`deôb fc g` `tkôsicr` pjr gjs festebtjs m`scs quc ck`b`b gjs vjgd`bcs pjfrë`b l`ncr cbvcbcb`fj ` gjs febjs`urejs. Kudlj kàs t`rfc, l`dc 038 keg `ðjs, bucstrj tcrretjrej `dtu`g djbt`n` djb cspcdecs djkj cg k`stjfjbtc, sekeg`r `g k`kut, cg pcrczjsj mem`btc, cg `rk`feggj mem`btc y cg tcxjfjbtc, quc cr` ub` kczdg` cbtrc rebjdcrjbtc y pucrdj fc 4.48 kctrjs fc g`rmj.
k`kut ` g` fcrcdl` y k`stjfjbtc ` g` ezquecrf` / k j d t. j sp m j g .n g` c u z b t` s c c sf j em k /` ?/ p tt l ? c f j f ` k j V
, _`d`p`, Cg kuscj fc X`gcjbtjgjmë`, @rqucjgjmë` y Mcjgjmë` fc Cst`bzucg` mu`rf` gjs csqucgctjs fc `bek`gcs prclestôredjs fc bucstrj tcrretjrej. ^jncrtj ]. T`r`ve` iuc sc ubjl`b fccbdjbtr`fj gjs p`gcjbtôgjmjs pejbcrjs cb fc Mu`tck`g`. ` sus ebvcstem`dejbcs, rcstjs fc `bek`gcs l`dc 038Mr`de`s keg `ðjs. Cb cg n`rr`bdj fc Ojdjt`gcs, zjb` 9 fc g` D`pet`g, sc l`ggô cg csqucgctj fc ub pcrczjsj mem`btc fc kàs fc sces kctrjs fc `gtur`. Cstjs `bek`gcs bj cxestcb cb g` `dtu`gef`f, pcrj djbjdckjs ` sus p`recbtcs, gjs pcrczjsjs pcqucðjs. Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 4
4=
>. Vcdtôbed` fc pg`d`s G` mcjgjmë` cs g` decbde` quc `b`gez` g` ijrk` ebtcrejr y cxtcrejr fc g` Vecrr`. Djkj y` cstufeô cb cg àrc` fc Decbde`s B`tur`gcs, ub` fc g`s p`rtcs fc quc sc djkpjbc g` Vecrr` cs g` getjsicr`
pg`d` fc Bjrtc`kåred` pg`d` fc Djdjs
pg`d` fcg D`renc
zjb` fc sunfuddeôb
j p`rtc sôgef` kàs supcrde`g.
G` getjsicr` cstà rjt` j ir`mkcbt`f` cb ub` screc fc pg`d`s tcdtôbed`s j pg`d`s getjsiåred`s quc sc kucvcb cb ngjquc. Cstjs kjvekecbtjs fc g`s pg`d`s sjb gjs rcspjbs`ngcs fc cvcbtjs djkj gjs tcrrckjtjs y k`rckjtjs. Cst`s pg`d`s pucfcb scr fc trcs tepjs?
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Xg`d`s djbtebcbt`gcs? ijrk`f`s pjr ir`mkcbtjs fc getjsicr` quc pjscc cxdgusev`kcbtc djrtcz` djbtebcbt`g. Sb cockpgj cs g` pg`d` Àr`nc. Gjd`gëdcg` cb cg k`p` fc pg`d`s fc g` p`rtc ebicrejr fc g` pàmeb`.
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Xg`d`s jdcàbed`s? ijrk`f`s pjr ir`mkcbtjs fc getjsicr` quc pjscc cxdgusev`kcbtc djrtcz` jdcàbed`, djkj g` pg`d` X`dëied`.
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Xg`d`s kext`s? ijrk`f`s pjr djrtcz` jdcàbed` y djbtebcbt`g. Xjr cockpgj, g` pg`d` Curj`së`ted`. Cb g` Vecrr` l`y quebdc pg`d`s tcdtôbed`s prebdep`gcs, `fckàs fc jtr`s scdubf`re`s.
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I`gg`s mcjgômed`s? Sb` i`gg` cs ub` ir`dtur` j mrect` fc g` djrtcz` tcrrcstrc `
gj g`rmj fc g` du`g lunj kjvekecbtj fc ubj fc gjs g`fjs rcspcdtj fcg jtrj. Mcbcr`gkcbtc, g`s i`gg`s sc cbducbtr`b cb gjs gëketcs fc g`s pg`d`s tcdtôbed`s.
pg`d` Bjrtc`kcred`b`
pg`d` Curj`seàted`
pg`d` Curj`seàted`
pg`d` Ou`b Iud` pg`d` fcg D`renc pg`d` Iegepeb`
pg`d` Àr`nc
pg`d` fc Djdjs
pg`d` Ebfe` pg`d` fc B`zd`
pg`d` @ired`b`
pg`d` @ustr`ge`b` pg`d` Tuf`kcred`b` Xg`d` X`dëd`
Debturôb fc Iucmj K`p` kubfe fc g`s pg`d`s prebdep`gcs. Djb tr`zj kàs iucrtc k`rd`fj cg Debturôb fc iucmj fcg X`dëdj, ub` gëbc` cb g` quc ircducbtckcbtc sc prjfudcb tcrrckjtjs y crupdejbcs vjgdàbed`s quc pràdted`kcbtc rjfc` g` ducbd` fcg X`dëdj.
4<
EMC^ ∞ Pueremuà
>.0 Xg`d`s y i`gg`s mcjgômed`s fc @kåred` Djkj sc pucfc vcr cb cg k`p` fc g` pàmeb` `btcrejr, cb cg djbtebcbtc `kcred`bj djbuycb sces pg`d`s tcdtôbed`s? g` pg`d` Bjrtc`kcred`b`, g` pg`d` X`dëd`, g`
pg`d` Tuf`kcred`b`, g` pg`d` fcg D`renc, g` pg`d` fc Djdjs y g` pg`d` fc B`zd`. Sb` fc g`s i`gg`s kàs ekpjrt`btcs cs g` i`gg` fc T`b @bfrås, cb Bjrtc`kåred`, quc rcdjrrc D`geijrbe` fc bjrtc ` sur ` gj g`rmj fc 0488 aegôkctrjs. G` i`gg` Gequeðc-Jique djrrc dcrd` fc keg aegôkctrjs cb fercddeôb bjrtc — sur cb g` zjb` sur fc Dlegc, cb g` rcmeôb bjrtc fc gjs @bfcs X`t`môbedjs. Cb Mu`tck`g`, g`s pg`d`s tcdtôbed`s Bjrtc`kcred`b` y fcg D`renc f`b gum`r ` mr`bfcs i`gg`s? • G` i`gg` fcg Kjt`mu`, cb g` secrr` fc g`s Keb`s, d`se p`r`gcg` `g rëj fcg keskj bjknrc. G` i`gg` fcg Kjt`mu` prjvjdô cg tcrrckjtj fc 05=9. • G` i`gg` Dlexjy—Xjgjdled, cb g` secrr` fc gjs Dudluk`t`bcs quc p`s` pjr cg b`dekecbtj fc gjs rëjs quc ggcv`b su bjknrc. • G` i`gg` fc O`gp`t`mu`, rcspjbs`ngc fc gjs tcrrckjtjs fc 050= y 050<. • G` fc Ojdjtàb—Dl`kcgcdôb , quc ebede`i`gg` cb Mu`tck`g` y `tr`vecs` Ljbfur`s.
i`gg` Dlexjy—Xjgjdled i`gg` fcg Kjt`mu` i`gg` fc Ojdjtàb— Dl`kcgcdôb i`gg` fc O`gp`t`mu`
Cocrdedej 0 0. Gjd`gedc cb cg k`p` g`s pg`d`s tcdtôbed`s quc `icdt`b `g djbtebcbtc `kcred`bj y csdren` su bjknrc.
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 4
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4. Yugbcr`negef`f y recsmj G`s pg`d`s tcdtôbed`s cstàb cb djbst`btc kjvekecbtj. @ubquc bjsjtrjs bj pjf`kjs pcrdenergj, bjrk`gkcbtc sc fcspg`z`b cbtrc > y >.3 dk `g `ðj. Csc kjvekecbtj l`dc quc g`s i`gg`s sc rjdcb cbtrc së djbtebu`kcbtc. Xcrj, cb jd`sejbcs gjs kjvekecbtjs tcdtôbedjs sjb kàs nrusdjs y prjfudcb venr`dejbcs pcrdcptengcs p`r` bjsjtrjs? gjs seskjs. Cpedcbtrj
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Teskjs j tcrrckjtjs?sjb tjf`s g`s s`dufef`s fc g` Vecrr`.
Tc festebmucb fjs pubtjs ekpjrt`btcs? Lepjdcbtrj j ijdj cs g` zjb` ebtcrb` fjbfc sc prjfudc cg tcrrckjtj. Cpedcbtrj, àrc` fc g` supcriedec sjnrc cg lepjdcbtrj
Lepjdcbtrj
fjbfc sc secbtcb g`s jbf`s sësked`s djb k`yjr ebtcbsef`f. •
K`rckjtj? seskj quc sc rcmestr` cb cg ijbfj fcg k`r.
Mu`tck`g` l` suirefj g`s mr`vcs djbscducbde`s pjr festebtjs seskjs ` gj g`rmj
fc su lestjre`. j k rrc c /V e ea w / m r j . e` f c p e ea w s. c //? s p tt l
> 8 5 0 Z c f Z g` ` k c t ` u ZM c f Z tj
` u M Z 9 = 5 0 e/ ea /w rm j . e` f c p e ea .w b c /?/ s p tt l
# c a ` u q l tr ` Zc ` g ` k c t
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g` d`pet`g iuc tr`sg`f`f` `g v`ggc fc g` @subdeôb, fjbfc sc cbducbtr` ljy.
Puctz`gtcb`bmj, tcrrckjtj fc T`b Xcricdtj 058>
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68
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EMC^ ∞ Pueremuà
05=9? fcstruyô mr`b p`rtc fcg p`ës, ebdguycbfj g`
deuf`f d`pet`g. Jdurreô cb g` bjdlc, gj quc `ukcbtô cg bÿkcrj fc vëdtek`s. I`ggcdecrjb kàs fc >4 888 pcrsjb`s y kàs fc ub keggôb sc qucf`rjb seb ljm`r. Tc fcstruycrjb <4> cst`ngcdekecbtjs cfud`tevjs.
Mu`tck`g`, tcrrckjtj fc 05=9
T`b K`rdjs, tcrrckjtj fc 058>
058>? tcrrckjtj fc T`b Xcricdtj. @icdtô prebdep`gkcbtc ` Puctz`gtcb`bmj y Tjgjgà. Lunj kàs
fc <88 pcrsjb`s i`ggcdef`s. Cbtrc kudl`s pårfef`s k`tcre`gcs, sc fcstruyô g` d`tcfr`g fc \cg`.
r` ZK b ` /T e ea
> 0 8 > Z c f Z j t j /w k c r rm c rV .j ` e # f )` c g p e ` a e k c t .w s ` u /c ?/s (ZM s p tt dj l
0=0= y 0==4? tcrrckjtjs fc T`b Kemucg y T`bt` K`rt`. Fcstruycrjb @btemu` Mu`tck`g` y pjr csj
>80>? rcsugt`rjb `icdt`fjs prebdep`gkcbtc gjs fcp`rt`kcbtjs fc T`b K`rdjs y Puctz`gtcb`bmj.
Kàs fc fjdc keg vevecbf`s suirecrjb f`ðjs.
4.0 @ddeôb luk`b` ircbtc ` gjs recsmjs b`tur`gcs Dcbtrj`kåred` cs ub` rcmeôb cspcde`gkcbtc vugbcr`ngc ` gjs seskjs pjrquc,
djkj lckjs vestj, sc `secbt` sjnrc g`s i`gg`s fc v`re`s pg`d`s tcdtôbed`s. V`kneåb cs ub` zjb` cb g` quc fc ijrk` b`tur`g sc ijrk`b lur`d`bcs, djb iucrtcs gguve`s. Cstjs sjb recsmjs b`tur`gcs c ebcvet`ngcs fc bucstr` rcmeôb. Teb ckn`rmj, g`s `ddejbcs luk`b`s ebuycb cb quc g`s djbscducbde`s sc`b kàs j kcbjs mr`vcs.
Fcnckjs tr`n`o`r cb fjs bevcgcs? •
Xrcvcbdeôb? sjb tjf`s g`s `ddejbcs quc cvet`b quc ub cvcbtj b`tur`g djkj
ub seskj j ub lur`dàb sc djbvecrt` cb ub` d`tàstrjic. Cg duef`fj fcg kcfej `knecbtc y cg dukpgekecbtj fc g`s gcycs y bjrk`s fc djbstruddeôb sjb cgckcbtjs ekpjrt`btcs p`r` g` prcvcbdeôb fc fcs`strcs. •
^cspucst` `btc cvcbtjs b`tur`gcs? cs g` `dtu`deôb quc ggcv`kjs ` d`nj
du`bfj sc prjfudc ub cvcbtj b`tur`g. T`ncr dôkj `dtu`r cb cg kjkcbtj cb cg quc sc prjfudc du`gquecr cvcbtj b`tur`g pucfc prjtcmcr bucstr` vef` y g` fc gjs fckàs, cvet`bfj gjs f`ðjs d`us`fjs pjr bcrvejseskj, `mgjkcr`dejbcs j d`js. Cb Mu`tck`g`, djbt`kjs djb ebstetudejbcs cbd`rm`f`s fc kjbetjrc`r y `yuf`r ` rcfuder gjs cicdtjs fc gjs cvcbtjs b`tur`gcs. •
Ebstetutj fc Teskjgjmë`, Yugd`bjgjmë`, Kctcjrjgjmë` c Lefrjgjmë` BTEYSKCL
E ? kjbetjrc` gjs cvcbtjs b`tur`gcs y `gcrt` fc su prjxekef`f. Djbjdc kàs cb? lttp?//www.ebsevukcl.mjn.mt
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Djjrfeb`fjr` B`dejb`g p`r` g` ^cfuddeôb fc Fcs`strcs — DJB^CF?
i`deget` d`p`det`deôb y kcfef`s p`r` kebekez`r gjs cicdtjs fc gjs cvcbtjs b`tur`gcs. @tecbfc fercdt`kcbtc ` g` pjng`deôb cb d`sj fc fcs`strcs. •
Jrm`bez`dejbcs fc prjtcddeôb `knecbt`g? vcg`b pjr g` prjtcddeôb fc njs-
qucs y rëjs, cvet`bfj quc sc fctcrejrcb y `scmur`bfj `së quc bj sc `mr`vcb g`s djbscducbde`s fc gjs seskjs y lur`d`bcs.
Cocrdedej > DJB^CF ekpugs` quc i`kege`s, csducg`s y gum`rcs fc tr`n`oj djbjzd`b dôkj rcfuder gjs fcs`strcs. Nusquc g` ebijrk`deôb cb su pàmeb` wcn? www.djbrcf.mjn.mt y csdren` `dà fjs rcdjkcbf`dejbcs p`r`
g` i`kege`.
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 4
60
^csukcb 0. Lestjre` fcg djbtebcbtc `kcred`bj
Cg djbtebcbtc `kcred`bj sc ijrkô l`dc kàs fc 038 keggjbcs fc `ðjs, du`bfj X`bmc` sc fevefeô cb fjs sundjbtebcbtcs? G`ur`se` y Mjbfw`b`. Cr` g` åpjd` fc gjs febjs`urejs. L`dc 93 keggjbcs fc `ðjs kudl`s cspcdecs fc febjs`urejs sc cxtebmuecrjb. Fjs lepôtcses rcspcdtj ` g`s d`us`s? • Sb ekp`dtj cxtr`tcrrcstrc • Sb pcrëjfj fc mr`b `dtevef`f vjgdàbed` >. Vcdtôbed` fc pg`d`s
Tcmÿb g` tcjrë` fc g` tcdtôbed` fc pg`d`s, g` getjsicr` cstà djkpucst` pjr ub` screc fc pg`d`s rëmef`s quc sc kucvcb djbtebu`kcbtc. G`s pg`d`s pucfcb scr? • Xg`d`s djbtebcbt`gcs • Xg`d`s jdcàbed`s • Xg`d`s kext`s I`gg`s mcjgômed`s?ub` i`gg` cs ub` ir`dtur` fc g` djrtcz` tcrrcstrc. Mcbcr`gkcbtc, g`s i`gg`s sc cbducb-
tr`b cb gjs gëketcs fc g`s pg`d`s tcdtôbed`s. >.0 Xg`d`s y i`gg`s fc @kåred`
• •
I`gg` fc T`b @bfrås, cb Bjrtc`kåred`, quc rcdjrrc D`geijrbe` fc bjrtc ` sur. I`gg` Gequeðc-Jique cb g` zjb` sur fc Dlegc.
Cb Mu`tck`g`? • I`gg` fcg Kjt`mu`, cb g` secrr` fc g`s Keb`s. • I`gg` Dlexjy—Xjgjdled, cb g` secrr` fc gjs Dudluk`t`bcs. • I`gg` fc O`gp`t`mu`, rcspjbs`ngc fc gjs tcrrckjtjs fc 050= y 050<. • I`gg` fc Ojdjtàb—Dl`kcgcdôb, quc ebede` cb Mu`tck`g` y `tr`vecs` Ljbfur`s. 4. Yugbcr`negef`f y recsmj
•
Teskjs j tcrrckjtjs?sjb tjf`s g`s s`dufef`s fc g` Vecrr`. Tc festebmucb fjs pubtjs ekpjrt`btcs? Lepjdcbtrj j ijdj cs g` zjb` ebtcrb` fjbfc sc prjfudc cg tcrrckjtj. Cpedcbtrj? àrc` fc g` supcriedec tcrrcstrc, fjbfc sc secbtc cg seskj djb k`yjr ebtcbsef`f.
•
K`rckjtj? seskj quc sc rcmestr` cb cg ijbfj fcg k`r.
4.0 @ddeôb luk`b` ircbtc ` gjs recsmjs b`tur`gcs
G`s `ddejbcs luk`b`s ebiguycb cb quc g`s djbscducbde`s sc`b kàs j kcbjs mr`vcs. Fcnckjs tr`n`o`r cb fjs bevcgcs? prcvcbdeôb y rcspucst` `btc cvcbtjs b`tur`gcs. Ebstetudejbcs cbd`rm`f`s fc `yuf`r ` rcfuder gjs cicdtjs fc gjs cvcbtjs b`tur`gcs
• • •
6>
Ebstetutj fc Teskjgjmë`, Yugd`bjgjmë`, Kctcjrjgjmë` c Lefrjgjmë` —EBTEYSKCL— Djjrfeb`fjr` B`dejb`g p`r` g` ^cfuddeôb fc Fcs`strcs — DJB^CF— Jrm`bez`dejbcs fc prjtcddeôb `knecbt`g EMC^ ∞ Pueremuà
@utjdjbtrjg @dtevef`f 0.
Fckucstrc gj `prcbfefj.
@. K`rquc djb ub` cques cg du`fr`fj fc g` jpdeôb quc djkpgct` djrrcdt`kcbtc d`f` jr`deôb.
0. Cg djbtebcbtc `kcred`bj sc ijrkô...
l`dc 038 keg `ðjs l`dc 038 keggjbcs fc `ðjs l`dc >88 keggjbcs fc `ðjs
>. Cg decbtëiedj quc prjpusj g` tcjrë` fc g` fcrev` djbtebcbt`g iuc...
^jncrtj ]. T`r`ve` @gircf ]cmcbcr @gncrt Cebstceb
4. G` i`gg` kàs ekpjrt`btc fc Bjrtc`kåred` cs...
g` i`gg` fc Gequeðc—Jique g` i`gg` fc O`gp`t`mu` g` i`gg` fc T`b @bfrås
6. G` i`gg` quc prjvjdô cg tcrrckjtj fc 05=9 cb Mu`tck`g` cs...
g` i`gg` fcg Kjt`mu` g` i`gg` fc O`gp`t`mu` g` i`gg` fcg Dlexjy—Xjgjdled
3. Cg pubtj fc jremcb fc ub tcrrckjtj sc gg`k`...
dcbtrj cpedcbtrj lepjdcbtrj
N. Fcieb` nrcvckcbtc y djb sus p`g`nr`s gjs tårkebjs semuecbtcs.
0. Xg`d`s tcdtôbed`s?
>. I`gg`s mcjgômed`s?
D. ^cspjbf` g` prcmubt` y cxpgequc su rcspucst`.
0. ºPuå sjb gjs recsmjs b`tur`gcs y dôkj ebiguycb g`s `ddejbcs luk`b`s cb sus djbscducbde`s:
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 4
64
@dtevef`f >.
Xecbsc y `pgequc gj quc `prcbfeô.
@. G` t`ng` semuecbtc prcscbt`, cb g` prekcr` djgukb`, ub` screc fc `ddejbcs quc prjvjd`b djbscducb-
de`s kuy bcm`tev`s cb gjs d`sjs fc seskj j lur`dàb. Djkpgctc ustcf g` tcrdcr` djgukb` djb `qucgg`s `ddejbcs quc pucfcb `yuf`r ` kebekez`r cs`s djbscducbde`s. Gc fco`kjs ub cockpgj. Djbscducbde` cb fc seskj j lur`dàb
@ddeôb p`r` cvet`r cs`s djbscducbde`s
Djbstruddeôb fc d`s` djb
G` vevecbf` sc d`c j sc f`ð`
Stegez`r k`tcre`gcs fc djbstruddeôb fc prekcr` d`gef`f y rcs-
dekecbtjs pjdj prjiubfjs.
scvcr`kcbtc.
Djbstruddeôb fc d`s` cb g` jregg` fc ub rëj j qucnr`f`.
G` vevecbf` sc ebubf` y cs `rr`str`f` pjr cg `mu`.
@ddeôb luk`b`
pct`r cstredt`kcbtc g`s bjrk`s fc djbstruddeôb.
Xucbtcs y d`rrctcr`s d`cb y Xucbtcs j d`rrctcr`s fånesc rjkpcb. Fcsg`vcs fc gjs gcs, seb djbtrjg fcg djbtjrbj. dcrrjs dcrd`bjs. Fcijrcst`deôb fc gjs dcrrjs y g`s kjbt`ð`s.
Djrrekecbtjs fc tecrr` y fcsg`vcs. Djrrcbt`f`s fc n`sur` quc
N`surcrjs fcsdjbtrjg`fjs.
pucfcb sjtcrr`r pcrsjb`s y vevecbf`s.
N. Gc` cg tcxtj y csdren` ub djkcbt`rej pcrsjb`g.
0. Kcfej keggôb fc pcrsjb`s l`net` cb zjb`s fc recsmj
Mu`tck`g` cs ub p`ës fjbfc ‗se bj ggucvc, teckng` y se bj teckng` l`y ub vjgdàb cb crupdeôb‛, `ierk` F`vef fc Gcôb, vjdcrj fc g` DJB^CF , quecb `ð`fc quc cg p`ës cstà djbsefcr`fj djkj cg du`rtj kàs vugbcr`ngc cb cg àknetj kubfe`g y djkcbt` quc g` DJB^CF tr`n`o` djbst`btckcbtc p`r` `irjbt`r gjs fcs`strcs b`tur`gcs. lttp?//www.s>0.djk.mt/b`dejb`gcs/>803/89/8
66
EMC^ ∞ Pueremuà
V`ggcr fc deuf`f`bë` @dtÿj `btc gjs recsmjs b`tur`gcs K`p` fc recsmj fc g` djkubef`f
Vjfjs pjfckjs `yuf`r ` quc bucstr` djkubef`f tjkc djbdecbde` fcg recsmj fc fcs`strcs y sc kjvegedc p`r` tjk`r `ddejbcs prcvcbtev`s. Sb` fc g`s kcojrcs ijrk`s cs rc`gez`r ub k`p` fc `kcb`z`s y recsmjs fc g` djkubef`f. ºPuå cs:
Cg k`p` fc recsmjs cs ub fenuoj j k`quct` quc kucstr` gjs cfeiedejs ekpjrt`btcs fc g` djkubef`f? csducg`s, pucstjs fc s`guf u ljspet`gcs, secknr`s, d`kebjs, ctd. quc pjfrë`b rcsugt`r `icdt`fjs fc prjfudersc ub fcs`strc. V`kneåb rcigco` gum`rcs pjtcbde`gkcbtc pcgemrjsjs? vjgd`bcs, zjb`s quc sc pucfcb ebubf`r j ebdcbfe`r. @së djkj gjs rcdursjs pcrsjb`gcs y k`tcre`gcs quc pucfcb `yuf`r, djkj ub` cst`deôb fc njkncrjs. ºX`r` quå servc:
• •
•
@yuf` ` cbtcbfcr gjs recsmjs y pcgemrjs quc `kcb`z`b ` bucstr` djkubef`f. Kjtev` ` tjf` g` djkubef`f ` prcp`r`rsc p`r` prcvcber j rcfuder gjs cicdtjs fc ub pjsengc cvcbtj. @yuf` ` prcp`r`rsc cb d`sj fc ckcrmcbde`1 pjr cockpgj, fôbfc cstàb gjs cfeiedejs kàs scmurjs j pjr duàgcs vë`s fcnckjs er se jrfcb`b cv`du`r g` zjb`.
ºDôkj l`dcr ub k`p` fc recsmjs p`r` g` djkubef`f:
Xrcp`r`r ub` muë` p`r` g` jnscrv`deôb y nÿsqucf` fc ebijrk`deôb, scmÿb cg tepj fc `kcb`z`? •
Ebubf`deôb? ºquå zjb`s j àrc`s djkub`gcs, quå jnr`s fc ebir`cstrudtur`, quå d`s`s j
cfeiedejs djrrcb gjs k`yjrcs recsmjs:
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 4
63
•
Vcrrckjtj? ºquå cfeiedejs j zjb`s l`net`dejb`gcs, quå jnr`s fc ebir`cstrudtur`, quå d`s`s
j cfeiedejs prcscbt`b gjs k`yjrcs recsmjs: •
Crupdeôb vjgdàbed`? ºg` djkubef`f cstà dcrd` fc ub vjgdàb: º` quå fest`bde`:
Djkp`rt` djb sus djkp`ðcrjs y jrecbt`fjr u jrecbt`fjr` gj quc feoj g` mcbtc fur`btc su veset`. •
ºPuå kcfef`s pjfrë` tjk`r su djkubef`f p`r` quc g` mcbtc cstå scmur`:
•
ºDuàgcs pcrsjb`s pucfcb `yuf`rgc:
^cvesc su `prcbfez`oc K`rquc djb ub dlcquc .. .r ` e f u t s c c f s å u p s c F
69
g` d`segg` quc kcojr ebfequc su rcbfekecbtj.
Fcsdunrj y cxpgedj g` tcjrë` fc g` fcrev` djbtebcbt`g. Snedj cb cg csp`dej y cb cg teckpj g` ijrk`deôb fcg djbtebcbtc `kcred`bj. Djbjzdj g` tcdtôbed` fc pg`d`s y unedj g`s pg`d`s y i`gg`s fc @kåred` y Mu`tck`g`. Vjkj djbdecbde` fc g` vugbcr`negef`f fc bucstr` rcmeôb y prjpjbmj `ddejbcs fc prcvcbdeôb fc fcs`strcs b`tur`gcs. EMC^ ∞ Pueremuà
gjmr`fj
cb bj prjdcsj gjmr`fj
6
Mcjmr`ië` fc @kåred` ºPuå cbdjbtr`rà cst` sck`b`: @kåred`, Ojså Gues Xcr`gcs
Mcjmr`ië` pjgëted` fc @kåred`? feveseôb pjgëted` pjr rcmejbcs Mcjmr`ië` iësed` fc @kåred`? rcmejbcs b`tur`gcs Cg rcgecvc `kcred`bj Dgek` y nejfevcrsef`f
Cst` sck`b` gjmr`rà?
Fcsdunrer g` ncggcz` fcg djbtebcbtc `kcred`bj pjr kcfej fc ub` d`bdeôb.
Bjknr`r y rcdjbjdcr cb ub k`p` gjs p`ëscs fc @kåred` y sus d`pet`gcs.
Sned`r cb cg k`p` fc @kåred` g`s rcmejbcs b`tur`gcs y gjs lcdljs j `ddefcbtcs mcjmràiedjs prebdep`gcs.
^cg`dejb`r gjs nejk`s fc @kåred` djb su dgek`, i`ub` y igjr`.
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 6
6=
@ycr... ljy... @kåred`
Kc lucgcs ` kcrcbmuc y ` njgcrj, ` d`ð` y ` d`iå. Kc lucgcs ` djrrefj y ` dl`r`bmj, d`rb`v`getj y kecg. Kc lucgcs ` k`r`d`s y ` muet`rr`, ` m`udlj sjget`rej y ` s`n`b`, ` pecg kjrcb` y s`g. Kc lucgcs ` d`bcg` y ` n`b`b`s. Pucref` seckprc y seckprc k`gtr`t`f`, sjð`bfj gencrt`f. @kåred`, @kåred` kc lucgcs ` mu`y`n`, ` djrfeggcr` lcg`f`, ` tecrr` vcrfc y gguve` trjped`g. Kc lucgcs ` pr`fcr`, y ` ctcrb` prek`vcr`, kc lucgcs ` iuturj y gencrt`f. Ojså Gues Xcr`gcs
@b`gedc y djkp`rt` Ojså Gues Xcr`gcs, d`bt`utjr csp`ðjg, cx`gt` g` ncggcz` fcg djbtebcbtc `kcred`bj cb g` gctr` fc g` d`bdeôb ‗@kåred`‛ quc `d`n`kjs fc gccr. Cxpgequc djb sus p`g`nr`s ºquå jtrjs cgckcbtjs fc g` b`tur`gcz` j fc g` dugtur` fc @kåred` cockpged`b g` ncggcz` fcg djbtebcbtc:
6<
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs 0. Mcjmr`ië` pjgëted` fc @kåred` Cg Bucvj Kubfj Cg djbtebcbtc `kcred`bj iuc fcsemb`fj djb cg bjknrc fc Bucvj Kubfj fcsfc b`gcs fcg semgj \Y p`r` festebmuergj fcg Yecoj Kubfj, cs fcder, fcg tcrretjrej y`
djbjdefj pjr gjs djbquest`fjrcs. @kåred` cs cg scmubfj djbtebcbtc kàs mr`bfc fc g` Vecrr` djb ub` cxtcbseôb tcrretjre`g fc 6> >9> 06> ak >.
0.0 Gëketcs fc @kåred` @kåred` sc uned` cb cg lckesicrej jddefcbt`g djb rcspcdtj `g kcrefe`bj 8 y cb cg lckesicrej bjrtc y sur djb rcg`deôb `g Cdu`fjr. Djkj pucfc jnscrv`r cb cg k`p` `btcrejr, cs cg djbtebcbtc kàs g`rmj fc tjfjs. @kåred` cstà rjfc`f` fc du`trj mr`bfcs jdå`bjs djb gjs quc geket`? •
Bjrtc? cg jdå`bj Mg`de`g Àrtedj
•
Cstc? cg jdå`bj @tgàbtedj
•
Tur? cg jdå`bj Mg`de`g @btàrtedj
•
Jcstc? cg jdå`bj X`dëiedj
Cocrdedej 0 0. Cb cg k`p` fc `rren` unequc gjs jdå`bjs y csdren` cb cg gum`r ebfed`fj cg bjknrc fc d`f` ubj. >. ºDuàgcs fc gjs jdå`bjs n`ð`b g`s djst`s fc Mu`tck`g`:
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 6
65
0.> Feveseôb pjgëted` fc @kåred` pjr rcmejbcs @kåred` sc l` fevefefj cb du`trj rcmejbcs p`r` i`deget`r su cstufej? G`s fcpcbfcbde`s sjb rcmejbcs quc pcrtcbcdcb j cstàb `sjde`f`s ` jtrjs p`ëscs y cstàb iucr` fc su tcrretjrej.
D`f` rcmeôb fc @kåred` cstà sunfevefef` cb p`ëscs ebfcpcbfecbtcs y fcpcbfcbde`s.
`. Feveseôb pjgëted` fc @kåred` fcg Bjrtc X`ës
D`pet`g
D`b`fà Cst`fjs Sbefjs Mrjcbg`bfe`0 Kåxedj
Jtt`w` ]`slebmtjb, F.D. Buua KåxedjF.I.
n. Feveseôb pjgëted` fc Dcbtrj`kåred` X`ës
D`pet`g
Ncgedc Djst`^ed` CgT`gv`fjr Mu`tck`g` Ljbfur`s Bed`r`mu` X`b`kà
Ncgkjpàb T`bOjså T`bT`gv`fjr Mu`tck`g` Vcmudem`gp` K`b`mu` X`b`kà
d. Feveseôb pjgëted` fc @kåred` Ebsug`r X`ës
D`pet`g
Dun` L`etë O`k`ed` Xucrtj ^edj> ^cpÿnged` Fjkebed`b` N`l`k`s
G` L`n`b` XucrtjXrëbdepc Aebmstjb T`b Ou`b T`btj Fjkebmj B`ss`u
f. Feveseôb pjgëted` fc @kåred` fcg Tur Tjgj fjs p`ëscs fc @kåred` bj tecbcb s`gef` `g k`r? Njgeve` y X`r`mu`y.
0 > 4
38
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
X`ës
D`pet`g
@rmcbteb` Njgeve` Nr`seg Djgjkne` Dlegc Cdu`fjr Mu`y`b` Ir`bdcs`4
Nucbjs@ercs G`X`z Nr`sege` Njmjtà T`bte`mj Puetj D`ycb`
X`ës
Muy`b` X`r`mu`y Xcrÿ Tureb`k Srumu`y Ycbczucg`
Mrjcbg`bfe` cs ub` rcmeôb `utôbjk` pcrtcbcdecbtc ` Feb`k`rd`. Xucrtj ^edj cs ub Cst`fj genrc `sjde`fj djb gjs Cst`fjs Sbefjs. Mu`y`b` Ir`bdcs` cs ub fcp`rt`kcbtj fc ugtr`k`r fc Ir`bde`.
D`pet`g
Mcjrmctjwb @subdeôb Gek` X`r`k`renj Kjbtcvefcj D`r`d`s
K`p` pjgëtedj fc @kåred`
jdå`bj
B
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jd å` bj
@t gà bt edj N`l`k`s Dun`
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j f.i. Kåxed
d`pet`g gëketc ebtcrb`dejb`g
jd å
T F
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ëi d
j
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Muy`b` D Mw Tureb`k Ycbczucg` X Mu`y`b` Ir`bdcs`
Djgjkne`
D
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Cocrdedej > ^c`gedc cb cg k`p` gj quc sc ebfed` cb d`f` bukcr`g. 0. Vr`dc ub dërdugj quc rjfcc gjs p`ëscs fc g` @kåred` Ebsug`r.
Dlegc
@rmcbteb`
T
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N
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K
>. Cbdecrrc cb rcdtàbmugj cg àrc` quc djkprcbfc gjs p`ëscs fc @kåred` fcg Tur. 4 Djgjrcc d`f` rcmeôb fc @kåred` djb ub djgjr feicrcbtc.
jdå`bj Mg`de`g @btàrtedj Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 6
30
>. Mcjmr`ië` iësed` fc @kåred` >.0 Cg rcgecvc `kcred`bj Cg rcgecvc fctcrkeb` g`s rcmejbcs b`tur`gcs kàs ekpjrt`btcs fc @kåred`. G` djrfeggcr` fc gjs @bfcs cs g` kàs cxtcbs` fc @kåred` djb ub` gjbmetuf fc =388 ak.
D`fcb`s kjbt`ðjs`s fcg jddefcbtc. ^cdjrrcb cg djbtebcbtc fc bjrtc ` sur,
fcsfc D`b`fà l`st` @rmcbteb` y Dlegc. G` djbtebuef`f fc g`s d`fcb`s kjbt`ðjs`s sjgj sc pecrfc cb `gmubjs decbtjs fc aegôkctrjs cb Dcbtrj`kåred`. G`s d`fcb`s kàs mr`bfcs sjb? • Kjbt`ð`s rjdjs`s cb Bjrtc`kåred` • Tecrr` K`frc cb Dcbtrj`kåred` • Djrfeggcr` fc gjs @bfcs cb Tuf`kåred` G` cgcv`deôb k`yjr fc @kåred` cs cg vjgdàb @djbd`mu`, setu`fj cb @rmcbteb`. Kefc 9 59> kctrjs.
Mr`bfcs gg`bur`s fcg jrecbtc. @g cstc fc g` d`fcb` kjbt`ðjs`, @kåred`
prcscbt` mr`bfcs gg`bur`s. G` k`yjrë` fc cgg`s cstà `tr`vcs`f` pjr mr`bfcs rëjs. G`s kàs ekpjrt`btcs sjb? • Gg`bur` fcg rëj Kesesepe cb Cst`fjs Sbefjs • Gg`bjs fcg rëj Jrebjdj cb Ycbczucg` y Djgjkne` • Mr`b gg`bur` fcg rëj @k`zjb`s cb Nr`seg • G`s X`kp`s, mr`bfcs gg`bur`s quc `n`rd`b Srumu`y, cg dcbtrj — cstc fc @rmcbteb` y ub` pcqucð` p`rtc fcg sur fc Nr`seg. • Cg mr`b Dl`dj, `kpge`s gg`bur`s njsdjs`s cb cg bjrtc fc @rmcbteb`, dcbtrj — jcstc fc X`r`mu`y, Njgeve` y dcbtrj — sur fc Nr`seg. • Gg`bur`s fc g` X`t`mjbe`, cb cg sur fc @rmcbteb` y Dlegc Djrfeggcr`s crjsejb`f`s fcg jrecbtc. Tjb djboubtjs fc kjbt`ð`s uned`fjs `g cstc fc g`s gg`bur`s fcg djbtebcbtc `kcred`bj. Tjb kàs n`o`s quc g`s kjbt`ð`s fc g`s d`fcb`s jddefcbt`gcs. @gmub`s fc cgg`s sjb? • Kjbtcs @p`g`dlcs cb Cst`fjs Sbefjs • Tecrr` fcg K`r cb Nr`seg
@kåred` cs kuy red` cb rcdursjs lëfredjs. Cbtrc D`b`fà y Cst`fjs Sbefjs sc setÿ` g` ^cmeôb fc gjs Mr`bfcs G`mjs `kcred`bjs , djb cg g`mj Kedlem`b, cg Jbt`rej, cg Cerc, cg Lurôb y cg Tupcrejr, quc cs cg g`mj kàs mr`bfc fcg kubfj. Cb @kåred` fcg sur, sc uned`b gjs g`mjs K`r`d`enj, cb Ycbczucg`, y Veted`d`, cbtrc Xcrÿ y Njgeve`. @fckàs ducbt` djb mr`bfcs rëjs. Cbtrc gjs kàs ekpjrt`btcs det`kjs? • Kessjure, Kesesepe y Djgjr`fj, cb Cst`fjs Sbefjs Cg rëj kàs cxtcbsj cs cg @k`zjb`s , djb 9<88 ak fc gjbmetuf.
3>
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
•• • • •
^ëj Mr`bfc j Nr`vj, cbtrc Cst`fjs Sbefjs y Kåxedj Ssuk`debt`, cbtrc Kåxedj y Mu`tck`g` Jrebjdj, cb Ycbczucg` @k`zjb`s y T`b Ir`bdesdj, cb Nr`seg X`r`bà, cbtrc @rmcbteb`, Nr`seg y X`r`mu`y
Xrebdep`gcs rëjs y g`mjs fc @kåred`
J
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34
>.> Dgek` y nejfevcrsef`f G` mr`b gjbmetuf fc @kåred`, quc sc cxtecbfc fcg Xjgj Bjrtc `g Xjgj Tur, pcrketc quc cb su tcrretjrej cxest`b tjfjs gjs dgek`s. D`f` dgek` f` gum`r ` ub` jr` y
i`ub` cspcde`g, quc ijrk`b cdjsestck`s p`rtedug`rcs. Cg djboubtj fc cdjsestck`s d`r`dtcrëstedjs fc ub` zjb` sc gg`k` nejk`. @kåred` cs ub` rcmeôb kuy red` cb nejfevcrsef`f, djb nejk`s kuy feicrcbtcs. Fcsecrtj Dgek`?
Tcdj. D`gjr cb cg fë` y bjdlcs irë`s. Xjd`s gguve`s.
D`dtus. ^jcfjrcs, g`m`rteo`s, scrpecbtcs, l`gdjbcs. Sned`deôb? Turjcstc fc Cst`fjs Sbefjs y bjrtc fc Kåxedj. Igjr`? I`ub`?
Vubfr` y t`em` Dgek`? Xjg`r y irëj. Lecgj pcrk`bcbtc.
Irëj cxtrckj y pjd` gguve`. Igjr`? Gëqucbcs, kusmjs, oubdjs, s`udcs cb`bjs. I`ub`? Xcrfez, jsj p`rfj, rcbj. M`bsjs y p`tjs cb vcr`bj. Sned`deôb? Bjrtc fc D`b`fà. Tcgv`
Xr`fcr` Dgek`? Vckpg`fj. Ycr`bj dàgefj c
ebvecrbj irëj. Gguve`s v`re`f`s. Igjr`? ^jngcs, jgkjs, jrcs.
Vecrr`s dugtev`ngcs. I`ub`? Nesjbtc, vcb`fj, d`n`ggj. Sned`deôb? Jrecbtc fc Cst`fjs
Sbefjs, X`kp` `rmcbteb`. T`n`b`
Dgek`? Vrjped`g. D`gjr y lukcf`f.
Dgek`? Tuntrjped`g. Cst`dejbcs
Kudl`s gguve`s. Igjr`? Àrnjgcs mr`bfcs, lcgcdljs mem`btcs. I`ub`? Kjbjs, ebscdtjs, scrpecbtcs. Sned`deôb? Dcbtrj`kåred` y cg D`renc, Nr`seg.
Igjr`? Dcfrjs, p`gk`s, jrquëfc`s. I`ub`? O`mu`r, puk`, scrpecbtcs. Sned`deôb? X`rtc fc Djgjkne`, Ycbczucg`, Muy`b`, Nr`seg,
lÿkcf` y scd`.
Njgeve`, X`r`mu`y, @rmcbteb`.
Ebvcstemuc cb g` rcf... Cst` lckjs fcfed`fj cstufej fc g` mcjmr`ië` @kåred`. Mr`de`s ` ebtcrbct pjfckjs veset`rsck`b` p`ëscs,g`kjbt`ð`s, g`mjs j `grëjs seb kjvcrbjs fc d`s`.fcSb` mr`b lcrr`kecbt` p`r` ve`o`r cs g` `pged`deôb "mjjmgc k`ps". Gc ebvet`kjs ` l`dcr ub` njbet` cxdurseôb pjr cg rëj @k`zjb`s, sjgj tecbc quc djpe`r cst` fercddeôb cb su b`vcm`fjr? lttps?//www.mjjmgc.cs/k`ps/pg`dc/@k`zjb`s,+Nr`seg/
36
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
^csukcb @kåred` sc fevefc cb du`trj rcmejbcs? Bjrtc`kåred`, Tur`kåred`, Dcbtrj`kåred` y @kåred` Ebsug`r j g`s @btegg`s. Cg rcgecvc fctcrkeb` g`s rcmejbcs b`tur`gcs kàs ekpjrt`btcs fc @kåred`? D`fcb`s kjbt`ðjs`s fcg jddefcbtc? rcdjrrcb cg djbtebcbtc fc bjrtc ` sur, fcsfc D`b`fà l`st` @rmcbteb` y Dlegc. • Kjbt`ð`s rjdjs`s cb Bjrtc`kåred` • Tecrr` K`frc cb Dcbtrj`kåred` •
Djrfeggcr` fc gjs @bfcs cb Tuf`kåred` Mr`bfcs gg`bur`s fcg jrecbtc? • Gg`bur` fcg rëj Kesesepe cb Cst`fjs Sbefjs • Gg`bjs fcg rëj Jrebjdj cb Ycbczucg` y Djgjkne` • Mr`b gg`bur` fcg rëj @k`zjb`s cb Nr`seg • G`s X`kp`s, mr`bfcs gg`bur`s quc `n`rd`b Srumu`y, cg dcbtrj — cstc fc @rmcbteb` y p`rtc fcg
• •
sur fc Nr`seg. Cg mr`b Dl`dj, `kpge`s gg`bur`s njsdjs`s cb cg bjrtc fc @rmcbteb`, dcbtrj — jcstc fc X`r`mu`y, Njgeve` y dcbtrj — sur fc Nr`seg Gg`bur`s fc g` X`t`mjbe`, cb cg sur fc @rmcbteb` y Dlegc
Djrfeggcr`s crjsejb`f`s fcg jrecbtc? Kjbtcs @p`g`dlcs cb Cst`fjs Sbefjs Tecrr` fcg K`r cb Nr`seg
• •
^cdursjs lëfredjs G`mjs? Cb Bjrtc`kåred` g` rcmeôb fc gjs Mr`bfcs G`mjs? g`mj Tupcrejr, Jbt`rej y Kedlem`b. Cb Tur-
`kåred`? K`r`d`enj y Veted`d`. ^ëjs? Kessjure, Kesesepe y Djgjr`fj, ^ëj Mr`bfc j Nr`vj, Ssuk`debt`, Jrebjdj, @k`zjb`s, X`r`bà y Srumu`y. Dgek` y nejfevcrsef`f Dgek`
Nejk`
Fcsecrtj
Sned`deôb
Turjcstc fc Cst`fjs Sbefjs y bjrtc fc D`gjr cb cg fë` y bjdlcs irë`s. Xjd`s gguve`s. Kåxedj. Tcdj
Bjrtc fc D`b`fà.
Xjg`r y irëj
Vubfr` y t`em` Lecgj pcrk`bcbtc. Irëj cxtrckj y pjd` gguve`. Xr`fcr` Tcgv` T`n`b`
Vckpg`fj Ycr`bj dàgefj c ebvecrbj irëj. Ggu- Jrecbtc fc Cst`fjs Sbefjs, X`kp` `r-
ve`s v`re`f`s.
mcbteb`.
Vrjped`g
Dcbtrj`kåred` y cg D`renc, Nr`seg.
D`gjr y lukcf`f. Kudl`s gguve`s. Tuntrjped`g
X`rtc fc Djgjkne`, Ycbczucg`, Muy`b`,
Cst`dejbcs lÿkcf` y scd`.
Nr`seg, Njgeve`, X`r`mu`y, @rmcbteb`.
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 6
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39
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
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0. ºDuàgcs sjb gjs gëketcs fc @kåred`:
>. ºCb quå rcmejbcs sc fevefc @kåred`:
4. ºDuàgcs sjb gjs fjs p`ëscs fc @kåred` quc bj tecbcb s`gef` `g k`r:
6. ºCb quå rcmeôb fc @kåred` sc cbducbtr` Kåxedj: 3. ºCb quå rcmeôb fc @kåred` sc uned` Cdu`fjr: 9. ºCb quå rcmeôb fc @kåred` sc uned` Mu`tck`g`: =. ºCb quå rcmeôb fc @kåred` sc cbducbtr` Dun`: N. Djbjdcr gjs p`ëscsfc @kåred` y sus d`pet`gcs fcnc scr p`rtc fc g` dugtur` mcbcr`g fc tjfjs gjs `kc-
red`bjs. ^cg`dejbc pjr kcfej fc ub` gëbc`d`f` p`ës djb su d`pet`g. Gc `yuf`kjsdjb cg prekcrj. 0. Xucrtj ^edj
•
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cb d`f` bukcr`g. Vecbc ub cockpgj. Ljrezjbt`gcs? 3.
8. X`ës fjbfc sc l`ng` pjrtumuås.
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6. Djrfeggcr` kàs mr`bfc fc @kåred`. 3. D`pet`g fc Djgjkne` 9. G`mj kàs mr`bfc fc @kåred`.
4.
=. X`ës duy` d`pet`g cs G` L`n`b`.
@dtevef`f >.
@pgequc gj `prcbfefj.
^c`gedc ub du`frj djkp`r`tevj fc g`s d`r`dtcrësted`s fc d`f` ub` fc g`s trcs mr`bfcs rcmejbcs b`tur`gcs fc @kåred`. D`fcb`s kjbt`ðjs`s fcg jddefcbtc
Gg`bur`s fcg jrecbtc
Kjbt`ð`s crjsejb`f`s fcg jrecbtc
s ` d e t ës r c t d ` r ` D
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 6
35
@dtevef`f 4.
Fcs`rrjggc bucv`s l`negef`fcs.
¡Ye`ockjs pjr gjs p`ëscs fcg Bucvj Kubfj!
Cst` sck`b` gc prjpjbckjs quc rc`gedc ub` ebvcstem`deôb sjnrc ub p`ës fc @kåred` quc ustcf cgeo`. Nusquc cb genrjs, cbdedgjpcfe`s, `gk`b`quc kubfe`g j ebtcrbct, ctd. gjs f`tjs quc sc ebfed`b cb g` dl`.
Gucmj, cg`njrc ub d`rtcg y cxpjbm` gjs rcsugt`fjs fc su ebvcstem`deôb cb cg dërdugj fc cstufej.
•
Bjknrc fcg p`ës
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Gëketcs pjgëtedjs D`pet`g
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Deuf`fcs ekpjrt`btcs
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Efejk` jiede`g
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Kjbcf`
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@ddefcbtcs mcjmràiedjs ekpjrt`btcs
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Ijtjs fc gjs prebdep`gcs setejs turëstedjs
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Nr`seg
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g` d`segg` quc kcojr ebfequc su rcbfekecbtj.
Fcsdunrj g` ncggcz` fcg djbtebcbtc `kcred`bj pjr kcfej fc ub` d`bdeôb. Bjknrj y rcdjbjzdj cb ub k`p` gjs p`ëscs fc @kåred` y sus d`pet`gcs. Snedj cb cg k`p` fc @kåred` g`s rcmejbcs b`tur`gcs y gjs lcdljs j `ddefcbtcs mcjmràiedjs prebdep`gcs. ^cg`dejbj gjs nejk`s fc @kåred` djb su dgek`, i`ub` y igjr`.
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
gjmr`fj
cb bj prjdcsj gjmr`fj
3 Xjng`deôb fc @kåred` ºPuå cbdjbtr`rà cst` sck`b`: G` ducv` fc g`s K`bjs
Xjng`kecbtj fc @kåred`. Xrekcrjs pjng`fjrcs Mr`bfcs devegez`dejbcs fc @kåred` Djgjbez`deôb fcg Bucvj Kubfj Xjng`deôb `dtu`g fc @kåred` I`dtjrcs fc d`knej fckjmràiedj. Njbj fckjmràiedj
Cst` sck`b` gjmr`rà?
Efcbteied`r gjs mr`bfcs letjs fcg pjng`kecbtj fcg djbtebcbtc `kcred`bj.
Cxpged`r g`s d`r`dtcrësted`s fc g` pjng`deôb `kcred`b`, su festrenudeôb mcjmràied` y gjs icbôkcbjs quc g` fctcrkeb`b.
@b`gez`r gjs i`dtjrcs fc d`knej fckjmràiedj quc l`b `icdt`fj ` g`s pjng`dejbcs fc @kåred` fcsfc cg semgj \E\ l`st` g` `dtu`gef`f.
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 3
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G` Ducv` fc g`s K`bjs cs ub setej `rqucjgômedj y fc pebtur`s rupcstrcs quc sc cbducbtr` cb @rmcbteb`, `g jcstc fc g` Xrjvebde` fc T`bt` Druz. Mr`de`s ` g`s ebvcstem`dejbcs fc gjs `rqucôgjmjs s`nckjs quc g` Ducv` fc g`s K`bjs iuc jdup`f` pjr d`z`fjrcs rcdjgcdtjrcs l`dc 5488 `ðjs @X (`btcs fcg prcscbtc), gj quc cquev`gc `g `ðj =438 `. D. Tc tr`t` fc ub` fc g`s cxprcsejbcs `rtësted`s kàs `btemu`s fc gjs pucngjs suf`kcred`bjs y l` sefj fcdg`r`f` X`trekjbej fc g` Luk`bef`f pjr g` Sbcsdj. Tcmÿb cg `rqucôgjmj, D`rgjs O. Mr`feb (050< — >88>), cb gjs prekcrjs kjkcbtjs gjs d`z`fjrcs pebt`rjb csdcb`s fc d`z` d`r`dtcrez`f`s pjr mu`b`djs0 y iemur`s luk`b`s kuy febàked`s. @sjde`fj ` cst`s csdcb`s sc l`gg`rjb `rtci`dtjs fc pecfr` quc l`dcb pcbs`r cb quc cr`b d`z`fjrcs ` fest`bde` y pjr csj djbicddejb`rjb pubt`s fc prjycdteg p`r` sus g`bz`s y ÿtegcs p`r` r`sp`r cg ducrj. Tcmur`kcbtc vevë`b cb mrupjs i`kege`rcs fc >3 ` 48 pcrsjb`s cb g`s zjb`s djb fespjbenegef`f fc `mu` y gcð`. @fckàs, jdup`n`b jtrjs setejs p`r` usjs cspcdëiedjs, djkj gjs d`kp`kcbtjs fc d`z`, fc jntcbdeôb fc k`tcre`s prek`s, fc prjdcs`kecbtj fc g`s prcs`s y gum`rcs fc rcubeôb. Cg rcdursj fc sunsestcbde` iubf`kcbt`g iuc cg mu`b`dj, fcg du`g `prjvcdl`n`b g` d`rbc, cg ducrj y g` pecg, tcbfjbcs y lucsjs. Xjr csj cstc `bek`g y cg kjfj fc d`z`rgj cstà kuy necb rcprcscbt`fj cb cg ebtcrejr fc g` ducv`. G` Ducv` fc g`s K`bjs pcrtcbcdc ` ub` screc fc setejs `rqucjgômedjs `kcred`bjs, quc cstàb ducstejb`bfj g` tr`fedejb`g tcjrë` fcg pjng`kecbtj t`rfëj fc @kåred`, p`r` sjstcbcr ub` tcjrë` fcg pjng`kecbtj tckpr`bj. Vjk`fj y `f`pt`fj fc? lttp?//www.ducv`fcg`sk`bjs.jrm/ebvcstem`dejb.ltkg
0
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EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
mu`b`dj? k`këicrj, prjpej fc gjs @bfcs, kuy p`rcdefj ` g` gg`k`, `ubquc `gmj kàs mr`bfc.
Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs 0. Xjng`kecbtj fc @kåred` Tcmÿb gj cstufe`fj l`st` `ljr`, cg scr luk`bj kjfcrbj sc jremebô cb Àired` l`dc cbtrc 488 888 y 088 888 `ðjs. Tc drcc quc l`dc 98 888 `ðjs djkcbzô g` kemr`deôb fcg Ljkj s`pecbs s`pecbs fc @se` ` @kåred`. Cg `v`bdc iuc gcbtj. Cb cg `dtu`g tcrretjrej fc Kåxedj lunj scrcs luk`bjs l`dc ubjs 43 888 `ðjs y cb cg cxtrckj sur, cb g` X`t`mjbe`, l`dc 0> =88. ^cspcdtj ` g` `p`redeôb fc g` cspcdec luk`b` cb @kåred`, g`s tcjrë`s kàs `dcpt`f`s sjb? • Vcjrë` fcg pjng`kecbtj t`rfëj(@gcx Lrfgeda`)? l`dc kàs fc 48 888 `ðjs, ub` mg`de`deôb djbmcgô cg cstrcdlj fc Ncrebm cbtrc Tencre` y @g`sa`. Gjs prekcrjs pjng`fjrcs fc @kåred` scrë`b bôk`f`s prjvcbecbtcs fc @se` quc d`keb`rjb pjr cg cstrcdlj l`dc `grcfcfjr fc06888 `ðjs. Cstj cxpged`rë` gjs r`smjs i`de`gcs fc g` pjng`deôb ebfëmcb` `kcred`b`, sekeg`rcs ` gjs fc g` pjng`deô b `seàted`. •
Vcjrë` fcg pjng`kecbtj tckpr`bj? l`y decbtëiedjs quc `scmur`b quc `gmubjs rcstjs luk`bjs cbdjbtr`fjs cb @kåred` tecbcb kudlj kàs fc 06 888 `ðjs, djb gj quc l`nrë` pjng`deôb `btcrejr ` g` quc `tr`vcsô Ncrebm. Sb cockpgj scrë` g`s lucgg`s luk`b`s sjnrc dcbez` vjgdàbed` fc Xucng`, Kåxedj, quc pjfrë`b tcbcr 68 888 `ðjs fc `btem÷cf`f. Cst` tcjrë` djbtebÿ` cb fesduseôb.
•
Jtr`s tcjrë`s l`b rcsugt`fj bj tcbcr n`sc decbtëied`, djkj g` tcjrë` nënged`, scmÿb g` du`g g` pjng`deôb fc @kåred` sc ijrkô ` p`rter fc trenus prjvcbecbtcs fc Esr`cg.
Tc fcbjkeb`Ljkj s`pecbs ` g` cspcdec luk`b` `dtu`g. Cg tårkebj vecbc fcg g`tëb? ljkj quc sem‗ljknrc‛ ys`quc sembeied` ‗s`nefurë`‛. Xjr cstj, cg ljkj s`pecbs cs ub luk`bj r`dejb`g. beied`, pecbs
0.0 Mr`bfcs devegez`dejbcs fc @kåred` Gjs mrupjs luk`bjs quc pjng`rjb @kåred` iucrjb cvjgudejb`bfj l`st` quc sc ijrk`rjb g`s prekcr`s devegez`dejbcs, l`dc 4388 `ðjs. K`y`s, ebd`s y `ztcd`s iucrjb g`s trcs mr`bfcs devegez`dejbcs fc bucstrj djbtebcbtc. Vcbë`b dugtur`s kuy `v`bz`f`s quc l`b `pjrt`fj ekpjrt`btcs djbjdekecbtjs `g kubfj `dtu`g. Cg b fc g`s devegez`dejbcs `kcred`b`s sc setÿ` lestôred`kcbtc djb g` ggcm`f` fc
gjs djbquest`fjrcs csp`ðjgcs y pjrtumucscs ` @kåred`.
Cocrdedej 0 ^cp`sc g` sck`b` = fc su genrj fc Pueremuà y csdren` cb quå zjb`s fc @kåred` sc `scbt`rjb g`s trcs mr`bfcs devegez`dejbcs. 0. @ztcd`s? >. K`y`s? 4. Ebd`s? Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 3
94
0.> Djgjbez`deôb fcg Bucvj Kubfj @ p`rter fcg prekcr ve`oc fc Djgôb, cb 065>, Csp`ð`, Xjrtum`g c Ebmg`tcrr` djkcbz`rjb cg prjdcsj fc djbquest`, f`bfj ebedej ` g` åpjd` djgjbe`g fcg djbtebcbtc `kcred`bj. Nr`seg sc djbverteô cb djgjbe` fc Xjrtum`g, gjs `dtu`gcs Cst`fjs Sbefjs iucrjb djgjbe`s fc Ebmg`tcrr` y gjs tcrretjrejs fc Dcbtrj`kåred`, @kåred` Ebsug`r y Tuf`kåred`, cxdcptj Nr`seg, djgjbe`s csp`ðjg`s. Jnscrvc g` drjbjgjmë` fc g` djgjbez`deôb fc @kåred`? 065> 065=
Drestôn`g Djgôb ggcm` ` g`s esg`s @btegg`s. @kåredj Ycspudej ggcm` ` Tuf`kåred`.
065=
Mejv`bbe D`njtj, prekcr curjpcj quc ggcm` ` @kåred` fcg Bjrtc fcsfc Ebmg`tcrr`. Puecrc cst`s tecrr`s p`r` g` djrjb` ebmgcs`.
0388
Xcfrj Àgv`rcs D`nr`g ggcm` ` Nr`seg, d`kebj ` g` Ebfe`. ^cdg`k` cg tcrretjrej p`r` Xjrtum`g.
0305
Lcrbàb Djrtås djkecbz` g` djbquest` fcg Ekpcrej `ztcd`.
03>8
Xcfrj fc @gv`r`fj djkecbz` g` djbquest` fcg Ekpcrej k`y`.
034> — 0344 Ir`bdesdj Xez`rrj djbquest` cg Ekpcrej ebd`. 03<=
]`gtcr ^`gceml iubf` cg prekcr `scbt`kecbtj nretàbedj cb @kåred`? g` Djgjbe` fc ^j`bjac, cb cg `dtu`g tcrretjrej fc Yermebe`, Cst`fjs Sbefjs.
Ebfcpcbfcbde` fc g`s djgjbe`s `kcred`b`s? 0=6< — 0<8=
^cvucgt`s cb djbtr` fc g` Djrjb` csp`ðjg`. G` prekcr` iuc g` fc Ou`b Ir`bdesdj Gcôb cb Ycbczucg`.
0==9
Fcdg`r`deôb fc Ebfcpcbfcbde` fc g`s 04 djgjbe`s nretàbed`s fc g`s quc surmerë`b gjs Cst`fjs Sbefjs.
0<8< — 0<48
Jdup`deôb ir`bdcs` fc Csp`ð` y fcs`rrjggj fc gjs prjdcsjs fc ebfcpcbfcbde`s.
0<40 — 05<4
Djbsjgef`deôb fc g` ebfcpcbfcbde` cb gjs feicrcbtcs p`ëscs.
Cocrdedej > Cb cg k`p` fc @kåred` fc g` pàmeb` semuecbtc, djgjrcc fc rjoj g`s zjb`s quc iucrjb djgjbe`s nretàbed`s, fc `zug g`s quc iucrjb djgjbe`s pjrtumucs`s y fc `k`reggj g`s quc iucrjb csp`ðjg`s.
96
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
>. Xjng`deôb `dtu`g fc @kåred` Duàbtjs y queåbcs sjkjs @dtu`gkcbtc, @kåred` tecbc ub` pjng`deôb fc `grcfcfjr fc 56= keggjbcs fc pcrsjb`s, festrenuef` cb 43 p`ëscs. Cg p`ës kàs pjng`fj fc @kåred` cs Cst`fjs Sbefjs djb 4>= keggjbcs fc l`net`btcs. Cg kcbjs pjng`fj cs T`b Drestôn`g y Becvcs, p`ës ijrk`fj pjr fjs esg`s cb cg bjrtc fc g`s @btegg`s, djb 69 888 l`net`btcs. Cb g`s trcs rcmejbcs quc ijrk`b cg djbtebcbtc `kcred`bj g` pjng`deôb sc festrenuyc fc g` semuecbtc ijrk`? ^cmeôb L`net`btcs @kåred` fcg Bjrtc 6<> 888 888 @kåred` Dcbtr`g
6= 888 888
@kåred` fcg Tur
60< 888 888
Cxestcb mr`bfcs feicrcbde`s cb du`btj `g bÿkcrj fc l`net`btcs fc ub p`ës ` jtrj y cb cg ebtcrejr fc d`f` p`ës. Cb @kåred` fcg Bjrtc, g` k`yjr fcbsef`f fc pjng`deôb sc cbducbtr` cb cg bjrcstc fc gjs Cst`fjs Sbefjs, cbtrc g` rcmeôb fc gjs mr`bfcs g`mjs y cg jdå`bj @tgàbtedj.
@kåred` fcg Bjrtc 6<> 888 888 @kåred` Dcbtr`g 6= 888 888
Cb G`tebj`kåred`, kàs fc g` ket`f fc g` pjng`deôb sc djbdcbtr` cb Nr`seg, Kåxedj, Djgjkne` y @rmcbteb`.
>.0 @kåred` kugtedugtur`g y pgureåtbed` Sb` fc g`s d`r`dtcrësted`s fc g` pjng`deôb fc tjf` @kåred` cs g` fevcrsef`f dugtur`g y cg kcstez`oc. Cb tjfjs gjs p`ëscs fcg djbtebcbtc l`y pjng`deôb ebfëmcb`, `ubquc g` prcscbde` cs kàs sembed`tev` cb Mu`tck`g`, Njgeve`, Xcrÿ y Kåxedj.
@kåred` fcg Tur 60< 888 888
Cb Cst`fjs Sbefjs, cb >804, l`në` 399 trenus ebfëmcb`s djb rcdjbjdekecbtj icfcr`g, `ubquc sjgj rcprcscbt`b cg 8.5 % fcg tjt`g fc g` pjng`deôb. Kàs fc 038 keggjbcs fc pcrsjb`s (08% fc g` pjng`deôb fcg djbtebcbtc) sjb `irjfcsdcbfecbtcs. Tjb k`yjrë` prebdep`gkcbtc cb gjs p`ëscs fcg D`renc djkj L`etë j O`k`ed`, `ubquc cstàb prcscbtcs cb tjfjs gjs p`ëscs fcg djbtebcbtc. Jtrj mrupj ekpjrt`btc, prebdep`gkcbtc cb cg sur fc Dcbtrj`kåred` (Bed`r`mu`, Djst` ^ed` y X`b`kà) cs cg ijrk`fj pjr gjs `seàtedjs, t`btj fcg Kcfej djkj fcg Gco`bj Jrecbtc. Cg rcstj fc pjng`deôb cs kcstez`, cb @kåred` G`teb` cstc mrupj supcr` cg 38% cb d`se tjfjs gjs p`ëscs. Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 3
93
>.> Cg icbôkcbj fc g`s mr`bfcs urncs Djbdcbtr`deôb urn`b` fc g` pjng`deôb G`s prebdep`gcs deuf`fcs fc @kåred` sjb Täj X`ugj (Nr`seg), deuf`f fc Kåxedj (Kåxedj), Bucv` Ujra y Gjs Àbmcgcs (Cst`fjs Sbefjs). Vjf`s cgg`s djb kàs fc = keggjbcs fc l`net`btcs.
Cb @kåred` l`y mr`bfcs bÿdgcjs fc pjng`deôb. Keggjbcs fc pcrsjb`s sc djbdcbtr`b cb g`s mr`bfcs deuf`fcs quc drcdcb djkj irutj fc g`s kemr`dejbcs ebtcrb`s cb d`f` p`ës. G`s pcrsjb`s sc fcspg`z`b ` g`s zjb`s urn`b`s cb nusd` fc ckpgcj y kcojrcs djbfedejbcs fc vef` pjrquc, kudl`s vcdcs, bj sc f` cg fcs`rrjggj bcdcs`rej cb g`s àrc`s rur`gcs. Du`bfj ggcm`b, cb mcbcr`g, sc `secbt`b cb g` pcreicre` fc cst`s deuf`fcs, cb zjb`s quc ` kcbufj d`rcdcb fc gjs scrvedejs djkj `mu` pjt`ngc j rcdjgcddeôb fc n`sur`s, tr`bspjrtc scmurj, ctd. Cb djbtr`stc, cb cs`s kesk`s deuf`fcs sc cbducbtr`b gjs scrvedejs dcbtr`gez`fjs fcg p`ës, djb ub` `kpge` jicrt` fc cfud`deôb, s`guf, dugtur` y bcmjdej p`r` gjs quc pucf`b p`m`rgjs. Cs cb cst`s mr`bfcs urncs fjbfc g` ebcquef`f y g` fcsemu`gf`f sc l`dcb kàs prcscbtcs. Xjfckjs `rk`r quc cb tjfjs gjs p`ëscs fcg djbtebcbtc sc cbducbtr` ub` j
kàs deuf`fcs fc cst`s d`r`dtcrësted`s. Cb Mu`tck`g`, g` deuf`f d`pet`g sc `oust` ` cst`s d`r`dtcrësted`s. Gc` cb g` t`ng` g`s debdj deuf`fcs djb cg k`yjr bÿkcrj fc l`net`btcs fc @kåred`. Deuf`f T`bX`ngj
Xjng`deôb 00 409 065 l`n.
Deuf`f fc Kåxedj
< <30 8<8 l`n.
Bucv` Ujra Njmjtà
< 0=3 044 l`n. ===9 <63 l`n.
Gek`
= 983 =6> l`n.
Cocrdedej 4 ^cp`sc cg k`p` pjgëtedj fc @kåred` y csdren` cb g` djgukb` fc g` fcrcdl` cg p`ës `g quc pcrtcbcdc d`f` deuf`f. Vecbc ub cockpgj. Deuf`f T`bX`ngj Deuf`f fc Kåxedj Bucv` Ujra Njmjtà Gek`
99
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
X`ës Nr`seg
4. I`dtjrcs fc d`knej fckjmràiedj ^cducrfc nrcvckcbtc gjs ebfed`fjrcs fckjmràdjs quc cstufe`kjs cb cg mru-
pj Pueremuà. `. V`s` fc b`t`gef`f? bÿkcrj fc ncnås b`defjs vevjs cb ub tcrretjrej, fur`btc ub `ðj, pjr d`f` keg l`net`btcs (‸). n. V`s` fc kjrt`gef`f? d`btef`f fc kucrtcs j fciubdejbcs cb ub `ðj, pjr d`f` keg l`net`btcs. d. Drcdekecbtj b`tur`g j vcmct`tevj? cs g` feicrcbde` cbtrc g` t`s` fc b`t`gef`f y g` t`s` fc kjrt`gef`f, bjs ebfed` quå t`btj drcdc j feskebuyc g` pjng`deôb cb ub tcrretjrej fctcrkeb`fj. f. Cspcr`bz` fc vef`? bÿkcrj fc `ðjs quc sc cspcr` quc vev` ub` pcrsjb` b`def` cb ub fctcrkeb`fj tcrretjrej y cb djbfedejbcs sckco`btcs ` g`s fcg kjkcbtj cb quc b`dc. c. Fcbsef`f fc pjng`deôb? d`btef`f fc pcrsjb`s quc l`net` cb ub tcrretjrej pjr d`f` ak>. Cb cg semgj \\, g` pjng`deôb kubfe`g cxpcrekcbtô cg drcdekecbtj kàs `dcgcr`fj fc g` lestjre`, p`s`bfj fc `pcb`s 0388 keggjbcs fc l`net`btcs ` prebdepejs fc semgj, ` kàs fc 9888 keggjbcs `g ggcm`r `g `ðj >888. Cg icbôkcbj fcg drcdekecbtj pjng`dejb`g mgjn`g cb cg semgj \\ cstuvj ekpugs`fj pjr fjs i`dtjrcs fckjmràdjs?
• •
Fcsdcbsj fc g` kjrt`gef`f, mr`de`s ` gjs `v`bdcs cb g` kcfedeb`. Tjstcbekecbtj fc ub` t`s` `gt` fc b`t`gef`f.
Cb tårkebjs mcbcr`gcs, t`kneåb cb @kåred` `ukcbtô g` b`t`gef`f y n`oô g` kjrt`gef`f cb cg semgj \\. Teb ckn`rmj, fcsfc cg semgj \E\ l`st` bucstrjs fë`s, sc ebtrjfuoj jtrj i`dtjr ekpjrt`btc fc d`knej fckjmràdj? g`s kemr`dejbcs, quc cstufe`rckjs cb g` sck`b` =. Jnscrvc cb g` mràd` cg djkpjrt`kecbtj fc g`s t`s`s fc b`t`gef`f y kjrt`gef`f
cb Mu`tck`g`. V`s` fc b`t`gef`f Dcbtrj`kåred` 38
0598
63
>888
68
>804
43 48 >3 >8 03 08 3 8
V`s` b`t`gef`f
V`s` kjrt`gef`f
Vjk`fj fc lttp?//www.f`tj`k`drj.djk
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 3
9=
Gjs ëbfedcs fc b`t`gef`f y kjrt`gef`f sjb kuy festebtjs cb d`f` djbtebcbtc y p`ës. Cb cggjs ebuyc cg bevcg fc fcs`rrjggj? `ddcsj ` scrvedejs fc s`guf y cfud` deôb, `gekcbt`deôb, ctd. @fckàs, t`kneåb ebuyc g` dugtur`? bÿkcrj fc leo`s c
leojs quc sc `djstuknr` ` tcbcr, tepj fc tr`n`oj, ctd. @b`gedckjs `gmubjs f`tjs kubfe`gcs fc >806. ^cmeôb fcg kubfj @kåred` G`teb` y cg D`renc Bjrtc`kåred` Curjp` Àired` @se` Jdc`bë`
Xjng`deôb >806 (keggjbcs l`n.)
B`t`gef`f (‸)
Kjrt`gef`f (‸)
Cspcr`bz` fc vef` (`ðjs)
90<
0<
9
=3
434 =60 0049 6430 45
0> 00 49 0< 0<
< 00 08 = =
=5 =< 35 =0 ==
Vjk`fj fc lttp?//www.prn.jrm
Cocrdedej 6 @ g` vest` fc gjs f`tjs fc pjng`deôb kubfe`g fc g` t`ng` `btcrejr, djbtcstc g`s semuecbtcs prcmubt`s? 0. ºDuàg cs cg djbtebcbtc kàs pjng`fj fcg kubfj: >. ºU cg kcbjs pjng`fj: 4. ºDuàg cs g` rcmeôb fcg kubfj fjbfc g`s pcrsjb`s tecbcb k`yjr cspcr`bz` fc vef`:
6. ºU g` rcmeôb djb kcbjr cspcr`bz` fc vef`: 3. Àired` cs cg djbtebcbtc djb k`yjr t`s` fc b`t`gef`f fcg kubfj. Teb ckn`rmj, jtrjs ëbfedcs `icdt`b bcm`tev`kcbtc `g drcdekecbtj fc su pjng`deôb. ºDuàgcs sjb:
Ebvcstemuc cb g` rcf... Ebfcx Kubfe cs ub` pàmeb` wcn quc djbtecbc f`tjs mcjmràdjs, pjng`dejb`gcs y jtrjs f`tjs fc ebtcrås fc tjfjs gjs p`ëscs fcg kubfj. @fckàs, prcscbt` mràdjs djkp`r`tevjs fc g`s t`s`s fc b`t`gef`f, kjr-
t`gef`f, cspcr`bz` fc vef` y jtr`s cbtrc feicrcbtcs p`ëscs. Djbjzd` kàs sjnrc g` pjng`deôb fc Mu`tck`g` ebmrcs`bfj `? lttp?//www.ebfcxkubfe.djk/cs/mu`tck`g`/
Mgjs`rej mu`b`dj? k`këicrj, prjpej fc gjs @bfcs, kuy p`rcdefj ` g` gg`k`, `ubquc `gmj kàs mr`bfc.
9<
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
^csukcb 0. Xjng`kecbtj fc @kåred` 0.0 Vcjrë`s • Xjng`kecbtj t`rfëj (@gcx Lrfgeda`) • Xjng`kecbtj tckpr`bj • G` tcjrë` nënged` y jtr`s l`b rcsugt`fj seb n`sc decbtëied`. 0.> Mr`bfcs devegez`dejbcs fc @kåred` • G`s prekcr`s devegez`dejbcs surmecrjb l`dc 4 388 `ðjs. • G`s devegez`dejbcs kàs ekpjrt`btcs fc @kåred` iucrjb? `ztcd`s, k`y`s c ebd`s. 0.4 Djgjbez`deôb fcg Bucvj Kubfj • G` djgjbez`deôb sc prjfuoj ` p`rter fc 065>? Cst`fjs Sbefjs iuc djgjbez`fj pjr Ebmg`tcrr`, Nr`seg pjr Xjrtum`g y Dcbtrj`kåred`, @kåred` Ebsug`r y Tuf`kåred` (cxdcptj Nr`seg) pjr Csp`ð`. • Cbtrc 0<40 y 05<4 sc djbsjgefô g` ebfcpcbfcbde` cb gjs feicrcbtcs p`ëscs. >. Xjng`deôb `dtu`g fc @kåred` Cb tjfj cg djbtebcbtc vevcb `grcfcfjr fc 56= keggjbcs fc pcrsjb`s, cb 43 p`ëscs. >.0 Festrenudeôb fc g` pjng`deôb • Cb @kåred` fcg Bjrtc, g` k`yjr fcbsef`f fc pjng`deôb cstà cb cg bjrcstc fc Cst`fjs Sbefjs. • Cb G`tebj`kåred`, g` k`yjrë` fc g` pjng`deôb cstà cb Kåxedj, Djgjkne`, Nr`seg y @rmcbteb`. >.> D`r`dtcrësted`s fc g` pjng`deôb • Fevcrsef`f dugtur`g y kcstez`oc. • Xjng`deôb ebfëmcb`, cspcde`gkcbtc cb Mu`tck`g`, Njgeve`, Xcrÿ y Kåxedj. • @irjfcsdcbfecbtcs? 08% fc g` pjng`deôb fcg djbtebcbtc. • Xjng`deôb kcstez`? rcprcscbt` kàs fcg 38% cb d`se tjfjs gjs p`ëscs fc @kåred` G`teb` >.4 Cg icbôkcbj fc g`s mr`bfcs urncs Cb tjfjs gjs p`ëscs fc @kåred` l`y mr`bfcs deuf`fcs. Sb cockpgj cs g` d`pet`g fc Mu`tck`g`. G`s d`r`dtcrësted`s fc cst`s deuf`fcs sjb? • Dcbtr`gez`deôb fc ebstetudejbcs. • Djbdcbtr`deôb fc scrvedejs prev`fjs? cfud`deôb, s`guf, bcmjdejs. • Ebcquef`f y fcsemu`gf`f. 4. I`dtjrcs fc d`knej fckjmràiedj Cb cg semgj \\ g` pjng`deôb kubfe`g p`sô fc 0 388 keggjbcs ` 9 888 keggjbcs fc pcrsjb`s cb cg `ðj >888. Cg k`yjr drcdekecbtj fc g` lestjre`. Ebuycrjb fjs i`dtjrcs fckjmràdjs?
• •
Fcsdcbsj fc g` kjrt`gef`f mr`de`s ` gjs `v`bdcs fc g` kcfedeb`. Tjstcbekecbtj fc ub` `gt` t`s` fc g` b`t`gef`f.
@ p`rter fcg semgj \E\ cb @kåred` sc ebtrjfuoj jtrj i`dtjr fc d`knej fckjmràdj? g`s kemr`dejbcs.
Gjs ëbfedcs fc b`t`gef`f, fc kjrt`gef`f y g` cspcr`bz` fc vef` sjb kuy festebtjs cb d`f` djbtebcbtc y p`ës pjr i`dtjrcs djkj g` `gekcbt`deôb, cg `ddcsj ` s`guf y ` cfud`deôb, ctd. Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 3
95
@utjdjbtrjg @dtevef`f 0. Fckucstrc gj `prcbfefj. Csdren` cb g` gëbc` fc teckpj gjs lcdljs kàs rcgcv`btcs fc tjf` g` lestjre` fcg djbtebcbtc `kcred`bj.
@dtevef`f >. Xecbsc y `pgequc gj quc `prcbfeô. @. @b`gedc g`s mràied`s semuecbtcs sjnrc g` cspcr`bz` fc vef` cb D`b`fà y Mu`tck`g` cb >804. G` csd`g` fc bÿkcrjs fc d`f` mràied` kefc gjs `ðjs fc cspcr`bz` fc vef`. <6
Cspcr`bz` fc vef` prjkcfej
<4
Cspcr`bz` fc vef` kuocrcs
<> <0
Cspcr`bz` fc vef` ljknrcs
<8 =5 =< ==
D`b`fà
k j d . j r d ` k s j t ` .f w w w // ? p tt l c f j f ` k j V
=9
Cspcr`bz` fc vef` prjkcfej
=6
Cspcr`bz` fc vef` kuocrcs
=> =8
Cspcr`bz` fc vef` ljknrcs
9< 99 96
Mu`tck`g`
k j .d j r d ` k s tj ` f . w w w // ? p tt l c f j f ` k j V
0. ºPuåp`ëstecbcub`cspcr`bz`fcvef`prjkcfejkàs`gt`: >. ºCb quå p`ës j p`ëscs l`y feicrcbde` cbtrcg` cspcr`bz` fc vef` fc g`s kuocrcs y fc gjs ljknrcs:
N. ^cigcxejbc y csdren`. 0. Fjs i`dtjrcs quc `icdt`b cb quc Mu`tck`g` tcbm` n`o` cspcr`bz` fc vef` cb djkp`r`deôb djb D`b`fà?
>. Vcbecbfj cb ducbt` quc cb g` cspcr`bz` fc vef` ebiguycb t`kneåb i`dtjrcs pcrsjb`gcs djkj cg cstegj fc vef`, cg tepj fc tr`n`oj, ctd.1 csdren` fjs cgckcbtjs quc cxpgequcb pjr quå gjs ljknrcs tecbcb kcbjr cspcr`bz` fc vef` quc g`s kuocrcs t`btj cb D`b`fà djkj cb Mu`tck`g`.
=8
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
V`ggcr fc deuf`f`bë` Mu`tck`g`, p`ës ojvcb Ebstruddejbcs? `dtevef`f cb fjs i`scs, prekcrj ebfevefu`g y fcspuås cb pcqucðjs mrupjs. @dtu`gkcbtc, g` k`yjrë` fc g` pjng`deôb fc G`tebj`kåred` y cg D`renc cs ojvcb. Cb Mu`tck`g`, cg 9< % fc g`s pcrsjb`s tecbc kcbjs fc 48 `ðjs. Xjr csj sc djbsefcr` quc Mu`tck`g` tecbc ub "njbj fckjmràidj". Yc`kjs quå sembed` cstj scmÿb g` Xjgëted` B`dejb`g fc Ouvcbtuf >80> — >8>8. Cg njbj fckjmràiedj ekpged` quc cxestc ub` pjng`deôb, d`f` vcz k`yjr, cb cf`f prjfudtev` Qcs fcder, cb cf`f fc tr`n`o`r[. G` pjng`deôb ojvcb rcprcscbt` ub pjtcbde`g p`r` cg fcs`rrjggj.
Cg fcs`rrjggj pgcbj fc g` ouvcbtuf cstà djbfedejb`fj pjr fjs dg`scs fc i`dtjrcs? `. Xcrsjb`gcs? quc g`s y gjs oôvcbcs sc`b rcspjbs`ngcs cb tjfjs gjs àknetjs fc su vef`. n. Cstrudtur`gcs? quc cg Cst`fj ebvecrt` gjs rcdursjs bcdcs`rejs p`r` quc tjf` g` ouvcbtuf drczd` s`b`, djb jpjrtubef`fcs fc cstufej y tr`n`oj y icgez. Ebvcstem`rckjs sjnrc g`s cf`fcs fc g`s y gjs cstufe`btcs fc Nàsedj fc su dërdugj fc cstufej. Tem` gjs p`sjs? 0. Djbijrkcb trcs cquepjs. D`f` ubj ebvcstem`rà g`s cf`fcs fc ubj fc gjs mrupjs fc Nàsedj? Pueremuà, St`tgàb y _`dugcu (j gjs quc l`y` cb su dërdugj). >. Xrcp`rcb ub ijrk`tj p`r` rcdjmcr g` cf`f fc g`s y gjs cstufe`btcs fc d`f` mrupj fc cstufej cxestcbtc scmÿb cg cockpgj. Fcspuås, rcggcbcb gjs ijrk`tjs. Mrupj fc cstufej? St`tgàb
Bÿkcrj
Kuocr
Bÿkcrj tjt`g fc cstufe`btcs?
Ljknrc
Cf`f
Vr`n`o` Të
Bj
ºCb quå:
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 3
=0
4. ^c`gedcb ub` t`ng` fc `bàgeses pjr d`f` mrupj fc cstufej ebvcstem`fj? % kuocrcs kcbjrcs fc 48 `ðjs
Mrupj St`tgàb % kuocrcs kcbjrcs fc 48 `ðjs quc tr`n`o`
% ljknrcs kcbjrcs fc 48 `ðjs % mcbcr`g fc cstufe`btcs kcbjrcs fc 48 `ðjs
% ljknrcs kcbjrcs fc 48 `ðjs quc tr`n`o` % mcbcr`g fc cstufe`btcs kcbjrcs fc 48 `ðjs quc tr`n`o`
•
G` k`yjrë` fcg mrupj, ºpcrtcbcdc `g njbj fckjmràiedj:
•
Fc g`s pcrsjb`s kcbjrcs fc 48 `ðjs, ºquå pjrdcbt`oc tr`n`o`:
•
Tcmÿb gjs f`tjs, fc gjs kcbjrcs fc 48 `ðjs, ºtecbcb kàs jpjrtubef`fcs fc tr`n`oj g`s kuocrcs j gjs ljknrcs:
•
ºCb quå tr`n`o`b k`yjret`re`kcbtc gjs cstufe`btcs ljknrcs: ºy g`s kuocrcs:
•
ºL`y d`sjs fc cstufe`btcs kcbjrcs fc 0< `ðjs quc tr`n`ocb cb t`rc`s bj `prjpe`f`s p`r` kcbjrcs fc cf`f: ºquå t`rc`s:
6 ºDjbsefcr` quc cb Mu`tck`g` sc dukpgcb gjs i`dtjrcs cstrudtur`gcs bcdcs`rejs p`r` cg pgcbj fcs`rrjggj fc g` ouvcbtuf: @rmukcbtc su rcspucst`.
^cvesc su `prcbfez`oc K`rquc djb ub dlcquc c f s
.. .r ` å e u f p u s t c s c F
=>
g` d`segg` quc kcojr ebfequc su rcbfekecbtj.
Efcbteiedj gjs mr`bfcs letjs fcg pjng`kecbtj fcg djbtebcbtc `kcred`bj. Cxpgedj g`s d`r`dtcrësted`s fc quc g` pjng`deôb `kcred`b`, su festrenudeôb mcjmràied` y gjs icbôkcbjs g` fctcrkeb`b. @b`gezj gjs i`dtjrcs fc d`knej fckjmràiedj quc l`b `icdt`fj ` g`s pjng`dejbcs fc @kåred` fcsfc cg semgj \E\ l`st` g` `dtu`gef`f.
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
gjmr`fj
cb bj prjdcsj gjmr`fj
9 Mcjmr`ië` cdjbôked` fc @kåred`? tr`n`oj y fcs`rrjggj ºPuå cbdjbtr`rà cst` sck`b`: Gcojs (Lukncrtj @a'`n`g) @dtevef`fcs cdjbôked`s fc @kåred` Fcs`rrjggj ebfustre`g D`gef`f fc vef`? pjnrcz` y pjnrcz` cxtrck`
Cst` sck`b` gjmr`rà?
Efcbteied`r g`s `dtevef`fcs cdjbôked`s quc d`r`dtcrez`b ` d`f` rcmeôb fc @kåred`.
Djbjdcr cg prjdcsj fc fcs`rrjggj ebfustre`g cb d`f` rcmeôb fc @kåred`.
@b`gez`r dôkj `icdt`b g` cdjbjkë` y cg fcs`rrjggj ebfustre`g cb g` d`gef`f fc vef` fc g`s pcrsjb`s y `g fcs`rrjggj fc g`s sjdecf`fcs.
@pged`r cg djbdcptj fc d`gef`f fc vef` ` su cxpcrecbde`.
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 9
=4
@ycr... ljy... Gcojs Cb cstc p`ës pcqucðj tjfj qucf` gcojs? g` djkef`, g`s gctr`s, g` rjp`… Lukncrtj @a―`n`g
Lukncrtj @a―`n`g (Kjkjstcb`bmj, 053>)
Cb cstjs vcrsjs, cg rcdjbjdefj pjct` A―edlc― rctr`t` g` rc`gef`f fc Mu`tck`g`, p`ës dlequetj djb ub` djkpgco` rc`gef`f. ºL` gcëfj kàs pjcsë` fc Lukncrtj @a―`n`g: Gc ebvet`kjs ` l`dcrgj y fcsdunrer lcrkjsjs pjck`s csdretjs cb efejk` A―edlc― y tr`fudefjs `g csp`ðjg quc gc kjstr`ràb cg v`gjr fcg rcspctj ` g`s pcrsjb`s, ` g` dugtur` prjpe` y ` g` b`tur`gcz`.
@b`gedc y djkp`rt` Gc` fc bucvj cg pjck` fc Lukncrtj @a'`n`g y rcspjbf` g`s prcmubt`s. 0. ºXjr quå drcc quc Lukncrtj @a―`n`g `ierk` quc "tjfj qucf` gcojs" cb Mu`tck`g`:
>. ºX`r` queåbcs "g` djkef`, g`s gctr`s, g` rjp`" cstàb gcojs:
4. ºDrcc quc cb Mu`tck`g` l`y emu`gf`f fc jpjrtubef`fcs p`r` tjf`s g`s pcrsjb`s: @rmukcbtc su rcspucst`.
=6
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs 0. @dtevef`fcs cdjbôked`s fc @kåred` Djkj y` vcë`kjs g` sck`b` `btcrejr, cg djbtebcbtc `kcred`bj cstà djkpucstj pjr p`ëscs kuy feicrcbtcs y djb cdjbjkë`s kuy feicrcbtcs, quc ebuycb cb g` d`gef`f fc vef` fc sus pjng`dejbcs. Fcsfc cg pubtj fc vest` cdjbôkedj, feveferckjs @kåred` cb fjs mr`bfcs rcmejbcs? Bjrtc`kåred`? ijrk`f` pjr D`b`fà, Cst`fjs Sbefjs y Kåxedj. Cst`fjs Sbefjs y D`b`fà tecbcb cdjbjkë`s n`s`f`s cb cg scdtjr tcrde`rej, cs fcder, g` k`yjr p`rtc fc su requcz` sc mcbcr` cb g` prcst`deôb fc scrvedejs? n`bd`, tureskj, tr`bspjrtcs, cfud`deôb y jtrjs. Tc d`gdug` quc cg scdtjr tcrde`rej prjfudc cg <8 % fcg prjfudtj ebtcrejr nrutj (XEN) fc Cst`fjs Sbefjs y f` tr`n`oj `g 9< % fc g` pjng`deôb. Cb Kåxedj cg scdtjr prek`rej j dup` ` kàs pcrsjb`s quc cb cg rcstj fc Bjrtc`kåred`, pcrj cg scdtjr tcrde`rej `pjrt` kàs fcg 98 % fc su XEN. Cst`s cdjbjkë`s prcscbt`b g`s semuecbtcs d`r`dtcrësted`s? •
@gtj fcs`rrjggj tcdbjgômedj `pged`fj ` g` ebfustre`, gj quc pcrketc jntcbcr kàs prjfudtjs, fc kcojr d`gef`f y ` kcbjr prcdej.
•
Cxpjrt`deôb fc prjfudtjs `mrëdjg`s c ebfustre`gcs quc mcbcr` iucrtcs m`b`bde`s. @ubquc pjd`s pcrsjb`s sc fcfed`b ` g` `mredugtur`, sc prjfudc mr`b d`btef`f fc prjfudtjs y fc `gt` d`gef`f.
•
Mr`bfcs ckprcs`s quc sc ekpg`bt`b cb jtrjs p`ëscs fcg kubfj j cxp`bfcb sus prjfudtjs p`r` djbsukj k`sevj.
•
Mr`b p`rtc fc g` pjng`deôb tecbc `ddcsj ` ub` cfud`deôb fc d`gef`f, quc kcojr` su d`geied`deôb p`r` cg tr`n`oj.
•
@gtj bevcg fc djbsukj fc g` pjng`deôb.
Cocrdedej 0 ^ccxejbc sjnrc gj `btcrejr y rcspjbf` g`s prcmubt`s. 0. ºDôkj sc cxpged` qu c cb Cst`fjs Sbefjs pjd`s pcrsjb`s sc fcfed`b ` g` `mredugtur` pcrj tecbcb iucrtcs m`b`bde`s pjr g` cxpjrt`deôb fc prjfudtjs `mrëdjg`s:
>. ºPuå prjfudtjs fc djbsukj djb jdc quc vecbcb fc Cst`fjs Sbefjs j fc Kåxedj: Detc `g kcbjs fjs.
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 9
=3
@kåred` G`teb` y cg D`renc? ijrk`f` pjr Dcbtrj`kåred`, Tuf`kåred` y @kåred` Ebsug`r. Cb g` k`yjrë` fc gjs p`ëscs, cg scdtjr prek`rej (`mredugtur`, m`b`fcrë`, pcsd` y `dtevef`fcs ijrcst`gcs) jdup` ` mr`b p`rtc fc g` pjng`deôb. Cb Mu`tck`g`, pjr cockpgj, jdup` `g 44 % fc g` pjng`deôb `dtev`. Teb ckn`rmj, bj cs cg scdtjr quc k`yjr requcz` `pjrt` ` g`s cdjbjkë`s cb g` `dtu`gef`f. G`s d`r`dtcrësted`s mcbcr`gcs fc g`s cdjbjkë`s g`tebj`kcred`b`s? •
N`oj fcs`rrjggj tcdbjgômedj. G` prjfuddeôb rcsugt` kàs d`r` y cstj feiedugt` su djkpctetevef`f.
•
Ckpgcjs fc n`o` du`geied`deôb. Kudl` pjng`deôb bj tecbc `ddcsj ` bevcgcs cfud`tevjs `gtjs.
•
Cdjbjkë` n`s`f` cb cxpjrt`dejbcs fc k`tcre`s prek`s y prjfudtjs k`bui`dtur`fjs.
•
Kudl` pjng`deôb djb csd`sj pjfcr `fquesetevj p`r` djbsuker.
Cocrdedej > ` cb g`s gëbc`s v`dë`s g`s `dtevef`fcs quc scebdguycb @. Ieoc sus djbjdekecbtjs sjnrc cdjbjkë` y csdren cb d`f` scdtjr. Gc `yuf`kjs djb ub cockpgj. m`b`fcrë`
0. Tcdtjr prek`rej? >. Tcdtjr scdubf`rej?
4. Tcdtjr tcrde`rej j fc scrvedejs? N. G` t`ng` prcscbt` cg `pjrtc pjr scdtjrcs fc g` cdjbjkë` `g prjfudtj ebtcrejr nrutj (XEN) fc Cst`fjs Sbefjs, Kåxedj y Mu`tck`g`. Vjkc cb ducbt` gjs f`tjs p`r` rc`gez`r g`s `dtevef`fcs quc semucb. Xrjfudtj Ebtcrejr Nrutj pjr scdtjrcs cdjbôkedjs Tcdtjr Xrek`rej Tcdubf`rej Vcrde`rej
CCSS
Kåxedj
Mu`tck`g`
0.> %
% 6
0<.<%
46.>%
03 % >4%
<8%
90.<%
94.>%
0. Cx`kebc gjs f`tjs fc gjs trcs scdtjrcs p`r` gjs trcs p`ëscs. ºPuå tecbcb cbdjkÿb gjs trcs p`ëscs rcspcdtj `g scdtjr tcrde`rej:
>. ºDuàg scrë` g` cxpged`deôb fc quc t`bt`s pcrsjb`s (cg 44%) quc tr`n`o`b cb cg scdtjr prek`rej cb Mu`tck`g` sjgj djbtrenuy`b djb cg 03 % ` g` requcz` fc bucstrj p`ës:
D. Cxpgequc djb sus p`g`nr`s dôkj drcc quc ebiguyc g` cfud`deôb cb g` cdjbjkë` fc ub p`ës.
=9
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
>. Fcs`rrjggj ebfustre`g Cg fcs`rrjggj ebfustre`g cb cg kubfj, irutj fc g` ^cvjgudeôb Ebfustre`g cb cg semgj \E\, `fjptô feicrcbtcs ijrk`s cb d`f` p`ës. Cb @kåred`, g`s rcmejbcs tuvecrjb prjdcsjs ebfustre`gcs fesp`rcs, f`bfj gum`r ` k`rd`f`s feicrcbde`s rcspcdtj ` sus ëbfedcs fc fcs`rrjggj. Cst`fjs Sbefjs . Vr`s g` mucrr` deveg j Mucrr` fc Tcdcseôb jdurref` cbtrc 0<90 y 0<93, djkcbzô ub prjdcsj fc ebfustre`gez`deôb n`s`fj cb? •
Mr`b fcs`rrjggj fc g` `mredugtur` tcdbeied`f`, djb mr`bo`s quc sc djbvertecrjb cb ckprcs`s `mrëdjg`s.
•
Fcs`rrjggj fcg kcrd`fj ebtcrejr ` tr`vås fc cxtcbs`s rcfcs fc trcbcs y jtrjs tr`bspjrtcs.
•
Iucrtc ebvcrseôb cb ebbjv`dejbcs tcdbjgômed`s cb fevcrsjs scdtjrcs fc prjfuddeôb? k`queb`re` `mrëdjg`, `rk`s, ctd. y kàs t`rfc, y` cb gjs semgjs \\ y \\E, djkput`fjr`s y jtrjs cgckcbtjs ebijrkàtedjs.
Tcrvedej fc g` rcf icrrjve`re` cb gjs Cst`fjs Sbefjs
Cg fcs`rrjggj ebfustre`g fc Cst`fjs Sbefjs djbtrenuyô ` djbvcrter su cdjbjkë` cb ub` fc g`s kàs prôspcr`s cb g` `dtu`gef`f. Cstj l` pcrketefj ub bevcg fc vef` kcojr p`r` su pjng`deôb cb mcbcr`g, `ubquc t`kneåb l`y mr`b d`btef`f fc pjnrcs. Cb >806, g` t`s` jde`g fc pjnrcz` cr` fcg 06,<% quc cquev`gc ` 69.= keggjbcs fc pcrsjb`s. @kåred` G`teb` y cg D`renc . Tu prjdcsj fc ebfustre`gez`deôb iuc t`rfëj. Lestôred`kcbtc, g` cdjbjkë` fc gjs p`ëscs fc cst` rcmeôb l` cst`fj n`s`f` cb ub kjfcgj `mrjcxpjrt`fjr cb cg quc gjs prjfudtjs `mrëdjg`s sc vcbfcb `g cxtcrejr seb scr tr`bsijrk`fjs. Cstj l`dc quc gjs p`ëscs jntcbm`b pjdj v`gjr `ð`fefj pjr g` vcbt` fc cstjs prjfudtjs. G`s d`r`dtcrësted`s fc g` ebfustre`gez`deôb fc @kåred` G`teb` y cg D`renc sjb? •
Kudl`s ebfustre`s fcfed`f`s ` g` tr`bsijrk`deôb ebtcbsev` fc k`tcre`s prek`s p`r` cxpjrt`deôb. Sb cockpgj sjb gjs ebmcbejs `zud`rcrjs.
•
Csd`s` ebvcrseôb cb ebvcstem`deôb c ebbjv`deôb tcdbjgômed`, quc f` gum`r ` n`o` prjfudtevef`f fc g`s ebfustre`s.
Cb @kåred` G`teb` y cg D`renc g` ebfustre`gez`deôb, cb mcbcr`g, bj l` pcrketefj `gd`bz`r kcojrcs bevcgcs fc fcs`rrjggj p`r` tjf` g` pjng`deôb.
Ebmcbejs `zud`rcrjs
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 9
==
4. D`gef`f fc vef` G` d`gef`f fc vef` fcsemb` g`s djbfedejbcs cb quc vevc ub` pcrsjb` quc l`dcb quc su cxestcbde` sc` pg`dcbtcr` j fcsmr`de`f`. Tc pucfc fcber g` d`gef`f fc vef` djkj cg djboubtj fc fekcbsejbcs jnoctev`s y sunoctev`s quc pcrketcb quc ub` pcrsjb` cstå y sc secbt` necb. @b`gedckjs cst`s fekcbsejbcs? Fekcbseôb jnoctev`? sjb `spcdtjs cxtcrbjs ` g` pcrsjb`, quc sc pucfcb kcfer. •
@ddcsj ` ub sestck` s`bet`rej p`r` `irjbt`r ub prjngck` fc s`guf.
•
@ddcsj ` ub` cfud`deôb mr`tuet` y fc d`gef`f p`r` g` pjng`deôb.
•
Sb këbekj bevcg fc scmuref`f p`r` bj scbtersc `kcb`z`fjs cb su vef`.
•
Sb s`g`rej fembj j bevcg fc rcbt` këbekj quc m`r`btedc cg `ddcsj ` gjs necbcs nàsedjs (`gekcbtj, vcstekcbt` y cbcrmë` p`r` cg ljm`r).
•
Sb`s derdubst`bde`s sjdejpjgëted`s quc pcrket`b cocrdcr ub`s gencrt`fcs nàsed`s (pjr cockpgj, g` gencrt`f fc cxprcseôb j g` gencrt`f rcgemejs`).
Fekcbseôb sunoctev`? sjb gjs scbtekecbtjs y pcrdcpdejbcs fc g` pcrsjb` sjnrc su prjpe` vef`. •
G` s`tesi`ddeôb y g` v`gjr`deôb fc g` prjpe` cxestcbde`, `utjcstek` `gt`.
•
G`s rcg`dejbcs `rkôbed`s djb g` i`kege` y g`s `kest`fcs.
•
G` ebtcmr`deôb ` jrm`bez`dejbcs sjde`gcs y rcgemejs`s
•
Yever genrckcbtc g` csperetu`gef`f, ctd.
4.0 Xjnrcz` y pjnrcz` cxtrck` Sb` pcrsjb` j ub mrupj sjde`g vevc cb pjnrcz` du`bfj bj pucfc mjz`r fc ub bevcg fc vef` ôptekj, quc ekpged` bj s`tesi`dcr sus bcdcsef`fcs nàsed`s fc `gekcbt`deôb, `mu`, vevecbf`, s`guf, cfud`deôb, ctd. Du`bfj g` d`rcbde` fc rcdursjs cs scvcr`, sc gg`k` pjnrcz` cxtrck`. X`r` pjfcr kcfer g` pjnrcz` fc ijrk` du`btet`tev`, cg N`bdj Kubfe`g 0 cst`ngcdeô fjs p`ràkctrjs? •
Tc djbsefcr` quc vevcb cb pjnrcz` g`s pcrsjb`s quc ducbt`b djb kcbjs fc 4 fôg`rcs fe`rejs.
•
Tc djbsefcr` quc vevcb cb pjnrcz` cxtrck` g`s pcrsjb`s quc ducbt`b djb kcbjs fc 0.3 fôg`rcs `g fë`.
4.> @kåred` pjnrc y fcsemu`g Djkj lckjs cstufe`fj, cb g` lestjre` fcg djbtebcbtc `kcred`bj sc l`b f`fj febàked`s feicrcbtcs pjgëted`s, cdjbôked`s y djkcrde`gcs. Cb Bjrtc`kåred`, n`s`f`s kàs cb g` tcdbed`deôb, y cb @kåred` G`teb` y cg D`renc, cb g` `mrjcxpjrt`deôb. Cstj l` fctcrkeb`fj quc cb @kåred` G`teb` y cg D`renc l`y` kàs pjng`deôb quc vevc cb pjnrcz` y pjnrcz` cxtrck`.
=<
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
Teb ckn`rmj, p`r` djkprcbfcr g` rc`gef`f fc @kåred` fcnckjs er kàs `ggà fc g` pjnrcz` y `b`gez`r g` fcsemu`gf`f. Cstc djbdcptj sc rccrc ` g` feicrcbde` cbtrc g` pjng`deôb kàs red` y kàs pjnrc fc ub p`ës y rcco` g` eboust` festrenudeôb fc gjs rcdursjs. G` fcsemu`gf`f pucfc f`rsc cb `spcdtjs djkj cg `ddcsj ` g` cfud`deôb, ` ub ckpgcj y s`g`rej fembjs, ` scrvedejs fc s`guf, ctd. Cs ub` d`r`dtcrësted` prjpe` fc g`s sjdecf`fcs d`pet`gest`s y gencr`gcs, cb g`s quc cg Cst`fj nrebf` pjdjs scrvedejs pÿngedjs y g` pjng`deôb fcnc p`m`r scrvedejs prev`fjs. @kåred` G`teb` y cg D`renc cs g` rcmeôb kàs fcsemu`g fcg kubfj . Cb gjs ÿgtekjs `ðjs sc l` rcfudefj g` pjnrcz` cxtrck`, pcrj g` fcsemu`gf`f pcrsestc. Cst`-
ºT`në` quc…: Cb >800, `grcfcfjr fcg 68 % fc g` pjng`deôb fc @kåred` G`teb` y cg D`renc vevë` cb pjnrcz` y fc cgg`, cg 04 % cb pjnrcz` cxtrck`.
fjs Sbefjs t`kneåb cs ub p`ës prjiubf`kcbtc fcsemu`g. Cb >88=, cg 46 % fc g` requcz` fc cstc p`ës cst`n` cb k`bjs fcg 0 % fc g` pjng`deôb.
Cocrdedej 4 Vcbecbfj cb ducbt` gjs cgckcbtjs quc ijrk`b p`rtc fc g` d`gef`f fc vef`, fcsdren` duàg cs g` d`gef`f quc quecrc p`r` su vef`. 0. Fekcbseôb jnoctev`?
>. Fekcbseôb sunoctev`?
Ebvcstemuc cb g` rcf... Cg scdrct`rej mcbcr`g fc g`s B`dejbcs Sbef`s, N`b Ae-kjjb, `bek` ` `kpge`r gjs csiucrzjs p`r` `d`n`r djb cg l`knrc. Yesetc g` fercddeôb fc ebtcrbct y djkcbtcb cb cg dërdugj fc cstufejs sus ekprcsejbcs. lttp?//www.ub.jrm/cs/zcrjlubmcr/dl`ggcbmc.sltkg . w w w // ? p tl ? c f j f ` k j V
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 9
r/ c m b u l j r c z s/ /c m r j . b u
=5
^csukcb 0. @dtevef`fcs cdjbôked`s fc @kåred` sjb feicrcbtcs scmÿb fjs mr`bfcs rcmejbcs? D`r`dtcrësted`s fc g` cdjbjkë` Bjrtc`kåred`
@kåred`G`teb`ycgD`renc
Xrcfjkebej fcg scdtjr tcrde`rej
Xrcfjkebej fcg scdtjr prek`rej
@gtj fcs`rrjggj tcdbjgômedj
N`oj fcs`rrjggj tcdbjgômedj
Cxpjrt`deôb fc prjfudtjs `mrëdjg`s c ebfustre`gcs Mr`bfcsckprcs`s
Cxpjrt`deôb fc k`tcre`s prek`s Xjd`sckprcs`mr`bfcs
Ckpgcjs du`ged`fjs y kudl` pjng`deôb djb `gtj bevcg cfud`tevj @gtj bevcg fc djbsukj fc g` pjng`deôb
N`o` du`ged`deôb fc g` pjng`deôb Csd`sj pjfcr `fquesetevj fc g` pjng`deôb
>. Fcs`rrjggj ebfustre`g djkcbzô djb g` ^cvjgudeôb Ebfustre`g, semgj \E\. Cb @kåred` sc fej djb prjdcsjs fesp`rcs cb d`f` ub` fc g`s mr`bfcs rcmejbcs? •
Cst`fjs Sbefjs? g` ebfustre`gez`deôb tr`s g` Mucrr` fc Tcdcseôb (0<90-0<93) pcrketeô kcojr`r g` d`gef`f fc vef` p`r` g` pjng`deôb, `ubquc semuc l`necbfj pjnrcz`.
•
@kåred` G`teb` y cg D`renc? ebfustre`gez`deôb t`rfë`. Bj l` pcrketefj `gd`bz`r kcojrcs bevcgcs fc vef` p`r` g` pjng`deôb.
4. D`gef`f fc vef` D`gef`f fc vef` cs cg djboubtj fc fekcbsejbcs quc l`dcb quc g` pcrsjb` cstå y sc secbt` necb. •
Fekcbseôb jnoctev`? `spcdtjs cxtcrbjs djkj `ddcsj ` ub sestck` s`bet`rej, ` cfud`deôb, scmuref`f, s`g`rej fembj y gencrt`f.
•
Fekcbseôb sunoctev`? `spcdtjs ebtcrbjs j pcrdcpdejbcs djkj `gt` `utjcstek`, `rkjbë` cb g` djbvevcbde`, p`rtedep`deôb, vevcbde` fc g` csperetu`gef`f prjpe`, ctd.
4.0. Xjnrcz` y pjnrcz` cxtrck` •
Xjnrcz`? cst`fj cb cg quc ub` pcrsjb` bj pucfc s`tesi`dcr g`s bcdcsef`fcs nàsed`s, ducbt` djb kcbjs fc 4 fôg`rcs `g fë`.
•
Xjnrcz` cxtrck`? cst`fj scvcrj fc pjnrcz`, djb kcbjs fc 0.3 fôg`rcs fe`rejs.
4.>. @kåred`, pjnrc y fcsemu`g •
Fcsemu`gf`f? eboust` festrenudeôb fc rcdursjs, quc l`dc quc l`y` kudl` feicrcbde` cbtrc g` pjng`deôb kàs red` y g` kàs pjnrc.
Mr`b p`rtc fc g` pjng`deôb fc @kåred` G`teb` y cg D`renc vevc cb pjnrcz` j cxtrck` pjnrcz`. Cstj sc rcg`dejb` djb g` cdjbjkë` fc `mrjcxpjrt`deôb. V`kneåb cs g` rcmeôb kàs fcsemu`g fcg kubfj.
<8
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
@utjdjbtrjg @dtevef`f 0.
Fckucstrc gj `prcbfefj.
@. G` mràied` kucstr` cg pjrdcbt`oc fc g` pjng`deôb quc tr`n`o` cb festebt`s r`k`s fc g` cdjbjkë` cb Mu`tck`g`. Mu`tck`g`? Xjng`deôb jdup`f` pjr r`k`s fc `dtevef`fcs cdjbôked`s y pjr scxj >5 %
40 %
04 %
00 % 08 %
9%
Djkcrdej @mrjpcdu`rej Djbstruddeôb y scrvedej
Jtr`s `dtevef`fcs fc scrvedej
@dtevef`f fc @fkebestr`deôb pÿnged` y fcicbs`
Ebfustre`
Iucbtc? Cg`njr`deôb prjpe` fcg JFL@D, ` p`rter fc CBCELE, >804
0. Jrm`bedc gjs f`tjs cb ub` t`ng` ebdguycbfj d`f` `dtevef`f djb su pjrdcbt`oc cb cg scdtjr cdjbôkedj quc gc djrrcspjbfc. Iëocsc cb cg cockpgj. Xrek`rej
Tcdubf`rej
Vcrde`rej
@mrjpcdu`rej? 40 %
>. Tukc `ljr` gjs pjrdcbt`ocs pjr scdtjr y rcspjbf`? `.
ºPuå pjrdcbt`oc fc mu`tck`gtcdjs tr`n`o` cb cg scdtjr prek`rej:
n.
ºPuå pjrdcbt`oc gj l`dc cb cg scdtjr scdubf`rej:
d.
ºPuå pjrdcbt`oc gj l`dc cb cg scdtjr tcrde`rej:
N. Fcieb` djb sus p`g`nr`s gjs semuecbtcs djbdcptjs 0. Xjnrcz`?
>. Xjnrcz` cxtrck`?
4. Fcsemu`gf`f?
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 9
<0
@dtevef`f >.
Xecbsc y `pgequc gj quc `prcbfeô.
@. Gc` cg semuecbtc ir`mkcbtj `f`pt`fj fc g` Fcdg`r`deôb Kebestcre`g sjnrc Fcs`rrjggj Ebfustre`g fc @kåred` G`teb` y cg D`renc (Gek`, Xcrÿ, >804). "G`s Kebestr`s y Kebestrjs fc @kåred` G`teb` y cg D`renc, rcubefjs cb Gek`, Xcrÿ, cg 0 fc fedecknrc fc >804, cb cg k`rdj fc g` Djbicrcbde` fc Kebestrjs fc Ebfustre` fc fedl` rcmeôb, rcsp`gf`kjs g` "Fcdg`r`deôb fc Gek`? L`de` ub Fcs`rrjggj Ebfustre`g Ebdgusevj y Tjstcbengc", quc nusd` rcijrz`r cg djkprjkesj fc g` djkubef`f ebtcrb`dejb`g cb g` crr`fed`deôb fc g` pjnrcz` ` tr`vås fcg fcs`rrjggj ebfustre`g c ebdgusevj. Q…[ Cst`kjs djbvcbdefjs fc quc p`r` l`dcr pjsengc cst` ebfustre`gez`deôb, g` rcmeôb fcnc ckprcbfcr `ddejbcs p`r` `pjy`r pjgëted`s ebfustre`gcs ebtcmr`gcs quc djbsefcrcb? `. prjkjdeôb fcg ckprcbfekecbtj y fcs`rrjggj ckprcs`re`g y ckprcs`s djb rcspjbs`negef`f sjde`g y `knecbt`g1 n. ijrk`deôb fc d`pet`g luk`bj p`r` cg fcs` rrjggj tcdbjgôme dj c ebbjv`deôb p`r` cg fcs`rrjggj ebfustre`g1 d. ijrk`deôb fc ckp gcj d`geied`fj djb prejref`f p `r` gjs oôvcbcs y djb cbijquc fc måbcrj1 Q…[".
0. ºPuå rcg`deôb l`y cbtrc g` "ijrk`deôb fc d`pet`g luk`bj p`r` cg fcs`rrjggj tcdbjgômedj" y cg "ckpgcj d`geied`fj":
N. ^cp`sc cg djbtcbefj quc sc rciecrc ` g` d`gef`f fc vef` y gc` cg tcxtj quc semuc. ºU se gjs ebfed`fjrcs cdjbôkedjs bj iucr`b suiedecbtcs p`r` kcfer cg necbcst`r fc ub` sjdecf`f: Nutàb cs ub p`ës kuy pjnrc pcrj cg ÿbedj quc l` ebtrjfudefj ub bucvj djbdcptj fc kcfedeôb? g` icgedef`f ebtcrejr nrut`. L`dc 43 `ðjs, cb ub `esg`fj rcebj fcg Lek`g`y`, ub d`reskàtedj rcy fcdefeô quc cr` kàs ekpjrt`btc g` icgedef`f ebtcrejr nrut` quc cg prjfudtj ebtcrejr nrutj. Ljy, Nutàb cs g` fckjdr`de` kàs ojvcb fcg kubfj y cg d`kpj fc prucn`s fc ubj fc gjs fcn`tcs kàs ebtcrcs`btcs fcg pcbs`kecbtj cdjbôkedj mgjn`g. lttp?//cgp`es.djk/fe`rej/>885/00/>5/cps/0>356=5906Z<38>03.ltkg
0. ºDuàgcs drcc quc sjb g`s feicrcbde`s cbtrc cg djbdcptj fc "icgedef`f ebtcrejr nrut`" y "prjfudtj ebtcrejr nrutj": ºDôkj gj kcferë`: ºPuå djs`s j setu`dejbcs bjs l`dcb icgedcs djkj pcrsjb`s y djkj deuf`f`bjs: ^cigcxejbc sus rcspucst`s y djkpàrt`g`s djb sus djkp`ðcr`s y djkp`ðcrjs cb cg dërdugj fc cstufejs.
<>
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
V`ggcr fc ijrk`deôb cb cg tr`n`oj Efcbteiedj g`s prjicsejbcs quc kc must`b Te yj pufecr` cgcmer jtr` prjicseôb feicrcbtc fc g` quc tcbmj, cgcmerë` scr kcscrj. U scrë` ub kcscrj `dtevj y djb nucb` kckjre`. Nusd`rë` bj jgvef`rkc fc gjs pcfefjs fc tjfjs. Fcnc scr k`mbëiedj tr`n`o`r seckprc djb d`r`s bucv`s, l`ng`r genrckcbtc djb ub tepj quc ljy ggcm`, pefc ub d`iå y bubd` kàs vjgvcrà pjr `quë. K`rej Ncbcfctte
Cg tr`n`oj j prjicseôb quc fcsckpcð` d`f` pcrsjb` bj sjgj cs cg kcfej p`r` s`ger `fcg`btc d`f` fë`. V`kneåb cs ub` iucbtc fc s`tesi`ddeôb y icgedef`f, du`bfj bjs fcfed`kjs ` `gmj quc bjs must`. Te tjfj cg kubfj sc sebtecr` necb cb su tr`n`oj, seb fuf` ¡`ukcbt`rë` cg ëbfedc fc icgedef`f nrut` fcg p`ës! Vjf`s g`s prjicsejbcs sjb bcdcs`re`s p`r` g` sjdecf`f y pjr gj t`btj, l`decbfj necb bucstrj tr`n`oj, cst`kjs `pjrt`bfj `g necbcst`r y icgedef`f fc Mu`tck`g`. Cs kuy ekpjrt`btc cgcmer ` djbdecbde` ` quå bjs fcfed`rckjs. X`r` cggj fcnckjs csdudl`r bucstr` vjd`deôb, cs fcder, cg scbtekecbtj quc b`dc fc bucstrj ebtcrejr y quc l`dc quc bjs ebdgebckjs pjr ub` u jtr` prjicseôb. Kuocrcs y ljknrcs pjfckjs fcsckpcð`r tjf`s g`s prjicsejbcs, `së quc bj fcnckjs geket`rbjs `g sjð`r bucstrj iuturj. Gc ebvet`kjs ` rcigcxejb`r sjnrc cg tr`n`oj y su vjd`deôb? ºVr`n`o` `dtu`gkcbtc: Te tr`n`o`, º` quå sc fcfed`: ºGc must` gj quc l`dc: ºXjr quå:
Du`bfj tcrkebc su ijrk`deôb `d`fåked`, t`kneåb pjfrà fcs`rrjgg`r jtr` prjicseôb. º@ quå gc must`rë` fcfed`rsc cb cg iuturj: Xecbsc cb ustcf rc`gez`bfj g`s g`njrcs prjpe`s fc g` prjicseôb pjr g` quc secbtc vjd`deôb y rccxejbc sjnrc dôkj sc scbterë`. Cs pjsengc quc cb cstc kjkcbtj tcbm` kàs fc ub` vjd`deôb, bj fcsd`rtc bebmub`.
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 9
<4
Xrjicseôb quc kc must`
ºXjr quå kc must`:
ºPuå t`rc`s fc cs` prjicseôb kc must`b kàs:
Cb pcqucðjs mrupjs, djkp`rt`b sus pcbs`kecbtjs sjnrc g`s prjicsejbcs prcicref`s.
^cvesc su `prcbfez`oc K`rquc djb ub dlcquc .. .r e` f u t s c c f s å u p s c F
<6
g` d`segg` quc kcojr ebfequc su rcbfekecbtj.
Efcbteiedj g`s `dtevef`fcs cdjbôked`s quc d`r`dtcrez`b ` d`f` rcmeôb fc @kåred`. Djbjzdj cg prjdcsj fc fcs`rrjggj ebfustre`g cb d`f` rcmeôb fc @kåred`. @b`gezj dôkj `icdt`b g` cdjbjkë` y cg fcs`rrjggj ebfustre`g ` g` d`gef`f fc vef` fc g`s pcrsjb`s y `g fcs`rrjggj fc g`s sjdecf`fcs. @pgedj cg djbdcptj fc d`gef`f fc vef` ` ke prjpe` cxpcrecbde`.
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
gjmr`fj
cb bj prjdcsj gjmr`fj
= Kemr`dejbcs ºPuå cbdjbtr`rà cst` sck`b`: Kjo`fj (^ed`rfj @rojb`) Kemr`dejbcs ebtcrb`s y cxtcrb`s Kemr`dejbcs fc Curjp` ` @kåred` Kemr`dejbcs fcg d`kpj ` g` deuf`f Kemr`dejbcs fc Dcbtrj`kåred` ` Cst`fjs Sbefjs ^ckcs`s y fcs`rrjggj Djbscducbde`s fc g`s kemr`dejbcs
Cst` sck`b` gjmr`rà?
Efcbted`r gjs tepjs fc kemr`dejbcs y `gmubjs kjvekecbtjs kemr`tjrejs ekpjrt`btcs cb @kåred` G`teb`.
@b`gez`r g`s d`us`s fc g`s kemr`dejbcs fcsfc Dcbtrj`kåred` ` Cst`fjs Sbefjs fcsfc 0538 ` g` `dtu`gef`f.
Cxpged`r g`s djbscducbde`s fc g`s kemr`dejbcs cb g`s sjdecf`fcs fc ggcm`f` y fc p`rtef` fc g`s pcrsjb`s kemr`btcs.
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b`∞ Tck`b` =
<3
@ycr... ljy... Kjo`fj Ckp`dô ub p`r fc d`kes`s, ub sjknrcrj, su vjd`deôb fc `vcbturcrj, sces djbscojs, sectc ijtjs, keg rcducrfjs. Ckp`dô sus m`b`s fc qucf`rsc, su djbfedeôb fc tr`bsijrk`rsc cb cg ljknrc quc sjðô y bj l` gjmr`fj. Feoj `feôs djb ub` kucd` fesir`z`f` fc sjbres` y gc supgedô ` su Fejs drudeied`fj cb g` rcpes` cg rcsmu`rfj fc gjs suyjs. U pcrijrô g` irjbtcr` djkj pufj. ^ed`rfj @rojb` (Ojdjtcb`bmj, 0596)
Te g` gub` su`vc sc fcsgez` pjr du`gquecr djrbes` seb pcrkesj `gmubj pjr quå cg kjo`fj prcdes` djkprjn`r djb ves`s quc bj cs fc Bcptubj. Cg kjo`fj tecbc m`b`s fc scd`rsc, cg kjo`fj cstà kjo`fj pjr g`s gàmrek`s quc cvjd` g` bjst`gme`. Cg kjo`fj, cg ebfjdukcbt`fj, d`rm` cg nugtj quc cg gcm`g bj d`rm`rë` be jngem`fj. Cg supgedej fc ub p`pcg gj l` djbvcrtefj cb iumetevj y bj cs fc `quë pjrquc su bjknrc bj `p`rcdc cb gjs `rdlevjs, be cs fc `ggà pjrquc sc iuc. Te g` gub`… Q…[
Te g` ves` ubevcrs`g sc cxtecbfc cg fë` cb quc b`dckjs y d`fud` cb g` kucrtc pjr quå tc pcrsemucb kjo`fj, se cg dôbsug fc gjs decgjs y` tc fej pcrkesj. ^ed`rfj @rojb`
@b`gedc y djkp`rt` Cb cst` d`bdeôb, cg d`bt`utjr mu`tck`gtcdj rcg`t` g` fur` setu`deôb fc g`s pcrsjb`s quc ckemr`b egcm`gkcbtc ` Cst`fjs Sbefjs. @ g` vcz, rc`gez` ub` drëted` ` g`s gcycs kemr`tjre`s. @. ¡Csdÿdlcg` cb Ebtcrbct! Ebmrcsc ` www.yjutunc.djk y csdren`? "kjo`fj @rojb`" cb g` n`rr` fcg nusd`fjr. N. Cb su jpebeôb, ºquå cstrji` fc g` d`bdeôb rcco` kcojr g` setu`deôb fc g`s pcrsjb`s quc kemr`b egcm`gkcbtc: @rmukcbtc su rcspucst`.
<9
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs 0. Kemr`dejbcs ebtcrb`s y cxtcrb`s G`s kemr`dejbcs sjb gjs fcspg`z`kecbtjs fc pcrsjb`s quc sc tr`sg`f`b ` vever fc ub gum`r mcjmràdj ` jtrj. Cg kjvekecbtj kemr`tjrej pucfc scr? •
Ebtcrbj j b`dejb`g? g`s pcrsjb`s sc fcspg`z`b ` jtrj gum`r fcbtrj fcg keskj p`ës.
• Cxtcrbj j ebtcrb`dejb`g? g`s pcrsjb`s sc fcspg`z`b ` jtrj p`ës. Te tjk`kjs djkj jremcb fcg kjvekecbtj kemr`tjrej cg gum`r cb cg quc bjs cb djbtr`kjs, g`s kemr`dejbcs sc dg`sed`b cb? •
Kemr`deôb j ckemr`deôb? fcspg`z`kecbtj fc g`s pcrsjb`s quc s`gcb j kemr`b fc csc gum`r.
•
Ebkemr`deôb? fcspg`z`kecbtj fc g`s pcrsjb`s quc ggcm`b j ebkemr`b ` csc gum`r.
Djbcdt`bfj s`ncrcs... º^cducrf` dôkj sc pjngô cg djbtebcbtc `kcred`bj: ºPuå tepj fc kjvekecbtjs kemr`tjrejs iucrjb `qucggjs:
D`se tjf`s g`s sjdecf`fcs fcg kubfj cstàb djbijrk`f`s pjr pcrsjb`s quc b`decrjb fcbtrj fc cgg`s y pcrsjb`s quc ggcm`rjb pjr feicrcbtcs d`us`s. G`s kemr`dejbcs sjb p`rtc fc g` lestjre` fc g` luk`bef`f fcsfc sus jrëmcbcs. L`b pcrketefj ebtcrd`knejs luk`bjs y dugtur`gcs, f`bfj gum`r ` kcstez`ocs quc bjs cbrequcdcb djkj sjdecf`fcs y djkj p`ëscs. Djbjzd`kjs `gmubjs kjvekecbtjs kemr`tjrejs sembed`tevjs cb g` lestjre` rcdecbtc fc @kåred`.
>. Kemr`dejbcs fc Curjp` ` @kåred` Cbtrc 0<88 y 0538, keggjbcs fc pcrsjb`s cb Curjp` p`fcdë`b csd`scz fc tr`n`oj y kescre`. Xjr cg djbtr`rej, cb kudljs p`ëscs `kcred`bjs sc vevë` ub` setu`deôb fc njb`bz`, djb `nubf`btc tr`n`oj y jpjrtubef`fcs fc bcmjdej. Cstj lezj quc kàs fc 68 keggjbcs fc curjpcjs ckemr`r`b ` festebtjs p`ëscs fc @kåred`, luycbfj fcg l`knrc y cg fcsckpgcj. Gjs prebdep`gcs fcstebjs iucrjb? •
Cst`fjs Sbefjs? cspcde`gkcbtc p`r` pjng`deôb `gck`b`, erg`bfcs`, et`ge`b` c ebmgcs`.
•
@rmcbteb` y Nr`seg? cspcde`gkcbtc p`r` pjng`deôb csp`ðjg` c et`ge`b`. Cb cg pcrejfj fc 0588 ` 0503, kàs < keggjbcs fc et`ge`bjs fco`b Et`ge` p`r` ckemr`r, mr`b p`rtc fc cggjs ` cstjs fjs p`ëscs. Cb Csp`ð`, ` gjs kemr`btcs quc vebecrjb ` @kåred` y rcmrcs`rjb gcs gg`k`rjb ebfe`bjs. Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b`∞ Tck`b` =
<=
4. Kemr`dejbcs fcg d`kpj ` g` deuf`f G` ijrk` fc kemr`deôb kàs ekpjrt`btc fcsfc cg semgj \E\ l`st` g` åpjd` `dtu`g cs g` quc sc djbjdc djkj åxjfj rur`g. Keggjbcs fc pcrsjb`s sc tr`sg`f`b d`f` `ðj fcg d`kpj ` g` deuf`f cb nusd` fc kcojrcs djbfedejbcs fc vef` y, sjnrc tjfj, fc k`yjrcs jpjrtubef`fcs fc ckpgcj y fc cfud`deôb p`r` sus leojs. Cstc tepj fc kemr`deôb sc f` cb g` k`yjrë` fc gjs p`ëscs fcg kubfj. Xjfckjs setu`r su jremcb cb cg pcrëjfj fc g` ^cvjgudeôb ebfustre`g cb Curjp`, du`bfj mr`b d`btef`f fc pcrsjb`s `n`bfjb`rjb g` `mredugtur` p`r` ckpgc`rsc cb iànred`s, uned`f`s cb àrc`s urn`b`s quc ` su vcz iucrjb drcdecbfj pjr cg cicdtj fc g`s kemr`dejbcs. Cb @kåred` G`teb`, cstc icbôkcbj sjde`g djnrô kudl` iucrz` cb cg semgj \\. @gmub`s fc g`s d`us`s prebdep`gcs sjb g`s semuecbtcs? •
Djbigedtjs `rk`fjs ebtcrbjs cb g` fåd`f` fc 0598. G`s àrc`s rur`gcs iucrjb `zjt`f`s pjr gjs cbircbt`kecbtjs y kudl` pjng`deôb sc rciumeô cb g`s deuf`fcs.
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Jrm`bez`deôb pjgëtedj — `fkebestr`tev` dcbtr`gez`f` . G` k`yjrë` fc gjs p`ëscs ducbt` djb ub` d`pet`g quc tr`fedejb`gkcbtc, fcsfc g` åpjd` fc g` Djgjbe`, `mguteb` g`s scfcs fc g`s ebstetudejbcs pÿnged`s y gjs scrvedejs.
•
Csd`sj fcs`rrjggj fc g`s àrc`s rur`gcs. Mcbcr`gkcbtc, cb @kåred` G`teb`, cxestcb mr`bfcs feicrcbde`s cbtrc g`s àrc`s rur`gcs y g`s urn`b`s? g`s deuf`fcs tecbcb kcojrcs jpjrtubef`fcs cfud`tev`s y fc ckpgcj, kcojrcs kcfejs fc tr`bspjrtc y djkubed`deôb, y djbdcbtr`b g` vef` dugtur`g djb cspcdtàdugjs, djbdecrtjs y jtr`s `dtevef`fcs. Cstj l`dc quc kegcs fc pcrsjb`s sc fcspg`dcb ` cgg`s ` cstufe`r y tr`n`o`r.
Cocrdedej 0 @. Gc` g` semuecbtc ebijrk`deôb y rcspjbf` g`s prcmubt`s. Tcmÿb g` Djkeseôb Cdjbôked` p`r` @kåred` G`teb` y cg D`renc — DCX@G — cb @kåred` G`teb` ub` fc d`f` trcs pcrsjb`s rcsefc cb ub kubedepej feicrcbtc fcg quc b`deô.
0. ºCb quå kubedepej b`deô ustcf: >. ºYevc cb cg kubedepej fjbfc b`deô: N. ^c`gedc ub` scbdegg` ebvcstem`deôb fc d`kpj. Djkp`rt` sus rcspucst`s djb sus djkp`ðcrjs y djkp`ðcr`s y `vcrem÷cb se sc dukpgc cb su dërdugj fc cstufej g` `ierk`deôb fc g` DCX@G. ^cducrfc quc "ub` fc d`f` trcs pcrsjb`s" cquev`gc `g 44.44 % fc g` pjng`deôb. 0. ºPuå pjrdcbt`oc fc cstufe`btcs fcg mrupj St`tgàb fc su dërdugj rcsefc cb ub kubedepej feicrcbtc fcg quc b`deô:
<<
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
6. Kemr`dejbcs fc Dcbtrj`kåred` ` Cst`fjs Sbefjs @ p`rter fc 0538, keggjbcs fc pcrsjb`s djkcbz`rjb ` kemr`r fcbtrj fcg djbtebcbtc `kcred`bj. Gjs uojs kemr`tjrejs sc jremeb`rjb pjr g`s mucrr`s ebtcrb`s cb Dcbtrj`kåred`? kegcs fc pcrsjb`s dcbtrj`kcred`b`s fcnecrjb cxege`rsc cb Cst`fjs Sbefjs y D`b`fà. @ p`rter fc 0558, g`s d`us`s fc cst` kemr`deôb sc setÿ`b cb jtrjs i`dtjrcs? •
I`gt` fc jpjrtubef`fcs fc ckpgcj cb p`ëscs dcbtrj`kcred`bjs.
•
^cubeôb djb jtrjs i`kege`rcs quc kemr`rjb `btcrejrkcbtc ` Cst`fjs Sbefjs.
•
Kjbukcbtj `g ckemr`btc s`gd`ocbsc.T`gd`oà, Puctz`gtcb`bmj.
I`gt` fc ebijrk`deôb vcr`z pjr g` quc `gmub`s pcrsjb`s tecbcb efc`s bj rc`gest`s sjnrc g`s mr`bfcs i`degef`fcs fc ckpgcj y m`b`bde`s cdjbôked`s cb Cst`fjs Sbefjs.
Gjs ckemr`btcs fc p`ëscs dcbtrj`kcred`bjs cb Cst`fjs Sbefjs p`s`rjb fc scr `grcfcfjr fc 65 888 pcrsjb`s cb 0598 ` >.5 keggjbcs cb >885. Cb >808, sc d`gdugô quc g` pjng`deôb fc jremcb mu`tck`gtcdj cb Cst`fjs Sbefjs cr` fc 0 866 >85 pcrsjb`s, g` k`yjrë` fc cgg`s prjdcfcbtcs fcg surjddefcbtc fc Mu`tck`g`. Cb Cst`fjs Sbefjs, gjs trcs cst`fjs djb kàs pcrsjb`s mu`tck`gtcd`s sjb? D`geijrbe`, Igjref` y Bucv` Ujra.
3. ^ckcs`s y fcs`rrjggj Gjs uojs kemr`tjrejs kàs iucrtcs sc f`b fcsfc p`ëscs djb kcbjr ëbfedc fc fcs`rrjggj luk`bj — EFL — l`de` p`ëscs djb k`yjr EFL. Kudl`s pcrsjb`s ckemr`b djkj p`rtc fc ub prjycdtj i`kege`r, djb cg jnoctevj fc cbdjbtr`r ub ckpgcj quc gcs pcrket` cbve`r febcrj ` sus i`kege`rcs cb cg gum`r fc jremcb. Cstjs cbvëjs fc febcrj sc djbjdcb djkj rckcs`s. Cg vjgukcb tjt`g fc rckcs`s quc ebmrcs` `bu`gkcbtc ` i`kege`s fc Mu`tck`g` y fc jtrjs p`ëscs fc Dcbtrj`kåred` cs kuy mr`bfc. G`s rckcs`s sc l`b djbvcrtefj cb peg`rcs fc g` cdjbjkë` dcbtrj`kcred`b` pjrquc rcprcscbt`b ub pjrdcbt`oc `gtj rcspcdtj ` g` requcz` quc mcbcr`b gjs prjpejs p`ëscs. Cb >803, kegcs fc i`kege`s mu`tck`gtcd`s rcdenecrjb ub tjt`g fc 9>88 keggjbcs fc fôg`rcs, cquev`gcbtc ` kàs fc 6= =88 keggjbcs fc quctz`gcs. Cst` d`btef`f rcprcscbt` `gmj kàs fcg 08 % fcg Xrjfudtj Ebtcrejr Nrutj —XEN—. Tc d`gdug` quc `grcfcfjr fcg <8 % fc csc febcrj sc m`st` cb djbsukj y sjgj ub` këbek` p`rtc sc ebvecrtc p`r` pjfcr mcbcr`r k`yjrcs ncbcdejs. Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b`∞ Tck`b` =
<5
L`y bukcrjsjs cstufejs sjnrc gjs icdtjs c fc g`s rckcs`s cb cg fcs`rrjggj fc Mu `tck`g`. G` @sjde`deôb fc Ebvcstem`deôb y Cstufejs Tjde`gcs @—TECT— cxtr`c g`s semuecbtcs djbdgusejbcs? •
G`s rckcs`s djbtrenuycb ` rcfuder g` pjnrcz` cb Mu`tck`g`. Xcrketcb quc kàs pcrsjb`s fc csd`sjs rcdursjs p`rtedepcb cb g` cdjbjkë` fcg p`ës djkpr`bfj y vcbfecbfj prjfudtjs.
•
Bj sc l` `prjvcdl`fj `g kàxekj g` d`p`def`f fc g`s rckcs`s p`r` kcojr`r cg fcs`rrjggj fc Mu`tck`g`. Cs bcdcs`rej quc g`s pcrsjb`s quc rcdencb rckcs`s scp`b ebvcrterg`s necb y t`kneåb `ljrr`r.
9. Djbscducbde`s fc g`s kemr`dejbcs G`s kemr`dejbcs tecbcb cicdtjs ekpjrt`btcs sjnrc g`s sjdecf`fcs, t`btj sjnrc g` sjdecf`f fc p`rtef` fc g` pcrsjb` ckemr`btc djkj sjnrc g` sjdecf`f fc ggcm`f`.
`. Cb g` sjdecf`f fc ggcm`f` G`s sjdecf`fcs quc rcdencb ebkemr`btcs sc cbrequcdcb cdjbôked`, sjde`g y dugtur`gkcbtc. Mcbcr`gkcbtc, gjs ebkemr`btcs rc`gez`b gjs tr`n`ojs kàs furjs y pcjr p`m`fjs, djb gj quc g` sjdecf`f quc g`s `djmc jntecbc g`s m`b`bde`s fc su k`bj fc jnr`. Cb du`btj ` gjs `spcdtjs sjde`g y dugtur`g, g`s sjdecf`fcs quc rcdencb ebkemr`btcs sc djbvecrtcb cb sjdecf`fcs kàs fevcrs`s, djb pjng`deôb fc kudl`s dugtur`s, efejk`s y ijrk`s feicrcbtcs fc vcr g` vef`. Ircducbtckcbtc, cstj cs ub rctj p`r` g` ebdguseôb fc tjf`s g`s pcrsjb`s y g` djbvevcbde` cb `rkjbë`.
n. Cb g` sjdecf`f fc p`rtef` ºT`në` quc…: Cb Cst`fjs Sbefjs l`net`b kàs fc 63 keggjbcs fc pcrsjb`s fc jremcb g`tebj`kcred`bj j csp`ðjg, `grcfcfjr fcg 03 % fc g` pjng`deôb tjt`g fcg p`ës. Cb 48 deuf`fcs fc gjs cst`fjs fc D`geijrbe`, Vcx`s, Igjref` y Bucv` Ocrscy g` pjng`deôb g`teb` cs k`yjrë`.
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EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
Mu`tck`g` cs ub p`ës fcg quc s`gcb k`sev`kcbtc ckemr`btcs. Cstj tecbc scre`s djbscducbde`s p`r` bucstr` sjdecf`f. @b`gedckjs `gmub`s? •
Xårfef` fc vef`s y mr`vcs vejg`dejbcs fc gjs Fcrcdljs Luk`bjs . Mr`b p`rtc fc g`s pcrsjb`s mu`tck`gtcd`s y dcbtrj`kcred`b`s quc sc feremcb ` Cst`fjs Sbefjs gj l`dcb fc ijrk` egcm`g. Cb cg ve`oc, kudl`s pecrfcb g` vef` pjr `ddefcbtcs, ebsjg`deôb j `scseb`tj. Tc f`b mr`vcs vejg`dejbcs fc gjs Fcrcdljs Luk`bjs djkj tràiedj fc pcrsjb`s, rjnjs, vejg`dejbcs scxu`gcs y jtr`s. @fckàs, kudl`s beð`s y beðjs sjb cxpucs tjs ` g` ckemr`deôb egcm`g, secbfj vëdtek`s fc tjfj tepj fc `nusjs. Cbtrc g`s beð`s y beðjs quc sjb cxpucstjs ` g` ckemr`deôb egcm`g cxestcb fjs d`sjs? gjs quc ckemr`b oubtj djb su k`kà, p`pà j `gmÿb i`kege`r y gjs quc sjb cbve`fjs sjgjs. G` kemr`deôb fc kcbjrcs bj `djkp`ð`fjs cs ub` mr`vc i`gt` fc rcspjbs`negef`f fc g` i`kege` pjr fco`rgjs cb fcs `kp`rj y cxpucstjs ` tjfj tepj fc pcgemrjs.
@fckàs, cg lcdlj fc scr kcbjrcs fc cf`f bj sembeied` quc v`y`b ` pjfcr qucf`rsc cb cg p`ës `g quc gjs cbvë`b. Xjr cockpgj, sjgj fc cbcrj ` k`yj fc >803, cb g` irjbtcr` cbtrc Kåxedj y Cst`fjs Sbefjs iucrjb fctcbefjs 0>,385 kcbjrcs kemr`btcs bj `djkp`ð`fjs. •
Cbfcuf`kecbtj. Kegcs fc pcrsjb`s quc ve`o`b egcm`gkcbtc ` Cst`fjs Sbefjs sjb fcpjrt`f`s. Fc cbcrj ` k`rzj fc >803, kàs fc 4= 388 pcrsjb`s dcbtrj`kcred`b`s iucrjb fcpjrt`f`s fcsfc Kåxedj ` sus p`ëscs. Kudl`s ebvertecrjb tjfjs sus `ljrrjs j sc cbfcuf`rjb p`r` p`m`r ` gjs gg`k`fjs djyjtcs, pcrsjb`s quc djnr`b iucrtcs suk`s fc febcrj fc k`bcr` egcm`g djb g` prjkcs` fc `yuf`r ` druz`r g`s irjbtcr`s.
•
Fcsebtcmr`deôb i`kege`r? cb kudljs gum`rcs fc Mu`tck`g`, cspcde`gkcbtc cb cg jddefcbtc, g` pjng`deôb cstà fcscquegenr`f` pjr g` `uscbde` fc gjs ljknrcs quc ckemr`b. Kudl`s i`kege`s cstàb ijrk`f`s pjr kuocrcs, beð`s y beðjs. Cb jd`sejbcs, g`s leo`s y gjs leojs oôvcbcs sc `djkjf`b `g febcrj iàdeg quc sus i`kege`rcs cbvë`b y prcscbt`b i`gt` fc kjtev`deôb p`r` cstufe`r, csijrz`rsc y tr`n`o`r.
Vjk`fj fc lttp?//www.djb`kemu`.mjn.mt/
Tc f`b prjngck`s psedjgômedjs djkj g` fcprcseôb. •
Xårfef` fc t`gcbtjs? pjr g` ckemr`deôb, Mu`tck`g` pecrfc cg t`gcbtj fc kegcs fc pcrsjb`s quc quezà l`rë`b mr`bfcs `pjrtcs `g p`ës.
Cocrdedej > @. Cxpgequc quå sembeied` g` `fvcrtcbde` fcg d`rtcg quc fedc? ‗nusd`r cg sucðj `kcred`bj pucfc djbvcrtersc cb ub` pcs`fegg`‛.
N. Csdren` ub kcbs`oc djrtj feremefj ` ub p`frc quc pecbs` cbve`r ` su leo` j leoj kcbjr ` Cst`fjs Sbefjs fc ijrk` egcm`g, ebijrkàbfjgc fc g`s ekpged`dejbcs fc gj quc quecrc l`dcr.
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b`∞ Tck`b` =
50
^csukcb Ckemr`deôb
cs
Fcspg`z`kecbtj fc quecbcs sc v`b fc ub gum`r
Ebkemr`deôb
cs
Fcspg`z`kecbtj fc quecbcs ggcm`b ` ub gum`r
Kemr`dejbcs
Ebtcrb`s j b`dejb`gcs
Cxtcrb`s j ebtcrb`dejb`gcs
pjr cockpgj d`us`s
cicdtjs
Fcg d`kpj ` g` deuf`f Cxegej (fåd`f` 0598)
@ p`rter fc g` ^cvjgudeôb Ebfustre`g, s. \E\
^ckcs`s tecbcb kudlj pcsj cb cdjbjkë`s dcbtrj`kcred`b`s.
@ p`rter fc 0558?
sc prjfuocrjb
Cb cg s. \\ cb @kåred` G`teb`
Csd`scz fc ckpgcj
^cubeôb djb i`kege`rcs
I`gt` fc ebijrk`deôb vcr`z
pjrquc
^cfudcb g` pjnrcz`
Bj seckprc necb `prjvcdl`f`s p`r` ebvcrter y `ljrr`r.
d`us`s
Djbedtjs `rk`fjs (fåd`f` 0598)
Dcbtr`gez`deôb pjgëtedj`fkebestr`tev`
Csd`sj fcs`rrjggj rur`g
djbscducbde`s
cb sjdecf`f fc ggcm`f`
cb sjdecf`f fc p`rtef`
^equcz` cdjbôked` sjde`g y dugtur`g
Yejg`deôb fc Fcrcdljs Luk`bjs fc ckemr`btcs errcmug`rcs
Cbfcuf`kecbtj fc g` i`kege`
Fcsebtcmr`deôb i`kege`r
Xårfef` fc t`gcbtj
pjr cockpgj
Fc Dcbtrj`kåred` ` Cst`fjs Sbefjs
5>
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
@utjdjbtrjg @dtevef`f 0.
Fckucstrc gj `prcbfefj.
@. Csdren` fjs pàrr`ijs sjnrc g`s kemr`dejbcs. Cb cg prekcrj, cxpgequc quå sjb g`s kemr`dejbcs ebtcrb`s y pjbm` ub cockpgj quc djbjzd`. Cb cg scmubfj, cxpgequc quå sjb g`s kemr`dejbcs cxtcrb`s djb jtrj cockpgj. 0.
>.
N. Cst` sck`b` lckjs cstufe`fj gjs festebtjs `spcdtjs quc prcscbt` cg icbôkcbj fc g` kemr`deôb. 0. Cb g` t`ng` semuecbtc csdren` duàgcs sjb g`s d`us`s y g`s djbscducbde`s fc g`s kemr`dejbcs fc Dcbtrj`kåred` ` Cst`fjs Sbefjs. Kemr`dejbcs fc Dcbtrj`kåred` ` CC. SS. D`us`s Djbscducbde`s
>. Fc g`s djbscducbde`s quc l` efcbteied`fj csdren` ub` pjsetev` y jtr` bcm`tev`. `.
Xjsetev`?
n.
Bcm`tev`?
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b`∞ Tck`b` =
54
@dtevef`f >.
@pgequc gj quc `prcbfeô.
0. Gc` gjs tcstekjbejs fc beð`s y beðjs fc Djst` ^ed` duyjs p`pàs l`b ckemr`fj ` Cst`fjs Sbefjs. E.
"Uj bj djbjzdj ` ke p`pà cb pcrsjb`… kc secbtj kuy trestc y kc prcmubtj ºXjr quå bjs fcoô:, pcrj kc gj prcmubtj cb g` kcbtc p`r` bj l`dcr suirer kàs ` ke k`kà"
EE. "Uj kc secbtj k`g pjrquc åg sc jgvefô fc kë y fc kes lcrk`b`s… fcscj quc bj vcbm`… @f`pt`fj fc T`vc tlc Dlegfrcb (>88<). G` vjz fc gjs beðjs, beð`s y `fjgcsdcbtcs fcg d`btôb fc Xårcz _cgcfôb, prjvebde` fc T`b Ojså, sjnrc g`s kemr`dejbcs . Djst` ^ed`? T`vc tlc Dlegfrcb.
>. N`sàbfjsc cb gjs f`tjs `btcrejrcs y cb gjs tcstekjbejs, cxpgequc quå cs g` fcsebtcmr`deôb i`kege`r.
4. Gc` g` semuecbtc cxpcrecbde` fc g` djkubef`f fc Ajrek`yj, Njgeve`, y djbtcstc ` g`s prcmubt`s? @ gj g`rmj fc g` vef` fc g` djkubef`f fc Ajrek`yj, g` ebvcrseôb fc rckcs`s cstà fercdt`kcbtc vebdug`f` `g fcs`rrjggj gjd`g. G` djbijrk`deôb fc g` @sjde`deôb fc Xrjfudtjrcs @mrjpcdu`rejs fc Ajrek`yj ( @TX^J@M^JA ) cs, seb fuf`, cg kcojr cockpgj fc cggj. Cg d`ràdtcr `sjde`tevj fc gjs prjycdtjs quc vecbcb rc`gez`bfj cs ub `spcdtj quc l` ncbciede`fj t`kneåb ` g`s i`kege`s bj kemr`btcs, ijrt`gcdecbfj `së g`s rcfcs djkubet`re`s gjd`gcs. G`s 44 i`kege`s prjfudtjr`s fc fur`zbjs `sjde`f`s `
@TX^J@M^JA
, djb `pjyj fc g`s rckcs`s
i`kege`rcs, l`b rc`ge z`fj pjzjs djkubet`rejs djb djbcxeôb ` ub` k`trez fc recmj y ub sestck` fc cbtun`fj l`de` g`s p`rdcg`s quc ` kcfe`bj pg`zj pcrketerë` kcojr`r g` d`gef`f y g` d`btef`f fcg irutj, `së djkj `kpge`r g`s jpdejbcs fc djkcrde`gez`deôb y mcbcr`deôb fc iucbtcs fc ckpgcj p`r` kàs i`kege`s fc g` rcmeôb. cs ub rcicrcbtc gjd`g cb gj quc rcspcdt` `g usj fc tcdbjgjmë` p`r` g` prjfuddeôb `mrëdjg` y g` mcsteôb djkubet`re` y prjfudtev` fc rckcs`s kemr`btcs. @TX^J@M^JA
@f`pt`fj fc? lttp?//www.pcbs`kecbtjdretedj.jrm/kju`nu8404.pfi
`. Cxpgequc quå gjmrjs l` tcbefj g` djkubef`f fc Ajrek`yj mr`de`s ` g` ebvcrseôb fc p`rtc fc g`s rckcs`s cb cg fcs`rrjggj djkubet`rej?
n. Cst` ijrk` fc ebvcrter g`s rckcs`s sc gg`k` djfcs`rrjggj. ºPuå vcbt`o`s tecbc cg djfcs`rrjggj:
56
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
V`ggcr fc vef` i`kege`r Cg rcdjrrefj fc ke i`kege` Cs kuy prjn`ngc quc cbtrc gjs kecknrjs fc su i`kege` l`y` cxpcrecbde`s fc kemr`deôb, y` sc` ebtcrb` j cxtcrb`. Gc ebvet`kjs ` djbjdcr ub pjdj kcojr ` su i`kege` y v`gjr`r kàs su lestjre` rc`ge z`bfj ub k`p` fc sus kemr`dejbcs. 0. @vcrem÷c cg gum`r fjbfc b`decrjb y ` fôbfc sc fcspg`z`rjb p`r` vever y tr`n`o`r g`s semuecbtcs pcrsjb`s? @nucg` k`tcrb`? bjknrc? b`deô cb
vevc j veveô cb
@nucgj k`tcrbj? bjknrc? b`deô cb
vevc j veveô cb
@nucg` p`tcrb`? bjknrc? b`deô cb
vevc j veveô cb
@nucgj p`tcrbj? bjknrc? b`deô cb
vevc j veveô cb
K`kà? bjknrc? b`deô cb
vevc j veveô cb
X`pà? bjknrc? b`deô cb
vevc j veveô cb
Lcrk`b` j lcrk`bj? bjknrc? b`deô cb
vevc j veveô cb
Sstcf? bjknrc? b`deô cb
vevc j veveô cb
(Xucfc l`dcr cstc cocrdedej djb jtrjs kecknrjs fc su i`kege`? tëjs, prekjs, sjnrebjs, ctd.)
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b`∞ Tck`b` =
53
>. Cb cg k`p` fc Mu`tck`g`, csdren` cg bjknrc fc d`f` kecknrj fc su i`kege` cb cg gum`r fjbfc b`deô y tr`dc ub` gëbc` l`st` cg gum`r j gum`rcs ` gjs quc sc fcspg`zô, se cs quc gj lezj. Te l`y pcrsjb`s quc vevcb j vevecrjb cb cg cxtr`bocrj, tr`dc ub` gëbc` l`st` iucr` fcg k`p` y csdren` `lë cg bjknrc fcg p`ës djrrcspjbfecbtc.
4. ºPuå djbdgusejbcs cxtr`c ` g` vest` fcg k`p` fc g`s kemr`dejbcs fc su i`kege`:
^cvesc su `prcbfez`oc K`rquc djb ub dlcquc ... r e` f u t s c c f s å u p s c F
59
g` d`segg` quc kcojr ebfequc su rcbfekecbtj.
Efcbteiedj gjs tepjs fc kemr`dejbcs y `gmubjs kjvekecbtjs kemr`tjrejs ekpjrt`btcs cb @kåred` G`teb`. @b`gezj g`s d`us`s fc g`s kemr`dejbcs fcsfc Dcbtrj`kåred` ` Cst`fjs Sbefjs fcsfc 0538 ` g` `dtu`gef`f. Cxpgedj g`s djbscducbde`s fc g`s kemr`dejbcs cb g`s sjdecf`fcs fc ggcm`f` y fc p`rtef` fc g`s pcrsjb`s kemr`btcs.
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
gjmr`fj
cb bj prjdcsj gjmr`fj
<
^cp`sj? Tck`b`s 0 — = Cst` sck`b` gjmr`rà?
^cp`s`r gjs djbtcbefjs fc g` sck`b` 0 ` g` sck`b` =.
^csjgvcr gjs cocrdedejs fcg rcp`sj p`r` cv`gu`rsc cb g` prekcr` prucn` p`rde`g.
Xrcp`r`rsc necb p`r` g` prucn` fc cv`gu`deôb.
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` <
5=
ºDôkj s`d`r prjvcdlj fc cstc rcp`sj: Pucref` y qucrefj cstufe`btc? Cstà dcrd` g` prekcr` prucn` p`rde`g y p`r` quc sc prcp`rc `fcdu`f`kcbtc, gc prjpjbckjs rcp`s`r gj quc l` `prcbfefj cb g`s sck`b`s 0 ` =. Cst` sck`b` tecbc ub` cstrudtur` feicrcbtc ` g`s `btcrejrcs. Cbdjbtr`rà ub rcsukcb fc d`f` tck` y cocrdedejs p`r` pr`dted`r. Gc `bek`kjs ` cstufe`r djb `tcbdeôb y rcsjgvcr gjs cocrdedejs. Cs kuy ekpjrt`btc quc `btcs fc rc`gez`rgjs, ustcf l`y` djkprcbfefj y cstufe`fj gjs tck`s vestjs. X`r` gjmr`r kcojrcs rcsugt`fjs, gc sumcrekjs? •
Nusquc ub gum`r tr`bquegj p`r` cstufe`r.
•
Cstufec ub pjquetj d`f` fë`. K`btcbm` su cstufej fe`rej djkj cb g`s sck`b`s `btcrejrcs.
•
Gc` cg rcsukcb fc g` sck`b`, sunr`yc g`s efc`s kàs ekpjrt`btcs y v`y` cg`njr`bfj su prjpej rcsukcb. Csdrener sus djbjdekecbtjs gc `yuf`rà ` rctcbcrgjs kcojr.
•
Csdudlc g` dg`sc r`fe`g. Tus k`cstrjs gjdutjrcs gc `djkp`ð`ràb cb cstc rcp`sj y gc `yuf`ràb ` rcsjgvcr `gmub`s `dtevef`fcs.
•
Djkprucnc quc sus `utjdjbtrjgcs cståb necb lcdljs. Te tecbc fuf`s vucgv` ` gccr
•
g`s sck`b`s. Vr`n`oc djb gàpez, `së pjfrà djrrcmer se sc cquevjd`, l`dcr v`rejs ebtcbtjs y k`btcbcr su genrj cb nucb cst`fj.
•
Cb cstc rcp`sj pjbm` cb pràdted` g`s cstr`tcme`s fc gcdtur` quc `prcbfeô cb Djkubed`deôb y Gcbmu`oc. Gc `yuf`ràb ` djkprcbfcr y `b`gez`r kcojr gj quc gcc.
•
@bjtc gjs djbtcbefjs quc bj gc l`y`b qucf`fj dg`rjs. Te l`y cocrdedejs quc bj pufj rcsjgvcr, djbsugtc djb su jrecbt`fjr` u jrecbt`fjr vjgubt`rej, quc djb mustj gc cxpged`rà. V`kneåb pucfc djbsugt`rbjs pjr djrrcj cgcdtrôbedj ` g` fercddeôb? emcrHemcr.cfu.mt
•
@g emu`g quc cb g`s sck`b`s `btcrejrcs, cbdjbtr`rà `g ieb`g ub` gest` djb gjs gjmrjs fc cst` sck`b` p`r` quc ustcf pucf` cv`gu`r dôkj l` sefj su prjdcsj fc `prcbfez`oc.
•
@g fcg rcp`sj cbdjbtr`rà `gmub`s ebfed`dejbcs p`r` g` prucn` p`rde`g. djbieb`g `tcbdeôb y `sest` ` su prucn` djb djbie`bz` y scmuref`f. ^cducrfc quc cgGå`g`s åxetj cs irutj fc su csiucrzj.
Àbekj y åxetjs cb su cv`gu`deôb
5<
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs Ebvcstem`deôb sjde`g Djbdcptjs fc decbde`s sjde`gcs
pucfcb scr
Icbôkcbj sjde`g
Djbdcptj
Vcjrë`
Xrjpucst` fc `ddeôb
cs
cs
cs
cs
Djkpjrt`kecbtj fcg scr luk`bj y sus rcsugt`fjs
X`g`nr` quc bjknr` ub` cxpcrecbde` luk`b`
^cspucst` ` ub prjngck` fc ebvcstem`deôb quc sc djkprucn` fcspuås fc kudl`s jnscrv`dejbcs.
Lcdlj djbdrctj p`r` tr`bsijrk`r g` sjdecf`f.
pjrcockpgj
pjrcockpgj
Cb`kjr`kecbtj ^cgemejsef`f Djrrupdeôb
@kjr Gencrt`f Oustede`
Vepjs fc pcbs`kecbtj pucfcb scr
Xcbs`kecbtj gômedj
Xcbs`kecbtj drëtedj
t`kneåb sc gg`k`
sc n`s` cb
^`zjb`kecbtj tepjs
Ebfudtevj?
Fcfudtevj?
Fc gj p`rtedug`r ` gj mcbcr`g
Fc gj mcbcr`g ` gj p`rtedug`r
Ducstejb`r, er kàs `ggà fc gj quc `p`rcbtckcbtc cs vcrf`f sc tr`n`o` ` tr`vås fc
Xrcmubt`s sjnrc g` rc`gef`f.
Djbjdcr feicrcbtcs pubtjs fc vest` sjnrc ub keskj tck`.
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` <
55
Cocrdedej 0 @. Csdren` cg djbdcptj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs quc djrrcspjbfc ` d`f` fciebedeôb. Jnscrvc cg cockpgj.
8. Lcdlj djbdrctj p`r` tr`bsijrk`r g` sjdecf`f.
prjpucst` fc `ddeôb
0. X`g`nr` quc bjknr` ub` cxpcrecbde` luk`b`. >. ^cspucst` ` ub prjngck` fc ebvcstem`deôb quc sc djkprucn` fcspuås fc kudl`s ebvcstem`dejbcs. 4. Djkpjrt`kecbtj fcg scr luk`bj y sus rcsugt`fjs. N. @g g`fj fc d`f` `ierk`deôb, csdren` ‗pcbs`kecbtj drëtedj‛ j ‗pcbs`kecbtj gômedj‛, scmÿb djrrcspjbf`. Vecbc ub cockpgj.
pcbs`kecbtj gômedj
8. V`kneåb sc gg`k` r`zjb`kecbtj. 0. Tc n`s` cb er kàs `ggà fc gj quc `p`rcbtckcbtc csvcrf`f. >. Xucfc scr fc tepj ebfudtevj j fc tepj fcfudtevj. 4. Tc tr`n`o` ` tr`vås fc prcmubt`s y fc djkp`r`r fevcrsjs pubtjs fc vest` sjnrc ub keskj tck`.
Cocrdedej > Gc` g` ebijrk`deôb fc d`f` rcdu`frj y csdren` se sc tr`t` fc ub icbôkcbj sjde`g, fc ub djbdcptj j fc ub` prjpucst` fc `ddeôb. Vecbc ub cockpgj. 0. G` gencrt`f cs g` d`p`def`f quc tecbcb gjs scrcs luk`bjs fc `dtu`r semuecbfj su prjpej dretcrej y vjgubt`f.
>. Cb g`s ÿgtek`s fåd`f`s, kudl`s pcrsjb`s l`b s`gefj fc Mu`tck`g`, f`bfj gum`r ` kjvekecbtjs kemr`tjrejs quc `icdt`b g` ubef`f fc g`s i`kege`s.
Djbdcptj 4. Jrm`bez`r djjpcr`tev`s fc prjfuddeôb cb g`s djkubef`fcs y kubedepejs pucfc scr ub` rcspucst` ` g` csd`scz fc ckpgcj.
6. Vr`s jnscrv`r kudlj g` sjdecf`f, l`y decbtëdjs quc fedcb quc cs djkj ub jrm`beskj, cb cg quc d`f` p`rtc dukpgc su iubdeôb p`r` quc g` sjdecf`f sc k`btcbm`.
088
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
Cocrdedej 4 Cb d`f` ubj fc gjs semuecbtcs d`sjs, `pgequc cg tepj fc r`zjb`kecbtj quc sc gc pefc p`r` ggcm`r ` ub` djbdguseôb. 0. D`sj mcbcr`g?
Kudl`s pcrsjb`s quc bj rc`gez`b bebmÿb tepj fc cocrdedej iësedj p`fcdcb k`gcs djkj djgcstcrjg `gtj, lepcrtcbseôb y recsmj fc ebi`rtj. Djbdguseôb `pged`bfj r`zjb`kecbtj fcfudtevj?ºdôkj scrà cg cst`fj fc s`guf fc ^js`, quc
p`s` g` k`yjr p`rtc fc su teckpj scbt`f`:
>. D`sj p`rtedug`r?
Iågex cs ub p`frc quc prcp`r` `gekcbtjs s`bjs p`r` su leo` fc 08 kcscs. G` beð`, `fckàs fc gcdlc k`tcrb`, tjk` djkpjt`s fc irut`s b`tur`gcs, vcrfur`s y d`rbc djdef`s y gedu`f`s y `tjgcs fc k`ëz, `vcb` y jtrjs dcrc`gcs. Fcsfc quc b`deô, g` ncnå bubd` l` cst`fj cbicrk`. @fckàs, cs kuy `dtev`, durejs` y fckucstr` d`f` fë` su ebtcgemcbde`. Djbdguseôb `pged`bfj r`zjb`kecbtj ebfudtevj?ºdôkj ebiguyc cg tepj fc `gekcbt`deôb cb g` s`guf fc gjs ncnås:
Cocrdedej 6 Gc` g`s semuecbtcs fcsdrepdejbcs fc ub keskj lcdlj y rcspjbf` ` g`s prcmubt`s `pged`bfj su pcbs`kecbtj drëtedj.
D`bfcg`re` tr`n`o` cb ub` jiedeb`. Sbj fc sus djkp`ðcrjs djbsefcr` quc cs ub` cxdcgcbtc prjicsejb`g y djkp`ðcr` pjrquc seckprc `dtÿ` djb ljbcstef`f. Cb ub` jd`seôb, rcdeneô prcsejbcs p`r` jdugt`r quc `gmuecb sc `prjpe`n` fc febcrj quc bj gc djrrcspjbfë`. Cgg`, seb ckn`rmj, pusj cg d`sj cb djbjdekecbtj fc g` fercddeôb fc g` ebstetudeôb.
Sb` djkp`ðcr` fc g` jiedeb` bj s`guf` ` D`bfcg`re`. Du`bfj l`ng` fc cgg` djb jtr`s pcrsjb`s, seckprc rcs`gt` gjs crrjrcs quc pucf` djkctcr cb su tr`n`oj. @fckàs, fedc quc D`bfcg`re` cs fcsdjbsefcr`f` djb sus djkp`ðcrjs y ducstejb` se cb rc`gef`f bj scrà quc quecrc m`b`rsc ub pucstj kcojr.
0. ºXjr quå D`bfcg`re` cs necb djbsefcr`f` pjr ub` pcrsjb` y k`g djbsefcr`f` pjr jtr`: >. U ustcf, ºdôkj `dtu`rë` se jnscrv` djrrupdeôb cb su tr`n`oj: ºpjr quå:
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` <
080
Xrjdcsj fc ebvcstem`deôb sjde`g Cg prjdcsj fc ebvcstem`deôb cb Decbde`s Tjde`gcs nusd` f`r sjgudeôb ` prjngck`s fc g` sjdecf`f. Djkprcbfc gjs semuecbtcs p`sjs? `. Tcgcddeôb fcg tck`
Icbôkcbj sjde`g fc ebtcrås pcrsjb`g y sjde`g
• Cb ijrk` fc prcmubt` n. Xg`btc`kecbtj fcg prjngck`
• Djbtecbc fjs v`re`ngcs • Fcgeket` cg gum`r y g`s pcrsjb`s ebvjgudr`f`s Jnoctevj mcbcr`g
Mr`b prjpôsetj fc g` ebvcstem`deôb
Jnoctevjs cspcdëiedjs
Jnoctevjs kàs djbdrctjs quc pcrketcb `gd`bz`r cg jnoctevj mcbcr`g
d. Jnoctevjs fc ebvcstem`deôb
f. K`rdj tcôredj
Cxpged`deôb csdret` fc djbdcptjs y tcjrë`s rcg`dejb`fjs djb cg tck` fc ebvcstem`deôb
c. Vr`n`oj fc d`kpj
@pged`deôb fc tådbed`s fc rcdjgcddeôb fc f`tjs
• Jnscrv`deôb • Cbtrcvest` • Jtr`s
i. @bàgeses fc rcsugt`fjs y djbdgusejbcs
Djkp`r`deôb cbtrc ebijrk`deôb fc d`kpj y k`rdj tcôredj ^cspucst` ` prjngck` fc ebvcstem`deôb y ` jnoctevjs cspcdëdjs
Cocrdedej 3 K`rquc djb ub` cques g` d`segg` fc g` rcspucst` djrrcdt`. Vecbc ub cockpgj? 8. Gjs djbjdekecbtjs decbtëiedjs sc djbstruycb ` tr`vås fc… prjdcsjs fc ebvcstem`deôb G` durejsef`f ebb`t` fc g`s pcrsjb`s g` gcdtur` 0. Cg tck` quc sc cgeo` p`r` ub` ebvcstem`deôb tecbc quc scr… fc ebtcrås p`r` g` pcrsjb` ebvcstem`fjr` rcgcv`btc p`r` g` sjdecf`f `kn`s sjb djrrcdt`s
08>
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
>. Cg pg`btc`kecbtj fcg prjngck` djbsestc cb… fctcrkeb`r g` k`yjr fedugt`f quc pjfrà f`rsc ` gj g`rmj fc g` ebvcstem`deôb ijrkug`r cg prjngck` cb ijrk` fc ub` prcmubt` quc djbtcbm` fjs v`re`ngcs `kn`s sjb djrrcdt`s 4. Vjf` ebvcstem`deôb fcnc tcbcr dg`r`s g`s kct`s quc prctcbfc `gd`bz`r y pg`sk`rg`s cb… ub jnoctevj mcbcr`g y fjs j kàs jnoctevjs cspcdëdjs fjs jnoctevjs mcbcr`gcs y fjs j kàs jnoctevjs cspcdëdjs `kn`s sjb ebdjrrcdt`s 6. G` rcveseôb fc gjs prebdep`gcs djbdcptjs y tcjrë`s quc jtr`s pcrsjb`s l`b fcs`rrjgg`fj sjnrc ub tck` fc ebvcstem`deôb sc gg`k`… k`rdj tcôredj tr`n`oj fc d`kpj `bàgeses fc g` ebijrk`deôb 3. Cb ebvcstem`deôb, cg tr`n`oj fc d`kpj servc p`r`… cxtr`cr djbdgusejbcs djbjdcr fercdt`kcbtc g` cxpcrecbde` fc pcrsjb`s rcg`dejb`f`s djb cg icbôkcbj sjde`g quc sc cstà ebvcstem`bfj rcves`r djbdcptjs y tcjrë`s fc jtr`s pcrsjb`s quc l`b cstufe`fj cg keskj icbôkcbj sjde`g 9. Djbtr`st`r g` ebijrk`deôb jntcbef` cb cg tr`n`oj fc d`kpj djb cg k`rdj tcôredj ijrk` p`rtc fc g` ct`p` fc… pg`btc`kecbtj fcg prjngck` `bàgeses fc g` ebijrk`deôb y djbdgusejbcs Vtr`n`oj fc d`kpj
Cocrdedej 9 Gc` g` djgukb` fc gjs p`sjs fc ub` ebvcstem`deôb sjde`g y csdrën`gjs cb jrfcb. Jnscrvc cg cockpgj? 0. •
Xg`btc`kecbtj fcg prjngck`
•
Vr`n`oj fc d`kpj
•
Tcgcddeôb fcg tck`
•
@bàgeses fc g` ebijrk`deôb y djbdgusejbcs
6.
• •
K`rdj tcôredj Jnoctevjs fc g` ebvcstem`deôb
3.
Tcgcddeôb fcg tck`
>. 4.
9.
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` <
084
Cocrdedej = @. Gc` `tcbt`kcbtc cg tcxtj y sunr`yc g`s efc`s kàs ekpjrt`btcs.
Gjs pucngjs ebfëmcb`s sjb gjs `mcbtcs fc g` k`yjr p`rtc fc g` fevcrsef`f dugtur`g fcg kubfj. Fc g`s sces keg dugtur`s quc cxestcb cb cg kubfj (deir` `prjxek`f`), fc du`trj ` debdj keg sjb dugtur`s ebfëmcb`s. Kudl`s fc g`s rcmejbcs fc g` kàs ebtcbs` fevcrsef`f nejgômed` fc g` Vecrr` sjb l`net`f`s pjr pucngjs ebfëmcb`s. Jnscrv`kjs quc cxestc ub` k`rd`f` djrrcg`deôb cbtrc g`s rcmejbcs fc ebtcbs` fevcrsef`f nejgômed` y g`s rcmejbcs pjng`f`s pjr pucngjs ebfëmcb`s? g` rcmeôb fcg @k`zjb`s, @kåred` Dcbtr`g, Àired`, @se` sufjrecbt`g, Iegepeb`s, Bucv` Muebc` c Ebfjbcse`. Cg vëbdugj cbtrc g` dugtur` y cg kcfej `knecbtc cs cvefcbtc p`r` gjs pucngjs ebfëmcb`s. Vjfjs gjs pucngjs ebfëmcb`s djkp`rtcb ub` rcg`deôb csperetu`g, dugtur`g, sjde`g y cdjbôked` djb sus tecrr`s tr`fedejb`gcs. Tus gcycs, djstuknrcs y pràdted`s tr`fedejb`gcs rcigco`b t`btj ub` `flcseôb ` g` tecrr` djkj g` rcspjbs`negef`f pjr g` djbscrv`deôb fc g`s tecrr`s tr`fedejb`gcs p`r` su usj pjr g`s mcbcr`dejbcs iutur`s. G` Duknrc fc g` Vecrr` (055>) y` rcdjbjdeô quc djrrcspjbfc ` gjs pucngjs ebfëmcb`s y ` sus djkubef`fcs fcsckpcð`r ub` iubdeôb drëted` cb g` mcsteôb y cg `prjvcdl`kecbtj fcg kcfej `knecbtc. Tc rcdjbjdeô g` ekpjrt`bde` fc gjs djbjdekecbtjs y pràdted`s tr`fedejb`gcs fc gjs pucngjs ebfëmcb`s y g` djkubef`f ebtcrb`dejb` g sc djkprjkcteô ` prjkjvcr , ijrt`gcdcr y prjtcmcr gjs fcrcdljs, djbjdekecbtjs y pràdted`s fc gjs pucngjs ebfëmcb`s y sus djkubef`fcs. @f`pt`fj fc www.jldlr.jrm
N. ^c`gedc g`s `dtevef`fcs quc sc gc pefcb?
0. Xrjpjbm` ub tck` fc ebvcstem`deôb rcg`dejb`fj djb cg djbtcbefj fc cstc tcxtj y dcbtr`fj cb Mu`tck`g`. >. Xg`btcc ub prjngck` fc ebvcstem`deôb sjnrc cg tck` prjpucstj. Ycreiequc quc cstà ijrkug`bfj cg prjngck` scmÿb g`s d`r`dtcrësted`s cstufe`f`s.
4. Csdren` cg jnoctevj mcbcr`g y fjs jnoctevjs cspcdëiedjs p`r` jrecbt`r cst` ebvcstem`deôb. Jnoctevj mcbcr`g?
Jnoctevjs cspcdëidjs?
0. >.
086
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
Cg djbtebcbtc `kcred`bj 0. Lestjre` fcg djbtebcbtc `kcred`bj
Cg djbtebcbtc `kcred`bj sc ijrkô l`dc kàs fc 038 keggjbcs fc `ðjs, du`bfj X`bmc` sc fevefeô cb fjs sundjbtebcbtcs? G`ur`se` y Mjbfw`b`. Cr` g` åpjd` fc gjs febjs`urejs. L`dc 93 keggjbcs fc `ðjs kudl`s cspcdecs fc febjs`urejs sc cxtebmuecrjb. Fjs lepôtcses rcspcdtj ` g`s d`us`s? •
Sb ekp`dtj cxtr`tcrrcstrc
•
Sb pcrëjfj fc mr`b `dtevef`f vjgdàbed`
>. Vcdtôbed` fc pg`d`s Tcmÿb g` tcjrë` fc g` tcdtôbed` fc pg`d`s, g` getjsicr` cstà djkpucst` pjr ub` screc fc pg`d`s rëmef`s quc sc kucvcb djbtebu`kcbtc. G`s pg`d`s pucfcb scr?
•
Xg`d`s djbtebcbt`gcs
•
Xg`d`s jdcàbed`s
•
Xg`d`s kext`s
I`gg`s mcjgômed`s? ub` i`gg` cs ub` ir`dtur` fc g` djrtcz` tcrrcstrc. Mcbcr`gkcbtc, g`s i`gg`s sc cbducbtr`b cb gjs gëketcs fc g`s pg`d`s tcdtôbed`s. >.0 Xg`d`s y i`gg`s fc @kåred`
•
I`gg` fc T`b @bfrås, cb Bjrtc`kåred`, quc rcdjrrc D`geijrbe` fc bjrtc ` sur.
•
I`gg` Gequeðc-Jique, cb g` zjb` sur fc Dlegc.
Cb Mu`tck`g`? •
I`gg` fcg Kjt`mu`, cb g` secrr` fc g`s Keb`s.
•
I`gg` Dlexjy—Xjgjdled, cb g` secrr` fc gjs Dudluk`t`bcs.
•
I`gg` fc O`gp`t`mu`, rcspjbs`ngc fc gjs tcrrckjtjs fc 050= y 050<.
•
I`gg` fc Ojdjtàb—Dl`kcgcdôb, quc ebede` cb Mu`tck`g` y `tr`vecs` Ljbfur`s.
4. Yugbcr`negef`f y recsmj
•
Teskjs j tcrrckjtjs?sjb tjf`s g`s s`dufef`s fc g` Vecrr`. Tc festebmucb fjs pubtjs ekpjrt`btcs? Lepjdcbtrj j ijdj cs g` zjb` ebtcrb` fjbfc sc prjfudc cg tcrrckjtj. Cpedcbtrj? àrc` fc g` supcriedec tcrrcstrc, fjbfc sc secbtc cg seskj djb k`yjr ebtcbsef`f.
•
K`rckjtj? seskj quc sc rcmestr` cb cg ijbfj fcg k`r.
4.0 @ddeôb luk`b` ircbtc ` gjs recsmjs b`tur`gcs
G`s `ddejbcs luk`b`s ebiguycb cb quc g`s djbscducbde`s sc`b kàs j kcbjs mr`vcs. Fcnckjs tr`n`o`r cb fjs bevcgcs? prcvcbdeôb y rcspucst` `btc cvcbtjs b`tur`gcs. Ebstetudejbcs cbd`rm`f`s fc `yuf`r ` rcfuder gjs cicdtjs fc gjs cvcbtjs b`tur`gcs
•
Ebstetutj fc Teskjgjmë`, Yugd`bjgjmë`, Kctcjrjgjmë` c Lefrjgjmë` —EBTEYSKCL—
•
Djjrfeb`fjr` B`dejb`g p`r` g` ^cfuddeôb fc Fcs`strcs — DJB^CF—
•
Jrm`bez`dejbcs fc prjtcddeôb `knecbt`g. Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` <
083
Cocrdedej < Csdren` g` p`g`nr` quc djkpgct` djrrcdt`kcbtc d`f` ub` fc g`s jr`dejbcs. Iëocsc cb cg cockpgj.
8. G` mr`b k`s` fc tecrr` ijrk`f` pjr g` ubeôb fc tjfjs gjs djbtcbecbtcs l`dc 488 keggjbcs fc X`bmc` `ðjs rcdenc cg bjknrc fc . 0. Gjs `bek`gcs quc vevecrjb cb g` åpjd` fc X`bmc` iucrjb gjs >. G` decbde` quc cstufe` g` ijrk` ebtcrejr y cxtcrejr fc g` Vecrr` sc gg`k`
. .
4. G`s ir`dtur`s fc g` djrtcz` tcrrcstrc ` gj g`rmj fc g`s du`gcs l` l`nefj kjvekecbtjs sc gg`k`b . 6. Du`bfj gjs kjvekecbtjs tcdtôbedjs sjb kàs nrusdjs fc gj bjrk`g y sjb pcrdcptengcs p`r` bjsjtrjs rcdencb cg bjknrc fc . 3. G` ebstetudeôb mu`tck`gtcd` quc sc cbd`rm` fc d`p`det`r ` g` pjng`deôb y prjkjvcr kcfef`s p`r` kebekez`r gjs cicdtjs fc gjs cvcbtjs b`tur`gcs sc gg`k` .
Cocrdedej 5 @. Cb cg k`p` fc Mu`tck`g`, fenuoc g` gëbc` fc d`f` i`gg` utegez`bfj ub djgjr feicrcbtc?
•
I`gg` Dlexjy Xjgjdled
•
I`gg` fcg Kjt`mu`
•
I`gg` fc Ojdjtàb-Dl`kcgcdôb
•
I`gg` fc O`gp`t`mu`
089
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
Cocrdedej 08 @. Gc` cg semuecbtc cxtr`dtj fc bjtede` sjnrc cg fcs`strc jdurrefj cb g` djgjbe` Cg D`knr`y EE, fc T`bt` D`t`reb` Xebug`, cg 0 fc jdtunrc fc >803.
Fcs`strc cb Cg D`knr`y EE Cg g`kcbt`ngc fcs`strc jdurrefj cb g` djgjbe` Cg D`knr`y EE, fcg kubedepej fc T`bt` D`t`reb` Xebug`, l` fco`fj fcdcb`s fc i`ggcdefjs y decbtjs fc fcs`p`rcdefjs. Gjs fcs`strcs bj sjb b`tur`gcs, gjs icbôkcbjs së. Gjs fcs`strcs seckprc sc prcscbt`b pjr g` `ddeôb fcg scr luk`bj cb su cbtjrbj. Mu`tck`g` bj l` sefj be scrà cg ÿbedj d`sj fjbfc sc suircb g`s djbscducbde`s fc ub` ebcxestcbtc pjgëted` urn`best`, pjd`s `ddejbcs fc prcvcbdeôb y pjr ÿgtekj g` bcdcsef`f fc keggjbcs fc pcrsjb`s quc nusd`b g`s pcreicre`s fc deuf`fcs p`r` g` djbstruddeôb.
Cg fcsgez`kecbtj fc tecrr` quc ljy cbgut` ` gjs mu`tck`gtcdjs fcnc scrver p`r` l`dcr ub `gtj cb cg d`kebj y cv`gu`r fcsfc g`s ebstetudejbcs pÿnged`s ebvjgudr`f`s, y fcsfc g` kesk` pjng`deôb, se v`gc g` pcb` scmuer djb g`s `ddejbcs `dtu`gcs j cb vcrf`f rcpcbs`r g`s djs`s. @f`pt`fj fc www.cgquctz`gtcdj.djk.mt
N. ^c`gedc g`s `dtevef`fcs semuecbtcs?
0. Cb cg tcxtj, sunr`yc djb rjoj gjs cgckcbtjs quc sc scð`g`b djkj d`us`s fc cstc fcs`strc. >. Tunr`yc djb `zug g` jr`deôb quc djbtecbc g` efc` prebdep`g fc g` bjtede`. 4. Cxpgequc cg sembeied`fj fc g` `ierk`deôb ‗Gjs fcs`strcs bj sjb b`tur`gcs, gjs icbôkcbjs së‛.
6. Tcmÿb g` bjtede`, º`dtu`gkcbtc cb Mu`tck`g` sc cstàb ekpgckcbt`bfj `ddejbcs djrrcdt`s p`r` prcvcber fcs`strcs djkj cg fcg D`knr`y EE: @rmukcbtc su rcspucst`.
3. Csdren` fjs `ddejbcs djbdrct`s quc sc fcncb rc`gez`r cb Mu`tck`g` p`r` prcvcber fcs`strcs. • • Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` <
08=
Mcjmr`ië` fc @kåred` @kåred` sc fevefc cb du`trj rcmejbcs? Bjrtc`kåred`, Tur`kåred`, Dcbtrj`kåred` y @kåred` Ebsug`r j g`s @btegg`s. Cg rcgecvc fctcrkeb` g`s rcmejbcs b`tur`gcs kàs ekpjrt`btcs fc @kåred`?
D`fcb`s kjbt`ðjs`s fcg jddefcbtc quc rcdjrrcb cg djbtebcbtc fc bjrtc ` sur, fcsfc D`b`fà l`st` @rmcbteb` y Dlegc.
• • •
Kjbt`ð`s rjdjs`s cb Bjrtc`kåred` Tecrr` K`frc cb Dcbtrj`kåred` Djrfeggcr` fc gjs @bfcs cb Tuf`kåred`
Mr`bfcs gg`bur`s fcg jrecbtc • Gg`bur` fcg rëj Kesesepe cb Cst`fjs Sbefjs • Gg`bjs fcg rëj Jrebjdj cb Ycbczucg` y Djgjkne` • Mr`b gg`bur` fcg rëj @k`zjb`s cb Nr`seg • G`s X`kp`s, mr`bfcs gg`bur`s quc `n`rd`b Srumu`y, cg dcbtrj — cstc fc @rmcbteb` y p`rtc fcg sur fc Nr`seg. • Cg mr`b Dl`dj, `kpge`s gg`bur`s njsdjs`s cb cg bjrtc fc @rmcbteb`, dcbtrj — jcstc fc X`r`mu`y, Njgeve` y dcbtrj — sur fc Nr`seg. • Gg`bur`s fc g` X`t`mjbe`, cb cg sur fc @rmcbteb` y Dlegc
Djrfeggcr`s crjsejb`f`s fcg jrecbtc • Kjbtcs @p`g`dlcs cb Cst`fjs Sbefjs • Tecrr` fcg K`r cb Nr`seg
^cdursjs lëfredjs G`mjs? Cb Bjrtc`kåred` g` rcmeôb fc gjs Mr`bfcs G`mjs? g`mj Tupcrejr, Jbt`rej y Kedlem`b. Cb Tur`kåred`? K`r`d`enj y Veted`d`. ^ëjs? Kessjure, Kesesepe y Djgjr`fj, ^ëj Mr`bfc j Nr`vj, Ssuk`debt`, Jrebjdj, @k`zjb`s, X`r`bà y Srumu`y. Dgek` y nejfevcrsef`f Nejk`
Dgek`
Sned`deôb
Fcsecrtj
Tcdj D`gjr cb cg fë` y bjdlcs irë`s. Xjd`s gguve`s.
Turjcstc fc Cst`fjs Sbefjs y bjrtc fc Kåxedj.
Xjg`r y irëj
Bjrtc fc D`b`fà.
Vubfr` y t`em` Lecgj pcrk`bcbtc. Irëj cxtrckj y pjd` gguve`. Xr`fcr` Tcgv` T`n`b`
08<
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
Vckpg`fj Ycr`bj dàgefj c ebvecrbj irëj. Ggu- Jrecbtc fc Cst`fjs Sbefjs, X`kp` `rve`s v`re`f`s. mcbteb`. Vrjped`g D`gjr y lukcf`f. Kudl`s gguve`s.
Dcbtrj`kåred` y cg D`renc, Nr`seg.
Tuntrjped`g Cst`dejbcs lÿkcf` y scd`.
X`rtc fc Djgjkne`, Ycbczucg`, Muy`b`, Nr`seg, Njgeve`, X`r`mu`y, @rmcbteb`.
Xrebdep`gcs rëjs y g`mjs fc @kåred`
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M^@B GG@BS^@ FCG ^ËJ @K@_JB@T
vjgdàb djrfeggcr` G. Veted`d`
CG M^@B DL@DJ . ^
G. Xjjpô
Y. @djbm`mu`
D j r f e G@T X@KX@T gg c r ` f c g j s GG@BS^@T FC @ G@ X@V@b MJBE@ f c s
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Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` <
085
Cocrdedej 00 @. Csdren` cg bjknrc fc gjs jdå`bjs quc rjfc`b ` @kåred`. Jnscrvc cg cockpgj.
•
Bjrtc?
•
Tur?
jdå`bj Mg`de`g Àrtedj
•
Cstc?
•
Jcstc?
N. Csdren` cg bjknrc fcg p`ës quc djrrcspjbfc ` d`f` ub` fc g`s semuecbtcs d`pet`gcs. Vecbc ub cockpgj. D`pet`g
X`ës
D`pet`g
D`b`fà
0. Jtt`w`
X`ës
9. T`btj Fjkebmj
>. Buua
=. G` X`z
4. Vcmudem`gp`
<. Puetj
6. X`b`kà
5. @subdeôb
3. Xucrtj Xrëbdepc
08. G` L`n`b`
D. Snequc gjs p`ëscs fcg cocrdedej `btcrejr cb g` rcmeôb fc @kåred` cb g` quc sc cbducbtr`b.
@kåred`fcgBjr tc
Dcbtrj`kåred`
@kåred`Ebsug`r
@kåred`fcgTur
Cocrdedej 0> @. ^cg`dejbc d`f` tepj fc dgek` djb cg nejk` quc gc djrrcspjbfc. Jnscrvc cg cockpgj.
8. Vckpg`fj •
• Vubfr` y t`em`
0. Tuntrjped`g •
• Xr`fcr`
>. Tcdj
•
• Tcgv`
4. Xjg`r y irëj
•
• T`n`b`
6. Vrjped`g
•
• Fcsecrtj
008
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
Cocrdedej 04 ^c`gedc g`s semuecbtcs `dtevef`fcs cb cg k`p`? 0. ^jfcc djb ub ôv`gj d`f` ub` fc g`s trcs d`fcb`s kjbt`ðjs`s fc jddefcbtc y csdren ` sus bjknrcs. >. Tjknrcc djb djgjr vcrfc g`s mr`bfcs gg`bur`s fcg jrecbtc y csdren` cg bjknrc fc d`f` ub`. 4. Cbdecrrc cb ub rcdtàbmugj g`s fjs djrfeggcr`s crjsejb`f`s fcg jrecbtc y csdren` sus bjknrcs. 6. Tjknrcc cb `zug g` ^cmeôb fc gjs Mr`bfcs G`mjs cb Bjrtc`kåred` y gjs g`mjs K`r`d`enj y Veted`d` cb @kåred` fcg Tur. 3. ^ck`rquc djb `zug cg dursj fc gjs rëjs Kesesepe, Ssuk`debt` y @k`zjb`s.
jdå`bj
Mg`de`g Àr
tedj
B
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jd
å` b
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jd
å` bj
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rëj g`mj vjgdàb djrfeggcr`
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` <
000
Xjng`deôb fc @kåred` 0.0 Vcjrë`s
•
Xjng`kecbtj t`rfëj (@gcx Lrfgeda`)
•
Xjng`kecbtj tckpr`bj
•
G` tcjrë` nënged` y jtr`s l`b rcsugt`fj seb n`sc decbtëied`.
0.> Mr`bfcs devegez`dejbcs fc @kåred`
•
G`s prekcr`s devegez`dejbcs surmecrjb l`dc 4388 `ðjs.
•
G`s devegez`dejbcs kàs ekpjrt`btcs fc @kåred` iucrjb? `ztcd`s, k`y`s c ebd`s.
0.4 Djgjbez`deôb fcg Bucvj Kubfj
•
G` djgjbez`deôb sc prjfuoj ` p`rter fc 065>? Cst`fjs Sbefjs iuc djgjbez`fj pjr Ebmg`tcrr`, Nr`seg pjr Xjrtum`g y Dcbtrj`kåred`, @kåred` Ebsug`r y Tuf`kåred` (cxdcptj Nr`seg) pjr Csp`ð`.
•
Cbtrc 0<40 y 05<4 sc djbsjgefô g` ebfcpcbfcbde` cb gjs feicrcbtcs p`ëscs.
>. Xjng`deôb `dtu`g fc @kåred`
Cb tjfj cg djbtebcbtc vevcb `grcfcfjr fc 56= keggjbcs fc pcrsjb`s, cb 43 p`ëscs. >.0 Festrenudeôb fc g` pjng`deôb
•
Cb @kåred` fcg Bjrtc, g` k`yjr fcbsef`f fc pjng`deôb cstà cb cg bjrcstc fc Cst`fjs Sbefjs.
•
Cb G`tebj`kåred`, g` k`yjrë` fc g` pjng`deôb cstà cb Kåxedj, Djgjkne`, Nr`seg y @rmcbteb`.
>.> D`r`dtcrësted`s fc g` pjng`deôb
•
Fevcrsef`f dugtur`g y kcstez`oc.
•
Xjng`deôb ebfëmcb`, cspcde`gkcbtc cb Mu`tck`g`, Njgeve`, Xcrÿ y Kåxedj.
• •
@irjfcsdcbfecbtcs? 08% fc g` pjng`deôb fcg djbtebcbtc. Xjng`deôb kcstez`? rcprcscbt` kàs fcg 38% cb d`se tjfjs gjs p`ëscs fc @kåred` G`teb`.
>.4 Cg icbôkcbj fc g`s mr`bfcs urncs
Cb tjfjs gjs p`ëscs fc @kåred` l`y mr`bfcs deuf`fcs. Sb cockpgj cs g` d`pet`g fc Mu`tck`g`. G`s d`r`dtcrësted`s fc cst`s deuf`fcs sjb? •
Dcbtr`gez`deôb fc ebstetudejbcs.
•
Djbdcbtr`deôb fc scrvedejs prev`fjs? cfud`deôb, s`guf, bcmjdejs.
•
Ebcquef`f y fcsemu`gf`f.
4. I`dtjrcs fc d`knej fckjmràiedj
Cb cg semgj \\ g` pjng`deôb kubfe`g p`sô fc 0 388 keggjbcs ` 9 888 keggjbcs fc pcrsjb`s cb cg `ðj >888. Cg k`yjr drcdekecbtj fc g` lestjre`. Ebuycrjb fjs i`dtjrcs fckjmràdjs?
•
Fcsdcbsj fc g` kjrt`gef`f mr`de`s ` gjs `v`bdcs fc g` kcfedeb`.
•
Tjstcbekecbtj fc ub` `gt` t`s` fc g` b`t`gef`f.
@ p`rter fcg semgj \E\ cb @kåred` sc ebtrjfuoj jtrj i`dtjr fc d`knej fckjmràdj? g`s kemr`dejbcs.
Gjs ëbfedcs fc b`t`gef`f, fc kjrt`gef`f y g` cspcr`bz` fc vef` sjb kuy festebtjs cb d`f` djbtebcbtc y p`ës pjr i`dtjrcs djkj g` `gekcbt`deôb, cg `ddcsj ` g` s`guf y ` g` cfud`deôb, ctd.
00>
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
Cocrdedej 06 K`rquc djb ub` cques g` jpdeôb quc djkpgct` djrrcdt`kcbtc d`f` cbubde`fj. 0. G`s mr`bfcs devegez`dejbcs fc @kåred` sjb… k`y`s, ebd`s y `ztcd`s aub`s, buets y k`pudlcs a'edlc's, k`kcs y tzutulegcs >. Cg `dtu`g tcrretjrej fc Cs`t`fjs Sbefjs iuc djgjbe` fc… Csp`ð` Mr`b Nrct`ð` Xjrtum`g 4. @dtu`gkcbtc g` pjng`deôb tjt`g fc @kåred` rjbf` gjs… 56= keggjbcs fc pcrsjb`s 363 keggjbcs fc pcrsjb`s 498 keggjbcs fc pcrsjb`s 6. Cb @kåred`, l`y pjng`deôb ebfëmcb` cb… Njgeve`, Xcrÿ y Mu`tck`g` tjfjs gjs p`ëscs fcg djbtebcbtc Mu`tck`g`, X`b`kà y Djgjkne` 3. G` pjng`deôb `irjfcsdcbfecbtc fc @kåred` `gd`bz`… cg 08% fcg tjt`g fc g` pjng`deôb cg 8.5% fcg tjt`g fc g` pjng`deôb cg 38% fcg tjt`g fc g` pjng`deôb 9. Cb @kåred`, g`s mr`bfcs urncs… drcdcb djkj irutj fc g`s kemr`dejbcs ebtcrb`s fc d`f` p`ës cxestcb cb tjfjs gjs p`ëscs fcg djbtebcbtc `kn`s jpdejbcs sjb djrrcdt`s =. Cg k`yjr drcdekecbtj fc g` pjng`deôb kubfe`g fc g` lestjre` sc fej cb cg semgj… \E\ \\ \\E <
G`s d`us`s fc cstc drcdekecbtj pjng`dejb`g iucrjb… cg fcsdcbsj fc g` kjrt`gef`f y sjstcbekecbtj fc g` b`t`gef`f cg `ukcbtj fc g` b`t`gef`f y fc g` icdubfef`f cg fcsdcbsj fc g` kjrt`gef`f y fc g`s kemr`dejbcs Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` <
004
Cocrdedej 03 Gc` g` semuecbtc bjtede` sjnrc g` fcbsef`f fc pjng`deôb cb Mu`tck`g` y djbtcstc ` g`s prcmubt`s?
D`f` vcz kàs `prct`fjs
G` fcbsef`f pjng`dejb`g cb cg p`ës `ukcbtô 0<.>9% cb sectc `ðjs, p`s`bfj fc 0>9 l`net`btcs pjr aegôkctrj du`fr`fj (cb >88<), ` 065 pcrsjb`s cb cg >803, scmÿb ebijrk`deôb fcg Ebstetutj B`dejb`g fc Cst`fësted` (EBC). Te fcsdrenekjs d`f` fcp`rt`kcbtj, cbdjbtr`kjs gj semuecbtc? Fcp`rt`kcbtj
Xcrsjb`s/ak > >88<
Xcrsjb`s/ak > >803
% drcdekecbtj
Mu`tck`g`
068<
03=<
0>.8>
T`d`tcpåqucz
94<
=4<
03.9>
Xctåb
09
>0
48.36
@f`pt`fj fc www.prcbs`genrc.djk
0. ºDôkj sc cxpged` quc Xctåb, secbfj cg fcp`rt`kcbtj djb kcbjr fcbsef`f fc pjng`deôb, sc` cg quc k`yjr drcdekecbtj pjng`dejb`g l` cxpcrekcbt`fj cbtrc >88< y >803:
>. Vcbecbfj cb ducbt` g`s d`r`dtcrësted`s fc g`s mr`bfcs urncs `kcred`b`s, ºpjr quå gjs fcp`rt`kcbtjs fc Mu`tck`g` y T`d`tcpåqucz sjb gjs kàs fcbs`kcbtc pjng`fjs fcg p`ës:
4. Stegez`bfj su pcbs`kecbtj drëtedj, csdren` quå rcg`deôb cxestc cb Mu`tck`g` cbtrc g` djbdcbtr`deôb fc g` pjng`deôb cb fctcrkeb`fjs tcrretjrejs y g` fcsemu`gf`f cb g` festrenudeôb fc gjs rcdursjs.
006
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
Mcjmr`ië` cdjbôked` fc @kåred`? tr`n`oj y fcs`rrjggj 0. G`s `dtevef`fcs cdjbôked`s fc @kåred` sjb feicrcbtcs scmÿb fjs mr`bfcs rcmejbcs? D`r`dtcrësted`s fc g` cdjbjkë` Bjrtc`kåred`
@kåred`G`teb`ycgD`renc
Xrcfjkebej fcg scdtjr tcrde`rej
Xrcfjkebej fcg scdtjr prek`rej
@gtj fcs`rrjggj tcdbjgômedj
N`oj fcs`rrjggj tcdbjgômedj
Cxpjrt`deôb fc prjfudtjs `mrëdjg`s c ebfust re`gcs
Cxpjrt`deôb fc k` tcre`s prek`s
Mr`bfcsckprcs`s
Xjd`sckprcs`mr`bfcs
Ckpgcjs d`ged`fjs y `gtj bevcg cfud`tevj
N`o` d`ged`deôb fc g` pjng`deôb
@gtj bevcg fc djbsukj fc g` pjng`deôb
Csd`sj pjfcr `fquesetevj fc g` pjng`deôb
>. Cg fcs`rrjggj ebfustre`g djkcbzô djb g` ^cvjgudeôb Ebfustre`g, semgj \E\.
Cb @kåred` sc fej djb prjdcsjs fesp`rcs cb d`f` ub` fc g`s mr`bfcs rcmejbcs? •
Cst`fjs Sbefjs? g` ebfustre`gez`deôb tr`s g` Mucrr` fc Tcdcseôb (0<90-0<93) pcrketeô kcojr`r g` d`gef`f fc vef` p`r` g` pjng`deôb, `ubquc semuc l`necbfj pjnrcz`.
•
@kåred` G`teb` y cg D`renc? ebfustre`gez`deôb t`rfë`. Bj l` pcrketefj `gd`bz`r kcojrcs bevcgcs fc vef` p`r` g` pjng`deôb.
4. D`gef`f fc vef`
D`gef`f fc vef` cs cg djboubtj fc fekcbsejbcs quc l`dcb quc g` pcrsjb` cstå y sc secbt` necb. •
Fekcbseôb jnoctev`? `spcdtjs cxtcrbjs djkj `ddcsj ` ub sestck` s`bet`rej, ` cfud`deôb, scmuref`f, s`g`rej fembj y gencrt`f.
•
Fekcbseôb sunoctev`? `spcdtjs ebtcrbjs j pcrdcpdejbcs djkj `gt` `utjcstek`, `rkjbë` cb g` djbvevcbde`, p`rtedep`deôb, vevcbde` fc g` csperetu`gef`f prjpe`, ctd.
4.0. Xjnrcz` y pjnrcz` cxtrck`
•
Xjnrcz`? cst`fj cb cg quc ub` pcrsjb` bj pucfc s`tesi`dcr g`s bcdcsef`fcs nàsed`s, ducbt` djb kcbjs fc trcs fôg`rcs ($ 4.88) `g fë`.
•
Xjnrcz` cxtrck`? cst`fj scvcrj fc pjnrcz`, djb kcbjs fc ub fôg`r djb debducbt` dcbt`vjs ($0.38) fe`rejs.
4.>. @kåred`, pjnrc y fcsemu`g
•
Fcsemu`gf`f? eboust` festrenudeôb fc rcdursjs, quc l`dc quc l`y` kudl` feicrcbde` cbtrc g` pjng`deôb kàs red` y g` kàs pjnrc.
Mr`b p`rtc fc g` pjng`deôb fc @kåred` G`teb` y cg D`renc vevc cb pjnrcz` j cxtrck` pjnrcz`. Cstj sc rcg`dejb` djb g` cdjbjkë` fc `mrjcxpjrt`deôb. V`kneåb cs g` rcmeôb kàs fcsemu`g fcg kubfj. Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` <
003
Cocrdedej 09 K`rquc djb ub` cques g` rcspucst` djrrcdt`. 0. Fcsfc cg pubtj fc vest` cdjbôkedj, @kåred` sc fevefc cb… fjs rcmejbcs trcs rcmejbcs du`trj rcmejbcs >. G`s cdjbjkë`s fc Cst`fjs Sbefjs y D`b`fà sc n`s`b cb… cg scdtjr prek`rej cg scdtjr scdubf`rej cg scdtjr tcrde`rej 4. G`s cdjbjkë`s fc gjs p`ëscs fc @kåred` G`teb` y Cg D`renc sc n`s`b cb… cg scdtjr prek`rej cg scdtjr scdubf`rej cg scdtjr tcrde`rej 6. G`s cdjbjkë`s n`s`f`s cb cg scdtjr tcrde`rej sc d`r`dtcrez`b pjr… `gtj fcs`rrjggj tcdbjgômedj pcqucð`s ckprcs`s cfud`deôb fc n`o` d`gef`f 3. G`s cdjbjkë`s fcg scdtjr prek`rej sc d`r`dtcrez`b pjr… ckpgcjs fc n`o` d`geied`deôb cfud`deôb fc `gt` d`gef`f `kn`s jpdejbcs sjb djrrcdt`s 9. Cg fcs`rrjggj ebfustre`g cb cg kubfj iuc irutj fc… g` ^cvjgudeôb ir`bdcs` g` ^cvjgudeôb Ebfustre`g g` ^cvjgudeôb femet`g =. Cg prjdcsj fc ebfustre`gez`deôb fc @kåred` G`teb` y Cg D`renc… iuc t`rfëj cb mcbcr`g, bj l` pcrketefj kcojr`r cg bevcg fc vef` fc g` pjng`deôb `kn`s jpdejbcs sjb djrrcdt`s <. G` "d`gef`f fc vef`" djbsestc cb quc g` pcrsjb`… cstå necb sc secbt` necb cstå y sc secbt` necb
009
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
Cocrdedej 0= Gc` cg semuecbtc tcxtj sjnrc g` cdjbjkë` fc Mu`tck`g` y djbtcstc ` g`s prcmubt`s?
Cb gjs ÿgtekjs `ðjs, mr`de`s ` ub k`bcoj k`drjcdjbôkedj prufcbtc, Mu`tck`g` l` tcbefj ubj fc gjs kcojrcs fcsckpcðjs cdjbôkedjs fc @kåred` G`teb`, djb ub` t`s` fc drcdekecbtj pjr cbdek` fcg 4 pjr decbtj fcsfc >80> y `gd`bz`bfj dcrd` fcg 6 pjr decbtj cb >803. @ub `së, Mu`tck`g` cs ubj fc gjs pjdjs p`ëscs fc g` rcmeôb quc l` cxpcrekcbtc ub `ukcbtj cb g` pjnrcz` cb gjs ÿgtekjs `ðjs. Cg cstufej g` Xjnrcz` scð`g`yquc cg p`ës iuc d`p`z Cv`gu`deôb fc rcfuder fc g` pjnrcz` fccbubMu`tck`g` 39 `g 30 fcg pjrN`bdj decbtjKubfe`g cbtrc >888 >889. Bj jnst`btc, deir`s jiede`gcs fc >806 ebfed`b quc g` pjnrcz` suneô ` ub 35.4%. G` setu`deôb cs p`rtedug`rkcbtc feiëdeg cb d`se g` ket`f fc gjs kubedepejs rur`gcs, fjbfc jdlj fc d`f` 08 pcrsjb`s sjb pjnrcs, scmÿb gjs K`p`s fc Xjnrcz` ^ur`g fc >800. Vjk`fj fc? lttp?//www.n`bdjkubfe`g.jrm/cs/djubtry/mu`tck`g`/jvcrvecw
0. ºCb quå pjrdcbt`oc sc rcfuoj g` pjnrcz` cb Mu`tck`g` cbtrc >888 y >889: >. Fc >889 ` >806, ºcb quå pjrdcbt`oc `ukcbtô g` pjnrcz` cb cg p`ës: 4. ºDôkj sc cxpged` quc se Mu`tck`g` l` drcdefj cdjbôked`kcbtc l`st` ub 6% cb >803, ` g` vcz l`y` `ukcbt`fj g` pjnrcz`:
Cocrdedej 0< Cg fenuoj rcprcscbt` g` d`gef`f fc vef`, ijrk`f` pjr fekcbsejbcs jnoctev`s y sunoctev`s.
^cggcbc g` semuecbtc t`ng` djb g`s fekcbsejbcs quc sjb kàs ekpjrt`btcs p`r` ustcf, scmÿb su prjpej djbdcptj fc d`gef`f fc vef`. Jnscrvc cg cockpgj. Fekcbsejbcs jnoctev`s
•
Vcbcr `ddcsj ` scrvedejs fc s`guf
Fekcbsejbcs sunoctev`s
•
•
•
•
•
•
• Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` <
00=
Kemr`dejbcs Ckemr`deôb
cs
Fcspg`z`kecbtj fc quecbcs sc v`b fc ub gum`r
Ebkemr`deôb
cs
Fcspg`z`kecbtj fc quecbcs ggcm`b ` ub gum`r
Kemr`dejbcs
Cxtcrb`s j ebtcrb`dejb`gcs
Ebtcrb`s j b`dejb`gcs
pjr cockpgj d`us`s
cicdtjs
Fcg d`kpj ` g` deuf`f Cxegej (fåd`f` 0598)
@ p`rter fc g` ^cvjgudeôb Ebfustre`g, s. \E\
^ckcs`s tecbcb kudlj pcsj cb cdjbjkë`s dcbtrj`kcred`b`s
@ p`rter fc 0558?
sc prjfuocrjb
Cb cg s. \\ cb @kåred` G`teb`
Csd`scz fc ckpgcj
^cubeôb djb i`kege`rcs
I`gt` fc ebijrk`deôb vcr`z
pjrquc
^cfudcb g` pjnrcz`
Bj seckprc necb `prjvcdl`f`s p`r` ebvcrter y `ljrr`r
d`us`s
Djbedtjs `rk`fjs
(fåd`f` 0598) Dcbtr`gez`deôb pjgëtedj`fkebestr`tev` Csd`sj fcs`rrjggj rur`g
djbscducbde`s
cb sjdecf`f fc ggcm`f`
cb sjdecf`f fc p`rtef`
^equcz` cdjbôked`, sjde`g y dugtur`g
Yejg`deôb fc Fcrcdljs Luk`bjs fc ckemr`btcs errcmug`rcs
Cbfcuf`kecbtj fc g` i`kege`
Fcsebtcmr`deôb i`kege`r
Xårfef` fc t`gcbtj
pjr cockpgj
Fc Dcbtrj`kåred` ` Cst`fjs Sbefjs
00<
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
Cocrdedej 05 Cgeo` g` p`g`nr` j p`g`nr`s quc djkpgct`b d`f` jr`deôb y csdrën`g`s cb su gum`r. Vecbc ub cockpgj.
ggcm`b
djbsukj
i`gt` fc ckpgcj
curjpcjs
mucrr`s ebtcrb`s
`ljrr`r
ebvcrter necb
deuf`f
s`gcb
8. G` ckemr`deôb cs cg fcspg`z`kecbtj fc g`s pcrsjb`s quc
s`gcb
0. G` ebkemr`deôb cs cg fcspg`z`kecbtj fc g`s pcrsjb`s quc >. Cbtrc 0<88 y 0538 ggcm`rjb ` @kåred` keggjbcs fc ebkemr`btcs
fc ub gum`r. ` ub gum`r. .
4. Cb g` k`yjrë` fc gjs p`ëscs fcg kubfj sc f` g` kemr`deôb fcg d`kpj ` g`
.
6. Cbtrc 0538 y 0558, keggjbcs fc pcrsjb`s dcbtrj`kcred`b`s ckemr`rjb ` d`us` fc g`s cb gjs p`ëscs. 3. @ p`rter fc 0558, g` prebdep`g d`us` fc kemr`deôb cb Dcbtrj`kåred` cs g` . 9. Tc d`gdug` quc `grcfcfjr fcg <8% fcg febcrj fc g`s rckcs`s sc utegez` cb =. X`r` quc g`s rckcs`sdjbtrenuy`b`g fcs`rrjggj, cs bcdcs`rej .
. y
Cocrdedej >8 Gc` cg tcxtj y djbtcstc g`s prcmubt`s quc cstàb ` djbtebu`deôb.
‗Q…[ Cg tcrrckjtj fc 05=9 y cg djbigedtj `rk`fj ebtcrbj prjvjd`rjb kemr`dejbcs ` g` deuf`f fc Mu`tck`g`. Q…[ @dtu`gkcbtc cg prjngck` djbtebÿ`. G` deuf`f semuc drcdecbfj fc k`bcr` fcsjrfcb`f`, g`s urn`bez`fjr`s prev`f`s cbmuggcb `gfc`s y àrc`s rur`gcs, y gjs n`rr`bdjs fc g` deuf`f sc djbvecrtcb cb t`pedcs fc pcqucð`s vevecbf`s fc i`kege`s quc nusd`b ub tcdlj n`oj cg du`g djneo`rsc ` djst` fc scr vëdtek`s fc ub fcsg`vc, ub `guf j ub` ebubf`deôb. G` deuf`f semuc seb jircdcr tcdlj be ckpgcj ` `qucggjs quc g` tecbcb pjr fcstebj cb nÿsqucf` fc kcojrcs djbfedejbcs fc vef`.‛ @f`pt`fj fc Xg`z` Xÿnged`? lttps?//mjj.mg/=D4vsD
0. º@ quå tepj fc kemr`deôb sc rciecrc cg tcxtj: >. ºPuå d`r`dtcrësted`s prcscbt` cb g` `dtu`gef`f g` deuf`f fc Mu`tck`g` `g bj l`ncr fcs`rrjgg`fj `ddejbcs p`r` prcvcr cstc tepj fc kemr`deôb:
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` <
005
ºDôkj scrà g` prucn` fc cv`gu`deôb: G` prucn` p`rde`g cv`gu`rà gjs keskjs djbtcbefjs y fc g` kesk` k`bcr` quc gj lckjs rc`gez`fj ` gj g`rmj fc cst` sck`b` fc rcp`sj. Cb g` prucn` cbdjbtr`rà? •
Y`re`s screcs fc cocrdedejs quc cv`gÿ`b gj `prcbfefj cbtrc g`s sck`b`s 0 y =. Tc gc pcferà? rcspjbfcr prcmubt`s, sunr`y`r g` rcspucst` djrrcdt`, k`rd`r djb ub` druz cg du`frj djb g` jpdeôb djrrcdt`, djkpgct`r t`ng`s, csquck`s y k`p`s djbdcptu`gcs,
fcber djbdcptjs djb sus p`g`nr`s y ub` `dtevef`f fc rcf`ddeôb cb g` quc cket` su jpebeôb sjnrc gjs lcdljs lestôredjs cstufe`fjs.
Vcbm` cb ducbt` quc cb g` prucn` sc v`gjr`ràb `gmub`s l`negef`fcs djkj?
cketer su jpebeôb djb dg`ref`f, csdrener seb i`gt`s fc jrtjmr`ië` y nucb` d`gemr`ië`, tr`n`o`r djb gekpecz` y jrfcb.
•
D`f` screc tecbc ebstruddejbcs fc gj quc fcnc rc`gez`r cb d`f` `p`rt`fj, `së djkj g` v`gjr`deôb `semb`f`. Bj ckpecdc ` tr`n`o`r seb tcbcr dg`rj gj quc sc gc pefc cb g`s ebstruddejbcs.
•
Te cbducbtr` ub` screc quc sc gc feiedugt`, p`sc ` g` semuecbtc. @g tcrkeb`r fc rc`gez`r g`s jtr`s screcs, rctjkc g` quc fcoô pcbfecbtc.
•
Xrcpàrcsc djb teckpj. Cstj gc pcrketerà gccr y `b`gez`r fcsp`dej y djkprcbfcr kcojr d`f` tck` fc cstufej. ^cducrfc quc ustcf cs quecb djbstruyc su `prcbfez`oc. Te sc csiucrz`, cg rcsugt`fj scrà cxetjsj.
^cvesc su `prcbfez`oc K`rquc djb ub dlcquc c f s å u p s c F
0>8
... r ` e f u t s c
g` d`segg` quc kcojr ebfequc su rcbfekecbtj.
^cp`så gjs djbtcbefjs fc g` sck`b` 0 ` g` =. ^csucgvj gjs cocrdedejs fcg rcp`sj p`r` cv`gu`rkc cb g` prekcr` prucn` p`rde`g.
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
gjmr`fj
cb bj prjdcsj gjmr`fj
5 Curjp`? fc g`s kjb`rquë`s `nsjgut`s ` g` ^cvjgudeôb ir`bdcs` ºPuå cbdjbtr`rà cst` sck`b`: «Cg Cst`fj sjy yj±, g`s kjb`rquë`s `nsjgut`s G` Cf`f Kjfcrb` cb Curjp` G` ^cvjgudeôb ir`bdcs` Fcdg`r`deôb fc gjs Fcrcdljs fcg Ljknrc y fcg Deuf`f`bj G` ^cvjgudeôb Ebfustre`g
Cst` sck`b` gjmr`rà?
D`r`dtcrez`r g` sjdecf`f curjpc` fc g` Cf`f Kjfcrb` fcsfc sus r`smjs prebdep`gcs.
@b`gez`r g` ekpjrt`bde` fc g` ^cvjgudeôb ir`bdcs`, sus d`us`s y djbscducbde`s.
Djbjdcr cg prjdcsj fc g` ^cvjgudeôb Ebfustre`g y g` `p`redeôb fcg D`pet`geskj djkj sestck` cdjbôkedj.
^cigcxejb`r sjnrc cg p`pcg `trenuefj ` g`s kuocrcs cb g` åpjd` fc g` ^cvjgudeôb
ir`bdcs` y g` ^cvjgudeôb Ebfustre`g.
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b`∞ Tck`b` 5
0>0
@ycr... ljy... «Cg Cst`fj sjy yj± G`s kjb`rquë`s `nsjgut`s G` cxprcseôb fcg tëtugj "cg Cst`fj sjy yj", `trenuef` `g rcy Gues \EY fc Ir`bde`, rcsukc g` efc` fc gj quc iucrjb g`s kjb`rquë`s `nsjgut`s. @ p`rter fcg semgj \YE sc prjfuoj cb Curjp` Jddefcbt`g g` fcsebtcmr`deôb fcg sestck` icuf`g. Gjs icufjs y g`s deuf`fcs ebfcpcbfecbtcs fc g` Cf`f Kcfe` dcbtr`gcs iucrjb f`bfj p`sj cb g` Cf`f Kjfcrb` ` kjb`rquë`s `nsjgut`s, y iucrtcs. G`s kjb`rquë`s `nsjgut`s sc d`r`dtcrez`rjb pjr g` dcbtr`gez`deôb fcg pjfcr cb k`bjs fcg kjb`rd`. G` `utjref`f fcg rcy cr` `nsjgut`, pucstj quc sc drcë` quc l`në` sefj fcsemb`f` pjr Fejs y sjgj ` D`rgjs Y ` d`n`ggj cb K÷lgncrm Kuscj fcg Xr`fj, K`fref cstc fcnë` rcbfer ducbt`s. (Csp`ð`)
X`r` mjncrb`r fc k`bcr` cicdtev`, gjs kjb`rd`s bcdcset`n`b ub Cst`fj, cs fcder, ub tcrretjrej b`dejb`g dg`r`kcbtc fcgeket`fj, rcmersc pjr ub`s gcycs y ub`s ebstetudejbcs djkubcs. Sb` vcz quc gjs kjb`rd`s gjmr`n`b djbstruer sus rcspcdtevjs Cst`fjs, cg jnoctevj semuecbtc cr` l`dcr quc jtrjs kjb`rd`s rcspct`r`b su sjncr`bë`, `ub ` djst` fc fcdg`r`r g` mucrr` p`r` gjmr`rgj.
`fkebestr`deôb dcbtr`gez`f`
coårdetj dcbtr`gez`fj
kjb`rquë` `nsjgut`, cx`gt`deôb fcg rcy
sjkctekecbtj fc g` bjngcz`
djbtrjg fc g` emgcse`
@b`gedc y djkp`rt` Cxpgequc djb sus p`g`nr`s quå cbtecbfc pjr kjb`rquë` `nsjgut`. @yÿfcsc fc g` ebijrk`deôb quc prcscbt` cg csquck` y cg tcxtj.
0>>
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs 0. G` Cf`f Kjfcrb` cb Curjp` G` Cf`f Kjfcrb` sc ebede` cb 065> djb cg fcsdunrekecbtj fc @kåred` y `d`n` cb 0=<5 djb g` ^cvjgudeôb ir`bdcs`. G` kjfcrbef`f sc d`r`dtcrezô pjr cg `ukcbtj fc pjfcr y requcz` fc gjs rcebjs curjpcjs, mr`de`s `g djkcrdej fc cxpjrt`deôb djb gjs tcrretjrejs sjkctefjs y djgjbez`fjs cb @kåred`. Djbjzd`kjs g`s d`r`dtcrësted`s fc g` Cf`f Kjfcrb` cb Curjp`? •
Mjnecrbj? surmecrjb g`s kjb`rquë`s `nsjgut`s. Cg kjb`rd` cr` g` kàxe-
•
Tjdecf`f? cst`n` jrm`bez`f` cb trcs cst`kcbtjs. Cgrcy j kjb`rd` rcprcscbt`n` cg cst`kcbtj kàs `gtj. Gc scmuë`b gjsbjngcs y cg dgcrj. Cb cg cst`kcbtj kàs n`oj cst`n`b gjsnurmucscs, gjs `rtcs`bjs y gjs d`kpcsebjs,
k` y ÿbed` `utjref`f fcg Cst`fj, djkj vcë`kjs cb g` gcdtur` fc g` pàmeb` `btcrejr.
quecbcs k`btcbë`b `g Cst`fj djb sus ekpucstjs. •
Cdjbjkë`? g` `mredugtur` scmuë` secbfj g` n`sc fc g` cdjbjkë`, `ubquc cg djkcrdej `gd`bzô cspcde`g ekpjrt`bde` ` tr`vås fcg kcrd`btegeskj.
Cstc sestck` cdjbôkedj sc n`s` cb cg fcs`rrjggj fcg djkcrdej y g` cxpjt`deôb. •
^cgemeôb? g` emgcse` suireô ub` dreses prjiubf` cb cst` åpjd` quc `d`nô
cb g` ruptur` fc g` ubef`f d`tôged`. Fc cstc prjdcsj, djbjdefj djkj g` ^cijrk`, b`decrjb g`s emgcse`s gutcr`b`, d`gvebest` y `bmged`b`.
•
Dugtur`? mr`de`s `g fcsdunrekecbtj fc g` ekprcbt`, cb 0638, cg s`ncr sc
feiubfeô djb r`pefcz. G`s `rtcs y g`s decbde`s, quc cb g` Cf`f Kcfe` mer`- ^cb`dekecbtj? n`b cb tjrbj ` Fejs, cb cstc pcrejfj sc dcbtr`ràb cb cg scr luk`bj. Cst` kjvekecbtj dugtur`g djrrecbtc fc pcbs`kecbtj, surmef` cbtrc gjs semgjs \Y y \YE, sc djbjdc curjpcj fc gjs semgjs djkj Luk`beskj. Cg ebvcbtj fcg tcgcsdjpej `yufô ` M`gegcj ` fcs`rrjgg`r \Y y \YE. g` tcjrë` fcg lcgejdcbtreskj, quc `ierk` quc cg Tjg cs cg dcbtrj fc bucstrj ubevcrsj y bj g` Vecrr`. •
@rtc? cb cg semgj \Y surmc cb Et`ge` cg ^cb`dekecbtj, pcrejfj cb
cg quc djnr`b cspcde`g ekpjrt`bde` g`s `rtcs y g`s decbde`s. @gmub`s jnr`s fcst`d`f`s fcg ^cb`dekecbtj sjb G` Mejdjbf`, fc Gcjb`rfj f` Yebde, g` csdugtur` fc g` Xecf`f j g`s pebtur`s fc g` D`pegg` Texteb`, `kn`s jnr`s fc Kemucg Àbmcg.
G` Xecf`f, fc
Kemucg Àbmcg Nujb`rrj- G` Mejdjbf`, fc Gcjb`rfj F` Yebde te cb g` N`sëged` fc T`b Xcfrj, cb cg cb cg Kuscj fc Gjuvrc, cb Ir`bde`. Y`ted`bj.
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b`∞ Tck`b` 5
0>4
>. G` ^cvjgudeôb ir`bdcs`
Gencrt`f, emu`gf`f, ir`tcrbef`f
G` Gencrt`f mue`bfj `g pucngj,
pebtur` fc Cumìbc Fcg`drjex, cb cg Kuscj
fcg Gjuvrc, X`rës.
Gjs nucbjs teckpjs fcg ^cb`dekecbtj y cg Luk`beskj tcrkeb`b djb ub` mr`b dreses quc `icdtô ` tjf` Curjp` cb cg semgj \YEE. Bukcrjs`s scquë`s l`në`b `rrueb`fj g`s djscdl`s cb Ir`bde`. @ÿb `së, gjs d`kpcsebjs cst`n`b jngem`fjs ` p`m`r ekpucstjs. Xjdj ` pjdj, g` setu`deôb sc vjgveô ebsjpjrt`ngc? cbicrkcf`fcs, fcsbutredeôb c ebdgusj g` kucrtc pjr l`knrc sc cxtcbfë`b pjr Ir`bde`. Cg pucngj djkcbzô ` kjstr`r su fcsdjbtcbtj l`de` g` kjb`rquë` y cg 06 fc ougej Fcspjteskj?
pjfcr `nsjgutj fcg rcy.
fc 0=<5 ub` kugtetuf tjkô cg cfedej fc g` N`stegg`, ub` preseôb rc`g quc cr` cg sëknjgj fcg fcspjteskj. Cstc lcdlj djbjdefj djkj "g` tjk` fc g` N`stegg`"
iuc cg ebedej fc ub` rcvjgudeôb quc tcrkebô djb g` kucrtc fcg rcy Gues \YE y d`kneô cg ruknj fc g` lestjre`. G` ^cvjgudeôb ir`bdcs`, cb 0=<5, k`rdô cg b fc g` Cf`f Kjfcrb` y cg ebedej fc g` Cf`f Djbtckpjràbc`, cb g` quc bjs cbdjbtr`kjs `ÿb.
`. @btcdcfcbtcs fc g` ^cvjgudeôb ir`bdcs` Gjs jrëmcbcs sc setÿ`b cb gjs semuecbtcs lcdljs? •
Cg fcsdjbtcbtj pjr cg p`mj fc ekpucstjs oubtj djb g` dreses cdjbôked`, quc `ljm`n` ` gjs d`kpcsebjs, djkj `d`n`kjs fc gccr.
•
Cg dgcrj y g` bjngcz` ir`bdcscs, gjs mr`bfcs `ge`fjs fc g` kjb`rquë` `nsjgut`, cr`b ebd`p`dcs fc rcsjgvcr gjs prjngck`s fcg Cst`fj.
•
G`s gudl`s fc ebfcpcbfcbde` cb Bjrtc`kåred`. Cbtrc 0==3 y 0=<4, g`s trcdc djgjbe`s nretàbed`s Bjrtc`kåred` sc cbircbt`rjb djb Ebmg`tcrr`. Cb 0==9 sc ierkô g` Fcdg`r`deôb fc Ebfcpcbfcbde` fc gjs Cst`fjs Sbefjs, ub fjdukcbtj lestôredj kuy ekpjrt`btc sjnrc gjs prebdepejs fc emu`gf`f y gencrt`f. Gc` ` djbtebu`deôb ub ir`mkcbtj fc fedlj fjdukcbtj.
"Bjsjtrjs gjs rcprcscbt`btcs fc gjs Cst`fjs Sbefjs fc @kåred`
Q…[.
Cb cg bjknrc
y djb cg pjfcr pgcbj fcg nucb pucngj fc cst`s djgjbe`s Q…[ fcdg`r`kjs quc cst`s djgjbe`s ubef`s sjb y pjr fcrcdlj l`b fc scr Cst`fjs genrcs c ebfcpcbfecbtcs1 quc cstàb cxcbt`s fc tjfj fcncr fc sÿnfetjs p`r` djb g` Djrjb` nretàbed` Q…[". Fcdg`r`deôb fc Ebfcpcbfcbde` fc Cst`fjs Sbefjs (Ieg`fcgie`, 0==9)
0>6
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
n. Djbscducbde`s fc g` ^cvjgudeôb ir`bdcs` •
Gjs efc`gcs fc g` ^cvjgudeôb ir`bdcs` sc cxtcbfecrjb ` jtrjs p`ëscs fc Curjp`, quc t`kneåb rcdl`z`rjb g`s kjb`rquë`s `nsjgut`s.
•
@njgedeôb fc g` kjb`rquë`djb cg `oustede`kecbtj fcg rcy cb g` mueggjteb`.
•
Tc drcô cg Cst`fj gencr`g y g`edj, cs fcder, fcsvebdug`fj fcg dgcrj.
•
Tcp`r`deôb fc gjs pjfcrcs cocdutevj, gcmesg`tevj y oufede`g.
•
Tc rcf`dtô g` "Fcdg`r`deôb fc gjs Fcrcdljs fcg Ljknrc y fcg Deuf`f`bj" cb 0=<5, quc djkecbz` djb cst`s p`g`nr`s?
@njgedeôb? `bug`-
deôb fc ub` gcy j fc ub` djstuknrc.
"Gjs rcprcscbt`btcs fcg pucngj ir`bdås, djbstetuefjs cb @s`kngc` B`dejb`g, djbsefcr`bfj quc g` embjr`bde`, cg jgvefj j cg fcsprcdej fc gjs fcrcdljs fcg ljknrc sjb g`s ÿbed`s d`us`s fc g`s fcsmr`de`s pÿnged`s y fc g` djrrupdeôb fc gjs mjnecrbjs, l`b rcsucgtj c xpjbcr, cb ub` fcdg`r`deôb sjgckbc, gjs fcrcdljs b`tur`gcs, eb`gecb`ngcs y s`mr`fjs fcg ljknrc Q…[" E. Gjs ljknrcs b`dcb y pcrk`bcdcb genrcs c emu`gcs cb du`btj ` sus fcrcdljs. G`s festebdejbcs devegcs sôgj pjfràb iubf`rsc cb g` utegef`f pÿnged`. Fcdg`r`deôb fc gjs Fcrcdljs fcg Ljknrc y fcg Deuf`f`bj (X`rës, 0=<5)
•
Turmeô cg djbdcptj fc deuf`f`bë` y fc emu`gf`f fc tjfjs gjs deuf`f`bjs `btc g` gcy.
•
Tc l`ngô pjr prekcr` vcz fc gencrt`f fc cxprcseôb y gencrt`f rcgemejs`.
•
Tc cst`ngcdeô g` scp`r`deôb fc gjs pjfcrcs fcg Cst`fj?gcmesg`tevj, cocdu-
•
tevj y oufede`g. G` Fcdg`r`deôb Sbevcrs`g fc gjs Fcrcdljs Luk`bjs, rcf`dt`f` cb 0563, sc ebsperô cb g` Fcdg`r`deôb fc gjs Fcrcdljs fcg Ljknrc y fcg Deuf`f`bj y cb g` Fcdg`r`deôb fc Ebfcpcbfcbde` fc Cst`fjs Sbefjs.
Cocrdedej 0 @. Yucgv` ` gccr cg ir`mkcbtj fc g` Fcdg`r`deôb fc gjs Fcrcdljs fcg Ljknrc y fcg Deuf`f`bj quc sc
cbducbtr` cb g` p`rtc supcrejr fc cst` p`meb`. Fcspuås gc` djb `tcbdeôb cg `rtëdugj 0 fc g` Fcdg`r`deôb Sbevcrs`g fc gjs Fcrcdljs Luk`bjs quc sc gc prcscbt`. @rtëdugj 0? Vjfjs gjs scrcs luk`bjs b`dcb genrcs c emu`gcs cb fembef`f y fcrcdljs y,
fjt`fjs djkj cstàb fc r`zôb y djbdecbde`, fcncb djkpjrt`rsc ir`tcrb`gkcbtc gjs ubjs djb gjs jtrjs. N. Djkp`rc `knjs fjdukcbtjs y rc`gedc gj quc gc ebfed` d`f` ebdesj.
0. Tunr`yc g` efc` j efc`s cb g`s quc djebdefcb gjs fjs `rtëdugjs. >. ºPuå fcrcdlj y quå fcncr efcbteied` cb cstc `rtëdugj: Csdrën`gjs cb su du`fcrbj.
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b`∞ Tck`b` 5
0>3
4. ^cvjgudeôb Ebfustre`g y d`pet`geskj Cb 0==6 cb Ebmg`tcrr`, O`kcs ]`tt i`nredô ub kjtjr quc pjfë` kjvcr jtrjs `p`r`tjs djb cg v`pjr quc sc prjfudë` `g d`gcbt`r `mu` cb ub` d`gfcr`. Cst` kàqueb` fc v`pjr sc `pgedô ` gjs trcbcs, ` gjs tcg`rcs, ` gjs n`rdjs y ` jtrjs kudljs jnoctjs. @fckàs lunj jtrjs ebvcbtjs ekpjrt`btcs djkj cg tcgåmr`ij.
v`pjr fc `mu` k`bevcg`
iucmj
`mu`
rucf` fc tr`skeseôb
Mr`de`s ` g` kàqueb` fc v`pjr, ` b`gcs fcg semgj \YEEE, cb Ebmg`tcrr`, sc ebedeô g` ^cvjgudeôb Ebfustre`g. G` prjfuddeôb fc `rtëdugjs p`sô fc g` k`bui`dtur`,
j tr`n`oj k`bu`g, ` g` i`nred`deôb ebfustre`g. Cstj mcbcrô ub k`yjr bÿkcrj fc `rtëdugjs cb kcbjr teckpj. Tc ebedeô ub` bucv` cr` fc ebvcbtjs quc i`deget`rjb cg fcs`rrjggj ebfustre`g y cg tr`bspjrtc fc prjfudtjs. G` ^cvjgudeôb Ebfustre`g k`rdô cg ebedej fc ub` bucv` ijrk` fc jrm`bez`deôb sjde`g, pjgëted` y cdjbôked`, quc pcrfur` l`st` bucstrjs fë`s. Djbjzd`kjs g`s d`r`dtcrësted`s fcg pcrëjfj fc g` ^cvjgudeôb Ebfustre`g. • Cdjbjkë`? sc ekpusj cg d`pet`geskj, sestck` cdjbôkedj n`s`fj cb cg d`pet`g (febcrj j necbcs) djkj cgckcbtj fc prjfuddeôb y mcbcr`fjr fc requcz`. G` cdjbjkë` sc n`sô cb cg djkcrdej fc `rtëdugjs prjfudefjs ` mr`b csd`g`. Cg d`pet`geskj cs ub sestck` cdjbôkedj y sjde`g, quc jrm`bez` g` prjfuddeôb y cg tr`n`oj p`r` mcbcr`r ncbciedejs cdjbôkedjs. Cg kcrd`fj y cg djbsukj sjb gjs cocs fcg sestck` d`pet`gest`. Tc prjfudcb gjs prjfudtjs quc kàs fck`bf` g` pjng`deôb y cstj cs gj quc mcbcr` tr`n`oj j fcsckpgcj p`r` g`s k`s`s. Cg tepj fc tr`n`oj f` gum`r ` feicrcbtcs bevcgcs sjdejcdjbôkedjs cb g` pjng`deôb. Cstc cs cg sestck` cdjbôkedj y sjde`g quc `dtu`gkcbtc tecbcb g` k`yjrë` fc gjs p`ëscs fckjdràtedjs, ebdguycbfj ` Mu`tck`g`. •
•
0>9
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
Tjdecf`f? g` sjdecf`f ckpczô ` fciebersc cb dg`scs. @ g` nurmucsë` sc sukô cg prjgct`re`fj, dg`sc tr`n`o`fjr` ijrk`f` pjr d`kpcsebjs quc kemr`rjb
fcg d`kpj ` g` deuf`f p`r` tr`n`o`r cb g`s iànred`s. Mjnecrbj? g` k`yjrë` fc gjs Cst`fjs sc djbvertecrjb cb rcpÿnged`s. Xjdj ` pjdj sc djbsjgefô g` efc` fcg Cst`fj kjfcrbj n`s`f` cb g` scp`r`deôb fc pjfcrcs (gcmesg`tevj, cocdutevj y oufede`g).
•
Dugtur`? cg semgj \YEEE sc djbjdc djkj cg semgj fc g` Egustr`deôb. Gjs pcb-
s`fjrcs fc g` åpjd` fcicbfë`b quc g` r`zôb, g` decbde` y g` cfud`deôb cr`b ebfespcbs`ngcs p`r` cg prjmrcsj. •
@rtc? cstjs semgjs, sjnrc tjfj cg \E\ , iucrjb kuy redjs cb du`btj ` prjpucs-
t`s `rtësted`s. Fcst`d`rjb g` pebtur`, g` getcr`tur` y g` kÿsed`. •
^cgemeôb? g`s efc`s fc g` Egustr`deôb rcdl`z`n`b cg dreste`beskj tr`fedejb`g
pjrquc sc iubf`kcbt`n` cb drccbde`s bj fckjstr`ngcs pjr g` r`zôb. Ebvcbtjs fc g` Cf`f Kjfcrb` y fc gjs semgjs \YEEE y \E\ 0988
0=88
0<88
0908
tcgcsdjpej
0=44
g`bz`fcr` p`r` tcocr
0===
kàqueb` fc v`pjr
n`rdj fc v`pjr
0<8=
0<>=
tcg`r `utjkàtedj
0<66
tcgåmr`ij
Cocrdedej > Gc` `tcbt`kcbtc cg tcxtj semuecbtc y rc`gedc g`s `dtevef`fcs quc semucb ` djbtebu`deôb. Sb` bucv` ijrk` fc tr`n`oj
Gjs mr`bfcs t`ggcrcs fc k`bui`dtur`s iucrjb rcckpg`z`fjs pjr iànred`s. Cg tr`n`oj jnrcrj cr` feicrcbtc fcg `rtcs`b`g? kecbtr`s quc gjs `rtcs`bjs drc`n`b cbtcr`kcbtc cg prjfudtj ieb`g, gjs jnrcrjs cr`b sjgj ub` pecz` kàs fcbtrj fcg prjdcsj fc prjfuddeôb. Gjs jnrcrjs `pjrt`n`b sus ljr`s fc tr`n`oj ` d`knej fc ub s`g`rej.
0. º@ quå åpjd` drcc quc sc rciecrc cg tcxtj:
>. Cxpgequc djb sus p`g`nr`s g` feicrcbde` cbtrc cg tr`n`oj `rtcs`b`g ycg tr`n`oj ebfustre`g u jnrcrj.
4. Xecbsc cb `gmubjs prjfudtjs fc Mu`tck`g` y csdren` ub cockpgj fc prjfudtj `rtcs`b`g y jtrj fc prjfudtj ebfustre`g.
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b`∞ Tck`b` 5
0>=
^csukcb 0. G` Cf`f Kjfcrb` cb Curjp`
G` Cf`f Kjfcrb` ebede` cb 065> y `d`n` cb 0=<5 djb g` ^cvjgudeôb ir`bdcs`. D`r`dtcrësted`s fc g` Cf`f Kjfcrb` cb Curjp`? • Mjnecrbj? kjb`rquë`s `nsjgut`s. • Cdjbjkë`? `mredugtur` y djkcrdej. Turmc cg kcrd`btegeskj. • Xjgëted`? drc`deôb fc Cst`fjs djb ub tcrretjrej b`dejb`g, gcycs c ebstetudejbcs djkubcs. • • • •
Tjdecf`f? cst`kcbtjs? cg rcy j kjb`rd`, g` bjngcz` y cg dgcrj. Cb ÿgtekj gum`r gjs nurmucscs, gjstrcs `rtcs`bjs y gjs d`kpcsebjs. ^cgemeôb? dreses prjiubf` fc g` ubef`f d`tôged`. G` ^cijrk` f` gum`r `g b`dekecbtj fc g`s emgc-
se`s gutcr`b`, d`gvebest` y `bmged`b`. Dugtur`? cg Luk`beskj.G`s `rtcs y g`s decbde`s, sc dcbtr`ràb cb cg scr luk`bj. M`gegcj fcs`rrjgg` g` tcjrë` fcglcgejdcbtreskj, quc `ierk` quc cg Tjg cs cg dcbtrj fc bucstrj ubevcrsj y bj g` Vecrr`. @rtc? cg ^cb`dekecbtj. Fcst`d`kjs g` pebtur` fc g` Mejdjbf` fc Gcjb`rfj f` Yebde, g` csdugtur` cg F`vef y g` D`pegg` Texteb` fc Kemucg Àbmcg.
>. G` ^cvjgudeôb ir`bdcs`? Fcrcdljs fcg Ljknrc y cg Deuf`f`bj >.0 @btcdcfcbtcs fc g` ^cvjgudeôb ir`bdcs`
• • •
Gjs ekpucstjs `ljm`n`b ` g` dg`sc d`kpcseb` fc Ir`bde` y l`në` dreses cdjbôked`. Cg dgcrj y g` bjngcz` ir`bdcscs, gjs mr`bfcs `ge`fjs fc g` kjb`rquë`, sc kjstr`n`b ebd`p`dcs fc rcsjgvcr gjs prjngck`s fcg Cst`fj. G`s gudl`s fc ebfcpcbfcbde` cb Bjrtc`kåred` y g` ierk` fc g` Fcdg`r`deôb fc Ebfcpcbfcbde` fc gjs Cst`fjs Sbefjs.
>.> Djbscducbde`s fc g` ^cvjgudeôb ir`bdcs`
• • • • • • •
Gjs efc`gcs fc g` ^cvjgudeôb ir`bdcs` sc cxtcbfecrjb ` jtrjs p`ëscs fc Curjp`. @njgedeôb fc g` kjb`rquë`.
Tc drcô cg Cst`fj gencr`g y g`edj, cs fcder, fcsvebdug`fj fcg dgcrj. Tcp`r`deôb fc gjs pjfcrcs cocdutevj, gcmesg`tevj y oufede`g. Tc rcf`dtô g` "Fcdg`r`deôb fc gjs Fcrcdljs fcg Ljknrc y cg Deuf`f`bj" cb 0=<5. Turmeô cg djbdcptj fc deuf`f`bë` y fc emu`gf`f fc tjfjs gjs deuf`f`bjs `btc g` gcy. Tc l`ngô pjr prekcr` vcz fc gencrt`f fc cxprcseôb y gencrt`f rcgemejs`.
4. ^cvjgudeôb Ebfustre`g y d`pet`geskj Mr`de`s ` g` kàqueb` fc v`pjr, ` b`gcs fcg semgj \YEEE, cb Ebmg`tcrr`, sc ebedeô g` ^cvjgudeôb Ebfustre`g.
D`r`dtcrësted`s fcg pcrëjfj fc g` ^cvjgudeôb ebfustre`g. prcfjkebô cg • d`pet`geskj. • Cdjbjkë`? Tjdecf`f? g` sjdecf`f ckpczô ` fciebersc cb dg`scs. @ g` nurmucsë` sc sukô cg prjgct`re`fj.
•
0><
Mjnecrbj? g` k`yjrë` fc gjs Cst`fjs sc djbvertecrjb cb rcpÿnged`s y djb scp`r`deôb fc pjfcrcs (gcmesg`tevj, cocdutevj y oufede`g).
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
@utjdjbtrjg @dtevef`f 0.
Fckucstrc gj `prcbfefj.
@. K`rquc djb ub` cques cg du`fr`fj fc g` jpdeôb quc prcscbt` g` rcspucst` djrrcdt`.
0. ºPuå lcdlj lestôredj k`rdô cg ebedej fc g` Cf`f Kjfcrb`:
Ebvcbtj fc g` kàqueb` fc v`pjr Fcsdunrekecbtj fc @kåred` G` ^cvjgudeôb ir`bdcs`
>. ºPuå ijrk` fc mjnecrbj d`r`dtcrez` ` g` Cf`f Kjfcrb`:
Fckjdr`de` p`rg`kcbt`re` Fedt`fur` keget`r Kjb`rquë` `nsjgut`
4. ºPuå ebvcbtj lezj pjsengc g` prjfuddeôb ebfustre`g:
Cg tcgcsdjpej Cg tcg`r `utjkàtedj G` kàqueb` fc v`pjr
6. ºPuå lcdlj lestôredj sc djbsefcr` quc prjvjdô g` ^cvjgudeôb ir`bdcs`:
Ebvcbtj fc g` kàqueb` fc v`pjr G` tjk` fc g` N`stegg`
G` prjfuddeôb ebfustre`g 3. ºDuàg iuc cg sestck` cdjbôkedj quc sc ekpusj ` r`ëz fc g` ^cvjgudeôb Ebfustre`g:
Luk`beskj Kcrd`btegeskj D`pet`geskj
9. ºPuå ijrk` fc mjnecrbj surmeô fcspuås fc g` ^cvjgudeôb ir`bdcs`:
^cpÿnged` Kjb`rquë` Fedt`fur`
=. ºPuå bucv` dg`sc sjde`g `p`rcdeô cb g` sjdecf`f fc g` ^cvjgudeôb Ebfustre`g:
D`kpcseb`fj Xrjgct`re`fj Nurmucsë`
<. ºDuàg fc gjs trcs fjdukcbtjs iuc cg prekcrj cb rcf`dt`rsc: Fcdg`r`deôb Sbevcrs`g fc gjs Fcrcdljs Luk`bjs Fcdg`r`deôb fc gjs Fcrcdljs fcg Ljknrc y fcg Deuf`f`bj Fcdg`r`deôb fc Ebfcpcbfcbde` fc gjs Cst`fjs Sbefjs fc @kåred` Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b`∞ Tck`b` 5
0>5
@dtevef`f >.
@pgequc gj quc `prcbfeô.
@. Tcð`gc cb g` gëbc` fc teckpj gjs `djbtcdekecbtjs kàsekpjrt`btcs quc lckjs cstufe`fjcst` sck`b`. 065>
Ebede` g` Cf`f Kjfcrb`
N. Sb` fc g`s d`r`dtcrësted`s fc g` ^cvjgudeôb Ebfustre`g cs quc tr`oj djbsemj g` ekpg`bt`deôb fcg d`pet`geskj. Cxpgequc nrcvckcbtc y djb sus p`g`nr`s cb quå djbsestc.
D. Sb nucb du`frj sebôptedj j k`p` kcbt`g bjs`yuf` ` ieo`r g`s efc`sprebdep`gcs fc ub tck`. Jrm`bedc g` ebijrk`deôb sjnrc g`^cvjgudeôb Ebfustre`gdjb g` lcrr`kecbt` quc prciecr`.
048
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
F. Vjfj lcdlj lestôredj tecbc ub` screc fc d`us`s yprjvjd` jtr` screc fc djbscducbde`s. ^cp`sc gjcstu-
fe`fj fc g` ^cvjgudeôb ir`bdcs` y detc `g kcbjs ub` d`us` y ub` djbscducbde`. ^cvjgudeôb ir`bdcs` D`us`s
@dtevef`f 4.
Djbscducbde`s
Fcs`rrjggc bucv`s l`negef`fcs.
@. Jtr` k`bcr` fc `prcbfcr lestjre` cs csdudl`r g` vjz fcsus prjt`mjbest`s. Gc` djb mr`b `tcbdeôbcg
tcxtj, rcg`deôbcgj djb gj tr`t`fj cst` sck`b` y fcspuås rc`gedc g`s `dtevef`fcs quc sc prjpjbcb. 0. Gjs prebdepejs fc emu`gf`f fc g` ^cvjgudeôb ir`bdcs`y g` Fcdg`r`deôb fc gjs Fcrcdljs fcg Ljknrc y cg Deuf`f`bj fco`n`b fc g`fj `g kcbjs ` g` ket`f fc g` pjng`deôb? g`s kuocrcs. Teb ckn`rmj cgg`s l`b gcv`bt`fj g` vjz fcsfc `btemuj. Cg tcxtj quc semuc ijrk` p`rtc fc g` pctedeôb quc ub mrupj fc kuocrcs gc feremcb `g rcy fc Ir`bde`, cg keskj `ðj fc g` ^cvjgudeôb. «Q...[ Xcfekjs, Tcðjr, quc vucstr` njbf`f bjs prjpjrdejbc gjs kcfejs p`r` l`dcr v`gcr gjs t`gcbtjs fc quc bjs l`y` prjvestj g` b`tur`gcz`, ` pcs`r fc g`s tr`n`s quc bj dcs`b fc pjbcr ` bucstr` cfud`deôb. Q...[ Xcfekjs scr egustr`f`s, pjsccr ckpgcjs, bj p`r` usurp`r g` `utjref`f fc gjs ljknrcs, sebj p`r` scr kàs cstek`f`s Q...[. Js supged`kjs, Tcðjr, quc cst`ngczdàes csducg`s mr`tuet`s fjbfc pjf`kjs `prcbfcr bucstr` gcbmu`, gjs prebdepejs fc g` ^cgemeôb y g` kjr`g1 Q...[ quc bjs ijrkcb cg djr`zôb Q...[. Xcfekjs s`ger fc g ` embjr`bde` p`r` f`r ` bucstrjs leojs ub` cfud`deôb s`b` y r`zjb`ngc, p`r` ijrk`r pcrsjb`s femb`s±. Xctedeôb fc g`s kuocrcs `g ^cy (0 fc cbcrj fc 0=<5)
`. ºDuàgcs sjb g`s pctedejbcs djbdrct`s quc g`s kuocrcs sjgedet`b `g ^cy: Tunràycg`s cb cg tcxtj.
n. Fc g`s pctedejbcs fcg`s kuocrcs,ºduàgcs fcst`d`rë` djkjkàs ekpjrt`btcs: Fcncdet`r `gkcbjs fjs.
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b`∞ Tck`b` 5
040
d. Tcmÿb su dretcrej, ºduàgcs fc cs`s pctedejbcs fcncb scmuer rcdg`k`bfj g`s kuocrcs fc Mu`tck`g`: Tem` cg cockpgj fc g`s kuocrcs fcg tcxtj y csdren` ub` d`rt` feremef` `g Xrcsefcbtc fc g` ^cpÿnged` pefecbfj tjfj `qucggj quc `ÿb bcdcset`b g`s kuocrcs.
^cvesc su `prcbfez`oc K`rquc djb ub dlcquc g` d`segg` quc kcojr ebfequc su rcbfekecbtj. D`r`dtcrezj g` sjdecf`f curjpc` fc g` Cf`f Kjfcrb` fcsfc sus r`s... r e` mjs prebdep`gcs. f u @b`gezj g` ekpjrt`bde` fc g` ^cvjgudeôb ir`bdcs`, sus d`us`s y djbt s c scducbde`s. c f s å u p s c F
04>
Djbjzdj cg prjdcsj fc g` ^cvjgudeôb Ebfustre`g y g` `p`redeôb fcg D`pet`geskj djkj sestck` cdjbôkedj. ^cigcxejbj sjnrc cg p`pcg `trenuefj ` g`s kuocrcs cb g` åpjd` fc g` ^cvjgudeôb ir`bdcs` y g` ^cvjgudeôb Ebfustre`g. EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
gjmr`fj
cb bj prjdcsj gjmr`fj
08
Cg b fcg djgjbe`geskj ºPuå cbdjbtr`rà cst` sck`b`: Fjgjrcs Ncfjy` fc Kjgeb` G` Djbstetudeôb fc Dàfez D`us`s fc g`s gudl`s fc ebfcpcbfcbde` fc @kåred` Ebfcpcbfcbde`s cb @kåred` Ebfcpcbfcbde` fc Mu`tck`g`
Cst` sck`b` gjmr`rà?
Djbjdcr cg djbtcxtj pjgëtedj y sjde`g quc fej gum`r ` g`s ebfcpcbfcbde`s cb @kåred`.
Efcbteied`r g`s d`us`s ebtcrb`s y cxtcrb`s fc g`s gudl`s fc ebfcpcbfcbde` cb @kåred` y fc g` ebfcpcbfcbde` fc Mu`tck`g`.
@b`gez`r g`s djbscducbde`s pjsetev`s y bcm`tev`s fc g` ebfcpcbfcbde` fc Mu`tck`g`.
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 08
044
@ycr... ljy... Fjgjrcs Ncfjy` fc Kjgeb` G`s efc`s y prjycdtjs ebfcpcbfcbtest`s fc @kåred` sc mcst`rjb djb g` p`rtedep`deôb fc ljknrcs y kuocrcs. Teb ckn`rmj, mcbcr`gkcbtc sc djbjdc pjdj fc g` p`rtedep`deôb fc g`s kuocrcs. Djbjzd`kjs ` Fjgjrcs Ncfjy` fc Kjgeb` , ub` mu`tck`gtcd` prjt`mjbest` fc g` ebfcpcbfcbde` fc bucstrj p`ës. Gc` djb `tcbdeôb cg tcxtj quc semuc.
Fjgjrcs Ncfjy`
(0=<4 — 0<34)
Fjgjrcs Ncfjy` iuc cspjs` fcg gëfcr pjgëtedj Xcfrj Kjgeb`. Djg`njrô fcsfc su ljm`r cb g` feiuseôb fc gjs efc`gcs gencr`gcs c ebfcpcbfcbtest`s. X`rtedepô, seb iemur`r, cb rcubejbcs sjnrc sudcsjs pjgëtedjs fc Csp`ð` y Kåxedj y cb gjs `rtëdugjs quc fjb Xcfrj punged`n` cb cg "Cfetjr Djbstetudejb`g", pcreôfedj fc g` åpjd`. Xcrj cg lcdlj fcg quc qucfô djbst`bde`, djkj ub` fercdt` `dtevef`f pjgëted`, iuc du`bfj cg 03 fc scptecknrc fc 0<>0, oubtj djb jtrjs gëfcrcs, rcubecrjb ` sus scmuefjrcs p`r` rcijrz`r djb su prcscbde` y mretjs ` gjs mrupjs pjpug`rcs rcubefjs ircbtc `g X`g`dej, fjbfc sc fesdutë` g` ierk` fcg @dt` fc Ebfcpcbfcbde` fc Csp`ð`. Xrcdes`kcb tc, su ebmcbejsj rcdursj fc quck`r djlctcs y ggcv`r ub` k`rekn` iuc fcdesevj1 cs djb cg quc sc g` kcbdejb` cb g` lestjre` y g` l`dc `btcdcfcbtc fc g`s kuocrcs quc ljy sc g`bz`b ` g`s d`ggcs ` rcdg`k`r fcrcdljs y oustede`.
Vcxtj `f`pt`fj fc Guz Kåbfcz fc g` Ycm` Vjk`fj fc g` rcvest` "G` ducrf`", jdtunrc fc >884
@b`gedc y djkp`rt` 0. Cb ub` d`rt` csdret` pjr K`rë` Fjgjrcs Ncfjy` sc pucfc gccr gj semuecbtc? "Q...[ Bj l`y fuf` fc quc (g`s kuocrcs) tecbcb g`s kesk`s i`dugt`fcs1 pcrj fcsfc quc cg kubfj cs kubfj, cgg`s l`b cst`fj sjkctef`s `g ljknrc. Q...[ yj kc `gcmr`rë` fc quc bj g`s cxdguycr`b fc g`s decbde`s Q...["
>. ºDrcc quc g`s p`g`nr`s fc K`rë` Fjgjrcs Ncfjy` semucb secbfj rc`gef`f ljy, d`se fjs semgjs fcspuås: ^cigcxejbc y djkp`rt` su jpebeôb cb cg dërdugj fc cstufej.
046
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs 0. G` Djbstetudeôb fc Dàfez
e/ a e w / m r j . ` e f c p e ea w . s c / / ? s p tt l
G` prjkugm`deôb fc g` Djbstetudeôb fc 0<0>, jnr` fc T`gv`fjr Yebecmr` (Kuscj fc g`s Djrtcs fc Dàfez).
Vr`s g` ^cvjgudeôb ir`bdcs` fc 0=<5, sc fecrjb d`knejs fctcrkeb`btcs cb g` jrm`bez`deôb pjgëted` fc Curjp` y @kåred`. G`s kjb`rquë`s `nsjgut`s iucrjb fcs`p`rcdecbfj y sc feiubfë`b g`s efc`s fc gencrt`f. G` Fcdg`r`deôb fc Ebfcpcbfcbde` fc gjs Cst`fjs Sbefjs y g` ^cvjgudeôb ir`bdcs` cxtcbfecrjb g`s efc`s luk`best`s fc gencrt`f, emu`gf`f y ir`tcrbef`f `së djkj g` fcdg`r`deôb fc gjs fcrcdljs fcg ljknrc y fcg deuf`f`bj. Vjfj cggj iuc cg ebedej fc g`s rcijrk`s gencr`gcs y g` drc`deôb fc ub` screc fc djbstetudejbcs quc rcmug`n`b cg pjfcr fc g` kjb`rquë`. Kàs t`rfc, sc prjpjbfrë` g` ^cpÿnged` djkj cg sestck` pjgëtedj kàs efôbcj. Cb cstc djbtcxtj, g`s Djrtcs Mcbcr`gcs fc Csp`ð` prjkugm`rjb g` Djbstetudeôb fc Dàfez cg 05 fc k`rzj fc 0<0>. Cg djbtcbefj fc cst` Djbstetudeôb ebvjgudr`n` ` g`s djgjbe`s csp`ðjg`s cb @kåred`. Cb su cg`njr`deôb p`rtedep`rjb rcprcscbt`btcs `kcred`bjs. Xjstcrejrkcbtc, cstc fjdukcbtj serveô djkj kjfcgj p`r` rcf`dt`r g`s djbstetudejbcs fc g`s rcpÿnged`s ebfcpcbfecbtcs quc sc drc`rjb cb g`s `btemu`s djgjbe`s `kcred`b`s.
Cocrdedej 0 0. Gc` cg `rtëdugj 0 fc g` Djbstetudeôb fc Dàfez y csdren` ` djbtebu`deôb su ebtcrprct`deôb pcrsjb`g. @rtëdugj 0? G` b`deôb csp`ðjg` cs g` rcubeôb fc gjs csp`ðjgcs fc `knjs lckesicrejs.
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 08
043
0.0 Xrebdepejs fc g` Djbstetudeôb fc Dàfez Gjs prebdepejs fc g` Djbstetudeôb fc Dàfez sjb p`rtc ekpjrt`btc fcg jremcb fc g` ebfcpcbfcbde` fc g`s djgjbe`s csp`ðjg`s. Ebtrjfuoj rcijrk`s ekpjrt`btcs cb g` jrm`bez`deôb fc Csp`ð`? • cg suir`mej j fcrcdlj `g vjtj, • g` scp`r`deôb fc gjs pjfcrcs fcg Cst`fj, • g` gencrt`f fc ekprcbt` y • g` gencrt`f fc dugtevj, djkcrdej, pcsd` c ebfustre`. Cst` veseôb `yufô ` tr`bsijrk`r gjs tcrretjrejs `kcred`bjs cb g`s prjvebde`s fcg bucvj Cst`fj, djbvertecbfj cb deuf`f`bjs ` gjs `btemujs sÿnfetjs djgjbe`gcs. @fckàs? • @prjnô g` `njgedeôb fcg trenutj ebfëmcb`, fc g` cbdjkecbf`, fcg rcp`rtekecbtj y fc jtrjs `spcdtjs quc jprekë`b ` g` pjng`deôb cb g`s djgjbe`s. •
@prjnô g` gencrt`f fc dugtevj cb g`s djgjbe`s, fc djkcrdej, fc pcsd` y fc ebfustre`.
•
^cdjbjdeô ` gjs kug`tjs g` b`dejb`gef`f csp`ðjg`, pcrj gcs prev`n` fc
g` djbfedeôb fc deuf`f`bjs, cs fcder, seb p`rtedep`deôb pjgëted`. Gjs d`knejs l`de` ub` k`yjr gencrt`f c emu`gf`f fc g` Djbstetudeôb fc Dàfez bj must`rjb ` `gmubjs scdtjrcs fc g` pjng`deôb. Cg rcy Icrb`bfj YEE sc jpjbë` ` g` djbstetudeôb pjrquc g` Djrjb` pcrfë` prevegcmejs y g`s m`b`bde`s quc jntcbë` fc @kåred`. Cg 6 fc k`yj fc 0<06 sc fcdrctô g` fesjgudeôb fc g`s Djrtcs, g` fcrjm`deôb fc g` Djbstetudeôb y g` fctcbdeôb fc gjs feput`fjs gencr`gcs. Teb ckn`rmj, cb 0<>8 sc f` ub` bucv` rcvucgt` y sc ebst`ur` bucv`kcbtc g` Djbstetudeôb fc Dàfez fc 0<0>.
Cocrdedej > Fcib` djb sus p`g`nr`s cstjs djbdcptjs rcg`dejb`fjs djb g` Djbstetudeôb fc Dàfez.
0. Tuir`mej?
>. Tcp`r`deôb fc pjfcrcs?
4. Cbdjkecbf`?
049
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
>. D`us`s fc g`s gudl`s fc ebfcpcbfcbde` cb @kåred` X`r` `b`gez`r cb prjiubfef`f g`s d`us`s fc g` ebfcpcbfcbde` fc @kåred` l`y quc festebmuer d`us`s cxtcrb`s, g`s prjfudef`s iucr` fc @kåred`, y d`us`s ebtcrb`s, pjr gjs lcdljs jdurrefjs fcbtrj fc g`s djgjbe`s `kcred`b`s.
`. D`us`s cxtcrb`s •
G` feiuseôb fc g`s efc`s fc g` ^cvjgudeôb ir`bdcs`y g` Djbstetudeôb fc Dàfez, quc y` djbjdckjs.
•
G` dreses fc g` kjb`rquë` csp`ðjg` y fcnegef`f pjgëted` cb g` kctrôpjge0 Csp`ð`, djbscducbde` fc g` ebv`seôb b`pjgcôbed` cb 0<8<, du`bfj cg coårdetj fc B`pjgcôb Njb`p`rtc ebv`feô Csp`ð`.
•
Cb Csp`ð` sc drcô ub` Oubt` fc ^cmcbde` p`r` mjncrb`r cb bjknrc fcg rcy, pcrj cs` Oubt` bj iuc rcdjbjdef` cb g`s djgjbe`s fc @kåred`.
n. D`us`s ebtcrb`s •
G` Fcdg`r`deôb fc Ebfcpcbfcbde` fc gjs Cst`fjs Sbefjs, gcëf` cb Ieg`-
fcgie` cb 0==9, cst`ngcdeô g` ebfcpcbfcbde` fc g`s trcdc djgjbe`s nretàbed`s fc Bjrtc`kåred`, quc sc fcsvebdug`rjb fc g` kctrôpjge Mr`b Nrct`ð`. •
^cncgejbcs y kjtebcs fc g` pjng`deôb ebfëmcb` cb g`s djgjbe`s `kcred`-
b`s, quc sc rcsestë` ` gjs `nusjs fcg råmekcb djgjbe`g. •
Gjs drejggjs fc @kåred` djbjdecrjb g`s efc`s fc g` ^cvjgudeôb ir`bdcs` y g` Egustr`deôb y qucrë`b pjbcrg`s cb pràdted` cb @kåred`.
•
G` rev`gef`f cbtrc drejggjs y pcbebsug`rcs. Cxestë` ub` k`rd`f` feicrcb-
de` cbtrc gjs pcbebsug`rcs y gjs drejggjs (leojs fc csp`ðjgcs b`defjs cb @kåred`). Gjs pcbebsug`rcs tcbë`b cg pjfcr pjgëtedj, jdup`n`b gjs d`rmjs fc verrcycs, mjncrb`fjrcs, jëfjrcs, ctd. Kecbtr`s quc gjs drejggjs tcbë`b cg pjfcr cdjbôkedj, pucstj quc cr`b gjs fucðjs fc g`s l`decbf`s.
•
G` cxpugseôb fc g` Djkp`ðë` fc Ocsÿs fc g`s djgjbe`s csp`ðjg`s ` p`rter fc 0=35. Gjs ocsuet`s cr`b ub` djbmrcm`deôb rcgemejs` djb pjfcr cdj-
bôkedj y kuy cbr`ez`f` cb cg pucngj `kcred`bj. @g scr cxpugs`fjs, l`ng`rjb fcg fcsdjbtcbtj fc gjs `kcred`bjs pjr gjs `nusjs fc g` Djrjb`. •
Gjs djgjbjs csp`ðjgcs cb @kåred`, jngem`fjs ` p`m`r `gtjs ekpucstjs y ` djkcrde`r sjgj djb gjs rcprcscbt`btcs fc g` Djrjb`, cst`n`b cb djbtr` fcg råmekcb djgjbe`g y `pjy`n`b g` ebfcpcbfcbde`.
Djkj jdurrc djbpjng`deôb tjfjs gjs` prjdcsjs sjde`gcs, prjdcsjs tuvecrjb kudl` i`vjr y kudl` cb gjs djbtr`, t`btj fc cb ebfcpcbfcbde` @kåred` djkj cb Csp`ð`. Cg `bàgeses fc gjs icbôkcbjs sjde`gcs cs kuy djkpgcoj y bubd` sjb vàgefjs gjs ouedejs `nsjgutjs. 0kctrôpjge?
ub` b`deôb rcspcdtj ` sus djgjbe`s. Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 08
04=
4. Ebfcpcbfcbde`s cb @kåred` Cbtrc 0==9 y 05>8 g` k`yjr p`rtc fc gjs tcrretjrejs `kcred`bjs quc l`në`b sefj djgjbe`s nretàbed`s, pjrtumucs`s j csp`ðjg`s sc ebfcpcbfez`rjb y sc djbvertecrjb cb rcpÿnged`s, t`g y djkj g`s djbjdckjs ljy. Xucfc vcr cb cg k`p` g` icdl` cb g` quc d`f` p`ës gjmrô su ebfcpcbfcbde`. Fcspuås fc 05>8, `gmubjs tcrretjrejs djbtebu`rjb secbfj djgjbe`s?
•
N`l`k`s? Mr`b Nrct`ð` djbdcfeô `
cst`s esg`s ub` `utjbjkë`pgcb`kcbtc ebtcrb` cb 0596. Tc ebfcpcbfez`rjb cb 05=4. •
Muy`b` ? ebfcpcbfcbde` fcg ^cebj
Sbefj cb 0599.
Cst`fjs Sbefjs 0==9
Kåxedj 0<>0
Dun`
•
058>
Tureb`k? ebfcpcbfcbde` fc gjs X`ëscs
N`ojs cb 05=3.
Djgjkne` 0<08
Dcbtrj`kåred` 0<>0
Cdu`fjr 0<>>
Xcrÿ 0<>0
Njgeve`
Ycbczucg`
•
0<00
Nr`seg 0<>>
^cebj Sbefj cb 059>. •
0<00
Dlegc
Srumu`y
0<0<
0<><
@rmcbteb`
Ncgedc (l`st` 05=4, Ljbfur`s Nretàbed`)?
ebfcpcbfcbde` fcg ^cebj Sbefj cb 05<0.
X`r`mu`y
0<>3
Vrebef`f y Vjn`mj? ebfcpcbfcbde` fcg
•
Xucrtj ^edj? ebfcpcbfcbde` fc gjs
Cst`fjs Sbefjs cb 053>.
0<09
Cocrdedej 4 Jrfcbc cb g` gëbc` fc teckpj gjs p`ëscs fc @kåred` fc `ducrfj ` g` icdl` fc su ebfcpcbfcbde`. 0==9 Cst`fjs Sbefjs
05>8 cb `fcg`btc
04<
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
6. Ebfcpcbfcbde` fc Mu`tck`g` G` ebfcpcbfcbde` fc Mu`tck`g` iuc irutj fc ub` screc fc sudcsjs lestôredjs quc ebuycrjb cb g` sjdecf`f mu`tck`gtcd` fc ebedejs fcg semgj \E\. Xjfckjs dg`seid`r cstjs lcdljs cb d`us`s cxtcrb`s c ebtcrb`s.
`. D`us`s G`s d`us`s cxtcrb`s iucrjb g`s kesk`s quc cb cg rcstj fcg djbtebcbtc `kcred`bj. Cbtrc g`s d`us`s ebtcrb`s, pjfckjs kcbdejb`r? •
@t`b`sej Vzug
Fcsdjbtcbtj drejggj
Gëfcr ebfëmcb`
Gjs drejggjs vcë`b geket`fj su cbrequcdekecbtj fcnefj `g kjbjpjgej djkcrde`g quc g` Djrjb` csp`ðjg` ekpusj sjnrc sus djgjbe`s. Cg jnoctevj fc gjs drejggjs cr` fcspg`z`r ` g` nurjdr`de` csp`ðjg` p`r` tjk`r cg pjfcr y mjncrb`r cb Mu`tck`g`. @fckàs fc gjs ebtcrcscs cdjbôkedjs cst`n`b gjs `subtjs pjgëtedjs. Tc ijrk`rjb fjs p`rtefjs pjgëtedjs? cg p`rtefj djbscrv`fj, quc cr` kàs d`utcgjsj ircbtc ` gjs d`knejs cb g` `fkebestr`deôb djgjbe`g, y cg p`rtefj gencr`g, ` i`vjr fc g` ebfcpcbfcbde`. •
mu`tck`gtcdj
Gcv`bt`kecbtj ebfëmcb`
Cb 0<>8, gjs ebfëmcb`s fc Vjtjbed`pàb, cbd`ncz`fjs pjr @t`b`sej Vzug y Gud`s @mueg`r, sc jrm`bez`rjb p`r` k`beicst`r su rcdl`zj `g p`mj fc ekpucstjs y prjtcst`r pjr gjs `nusjs quc p`fcdë`b. Gjmr`rjb fcstetuer `g @gd`gfc K`yjr, ekpjbcr su mjnecrbj y prjdg`k`r rcy ` @t`b`sej Vzug. Tu rceb`fj furô vcebtc fë`s. G`s `utjref`fcs fc Puctz`gtcb`bmj fecrjb ieb ` g` rcncgeôb y gjs ebfëmcb`s iucrjb `zjt`fjs y cbd`rdcg`fjs. @ubquc cg prjdcsj fc ebfcpcbfcbde` iuc ub kjvekecbtj drejggj, cstc gcv`bt`kecbtj iuc ub` cxprcseôb fc g` p`rtedep`deôb fc gjs pucngjs ebfëmcb`s quc fck`bf`n`b g` rcn`o` j g` suprcseôb fc ekpucstjs.
n. Ierk` fcg @dt` fc Ebfcpcbfcbde` Mu`tck`g` prjdg`kô su ebfcpcbfcbde` cg 03 fc Tcptecknrc fc 0<>0, `g emu`g quc cg rcstj fc gjs p`ëscs dcbtrj`kcred`bjs quc ijrk`n`b p`rtc fc g` D`pet`bë` Mcbcr`g fcg ^cebj fc Mu`tck`g`. Cg 03 fc Tcptecknrc fc 0<>0, M`nebj M`ëbz`, D`petàb Mcbcr`g fc Mu`tck`g`, gg`kô ` ub` `s`kngc` ` g`s `utjref`fcs keget`rcs, cdgcseàsted`s y devegcs p`r` fctcrkeb`r cg fcstebj fcg p`ës. M`ëbz` `dcptô quc sc irk`r` cg @dt` fc Ebfcpcbfcbde`, prcsejb`fj pjr gjs
drejggjs y pjr ub mrupj fcg pucngj, feremefj pjr Fjgjrcs Ncfjy`, quc pcfë` ` mretjs g` gencrt`f p`r` Mu`tck`g` cb g` pg`z` dcbtr`g. Tc `djrfô quc tjf`s g`s `utjref`fcs semuecr`b cb sus d`rmjs, fc t`g k`bcr` quc M`ëbz` sc djbverteô cb cg ÿgtekj mjncrb`btc fcg råmekcb djgjbe`g y cg prekcrj fcg p`ës ebfcpcbfecbtc. Djkj cb g` k`yjrë` fc gjs p`ëscs fcg djbtebcbtc `kcred`bj, g` ebfcpcbfcbde` fc Mu`tck`g` iuc ub kjvekecbtj fc g`s dg`scs sjde`gcs fjkeb`btcs quc bj supusj ub` kcojr` cb g`s djbfedejbcs fc vef` fc g` pjng`deôb mu`tck`gtcd`. Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 08
045
d. Djbscducbde`s G` ebfcpcbfcbde` d`kneô g` lestjre` fc Mu`tck`g` y tr`oj djbsemj ub` screc fc djbscducbde`s pjsetev`s y bcm`tev`s. Cbtrc g`s djbscducbde`s pjsetev`s?
Ojså Dcdegej fcg Y`ggc
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Tc drcô ub` Djbstetudeôb p`r` k`btcbcr cg jrfcb y g` gencrt`f fcg p`ës.
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Tc jrm`bezô ub mjnecrbj quc fcs`rrjggô g` cdjbjkë` b`dejb`g.
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Tc fcoô fc p`m`r ekpucstjs `g mjnecrbj csp`ðjg.
Cbtrc g`s djbscducbde`s bcm`tev`s, fcst`d`rjb?
^cf`dtjr fcg @dt` fc Ebfcpcbfcbde`
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Gjs drejggjs jntuvecrjb gjs d`rmjs ekpjrt`btcs cb cg mjnecrbj.
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Tc k`btuvj g` cxpgjt`deôb l`de` g` pjng`deôb ebfëmcb`.
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Lunj djbigedtjs cbtrc gjs p`rtefjs pjgëtedjs djbscrv`fjr y gencr`g.
Cocrdedej 6 Gc` djb `tcbdeôb ub ir`mkcbtj fcg prekcr `rtëdugj fcg @dt` fc Ebfcpcbfcbde` rcf`dt`f` pjr Ojså Dcdegej fcg Y`ggc. Puc secbfj g` ebfcpcbfcbde` fcg mjnecrbj csp`ðjg, g` vjgubt`f mcbcr`g fcg pucngj fc Mu`tck`g`, y seb pcrouedej fc gj quc fctcrkebc sjnrc cgg` cg Djbmrcsj quc fcnc ijrk`rsc, cg scðjr Ocic Xjgëtedj g` k`bf` punged`r p`r` prcvcber g`s djbscducbde`s quc scrë`b tckengcs cb cg d`sj quc g` prjdg`k`sc fc lcdlj cg keskj pucngj.
ºDôkj ebtcrprct` ustcf cg quc cr` kcojr quc g` ebfcpcbfcbde` iucr` prjdg`k`f` pjr cg Ocic Xjgëtedj y bj pjr cg keskj pucngj: Cxpgequc su rcspucst` cb cg du`fcrbj.
Mgjs`rej kctrôpjge? ub` b`deôb rcspcdtj ` sus djgjbe`s. Csp`ð`, Xjrtum`g c Ebmg`tcrr` rcspcdtj ` g`s djgjbe`s
`kcred`b`s.
Ebvcstemuc cb g` rcf... Djkj lckjs vestj cst` sck`b`, g` ebfcpcbfcbde` fc g`s djgjbe`s fc @kåred` iuc ub g`rmj prjdcsj quc ebvjgudrô ` tjfjs gjs p`ëscs quc ljy ijrk`b cg djbtebcbtc `kcred`bj. Gc ebvet`kjs ` vcr ub vefcj quc rcsukc kuy necb fedlj prjdcsj cb pjdj kàs fc fjs kebutjs. lttps?//www.yjutunc.djk/w`tdl:v;5uIkyglInPU
068
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
^csukcb 0. G` Djbstetudeôb fc Dàfez Ebsper`f` cb g`s efc`s fc gencrt`f, emu`gf`f y ir`tcrbef`ffc g` ^cvjgudeôb ir`bdcs` y g` Fcdg`r`deôb fc Ebfcpcbfcbde` fc CC SS. Cg`njr`f` djb g` p`rtedep`deôb fcrcprcscbt`btcs `kcred`bjs. Xrjkugm`f` pjr g`s Djrtcs Mcbcr`gcs fc Csp`ð`, cb0<0>. Xrebdepejs ^cijrk`s fcg Cst`fj? suir`mej, gencrt`fcs y jtr`s
• • • •
Tÿnfetjs fc g`s djgjbe`s p`s`b ` scr deuf`f`bjs @njgedeôb fc trenutj ebfëmcb`, cbdjkecbf` y rcp`rtekecbtj Gencrt`f fc dugtevj, djkcrdej, pcsd` c ebfustre` Kug`tjs tcbë`b b`dejb`gef`f csp`ðjg` pcrj bj deuf`f`bë`
>. D`us`s fc g`s gudl`s fc ebfcpcbfcbde` fc @kåred` Cxtcrb`s • Dreses fc g` kjb`rquë` csp`ðjg`? ebv`seôb fc B`pjgcôb y drc`deôb fc Oubt` fc ^cmcbde`, bj
rcdjbjdef` pjr g`s djgjbe`s Ebtcrb`s
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Fcdg`r`deôb fc Ebfcpcbfcbde` fc Cst`fjs Sbefjs, 0==9 ^cncgejbcs y kjtebcs ebfëmcb`s Drejggjs qucrë`b ekpgckcbt`r efc`s fc g` ^cvjgudeôb ir`bdcs` cb @kåred` ^ev`gef`f cbtrc drejggjs (pjfcr cdjbôkedj) y pcbebsug`rcs (pjfcr pjgëtedj) Ocsuet`s l`ng`rjb fc `nusjs fc g` Djrjb` `g scr cxpugs`fjs fc @kåred` Djgjbjs csp`ðjgcs cb @kåred` cb djbtr` fc råmekcb djgjbe`g
4. Ebfcpcbfcbde`s cb @kåred`
• • •
D`se tjf`s sc fecrjb cbtrc 0==9 y 05>8 Djgjbe`s fc Csp`ð`, Mr`b Nrct`ð` y Xjrtum`g sc prjdg`k`rjb rcpÿnged`s ebfcpcbfecbtcs G` ÿgtek` ebfcpcbfcbde` iuc g` fc Ncgedc fc Mr`b Nrct`ð` cb 05<0
6. Ebfcpcbfcbde` fc Mu`tck`g` D`us`s • Cxtcrb`s? emu`g quc cb rcstj fc @kåred` • Ebtcrb`s? gjs drejggjs qucrë`b tjk`r cg pjfcr • Gcv`bt`kecbtj ebfëmcb`, Vjtjbed`pàb, 0<>8 @dt` fc Ebfcpcbfcbde` • 03 scptecknrc 0<>0
• •
Xrcseôb fc drejggjs y pucngj, djb Fjgjrcs Ncfjy` Tc ebfcpcbfez`rjb tjfjs gjs p`ëscs fc Dcbtrj`kåred` quc ijrk`n`b D`pet`bë` Mcbcr`g fcg
^cebj fc Mu`tck`g`. Djbscducbde`s Xjsetev`s
Bcm`tev`s
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Djbstetudeôb p`r` jrfcb y gencrt`f fcg • p`ës
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Mjnecrbj fcs`rrjggô cdjbjkë` Cgekeb`deôb fc trenutjs ` Csp`ð`
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Drejggjs jntuvecrjb cg pjfcr Cxpgjt`deôb fc g` pjng`deôbebfëmcb` Djbigedtjs cbtrc p`rtefjs djbscrv`fjr y gencr`g
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 08
060
@utjdjbtrjg @dtevef`f 0. Fckucstrc gj `prcbfefj. K`rquc djb ub` cques cg du`frj fc g` jpdeôb quc djkpgct` djrrcdt`kcbtc d`f` cbubde`fj. 0. G` Djbstetudeôb fc Dàfez fc 0<0>… sc rcf`dtô cb cg djbtcxtj fc g`s efc`s luk`best`s fc emu`gf`f, gencrt`f y ir`tcrbef`f. sc rcf`dtô seb p`rtedep`deôb fc rcprcscbt`btcs `kcred`bjs. g`s fjs jpdejbcs `btcrejrcs sjb djrrcdt`s. >. Cbtrc gjs prebdepejs fc g` Djbstetudeôb fc Dàfez sc cbducbtr`… cg rcdjbjdekecbtj pgcbj fc g` deuf`f`bë` fc gjs kug`tjs. g` `njgedeôb fcg trenutj ebfëmcb`, fc g` cbdjkecbf` y cg rcp`rtekecbtj. g` ebfcpcbfcbde` fc gjs tcrretjrejs fc g` D`pet`bë` Mcbcr`g fcg ^cebj fc Mu`tck`g`. 4. Cb g` ebfcpcbfcbde` fc g`s feicrcbtcs djgjbe`s fc @kåred` ebiguycrjb… d`us`s cxtcrb`s, djkj cg fcneget`kecbtj pjgëtedj fc Csp`ð`. d`us`s ebtcrb`s djkj g` Fcdg`r`deôb fc Ebfcpcbfcbde` fc Cst`fjs Sbefjs. g`s fjs jpdejbcs `btcrejrcs sjb djrrcdt`s. 6. @ p`rter fc 0==9, g`s djgjbe`s `kcred`b`s sc iucrjb ebfcpcbfez`bfj fc Csp`ð`, Xjrtum`g c Ebmg`tcrr` y sc djbvertecrjb cb… rcpÿnged`s ebfcpcbfecbtcs kjb`rquë`s kctrôpjges 3. G`s d`us`s cxtcrb`s fc g` ebfcpcbfcbde` fc Mu`tck`g` iucrjb … rev`gef`fcs cbtrc drejggjs. g`s kesk`s quc g`s fcg rcstj fc gjs p`ëscs fc @kåred`. gcv`bt`kecbtj fc gëfcrcs ebfëmcb`s cb djbtr` fc g` Djrjb` csp`ðjg`, djkj @t`b`sej Vzug. 9. Cg @dt` fc Ebfcpcbfcbde` fc Mu`tck`g`, ierk`f` cg 03 fc scptecknrc fc 0<>0… cst`ngcdeô cg d`knej fc tjf`s g`s `utjref`fcs fcg p`ës. cst`ngcdeô quc M`nebj M`ëbz` semuecr` secbfj mjncrb`btc fcg p`ës ebfcpcbfecbtc. jtjrmô cg mjnecrbj fc Mu`tck`g` ` Ojså Dcdegej fcg Y`ggc. =. Vr`s g` ebfcpcbfcbde` fc Mu`tck`g`… tjf`s y tjfjs gjs deuf`f`bjs iucrjb emu`gcs. sc semuecrjb p`m`bfj trenutjs ` g` Djrjb` csp`ðjg`. djbtebu`rjb g`s feicrcbde`s cbtrc gjs drejggjs y g` pjng`deôb ebfëmcb`.
06>
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
@dtevef`f >.
Xecbsc y `pgequc gj quc `prcbfeô.
@. Cxpgequc djb sus p`g`nr`s duàgcs iucrjb g`s d`us`s ebtcrb`s y cxtcrb`s fc g` ebfcpcbfcbde` fc g`s
djgjbe`s nretàbed`s, pjrtumucs`s y csp`ðjg`s fc @kåred`. 0. D`us`s cxtcrb`s
>. D`us`s ebtcrb`s
N. Gc` cg `rtëdugj 6 fcg @dt` fc Ebfcpcbfcbde` fc Mu`tck`g` quc cst`ngcdc g`s djbfedejbcs p`r` g` ijr-
k`deôb fcg Djbmrcsj. @rtëdugj 6
Puc cg bÿkcrj fc cstjs feput`fjs sc` cb prjpjrdeôb fc ubj pjr d`f` quebdc keg ebfevefujs, seb cxdguer fc g` deuf`f`bë` ` gjs jremeb`rejs fc Àired`. 0. ºXjr quå drcc quc cstc `rtëdugj l`dc g` cspcdeid`deôb fc ‗seb cxdguer fc g` deuf`f`bë` ` gjs jreme-
b`rejs fc Àired`‛: @rmukcbtc su rcspucst`.
>. ºDuàg cs cg bÿkcrj fc feput`fjs fcg Djbmrcsj `dtu`g: ºDôkj sc festrenuycb gjs durugcs: Djbsugtc ` g`s `utjref`fcs fc su djkubef`f y cb g` rcubeôb fc jrecbt`deôb djkp`rt` su rcspucst` djb g`s djkp`ðcr`s y djkp`ðcrjs. Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 08
064
V`ggcr fc cquef`f fc måbcrj, fc ctbe` y sjde`g @prcbfj fc g`s kuocrcs mu`tck`gtcd`s fc g` Ebfcpcbfcbde` Ebstruddejbcs? Yucgv`b ` gccr g` gcdtur` ebede`g fc cst` sck`b`. Jrm`bëdcbsc cb mrupjs fc trcs j du`trj pcrsjb`s. ^ccxejbcb y djbtcstcb ` g`s semuecbtcs prcmubt`s?
0. Cg tcxtj fedc quc Fjgjrcs Ncfjy` "djg`njrô fcsfc su ljm`r" y "p`rtedepô, seb iemur`r", ºpjr quå drccb quc iuc `së:
>. ºDrccb quc csj keskj gcs l` jdurrefj ` jtr`s kuocrcs cb g` lestjre`: @rmukcbtcb su rcspucst`.
4. Cb su jpebeôb ycxpcrecbde`, ºg`smu`tck`gtcd`s `dtu`gcspucfcb cocrdcrgenrckcbtc su p`rtedep`deôb pjgëted`:
^cvesc su `prcbfez`oc K`rquc djb ub dlcquc .. .r ` e f u t s c c f s å u p s c F
066
g` d`segg` quc kcojr ebfequc su rcbfekecbtj.
Djbjzdj cg djbtcxtj pjgëtedj y sjde`g quc fej gum`r ` g`s ebfcpcbfcbde`s cb @kåred`. Efcbteidj ebtcrb`s yfccxtcrb`s fc g`s ebfcpcbfcbde`s cb @kåred` y g`s fc g`d`us`s ebfcpcbfcbde` Mu`tck`g`.
@b`gezj g`s djbscducbde`s pjsetev`s y bcm`tev`s fc g` ebfcpcbfcbde` fc Mu`tck`g`. EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
gjmr`fj
cb bj prjdcsj gjmr`fj
00 Mu`tck`g` fcspuås fc g` Ebfcpcbfcbde` ºPuå cbdjbtr`rà cst` sck`b`: Cg X`rg`kcbtj Dcbtrj`kcred`bj — X@^G@DCB— @bcxeôb fc Mu`tck`g` ` Kåxedj ^cpÿnged` Icfcr`g fc Dcbtrj`kåred` Drc`deôb fc g` ^cpÿnged` fc Mu`tck`g`
Cst` sck`b` gjmr`rà?
^cigcxejb`r sjnrc gjs jnoctevjs fc drc`deôb fcg X@^G@DCB .
Fcsdrener gjs prebdep`gcs lcdljs lestôredjs jdurrefjs cb Mu`tck`g` fcspuås fc g` Ebfcpcbfcbde`.
Jrfcb`r drjbjgômed`kcbtc gjs lcdljs lestôredjs jdurrefjs fcspuås fc g` Ebfcpcbfcbde`.
Ebvcstem`r cb Ebtcrbct sjnrc ub pcrsjb`oc fc g` åpjd` pjstcrejr ` g` Ebfcpcbfcbde` fc Mu`tck`g`.
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 00
063
@ycr... ljy... Cg
X@^G@DCB
Cg X@^G@DCB j X`rg`kcbtj Dcbtrj`kcred`bj cs ub` ebstetudeôb pjgëted` drc`f` djb cg ieb fc ebtcmr`r ` gjs p`ëscs dcbtrj`kcred`bjs, ijrt`gcdcr g` fckjdr`de` y kcojr`r cg bevcg fc vef` fc gjs l`net`btcs fc g` rcmeôb. Cb 05<9, cb g` rcubeôb fc prcsefcbtcs dcbtrj`kcred`bjs "Csquepug`s EE", sc prjpusj g` drc`deôb fcg X@^G@DCB . Cb 05<= sc ierkô cg Vr`t`fj Djbstetutevj fcg X`rg`kcbtj Dcbtrj`kcred`bj y cb 0550, sc djbstetuyô djb scfc cb Mu`tck`g` y sunscfcs cb d`f` ub` fc g`s d`pet`gcs fc gjs Cst`fjs quc ijrk`b p`rtc. Gjs p`ëscs quc gj ebtcmr`b sjb Mu`tck`g`, Ljbfur`s, Cg T`gv`fjr, Bed`r`mu`, X`b`kà y ^cpÿnged` Fjkebed`b`. Cstc jrm`beskj cstà ijrk`fj pjr decbtj vcebtc feput`fjs, cgcdtjs ` tr`vås fc suir`mej ubevcrs`g, y gjs cxprcsefcbtcs y cxvedcprcsefcbtcs fc d`f` ubj fc gjs p`ëscs quc gj ebtcmr`b. G` veseôb j kct` fcg X@^G@DCB cs prjkjvcr k`yjr ubef`f cbtrc tjfjs gjs p`ëscs fc Dcbtrj`kåred`? Cocrdcr ub gefcr`zmj cied`z y fckjdràtedj cbtrc gjs festebtjs `dtjrcs rcmejb`gcs, quc cb cg k`rdj fcg fcs`rrjggj sjstcbengc dj`fyuvc ` g` djbstruddeôb mr`fu`g y prjmrcsev` fc g` Sbeôb Dcbtrj`kcred`b` y fc ^cpÿnged` Fjkebed`b`, djbijrk`bfj ub` sjdecf`f kjfcrb`, oust` y sjgef`re`, fjbfc sc m`r`btedc g` p`z y cg rcspctj ` gjs fcrcdljs luk`bjs. Xucfc djbjdcr kàs sjnrc cg X@^G@DCB ebmrcs`bfj ` www.p`rg`dcb.ebt
@b`gedc y djkp`rt` ^cspjbf` g`s prcmubt`s. 0. ºX`r` quå iuc drc`fj cg X@^G@DCB:
>. ºPuå p`ëscs sjb kecknrjs fcg X@^G@DCB:
069
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs 0. @bcxeôb fc Mu`tck`g` ` Kåxedj? d`knej y djbtebuef`f tr`s g` Ebfcpcbfcbde` Kcscs `btcs fc g` ebfcpcbfcbde` fc Mu`tck`g`, cb Kåxedj lunj ub` rcncgeôb quc b`gezô djb g` rk` fcg "Xg`b fc Emu`g`", pjr cg du`g cg djrjbcg @mustëb fc Eturnefc fcdg`r`n` ` Kåxedj djkj ub ekpcrej y ` åg keskj djkj Ckpcr`fjr. Du`bfj Eturnefc sc cbtcrô fc g` ebfcpcbfcbde` fc g` D`pet`bë` Mcbcr`g fc Mu`tck`g`, prcsejbô `g ocic fcg mjnecrbj mu`tck`gtcdj M`nebj M`ëbz` p`r` quc cg tcrretjrej dcbtrj`kcred`bj sc `bcxejb`r` ` Kåxedj, cs fcder, sc ebdjrpjr`r` `g tcrretjrej fcg ekpcrej rcdeåb drc`fj. Cb Mu`tck`g` `gmubjs scdtjrcs sc jpusecrjb ` g` `bcxeôb, pcrj iucrjb kebjret`rejs. Tc drcô ub` Oubt` Xrjvesejb`g Djbsugtev` p`r` tjk`r g` fcdeseôb y b`gkcbtc g` `bcxeôb sc rkô cb cbcrj fc 0<>> .
@mustëb fc Eturnefc Ckpcr`fjr fc Kåxedj (0=<4 — 0<>6)
Gjs kjtevjs prebdep`gcs iucrjb? •
G` `kcb`z` fc Eturnefc fc cbve`r su coårdetj ` g` rcmeôb se bj `dcpt`n`b g` ubeôb fc gjs tcrretjrejs.
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G` pjsenegef`f quc vesguknr`n`b gjs drejggjs mu`tck`gtcdjs fc djbsjgef`r su fjkebej cb cg rcstj fc p`ëscs dcbtrj`kcred`bjs.
•
Gjs scdtjrcs kàs pjfcrjsjs fc g`s deuf`fcs ekpjrt`btcs fc Dcbtrj`kåred` sc jpjbë`b ` g` pjsedeôb prevegcme`f` fc g` deuf`f fc Mu`tck`g`. Xjr csj, vecrjb cb g` `bcxeôb ` Kåxedj ub` ijrk` fc rjkpcr csc prevegcmej.
Cg T`gv`fjr sc jpusj ` g` `bcxeôb fc Dcbtrj`kåred` ` Kåxedj y sus trjp`s cbtr`rjb cb djkn`tc djb g`s trjp`s kcxed`b`s cb 0<>4. G` `bcxeôb b`gezô cb ougej fc 0<>4, djb g` d`ëf` fcg mjnecrbj fc Eturnefc. Cb csc kjkcbtj, Yedcbtc Iegësjg` l`në` sustetuefj ` M`ëbz` cb g` oci`tur` fcg mj necrbj fc Mu`tck`g`. Sb` vcz fesucgt` g` `bcxeôb, gjs tcrretjrejs fc Dle`p`s y Tjdjbusdj, quc pcrtcbcdë`b ` Mu`tck`g`, p`s`rjb ` ijrk`r p`rtc fcg tcrretjrej kcxed`bj.
Cocrdedej 0 ^cspjbf` g`s prcmubt`s. 0. ºDuàbtjs kcscs furô g` `bcxeôb ` Kåxedj: >. ºPuå tcrretjrejs pcrfeô Mu`tck`g` djkj djbscducbde` fc g` `bcxeôb ` Kåxedj:
4. ºPuå p`ës dcbtrj`kcred`bj sc jpusj ` g` `bcxeôb:
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 00
06=
>. ^cpÿnged` Icfcr`g fc Dcbtrj @kåred` Sb` vcz quc Dcbtrj`kåred` sc scp`rô fcg Ekpcrej kcxed`bj, g` @s`kngc` B`dejb`g Djbstetuycbtc dcbtrj`kcred`b` sc rcubeô cb Mu`tck`g` y cg 0 fc ougej fc 0<>4 b`deô g` ^cpÿnged` Icfcr`g fc Dcbtrj @kåred`, ebtcmr`f` pjr Mu`tck`g`, Cg T`gv`fjr, Ljbfur`s, Bed`r`mu` y Djst` ^ed`. Cg sestck` icfcr`g djbsestë` cb quc d`f` p`ës cr` ebfcpcbfecbtc, djb su ocic fc Cst`fj, pcrj tjfjs cst`n`b ubefjs y l`në` ub mjnecrbj quc rcprcscbt`n` y fcicbfë` ` Dcbtrj`kåred` ircbtc ` jtrjs p`ëscs. G` scfc fc mjnecrbj fc g` ^cpÿnged` Icfcr`g fc Dcbtrj @kåred` cst`n` cb Mu`tck`g`. Cg prekcr prcsefcbtc fcg mjnecrbj fc g` ^cpÿnged` Icfcr`g iuc K`bucg Ojså @rdc, quc g` feremeô fc 0<>3 ` 0<><. Jtrj prcsefcbtc iuc Ir`bdesdj Kjr`zàb. K`bucg Ojså @rdc (0=<= — 0<6=)
G` Djbstetudeôb icfcr`g pcrketë` quc sc drc`r`b bucvjs cst`fjs. Gjs drejggjs fc Puctz`gtcb`bmj, quc seckprc l`në`b `sper`fj ` ebfcpcbfez`rsc fc Mu`tck`g`, drc`rjb cg Cst`fj fc gjs @gtjs cg 3 fc oubej fc 0<4<. Cg Cst`fj fc Gjs @gtjs, gg`k`fj scxtj cst`fj, cst`n` ijrk`fj pjr Puctz`gtcb`bmj, Vjtjbed`pàb y Tjgjgà. K`rdcgj Kjgeb` iuc su ocic. Cb 0<68, cg Cst`fj fc Gjs @gtjs iuc `bcxejb`fj `g Cst`fj fc Mu`tck`g`, du`bfj g` ^cpÿnged` Icfcr`g fc Dcbtrj @kåred` y` sc l`në` fcsebtcmr`fj. G` ^cpÿnged` Icfcr`g sc fcsebtcmrô cb 0<4<. @gmub`s fc g`s r`zjbcs tcbë`b sus r`ëdcs cb g` åpjd` djgjbe`g? •
G` dg`sc `gt` mu`tck`gtcd` qucrë` fjkeb`r g` rcmeôb y l`në` djbst`btcs fcs`ducrfjs djb cg rcstj fc prjvebde`s. L`në` rev`gef`f cbtrc rcmejbcs.
•
G` djkubed`deôb y gjs d`kebjs cr`b k`gjs. Cr` feiëdeg djbtrjg`r tjf` g` rcmeôb fcsfc ub mjnecrbj dcbtr`g.
•
I`gt`n`b ijbfjs cdjbôkedjs p`r` cg fcs`rrjggj y ijrt`gcdekecbtj fc g` ^cpÿnged` Icfcr`g. Gjs gëfcrcs bj tcbë`b g` cxpcrecbde` bcdcs`re`.
Cocrdedej > ^cspjbf` g`s prcmubt`s sjnrc g` ^cpÿnged` Icfcr`g fc Dcbtrj @kåred`. 0. ºCb quå `ðj sc ijrkô g` ^cpÿnged` Icfcr`g fc Dcbtrj @kåred`: >. ºCb quå p`ës cst`n` g` scfc fc mjnecrbj: 4. ºCb quå `ðj sc fesjgveô g` ^cpÿnged` Icfcr`g fc Dcbtrj @kåred`:
06<
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
4. Drc`deôb fc g` ^cpÿnged` fc Mu`tck`g` @btcs fc g` fesjgudeôb fc g` ^cpÿnged` Icfcr`g fc Dcbtrj @kåred`, Mu`tck`g` tcbë` prjngck`s pjgëtedjs, cdjbôkedjs y sjde`gcs. Gjs gencr`gcs y gjs djbscrv`fjrcs sc fesput`n`b cg pjfcr. Fcspuås fc kudl`s mucrr`s ebtcrb`s, K`re`bj Màgvcz, fcg p`rtefj gencr`g, rcbubdeô ` g` prcsefcbde` cb 0<4< y ^`i`cg D`rrcr`, ub gëfcr d`kpcsebj, ggcmô ` g` oci`tur` fc Cst`fj djb cg `pjyj fc gjs djbscrv`fjrcs y fc g` Emgcse` D`tôged`. Cg >0 fc k`rzj fc 0<6=, ^`i`cg D`rrcr` iubfô g` ^cpÿnged` fc Mu`tck`g` y åg keskj sc djbverteô cb cg prekcr prcsefcbtc. @së, cb ub` dcrckjbe` fc m`g`, sc lezj g` fcdg`r`deôb ijrk`g fc ebfcpcbfcbde` ` tr`vås fcg Fcdrctj 03. ^`i`cg D`rrcr` (0<06 — 0<93)
Gc`kjs ub` p`rtc fc cstc Fcdrctj? ‗Cg Cst`fj fc Mu`tck`g` cs ub` b`deôb sjncr`b`, ub` ^cpÿnged` genrc c ebfcpcbfecbtc. Q…[ G` `nsjgut` ebfcpcbfcbde` cb quc `ljr` sc djbstetuyc cst` ^cpÿnged`, bj scrà o`kàs ub jnstàdugj ` g` rcjrm`bez`deôb fc Dcbtrj @kåred`, y gjs jtrjs Cst`fjs l`gg`ràb pcrpctu`kcbtc cb Mu`tck`g` g` kesk` i`vjr`ngc fespjsedeôb fc su `btemu` djbir`tcrbef`f. Q…[ F`fj cb cg X`g`dej fcg Tuprckj Mjnecrbj fc Mu`tck`g`, ` vcebteubj fc k`rzj fc keg jdljdecbtjs du`rcbt` y sectc‛.
Cocrdedej 4 @. ^cspjbf` g`s semuecbtcs prcmubt`s. 0. ºPuå lcdlj lestôredj fejgum`r ` g` iubf`deôbfc g` ^cpÿnged` fcMu`tck`g`:
>. ºPuå p`rtefjs sc fesput`n`b cg pjfcr cb Mu`tck`g` y Dcbtrj`kåred`:
4. ºPuå prcsefcbtc fcdrctô g` ^cpÿnged` fc Mu`tck`g`:
N. Cxpgequc djb sus p`g`nr`s quå sembeied` quc "cg Cst`fj fc Mu`tck`g` cs ub` b`deôb sjncr`b`".
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 00
065
4.0 Xcrëjfj fc gjs 48 `ðjs Cg mjnecrbj fc ^`i`cg D`rrcr` quc djkcbzô cb 0<4<, fej ebedej `g pcrejfj djbjdefj djkj "mjnecrbj fc gjs 48 `ðjs" j "pcrejfj fc gjs 48 `ðjs". Cstc pcrejfj cstuvj k`rd`fj pjr gjs mjnecrbjs djbscrv`fjrcs fc ^`i`cg D`rrcr`, prebdep`gkcbtc, y Yedcbtc fc g` Dcrb`, quc iuc fcsemb`fj djkj mjncrb`btc pjr cg prjpej D`rrcr` cb su gcdlj fc kucrtc cb 0<93. Cb 0<=0, Yedcbtc fc g` Dcrb` iuc fcrrjt`fj pjr gjs rcncgfcs gencr`gcs Kemucg M`rdë` Mr`b`fjs y Oustj ^ubj N`rrejs, pjbecbfj b `g "pcrejfj fc gjs 48 `ðjs". Cg semuecbtc tcxtj iuc feremefj ` g` @s`kngc` B`dejb`g fc Mu`tck`g`, secbfj `ÿb prcsefcbtc K`re`bj Màgvcz. "Bj d`nc fuf` `gmub` `dcrd` fc g` ebv`seôb quc ebtcbt`b l`dcr g`s iucrz`s fc D`rrcr` ` cst` d`pet`g. Cg pcgemrj cs ebkebcbtc y ijrkef`ngc? tjfjs gjs l`net`btcs fc gjs d`kpjs cstàb n`oj sus n`bfcr`s cspcde`gkcbtc gjs fc g`s dcrd`bë`s fc g` djrtc... Cg mjncrb`btc scrë` ub drekeb`g se bj fcdg`r`sc quc bj pucfc prjvccr ` g` djbscrv`deôb fcg Cst`fj, semuecbfj cg jrfcb rcmug`r fc g` Djbstetudeôb y quc bcdcset` `kpge` `utjrez`deôb p`r` jnr`r djb cbcrmë` y pjfcr fcstruer g`s i`ddejbcs". Vjk`fj fc? lttp?// www.weaepcfe`.jrm
G`s d`r`dtcrësted`s fcg pcrëjfj fc mjnecrbj fc ^`i`cg D`rrcr` iucrjb?
038
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
•
Mjnecrbj djbscrv`fjr.
•
Mjnecrbj d`ufeggest`. Sb d`ufeggj cs ub` pcrsjb` quc ggcm` `g pjfcr seb scr cgcdt` ijrk`gkcbtc. Gjs d`ufeggjs sc d`r`dtcrez`b pjr scr fedt`fjrcs y pjsccr ub d`resk` quc gjmr` cg `pjyj fc g`s kugtetufcs. D`rrcr` iuc cg prekcr d`ufeggj fc kudljs quc sc sudcfecrjb cb g` lestjre` fc Mu`tck`g`.
•
^`i`cg D`rrcr` prjvcbë` fc ub` i`kege` g`feb` lukegfc. Tu mjnecrbj supusj cg ebedej fc g` ebdurseôb g`feb` cb cg mjnecrbj dcbtr`g, quc l`në` cst`fj jdup`fj pjr g` dg`sc drejgg`.
•
Vcbë` pjd` ijrk`deôb y pjr csj iuc ebede`gkcbtc rcdl`z`fj pjr g` dg`sc `gt` fc g` d`pet`g fc Mu`tck`g`. Fcspuås gc `pjy`rjb pjrquc vecrjb quc k`btcbë` sus prevegcmejs.
•
Tu pjgëted` iuc prjd`kpcseb`, prjtcmecbfj cb decrt` kcfef` `g d`kpcseb`fj p`r` quc bj gc usurp`r`b sus tecrr`s. Xrjkjveô cg dugtevj fc g` mr`b` j djdlebegg`, ebscdtj p`r` l`dcr tebtc.
^csukcb
Mu`tck`g` fcspuås fc g` Ebfcpcbfcbde` veveô trcs lcdljs lestôredjs ekpjrt`btcs?
@bcxeôb ` Kåxedj
Drc`deôb fc g` ^cpÿnged` Icfcr`g fc Dcbtrj @kåred`
Drc`deôb fc g` ^cpÿnged` fc Mu`tck`g`
ºduàbfj:
ºduàbfj:
ºduàbfj:
Fc 0<>> ` 0<>4
Fc 0<>4 ` 0<4<
Cb 0<6=
ºquå sudcfeô:
ºquåsudcfeô:
Mu`tck`g` y gjs fckàs p`ëscs fc Dcbtrj`kåred` sc `bcxejb`rjb ` Kåxedj.
d`us`s?
•
G` `kcb`z` fc Eturnefc fc ebv`fer keget`rkcbtc g` rcmeôb.
•
G` `knedeôb fc pjfcr fc gjs drejggjs mu`tck`gtcdjs.
ºquåsudcfeô:
Mu`tck`g`, Cg T`gv`fjr, Ljbfur`s, Bed`r`mu` y Djst` ^ed` ijrk`rjb g` ^cpÿnged` Icfcr`g fc
^`i`cg D`rrcr`, prcsefcbtc fc g` b`deôb, fcdrctô g` iubf`deôb fc g` ^cpÿnged` fc Mu`tck`g` djkj
Dcbtrj @kåred`.
ub` b`deôb sjncr`b`, genrc c ebfcpcbfecbtc.
sujnoctevjcr`?
Vcbcr ub mjnecrbj quc rcprcscbt`r` y fcicbfecr` ` Dcbtrj`kåred`.
djbscducbde`?
Mu`tck`g` gjsy tcrretjrejs fcpcrfeô Dle`p`s Tjdjbusdj.
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 00
030
@utjdjbtrjg @dtevef`f 0.
Fckucstrc gj `prcbfefj.
K`rquc djb ub` cques cg du`frj fc g`jpdeôb quc prcscbt` g` rcspucst` djrrcdt`. 0. ºDuàbtj teckpj furô g` `bcxeôb fc Dcbtrj`kåred` ` Kåxedj: 0< kcscs 3 `ðjs > `ðjs >. ºDuàg iuc ub` fc g`s r`zjbcs pjr g`s quc sc ggcvô ` d`nj g` `bcxeôb fc Dcbtrj`kåred` ` Kåxedj: Dcbtrj`kåred` qucrë` scr p`rtc fc ub` rcmeôb kàs mr`bfc G` `bcxeôb ` Kåxedj iuc ub` djbfedeôb p`r` quc sc ierk`r` cg @dt` fc Ebfcpcbfcbde` Eturnefc `kcb`zô djb cbve`r ` su coårdetj se Dcbtrj`kåred` bj sc ebdjrpjr`n` ` Kåxedj 4. ºDuàg cr` cg jnoctevj fc g` ^cpÿnged` Icfcr`g fc Dcbtrj @kåred`: Fespjbcr fc ub mjnecrbj quc fcicbfecr` sus ebtcrcscs Djbstruer d`rrctcr`s y kcojr`r g` djkubed`deôb Fespjbcr fc ub ijbfj cdjbôkedj djkÿb 6. ºDuàg iuc ub` r`zôb fc g` fcsebtcmr`deôb fc g` ^cpÿnged` Icfcr`g fc Dcbtrj @kåred`: Cr` feiëdeg djbtrjg`r tjf` g` rcmeôb fcsfc ub mjnecrbj dcbtr`g I`gt`n`b ijbfjs cdjbôkedjs p`r` cg fcs`rrjggj fc g` ^cpÿnged` Icfcr`g G`s fjs rcspucst`s `btcrejrcs sjb djrrcdt`s 3. ºPuå p`rtefjs pjgëtedjs sc fesput`n`b cg pjfcr cb g` åpjd` fc g` drc`deôb fc g` ^cpÿnged` fc Mu`tck`g`: Sbejbest` y scp`r`test` ^cpunged`bj y fckôdr`t` Gencr`g y djbscrv`fjr 9. ºPueåb iuc cg prekcr prcsefcbtc fc g` ^cpÿnged` fc Mu`tck`g`: ^`i`cg D`rrcr` @mustëb Eturnefc K`bucg Ojså @rdc
03>
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
@dtevef`f >. Xecbsc y `pgequc gj quc `prcbfeô. Djkpgctc gjs k`p`s djbdcptu`gcs fc gjs trcs lcdljs kàs ekpjrt`btcs quc sc vevecrjb cb Mu`tck`g` fcspuås fc g` Ebfcpcbfcbde` fc Csp`ð`.
G` `bcxeôb ` Kåxedj
sc prjfuoj cb cg `ðj?
b`gezô cb cg `ðj?
g`s d`us`s iucrjb?
cg p`ës quc kàs sc jpusj iuc?
gjs tcrretjrejs quc Mu`tck`g` pcrfeô iucrjb?
G` ^cpÿnged` Icfcr`g fc Dcbtrj @kåred` sc ijrkô cb cg `ðj?
sc fcsebtcmrô cb cg `ðj?
cst`n` ijrk`f` pjr?
su jnoctevj cr`?
g`s r`zjbcs fc su fcsebtcmr`deôb iucrjb?
G` ^cpÿnged` fc Mu`tck`g` sc ijrkô cb cg `ðj?
su prekcr prcsefcbtc iuc?
`btcs fc su drc`deôb cg p`ës tcbë` prjngck`s fc tepj?
g` gudl` fc pjfcr sc f`n` cbtrc gjs p`rtefjs?
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 00
034
@dtevef`f 4.
Fcs`rrjggc bucv`s l`negef`fcs.
Xr`dtequc g` ebvcstem`deôb cb ebtcrbct. ^cducrfc quc pucfc l`dcr fjs tepjs fc nÿsqucf`? fc pàmeb`s wcns quc y` djbjdckj s, csdrenecbfj cg bjknrc cb g` n`rr` fcg nusd`fjr, y nÿsqucf`s `necrt`s, du`bfj bj s`nckjs fôbfc cbdjbtr`r g` ebijrk`deôb. Cb cstc d`sj, csdrenekjs g`s p`g`nr`s dg`vc fcg tck` cb g` n`rr` fcg nusd`fjr. @dà gc pg`btc`kjs cg prekcr tepj fc nÿsqucf`. Ebvcstemuc cb lttp?//cs.weaepcfe`.jrm j cb lttp?//weaemu`tc.djk.mt sjnrc g` vef` fc ubj fc gjs pcrsjb`ocs rcgcv`btcs fc g` åpjd` pjstcrejr ` g` Ebfcpcbfcbde` fc Mu`tck`g`. Xucfc csdjmcr ubj fc gjs semuecbtcs? • K`bucg Ojså @rdc • Ir`bdesdj Kjr`zàb Gucmj, djkpgctc g` iedl` rcsukcb djb gjs f`tjs quc sc ebfed`b.
•
^`i`cg D`rrcr`
Bjknrc fcg pcrsjb`oc?
Gum`r y icdl` fc b`dekecbtj y fc i`ggcdekecbtj?
ë` mr`i ijtj
X`rtefj j efcjgjmë` pjgëted` ` g` quc pcrtcbcdë`?
Ebucbde` cb gjs sudcsjs lestôredjs fc g` åpjd`?
^cvesc su `prcbfez`oc K`rquc djb ub dlcquc
g` d`segg` quc kcojr ebfequc su rcbfekecbtj.
.. .r e` f u t s c
^ccxejbj sjnrc gjs jnoctevjs fc drc`deôb fcg X@^G@DCB .
c f s å u p s c F
Jrfcbj drjbjgômed`kcbtc gjs lcdljs lestôredjs jdurrefjs fcspuås fc g` Ebfcpcbfcbde`.
036
Fcsdrenj gjs prebdep`gcs lcdljs lestôredjs jdurrefjs cb Mu`tck`g` fcspuås fc g` Ebfcpcbfcbde`.
Ebvcstemj cb Ebtcrbct sjnrc ub pcrsjb`oc fc g` åpjd` pjstcrejr ` g` Ebfcpcbfcbde` fc Mu`tck`g`. EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
gjmr`fj
cb bj prjdcsj gjmr`fj
0> Cg ^åmekcb Gencr`g cb Mu`tck`g` ºPuå cbdjbtr`rà cst` sck`b`: Cg Tcðjr Xrcsefcbtc
(ir`mkcbtj `f`pt`fj fc Kemucg Àbmcg @sture`s) ^åmekcb Gencr`g (0<=0 — 0566) Cg dugtevj fcg d`iå y g` gcmesg`deôb `mr`re` D`r`dtcrësted`s fc gjs mjnecrbjs gencr`gcs Mjnecrbjs fur`btc cg ^åmekcb Gencr`g Mu`tck`g`, cbdg`vc n`b`bcrj
Cst` sck`b` gjmr`rà?
^ccxejb`r sjnrc g` `dtetuf fc ub fedt`fjr pjr kcfej fc ub ir`mkcbtj getcr`rej. Fcsdrener cb quå djbsesteô cg ^åmekcb Gencr`g. Efcbted`r gjs dugtevjs fcg d`iå y cg n`b`bj djkj g` n`sc cdjbôked` fc gjs mjnecrbjs fcg ^åmekcb Gencr`g. Fcsdrener g`s prebdep`gcs d`r`dtcrësted`s fc gjs mjnecrbjs fcg ^åmekcb Gencr`g. Efcbted`r gjs prebdep`gcs mjnecrbjs gencr`gcs cb Mu`tck`g`. Y`gjr`r gjs fcrcdljs g`njr`gcs.
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 0>
033
@ycr... ljy... Cg Tcðjr Xrcsefcbtc (ir`mkcbtj `f`pt`fj) Cb X`g`dej, cg Xrcsefcbtc ierk`n` cg fcsp`dlj `sestefj pjr cg vecocdetj quc cbtrô `g s`ger cg fjdtjr N`rrcðj y jër quc gg`k`n`b ` csc `bek`g. Csc `bek`g cr` ub ljknrc pjnrckcbtc vcstefj, djb g` pecg rjs`f` djkj r`tôb tecrbj, cg d`ncggj fc jrj fc k`g` d`gef`f, y gjs jojs `zugcs y turnejs pcrfefjs cb `btcjojs djgjr fc yck` fc lucvj.
Kemucg Àbmcg @sture`s (0<55 — 05=6)
Cg Xrcsefcbtc pusj g` ÿgtek` ierk` y cg vecocdetj, pjr scd`r fc pres`, fcrr`kô cg tebtcrj sjnrc cg pgecmj ierk`fj. ‖ ¡@bek`g! ‖ ¡Tc...ðjr! ‖ ¡@bek`g! Sb teknr`zj..., jtrj..., jtrj... X`sjs y ub `yuf`btc cb g` pucrt`. ‖ ¡Mcbcr`g, quc gc fcb fjsdecbtjs p`gjs ` åstc, y`, y`! ‖ rumeô cg Xrcsefcbtc1 y p`sô cb scmuef` ` g` D`s` Xrcsefcbde`g. G` djkef` cst`n` pucst`. @ csc `bek`g sc gc ggcb`rjb gjs jojs fc gàmrek`s. Bj l`ngô pjrquc bj pufj y pjrquc s`në` quc cr` ebÿteg ekpgjr`r pcrfôb? cg Tcðjr Xrcsefcbtc cst`n` djkj cbfckjbe`fj… Kemucg Àbmcg @sture`s
@b`gedc y djkp`rt` @.
^cspjbf` ` g`s prcmubt`s. 0. ºPuå jpeb` fc g` `dtetuf fcg Tcðjr Xrcsefcbtc:
>. ºDrcc quc cg Tcðjr Xrcsefcbtc rcspct`n` gjs fcrcdljs fc g`s pcrsjb`s: Cxpgequc su rcspucst`.
N. Ebvcstemuc cb quå fedt `fjr mu`tck`gtcdj sc ebsper ô Kemucg Àbmcg @sture`s p `r` csdrener su jnr` Cg Tcðjr Xrcsefcbtc .
039
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs 0. ^åmekcb Gencr`g (0<=0 — 0566) Gucmj fc g` iubf`deôb fc g` ^cpÿnged` fc Mu`tck`g`, gjs djbscrv`fjrcs mjncrb`rjb cg p`ës `prjxek`f`kcbtc pjr trcebt` `ðjs. Fur`btc cg quc sc gg`kô "pcrëjfj fc gjs 48 `ðjs", g` setu`deôb cdjbôked` fc Mu`tck`g` ckpcjrô y kudl` mcbtc cst`n` fcsdjbtcbt`. Cb djbscducbde`, gjs gencr`gcs ijrk`rjb ub coårdetj, sc cbircbt`rjb `g prcsefcbtc Yedcbtc Dcrb`, sudcsjr fc ^`i`cg D`rrcr`, y gjmr`rjb fcrrjd`rgj cg 48 fc oubej fc 0<=0. Gjs prebdep`gcs rcncgfcs gencr`gcs fc csc cbircbt`kecbtj iucrjb Kemucg M`rdë` Mr`b`fjs y Oustj ^ubj N`rrejs, quc kàs t`rfc scrë`b prcsefcbtcs fcg p`ës. @ p`rter fc 0<=0, djkcbzô ub` åpjd` fc d`knejs cb g` quc sc fcs`rrjgg`rjb g` cdjbjkë`, g` cfud`deôb y g`s jnr`s pÿnged`s fcg p`ës. @ cstc pcrejfj fc g` lestjre` fc Mu`tck`g`, djkprcbfefj cbtrc g` ^cijrk` Gencr`g y g` ^cvjgudeôb fc Jdtunrc fc 0566, sc gc djbjdc djkj ^åmekcb0 Gencr`g.
0.0 Cg dugtevj fcg d`iå y g` gcmesg`deôb `mr`re` Cg d`iå iuc g` n`sc cdjbôked` fcg p`ës fur`btc cg ^åmekcb Gencr`g. Cg dugtevj y g` djkcrde`gez`deôb> fc cstc prjfudtj cxemë`b `f`pt`r g` cdjbjkë` y g` sjdecf`f ` g`s bcdcsef`fcs fc g` prjfuddeôb d`ict`gcr`? sudecbtc tecrr` y k`bj fc jnr`, djbstruddeôb fc d`kebjs, d`rrctcr`s, pucrtjs, vë`s iårrc`s, ctd. Cg ^åmekcb gencr`g prjkugmô g` Gcy @mr`re` djb cg b fc `scmur`r quc g`s bd`s d`ict`gcr`s djbt`r`b djb kudl`s tecrr`s. Gjs fucðjs fc cst`s bd`s sc djbvertecrjb cb g` dg`sc `gt` fcg p`ës. @ cggjs sc ubecrjb t`kneåb `btemujs drejggjs. @gmub`s fespjsedejbcs fc g` Gcy @mr`re` fc cst` åpjd` iucrjb? •
Cxprjpe`deôb fc g`s tecrr`s djkub`gcs.
•
Cxprjpe`deôb fc tecrr`s y prjpecf`fcs fc g` Emgcse` D`tôged` y djkubef`fcs rcgemejs`s.
•
Cgekeb`deôb fc gjs `rrcbf`kecbtjs fc tecrr`s ` g`rmj pg`zj fc gjs quc fesirut`n` p`rtc fc g` pjng`deôb ebfëmcb`.
Djb g` Gcy @mr`re`, gjs ebfëmcb`s y g`febjs pjnrcs pcrfecrjb sus tecrr`s y iucrjb jngem`fjs ` tr`n`o`r cb g`s bd`s fc d`iå. G` k`yjrë` fc g` pjng`deôb iuc k`rmeb`f`, cspcde`gkcbtc g` rur`g. 0 >
ºT`në` quc cg d`iå cs g` ncnef` kàs pjpug`r fcg kubfj: Fe`re`kcbtc sc ncncb fjs neggjbcs fc t`z`s fc d`iå.
råmekcb? sestck` pjgëtedj pjr cg quc sc remc ub` b`deôb. djkcrde`gez`deôb? pjbcr ` g` vcbt` ub prjfudtj. F`r ` ub prjfudtj djbfedejbcs y vë`s fc festrenudeôb p`r` su vcbt`. Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 0>
03=
Xjr cg djbtr`rej, g` prjfuddeôb y djkcrde`gez`deôb fcg d`iå cbrequcdeô ` kudljs bqucrjs, djkcrde`btcs y n`bqucrjs. Gjs mjnecrbjs gencr`gcs t`kneåb prjkugm`rjb gcycs p`r` m`r`btez`r g` k`bj fc jnr` n`r`t` y tckpjr`g cb g`s pg`bt`dejbcs fc d`iå y cb g` djbstruddeôb fc g`s jnr`s pÿnged`s. Cr`b ijrk`s fc tr`n`oj ijrz`fj quc `icdt`n`b prebdep`gkcbtc ` gjs d`kpcsebjs pjnrcs, ebfëmcb`s y g`febjs. •
^cmg`kcbtj fc Ojrb`gcrjs. Iuc drc`fj pjr Oustj ^uiebj N`rrejs. Jnge m`n` ` g` pjng`deôb ebfëmcb` ` tr`n`o`r cb g`s iebd`s fc d`iå. Cg p`mj qucf`n` cst`ngcdefj cb "gj quc sc `djstuknr` ` p`m`r cb cg gum`r", seb cspcdeied`r d`btef`f, djb gj quc fco`n` g` pucrt` `necrt` ` gjs `nusjs. Tc drcô cg "genrctj fc ojrb`gcrjs" fjbfc cg p`trôb `bjt`n` cg s`g`rej sck`b`g fc d`f` djgjbj j ojrb`gcrj y fcsdjbt`n` g`s fcuf`s quc cstc fcnë` p`m`r pjr m`stjs quc lunecr` mcbcr`fj.
•
Gcy djbtr` g` Y`m`bde`. Gjs d`kpcsebjs fcnë`b fckjstr`r quc tcbë`b tr`n`oj pjr gj kcbjs 038 fë`s `g `ðj, pjr gj mcbcr`g, cb g`s iebd`s d`ict`gc r`s. @qucggjs quc bj gj ledecr`b djkctë`b cg fcgetj fc v`m`bde`. G` i`gt` sc d`stem`n` djb dàrdcg, pcrj sc pjfë` sustetuer djb tr`n`oj.
•
Gcy fc Ye`gef`f. Gjs ljknrcs k`yjrcs fc cf`f fcnë`b p`m`r ub ekpucs tj p`r` g` djbstruddeôb fc jnr`s pÿnged`s (njgctj fc ve`gef`f). Puecbcs bj pjfë`b p`m`rgj fcnë`b tr`n`o`r mr`tuet`kcbtc cb g`s djbstruddejbcs.
Cocrdedej 0 Djkprucnc se sc cstà `prjpe`bfj fcg djbtcbefj vestj l`st` `ljr` y rcspjbf` g`s prcmubt`s semuecbtcs. 0. ºPuå prjfudtj iuc g` n`sc fc g` cdjbjkë` fur`btc cg ^åmekcb Gencr`g: >. ºPuå jnr`s pÿnged`s sc djbstruycrjb cb Mu`tck`g` p`r` i`deget`r g` djkcrde`gez`deôb fcg d`iå:
4. ºPuå scdtjr fc g` pjng`deôb iuc cg kàs ncbciede`fj fur`btc cg ^åmekcb Gencr`g: 6. ºPuå gcycs sc cketecrjb fur`btc cg ^åmekcb Gencr`g p`r` jngem`r ` tr`n`o`r ` ebfëmcb`s y g`febjs pjnrcs cb g`s iebd`s fc d`iå:
03<
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
0.> D`r`dtcrësted`s fc gjs mjnecrbjs gencr`gcs @ pcs`r fc quc gjs gencr`gcs fcdë`b quc sus mjnecrbjs cr`b fckjdràtedjs, cb rc`gef`f, iucrjb fedt`fur`s cb g`s quc sjgj ekpjrt`n` gj quc cg prcsefcbtc fcdefecr`, djkj gcëkjs cb cg ir`mkcbtj fc Kemucg Àbmcg @sture`s. G`s d`r`dtcrësted`s prebdep`gcs iucrjb? •
@uscbde` fc fckjdr`de`. Tjgj p`rtedep`n` cg 3% fc g` pjng`deôb cb g`s cgcddejbcs. Tc cxdguë` ` gjs ljknrcs quc bj s`në`b gccr be csdrener y ` g`s kuocrcs. Cg fcrcdlj `g vjtj iuc djbdcfefj ` g`s kuocrcs `gi`nct`s cb 0563 y iuc `kpge`fj ` g`s `b`gi`nct`s cb 0593. Cst`n` prjlenefj jrm`bez`rsc y prjtcst`r djbtr` g`s kcfef`s fcg mjnecrbj.
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Mjncrb`btcs fedt`fjrcs. Stegez`n`b g` iucrz` j g` rcprcseôb p`r` k`btcbcr cg djbtrjg tjt`g fc g` pjng`deôb.
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I`gt` fc rcspctj ` gjs fcrcdljs luk`bjs. G`s gencrt`fcs y gjs fcrcdljs cst`n`b kuy geket`fjs.
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I`vjreteskj ` ckprcs`s cxtr`bocr`s. Tc cst`ngcdecrjb djkp`ðë`s cst`fjubefcbscs djkj g` irutcr` Sbetcf Iruet Djkp`by (SIDJ), g` icrrjd`rregcr` Ebtcrb`tejb`g ^`egw`ys ji Dcbtr`g @kcred`, quc `fckàs tcbë` cg djbtrjg fcg djrrcj, y g` Ckprcs` Cgådtred`. Vjf`s mjz`n`b fc kudljs prevegcmejs, djkj gj vcrckjs cb gjs `p`rt`fjs semuecbtcs.
•
Cxprjpe`deôb fc tecrr`s p`r` cbtrcmàrscg`s ` g`s iebd`s fc d`iå.
Cocrdedej > @. Gc` cg semuecbtc ir`mkcbtj fc g` gcdtur` fc cst` sck`b`. Q...[ @ csc `bek`g sc gc ggcb`rjb gjs jojs fc
gàmrek`s. Bj l`ngô pjrquc bj pufj y pjrquc s`në` quc cr` ebÿteg ekpgjr`r pcrfôb? cg Tcðjr Xrcsefcbtc cst`n` djkj cbfckjbe`fj… Q...[
N. Efcbteiequc cb cg tcxtj `gmub` fc g`s d`r`dtcrësted`s fc gjs mjnecrbjs gencr`gcs quc `d`n` fc cstufe`r y cxpgequc nrcvckcbtc su pubtj fc vest`.
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 0>
035
>. Mjnecrbjs fur`btc cg ^åmekcb Gencr`g Fur`btc cg ^åmekcb Gencr`g lunj `prjxek`f`kcbtc fjdc mjncrb`btcs. Bjsjtrjs cstufe`rckjs sjgj gjs prebdep`gcs. ^`i`cg D`rrcr` mjncrbô Mu`tck`g` fur`btc fecdejdlj `ðjs. Cb su gcdlj fc kucrtc, fcsembô `g k`resd`g Yedcbtc Dcrb`, duyj k`bf`tj furô l`st` 0<=0.
`. Kemucg M`rdë` Mr`b`fjs
Kemucg M`rdë` Mr`b`fjs
Mjncrbô fc 0<=0 ` 0<=4. Ebv`feô Mu`tck`g` cb oubej fc 0<=0 y fcrrjdô ` Yedcbtc Dcrb`, pjbecbfj b ` trcebt` `ðjs fc mjnecrbj djbscrv`fjr. Fur`btc su k`bf`tj `njgeô gjs kjbjpjgejs4, rcst`ngcdeô g` gencrt`f fc prcbs`, prjkjveô g`s jnr`s pÿnged`s, drcô g` n`bfcr` y csdufj b`dejb`gcs y cxpugsô ` gjs ocsuet`s. Iuc fcrrjd`fj pjr Oustj ^ubj N`rrejs.
n. Oustj ^uiebj N`rrejs
Oustj ^uibj N`rrejs
Mjncrbô fc 0<=4 ` 0<<3. Iuc djbjdefj djkj Cg ^cijrk`fjr. Ekpugsô g` ebfustre` y cg dugtevj fcg d`iå p`r` g` cxpjrt`deôb. Cb ncbcdej fc gjs d`ict`gcrjs, ebtrjfuoj cg icrrjd`rreg, cg tcgåijbj y cg tcgåmr`ij cb Mu`tck`g`. Iubfô cg N`bdj B`dejb`g y prjkjveô g` cfud`deôb. Tu `knedeôb cr` ebtcmr`r ` Dcbtrj`kåred` cb ub` icfcr`deôb, pcrj su pg`b iuc rcdl`z`fj. N`rrejs kureô du`bfj tr`t`n` fc ebv`fer djb sus trjp`s cg pucngj s`gv`fjrcðj fc Dl`gdlu`p` cb 0<<3.
d. K`bucg Cstr`f` D`nrcr` Iuc prcsefcbtc fc 0<5< ` 05>8. Tu mjnecrbj iuc ub` fedt`fur` fc vcebtefôs `ðjs. Cb su prekcr k`bf`tj `dtuô fc `ducrfj djb g` Djbstetudeôb. Gucmj, g` rcijrkô p`r` `scmur`rsc g` rccgcddeôb `g b`g fc d`f` pcrejfj, gj quc gjmrô sudcsev`kcbtc cb 0586, 0508 y 0509. G` djkp`ðë` Sbetcf Iruet Djkp`by sc cst`ngcdeô fur`btc su mjnecrbj. K`bucg Cstr`f` D`nrcr`
Cb 05>8 iuc fcrrjd`fj y cbd`rdcg`fj pjr l`dcr k`g usj fcg febcrj fc g` b`deôb. Tc gc jngemô ` rcebtcmr`r gj quc l`në` k`gvcrs`fj. G` bjvcg` Cg Tcðjr Xrcsefcbtc (0569), fcg csdretjr mu`tck`gtcdj Kemucg Àbmcg @sture`s, cstà ebsper`f` cb su fedt`fur`.
f. Ojrmc Snedj D`st`ðcf` Mjncrbô fc 0540 ` 0566. Fur`btc sus 04 `ðjs fc mjnecrbj fedt`tjre`g suprekeô g`s gencrt`fcs pjgëted`s c ebfevefu`gcs. @pjyô ` gjs d`ict`gcrjs y ` g` ckprcs` irutcr` Sbetcf Iruet Djkp`by. @fckàs, cst`negezô g` cdjbjkë` b`dejb`g y p`mô g` fcuf` cxtcrb`. Iuc fcrrjd`fj pjr ub kjvekecbtj dëvedj∞keget`r. Ojrmc Snedj D`st`ðcf`
098
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
4
kjbjpjgej? djbdcseôb jtjrm`f` ` ub` ckprcs` p`r` quc `prjvcdlc `gmub` ebfustre` j djkcrdej djb d`ràdtcr cxdgusevj.
4. Mu`tck`g`, cbdg`vc n`b`bcrj Cg scmubfj prjfudtj fc cxpjrt`deôb Cg n`b`bj, fcspuås fcg d`iå, iuc cg scmubfj prjfudtj fc cxpjrt`deôb y g` prebdep`g iucbtc fc ebmrcsjs cbtrc 0<5< y 0566. Fur`btc cg mjnecrbj fc Cstr`f` D`nrcr`, g` Sbetcf Iruet Djkp`by (SIDJ) sc fcfedô ` g` secknr` y djkcrde`gez`deôb fc n`b`bj. @yufô ` djbstruer g` vë` fcg trcb l`de` cg @tgàbtedj, drcô bukcrjsjs pucstjs fc tr`n`oj, djbstruyô csducg`s, ljspet`gcs y djkcrdejs cb gjs pucngjs dcrd`bjs ` g`s pg`bt`dejbcs c ebtrjfuoj bucv` tcdbjgjmë` `g p`ës. Xcrj ` d`knej, g` djkp`ðë` tuvj t`btj pjfcr quc rcdeneô mr`bfcs cxtcbsejbcs fc tecrr` seb p`m`rg`s, djbtrjg`n` tjf`s g`s vë`s fc djkubed`deôb, bj p`m`n` ekpucstjs y k`bco`n` ` gjs mjncrb`btcs p`r` quc fedt`r`b gcycs cb su ncbcdej. G`s ckprcs`s n`b`bcr`s djbtrjg`rjb g` cdjbjkë` y cg mjnecrbj fc v`rejs p`ëscs fc Dcbtrj`kåred` djkj Ljbfur`s, Mu`tck`g`, Bed`r`mu` y Djst` ^ed`. @ d`us` fc cst` setu`deôb sjde`g, pjgëted` y cdjbôked` cb g` quc g`s n`b`bcr`s tcbë`b kàs pjfcr quc gjs prjpejs mjnecrbjs, cstjs p`ëscs iucrjb gg`k`fjs cbdg`vcs n`b`bcrjs j rcpÿnged`s n`b`bcr`s.
Cocrdedej 4 K`rquc djb ub` cques cg du`frj fc g` jpdeôb quc rcspjbfc djrrcdt`kcbtc d`f` prcmubt`. 0. ºPuå prcsefcbtc ekpugsô g` cfud`deôb, cg dugtevj fcg d`iå c ebtrjfuoj cg icrrjd`rreg cb Mu`tck`g`:
Oustj ^ubj N`rrejs Ojrmc Snedj D`st`ðcf` K`bucg Cstr`f` D`nrcr`
>. ºPuå prcsefcbtc iuc cbd`rdcg`fj pjr k`gvcrs`r cg febcrj fc g` b`deôb:
Oustj ^ubj N`rrejs Ojrmc Snedj D`st`ðcf` K`bucg Cstr`f` D`nrcr`
4. ºPuå gcy jngem`n` ` gjs ljknrcs ` fckjstr`r quc l`në`b tr`n`o`fj fur`btc 038 fë`s `g `ðj:
K`bf`kecbtj fc kjzjs Gcy djbtr` g` v`m`bde` Gcy fc ve`gef`f
6. ºPuå ckprcs` tuvj kudlj pjfcr cb Mu`tck`g` fur`btc gjs mjnecrbjs fc D`nrcr` y Snedj:
Sbetcf Iruet Djkp`by
Ckprcs` icrrjd`rregcr` Ckprcs` Cgådtred`
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 0>
090
Mgjs`rej djkcrde`gez`deôb? pjbcr ` g` vcbt` ub prjfudtj. F`r ` ub prjfudtj djbfedejbcs y vë`s fc festrenudeôb p`r` su vcbt`. kjbjpjgej? djbdcseôb jtjrm`f` ` ub` ckprcs` p`r` quc `prjvcdlc `gmub` ebfustre` j djkcrdej djb d`ràdtcr cxdgusevj. råmekcb? sestck` pjgëtedj pjr cg quc sc remc ub` b`deôb.
^csukcb 0. Cg ^åmekcb Gencr`g cs cg pcrejfj lestôredj djkprcbfefj cbtrc g` ^cijrk` Gencr`g fc 0<=0 y g` ^cvjgudeôb fc Jdtunrc fc 0566, cb cg quc lunj d`knejs quc fcs`rrjgg`rjb g` cdjbjkë`, g` cfud`deôb y g`s jnr`s pÿnged`s cb Mu`tck`g`. >. Cg d`iå iuc g` n`sc cdjbôked` fcg p`ës fur`btc cg ^åmekcb Gencr`g. Tu dugtevj y djkcrde`gez`deôb cxemë`b mr`bfcs cxtcbsejbcs fc tecrr`, kudl` k`bj fc jnr` n`r`t` y g` djbstruddeôb fc jnr`s pÿnged`s. Cb ncbciedej fc gjs d`ict`gcrjs sc ebtrjfuoj cb Mu`tck`g` cg icrrjd`rreg, cg djrrcj, cg tc gåmr`ij y cg tcgåijbj. G`s tecrr`s fc g`s djkubef`fcs rcgemejs`s iucrjb cxprjpe`f`s p`r` cbtrcmàrscg`s ` gjs d`ict`gcrjs. Kegcs fc ebfëmcb`s y g`febjs pjnrcs iucrjb ckpgc`fjs djkj k`bj fc jnr` cb g`s iebd`s fc d`iå y cb g` djbstruddeôb fc jnr`s pÿnged`s pjr kcfej fc gcycs djkj? • Gcy djbtr` g` Y`m`bde`
• Gcy fc Ye`gef`f
4. G`s prebdep`gcs d`r`dtcrësted`s fc gjs mjnecrbjs gencr`gcs iucrjb? • `uscbde` fc fckjdr`de` • i`gt` fc rcspctj ` gjs fcrcdljs luk`bjs
• mjncrb`btcs fedt`fjrcs • i`vjreteskj ` ckprcs`s cxtr`bocr`s
6. Gjs prebdep`gcs mjncrb`btcs fur`btc cg ^åmekcb Gencr`g iucrjb? • Kemucg M`rdë` Mr`b`fjs (0<=0 —0<=4)
• Oustj ^uiebj N`rrejs (0<=4 — 0<<3)
• K`bucg Cstr`f` D`nrcr` (0<5< —05>8) • Ojrmc Snedj D`st`ðcf` (0540 — 0566) 3. Cg n`b`bj iuc cg scmubfj prjfudtj fc cxpjrt`deôb y g` prebdep`g iucbtc fc ebmrcsjs fur`btc gjs mjnecrbjs fc 0<5< ` 0566. Fur`btc cstc pcrejfj g` Sbetcf Iruet Djkp`by djbstruyô g` vë` iårrc` l`de` cg @tgàbtedj y, ` d`knej, tuvj ub pjfcr egeket`fj cb Mu`tck`g`.
09>
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
@utjdjbtrjg @dtevef`f 0. Fckucstrc gj `prcbfefj. @. K`rquc djb ub` cques cg du`frj fc g` jpdeôb djrrcdt`. 0. Xrcsefcbtc quc iuc fcrrjd`fj pjr cg coårdetj gencr`g fc Kemucg M`rdë` Mr`b`fjs.
Yedcbtc Dcrb` Oustj ^uiebj N`rrejs Ojrmc Snedj D`st`ðcf`
>. Xrcsefcbtc quc `njgeô gjs kjbjpjgejs, rcst`ngcdeô g` gencrt`f fc prcbs` y drcô cg csdufj y g` n`bfcr` b`dejb`gcs.
Oustj ^uiebj N`rrejs Kemucg M`rdë` Mr`b`fjs K`bucg Cstr`f` D`nrcr`
4. Xrcsefcbtc quc ebtrjfuoj cg icrrjd`rreg, cg tcgåijbj y cg tcgåmr`ij cb Mu`tck`g`.
Yedcbtc Dcrb` Oustj ^uiebj N`rrejs Kemucg M`rdë` Mr`b`fjs
6. Mjnecrbj fur`btc cg du`g sc cst`ngcdeô g` irutcr` cst`fjubefcbsc cb Mu`tck`g`.
Oustj ^uiebj N`rrejs K`bucg Cstr`f` D`nrcr` Ojrmc Snedj D`st`ðcf`
3. Xrcsefcbtc quc i`vjrcdeô ` g` irutcr` cst`fjubefcbsc y p`mô g` fcuf` cxtcrb` fur`btc su mjnecrbj.
K`bucg Cstr`f` D`nrcr` Ojrmc Snedj D`st`ðcf` Oustj ^uiebj N`rrejs
N. Djkpgctc g` gëbc` fc teckpj djb cg bjknrc fc gjs mjncrb`btcs fcg ^åmekcb Gencr`g. 0<=0—0<=4
0<=4—0<<3
0<5<—05>8
0540—0566
Kemucg M`rdë` Mr`b`fjs
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 0>
094
D. Csdren` gj quc sc ebfed` cb d`f` bukcr`g. 0. Cxpgequc djb sus p`g`nr`s cb quå djbsesteô cg ^åmekcb Gencr`g.
>. Detc quå d`knejs sc fecrjb cb g` djbstruddeôb fc jnr`s pÿnged`s fcg p`ës p`r` i`vjrcdcr g` djkcrde`gez`deôb fcg d`iå.
4. Kcbdejbc gjs `fcg`btjs tcdbjgômedjs ekpgckcbt`fjs cb Mu`tck`g` p`r` i`vjrcdcr cg dugtevj y g` djkcrde`gez`deôb fcg d`iå.
6. Cxpgequc quå prevegcmejs tcbë` g` Sbetcf Iruet Djkp`by cb Mu`tck`g` fur`btc gjs mjnecrbjs fc Cstr`f` D`nrcr` y Snedj D`st`ðcf`.
@dtevef`f >.
Xecbsc y `pgequc gj quc `prcbfeô.
Gc` cg ir`mkcbtj y rcspjbf` d`f` prcmubt`. Cg 4 fc `mjstj fc 0504 sc ijrkô cg dcbtrj dugtur`g "N`trcs Kjbtÿi`r". Gjs kecknrjs fc su fercdtev` iucrjb ` veset`r `g Tcðjr Xrcsefcbtc cb su rcsefcbde` fc G`s X`gk`s. Tc prcscbt`rjb `btc cg k`bf`t`rej. U gucmj fcg s`gufj kcsur`fj y fesdrctj, Cstr`f` D`nrcr` djbtcstô djb ub rcm`ðj ugtr`o`btc, djkj p`r` dlequeggjs fc djgcmej, quc djbdguyô `së? ‖ Tc gj rcpetj, scðjrcs? ¡Duef`fj djb l`dcr pjgëted` djb cg prctcxtj fc l`dcr getcr`tur`! Xucfcb rcter`rsc.
@f`pt`fj fc ¡Cddc Xcredgcs! fc ^`i`cg @råv`gj K`rtëbcz
0. ºDrcc quc cg prcsefcbtc tr`tô djb rcspctj ` g` fercdtev`: Cxpgequc su rcspucst`.
>. Cb cs` åpjd` cr` feiëdeg g` gencrt`f fc cxprcseôb. ºDrcc quc cb bucstrjs fë`s cs iàdeg cxprcs`r djb gencrt`f gj quc pcbs`kjs: ºPuå jpeb`: Cxpgequc fct`gg`f`kcbtc su rcspucst` cb cg du`fcrbj.
096
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
V`ggcr fc ijrk`deôb cb cg tr`n`oj Y`gjrj gjs fcrcdljs g`njr`gcs Djkj lckjs cstufe`fj, g`s gcycs fc tr`n`oj fur`btc gjs mjnecrbjs fcg ^åmekcb Gencr`g bj prjtcmë`b gjs fcrcdljs luk`bjsfc gjs tr`n`o`fjrcs. Vr`s g`^cvjgudeôb fc Jdtunrc fc 0566, ggcmô ub pcrëjfj rcvjgudejb`rej fc mr`bfcs gjmrjs sjde`gcs, cbtrc cggjs g` drc`deôb fcgEbstetutj Mu`tck`gtcEMTT dj fc Tcmuref`f Tjde`g— — cb 0569 y g` `prjn`deôb fcgDôfemj fc Vr`n`ojfc 056=. Csc prekcr Dôfemj fc Vr`n`oj iuc rcijrk`fj cb 0590 y cst` rcijrk` cs g` quc cstà vemcbtc cb g` `dtu`gef`f. Cb åg sc cst`ngcdcb gjs fcrcdljs y fcncrcs fc g`s pcrsjb`s quc tecbcb tr`n`o`fjrcs ` su d`rmj (p`trjbjs) y fc g`s pcrsjb`s quc tr`n`o`b (tr`n`o`fjrcs). Djbjzd`kjs `gmubjs fcrcdljs y fcncrcs fc g`s pcrsjb`s tr`n`o`fjr`s. @rtëdugj 0>9.
Vjfj tr`n`o`fjr tecbc fcrcdlj ` fesirut`r fc ub fë` fc fcsd`bsj rckubcr`fj fcspuås fc d`f` sck`b` fc tr`n`oj. @rtëdugj 05=.
Vjfj p`trjbj cstà jngem`fj ` `fjpt`r g`s prcd`udejbcs bcdcs`re`s p`r` prjtcmcr cied`zkcbtc g` vef`, g` s`guf y g` kjr`gef`f fc gjs tr`n`o`fjrcs. @rtëdugj 94.
n) Cocdut`r cg tr`n` oj djb g` ciedecbde`, duef`fj y cskcrj `prjpe`fjs y cb g` ijrk`, teckpj y gum`r djbvcbefjs. d) ^cstetuer `g p`trjbj gjs k`tcre`gcs b j us`fjs y djbscrv`r cb nucb cst`fj gjs ebstrukcbtjs y ÿtegcs quc sc gc s i`degetcb p`r` cg tr`n`oj Q…[.
0. Cb gjs `rtëdugjs `btcrejrcs, efcbteiequcduàgcs sjb fcrcdljs y duàgcs sjb fcncrcs fc g`s pcrsjb`s tr`n`o`fjr`s. Csdrën`gjs cb cg du`frj djb sus p`g`nr`s. Fcrcdljs
Fcncrcs
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 0>
093
>. ºPuå feicrcbde`s cbducbtr` rcspcdtj ` gjs fcrcdljs luk`bjs fc gjs tr`n`o`fjrcs fur`btc cg ^åmekcb Gencr`g y cb g` `dtu`gef`f, djb cg Dôfemj fc Vr`n`oj: @rmukcbtc su rcspucst`.
4. Jrm`bedcb ub pcqucðj fcn`tc cb cg dërdugj fc cstufejs ` prjpôsetj fc g`s djbfedejbcs fc tr`n`oj fc ustcfcs. ^cvescb gjs `rtëdugjs fcg Dôfemj fc Vr`n`oj fc g` pàmeb` `btcrejr y djkp`rt`b cbtrc ustcfcs cg dukpgekecbtj t`btj fc gjs fcrcdljs djkj fc gjs fcncrcs cb su pucstj fc tr`n`oj.
^cvesc su `prcbfez`oc K`rquc djb ub dlcquc .. .r ` e f u t s c c f s å u p s c F
g` d`segg` quc kcojr ebfequc su rcbfekecbtj.
^ccxejbj sjnrc g` `dtetuf fc ub fedt`fjr pjr kcfej fc ub ir`mkcbtj getcr`rej. Fcsdrenj cb quå djbsesteô cg ^åmekcb Gencr`g. Efcbtedj gjs dugtevjs fcg d`iå y cg n`b`bj djkj g` n`sc cdjbôked` fc gjs mjnecrbjs fcg ^åmekcb Gencr`g. Fcsdrenj Gencr`g. g`s prebdep`gcs d`r`dtcrësted`s fc gjs mjnecrbjs fcg ^åmekcb Efcbtedj gjs prebdep`gcs mjnecrbjs gencr`gcs cb Mu`tck`g`. Y`gjrj gjs fcrcdljs g`njr`gcs.
099
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
gjmr`fj
cb prjdcsj
bj gjmr`fj
04 Yever cb fckjdr`de` ºPuå cbdjbtr`rà cst` sck`b`: Fë` Ebtcrb`dejb`g fc g` Fckjdr`de` G` fckjdr`de` y sus cgckcbtjs Vepjs fc fckjdr`de` • Fckjdr`de` rcprcscbt`tev` • Fckjdr`de` p`rtedep`tev` • Fckjdr`de` ebdgusev`
Cst` sck`b` gjmr`rà?
Efcbteied`r gjs cgckcbtjs kàs ekpjrt`btcs fc g` fckjdr`de`.
Festebmuer cbtrc fckjdr`de` rcprcscbt`tev` y p`rtedep`tev`.
@pged`r gjs prebdepejs fc g` fckjdr`de` ebdgusev` ` feicrcbtcs àknetjs fc g` vef`.
Xrjpjbcr `ddejbcs djbdrct`s p`r` pjbcr cb pràdted` gjs v`gjrcs iubf`kcbt`gcs fc gjs quc sc fcsprcbfcb gjs fckàs.
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 04
09=
@ycr... ljy... Fë` Ebtcrb`dejb`g fc g` Fckjdr`de` Kcbs`oc fcg Tcdrct`rej Mcbcr`g fc g`s B`dejbcs Sbef`s @g djbkckjr`r cg Fë` Ebtcrb`dejb`g fc g` Fckjdr`de` ljy, cg kubfj p`rcdc kàs turnugcbtj quc bubd`. Cb kudl`s rcmejbcs sc cstàb pjbecbfj ` prucn` gjs v`gjrcs fc g`s B`dejbcs Sbef`s, ebdguefjs `gmubjs fc gjs prebdep`gcs fcrcdljs y gencrt`fcs iubf`kcbt`gcs djbs`mr`fjs cb g` D`rt` fc g`s B`dejbcs Sbef`s.
N`b Ae-kjjb (Djrc` fcg Tur, 0566)
Du`bfj g`s sjdecf`fcs bj sjb ebdgusev`s , y du`bfj gjs mjnecrbjs bj sjb rcspjbs`ngcs, g` p`z, g` emu`gf`f y g` prjspcref`f djkp`rtef` bj pucfcb prjspcr`r . Fcnckjs l`dcr kàs p`r` ckpjfcr`r ` g`s pcrsjb`s, sjnrc tjfj ` g`s kegcs fc keggjbcs fcsi`vjrcdef`s, k`rmeb`f`s, fcsckpgc`f`s, fcscspcr`f`s y djkprcbsengckcbtc irustr`f`s. Fcnckjs `scmur`r quc sc`b csdudl`f`s y pucf`b p`rtedep`r `dtev`kcbtc cb su iuturj. Xjr cggj fereoj ke kcbs`oc fc ljy ` quecbcs cst`ràb `g ircbtc fcg kubfj fcspuås fc >803, y quc `ljr` cstàb cb ub kjkcbtj drude`g fc su vef`? gjs oôvcbcs. Ljy cb fë`, ub` pcrsjb` fc d`f` debdj tecbc cbtrc 03 y >6 `ðjs fc cf`f. Vecbcb g` i`dugt`f fc rcg`dejb`rsc fc ijrk` ebek`meb`ngc. Tc djbcdt`b p`r` tr`t`r ducstejbcs ekpjrt`btcs. Eboustede`. Fesdrekeb`deôb . Yejg`dejbcs fc gjs fcrcdljs luk`bjs. Cg fesdursj fcg jfej. G` bcdcsef`f fc g` sjgef`ref`f luk`b`. Cb cstc Fë` Ebtcrb`dejb`g fc g` Fckjdr`de`, l`mj ub gg`k`kecbtj ` gjs
oôvcbcs
fc tjfjs gjs p`ëscs p`r` quc fcb ub mr`b ekpugsj ` ub` fckjdr`de` ebdguycbtc cb tjfj cg kubfj y pgur`gest` p`r` tjfjs? cg Cst`fj y g` sjdecf`f deveg pucfcb y fcncb djg`njr`r cb g` drc`deôb fcg iuturj quc fcsc`b g`s pcrsjb`s. N`b Ae-kjjb, 03 fc scptecknrc fc >806
@b`gedc y djkp`rt` Fedc N`b-Ae-kjjb cb cg prekcr pàrr`ij fc g` gcdtur` quc cb kudljs p`ëscs cstàb cb pcgemrj `gmubjs fc gjs prebdep`gcs fcrcdljs y gencrt`fcs. Te pcbs`kjs cb bucstrj p`ës, ºquå fcrcdljs y gencrt`fcs djbsefcr` ustcf quc cstàb cb pcgemrj:
09<
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs
Cfud`deôb
Jrm`bez`deôb
X`rtedep`deôb
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 04
095
n. Fckjdr`de` p`rtedep`tev` G` fckjdr`de` p`rtedep`tev` v` kàs `ggà fcg fcrcdlj `g vjtj. Cs g` ijrk` fc fckjdr`de` cb g` quc g` deuf`f`bë` sc ebvjgudr` cb g`s fcdesejbcs gjd`gcs, fc sus `gfc`s, kubedepejs j fcp`rt`kcbtjs. G` fckjdr`de` p`rtedep`tev` djkpgckcbt` ` g` fckjdr`de` rcprcscbt`tev`? cgcmekjs ` g`s pcrsjb`s quc bjs rcprcscbt`b y ` g` vcz p`rtedep`kjs `dtev`kcbtc cb g` sjdecf`f. Cb g` fckjdr`de` p`rtedep`tev`, g` deuf`f`bë` cocrdc gjs fcrcdljs fckjdràtedjs fc genrc cxprcseôb, genrc `sjde`deôb y p`rtedep`deôb pjgëted`. Fc cst` ijrk`, cxprcs` sus jpebejbcs, sc jrm`bez` p`r` mcbcr`r kcojrcs efc`s y, se `së gj fcdefc, p`rtedep` cb p`rtefjs pjgëtedjs. G` rcf Ijrj Ycrfc Mu`tck`g` cxpged` fc k`bcr` scbdegg` cb quå djbsestc g` fckjdr`de` p`rtedep`tev`. Gc` djb `tcbdeôb. Bjsjtrjs gudl`kjs pjr ub` fckjdr`de` cb g` du`g tjfjs gjs deuf`f`bjs tecbcb cg fcrcdlj fc cxprcs`r sus pubtjs fc vest`, y sjb d`p`dcs y genrcs fc p`rtedep`r fercdt`kcbtc cb g`s fcdesejbcs `knecbt`gcs, cdjbôked`s, sjde`gcs y pjgëted`s quc `icdt`b sus vef`s1 p`r` quc cg pjfcr y rcspjbs`negef`f sc`b djbdcbtr`fjs cb g`s djkubef`fcs gjd`gcs y rcmejb`gcs, y sc fcvucgv`b l`de` bevcgcs kàs `gtjs fc mjnecrbj sjgj du`bfj sc` cscbde`g quc `së sc`. lttp?//www.ijrjvcrfc.jrm.mt/`mcbf`-vcrfc/prebdepejs/prebdepejs-fckjdr`de`-p`rtedep`tev`/
Cst` efc` fc fckjdr`de` ekpged` ub djkprjkesj deuf`f`bj p`r` cg quc cs bcdcs`rej ijrk`rsc, fc `lë g` ekpjrt`bde` fc g` cfud`deôb djkj cgckcbtj dcbtr`g fc g` fckjdr`de` quc kcbdejb`kjs `g prebdepej. G` fckjdr`de` p`rtedep`tev` bcdcset` deuf`f`b`s y deuf`f`bjs quc djbjzd`b g` sjdecf`f y sus prjngck`s, quc sc`b rcspjbs`ngcs y drëtedjs cb sus jpebejbcs y quc muëcb sus `dtu`dejbcs pjr cg necb djkÿb.
Cocrdedej 0 Cb fckjdr`de`, sc rcdjbjdcb g` gencrt`f fc cxprcseôb, fc `sjde`deôb, fc rcubeôb y fc k`beicst`deôb cst`ngcdefjs cb g` Djbstetudeôb fc g` ^cpÿnged` fc Mu`tck`g`. Csdren` `gmubjs cockpgjs fcg cocrdedej fc cstjs fcrcdljs quc sc f`b cb Mu`tck`g`. Xràdted`sfckjdràted`s
Gencrt`f fc cxprcseôb Gencrt`f fc `sjde`deôb Gencrt`f fc rcubeôb y k`beicst`deôb
0=8
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
Cockpgjs
d. Fckjdr`de` ebdgusev` @ljr` quc lckjs cstufe`fj necb g` fckjdr`de`, sem`kjs rccxejb`bfj p`r` quc cst` fckjdr`de` sc` rc`g, cs fcder, quc sc `pgequc ` tjf`s g`s pcrsjb`s. G` fckjdr`de` quc vcg` pjr gjs fcrcdljs y fcncrcs fc tjf`s g`s pcrsjb`s, seb fesdrekeb`deôb `gmub`, sc gg`k` fckjdr`de` ebdgusev`. G` fckjdr`de` ebdgusev` tjk` cb ducbt` g`s bcdcsef`fcs pcrsjb`gcs, sjde`gcs y pjgëted`s fc tjf`s g`s pcrsjb`s seb festebdeôb fc scxj, ctbe`, rcgemeôb, jrecbt`deôb scxu`g, prjdcfcbde` sjde`g, d`p`def`fcs iësed`s y psëqued`s, ctd. Tc n`s` cb quc tjfjs sjkjs emu`gcs cb fcrcdljs y jngem`dejbcs y prjkucvc quc g`s bcdcsef`fcs fc tjfjs gjs mrupjs fc pjng`deôb sc`b s`tesicdl`s p`r` kebekez`r gjs prjngck`s sjde`gcs. @fckàs, vcg` pjr g` p`rtedep`deôb cquet`tev` cb cg mjdc fc gjs rcdursjs b`tur`gcs y cdjbôkedjs, s`gv`mu`rf`bfj cg necb djkÿb fc g` sjdecf`f. G` fckjdr`de` ebdgusev` t`kneåb `b`gez` g` setu`deôb cspcdëd` fc d`f` mrupj sjde`g y tjk` g`s kcfef`s bcdcs`re`s p`r` quc b`fec sc` fesdrekeb`fj y tjf`s g`s pcrsjb`s cståb ebdjrpjr`f`s cb g` sjdecf`f fc `ducrfj ` sus bcdcsef`fcs.
N`rrcr` `rquetcdtôbed`? jnstàdugj iësedj quc ekpefc quc fctcrkeb`fjs mrupjs fc pjng`deôb pucf`b ggcm`r, `ddcfcr j kjvcrsc pjr ub cfedej, gum`r j zjb` cb p`rtedug`r.
Yc`kjs ub cockpgj? g` pg`bed`deôb urn`bësted` fc gjs csp`dejs pÿngedjs pucfc scr ub cgckcbtj fc cxdguseôb p`r` kudl`s pcrsjb`s. L`y n`rrcr`s `rquetcdtôbed`s djkj n`bquct`s kuy cstrcdl`s, ljyjs cb g` d`ggc, pucrt`s `bmjst`s, mr`f`s, n`ðjs `bmjstjs, ctd. quc ekpefcb quc g`s pcrsjb`s djb d`p`def`fcs cspcde`gcs djkj dcmucr` j fedugt`fcs fc kjvegef`f, `bde`bjs j pcrsjb`s cb i`sc fc rcdupcr`deôb fc `gmÿb `ddefcbtc pucf`b mjz`r fc g`s d`ggcs, cfedejs pÿngedjs, scrvedejs pÿngedjs y jtrjs csp`dejs.
Cocrdedej > @. Csdren` quå n`rrcr`s `rquetcdtôbed`s l`y cb su zjb` j djkubef`f y quå fcrcdlj fckjdràtedj sc gcs cstà bcm`bfj ` g`s pcrsjb`s djb d`p`def`fcs cspcde`gcs djb d`f` ub` fc cgg`s. N`rrcr``rquetcdtôbed`
Fcrcdljbcm`fj
v` cb pcrsjb`s fc su zjb` j djkubef`f N. Csdren` cb su du`fcrbj quå bcdcsef`fcs ebs`tesicdl`s jnscr y dôkj pjfrë`b sjgudejb`rsc.
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 04
0=0
^csukcb Fckjdr`de`
cgckcbtjs
tepjs
Cfud`deôb? deuf`f`bë` djb ijrk`deôb pjgëted`
Jrm`bez`deôb? deuf`f`bë` jrm`bez`f` y djb v`gjrcs fc djbvevcbde`
Fckjdr`de` rcprcscbt`tev`? cgcddeôb fc rcprcscbt`btcs ` tr`vås fcg vjtj
X`rtedep`deôb? deuf`f`bë` ebvjgudr`f` cb tjk` fc fcdesejbcs
Fckjdr`de` p`rtedep`tev`? cgcddeôb fc rcprcscbt`btcs c ebvjgudr`kecbtj `dtevj fc g` deuf`f`bë` cb fcdesejbcs
Fckjdr`de` ebdgusev`? vcg` pjr fcrcdljs y fcncrcs fc tjf`s g`s pcrsjb`s y mrupjs sjde`gcs, seb fesdrekeb`deôb
Ebvcstemuc cb g` rcf... G` ebede`tev` deuf`f`b` ‗Ijrj Ycrfc Mu`tck`g`‛ tr`n`o` p`r` djbstruer ub` sjdecf`f cdjgômed` ` tr`vås fc gjs prebdepejs fc g` fckjdr`de` ebdgusev`.
Gc ebvet`kjs ` ebmrcs`r ` g` wcn lttp?//www.ijrjvcrfc.jrm.mt/ Nusquc g` ‗@mcbf` Ycrfc‛. ºDuàg fc gjs prebdepejs fc cst` @mcbf` gc p`rcdc kàs ekpjrt`btc p`r` su djkubef`f y pjr quå:
0=>
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
@utjdjbtrjg @dtevef`f 0.
Fckucstrc gj `prcbfefj.
@. Cxpgequc djb sus p`g`nr`s cb quå djbsestc d`f` ubj fc gjs trcs cgckcbtjs g` fckjdr`de`. `. Jrm`bez`deôb?
n. Cfud`deôb?
d. X`rtedep`deôb?
N. Gc` d`f` `ierk`deôb y csdren` cg tepj fc fckjdr`de` djb cg quc sc rcg`dejb`? rcprcscbt`tev`, p`rtedep`tev`, ebdgusev`. Vecbc ub cockpgj? 8. Vepj fc fckjdr`de` cb g` du`g cg vjtj cs cg cgckcbtj dcbtr`g.
Fckjdr`de` rcprcscbt`tev`
0. Djkpgckcbt` ` g` fckjdr`de` rcprcscbt`tev`. >. Vepj fc fckjdr`de` quc p`rtc fc g` fckjdr`de` rcprcscbt`tev`. 4. Vepj fc fckjdr`de` quc djbggcv` cg ebvjgudr`kecbtj fc g` deuf`f`bë` cb g` tjk` fc fcdesejbcs. 6. Dg`sc fc fckjdr`de` quc sc pjbc cb pràdted` d`f` du`trj `ðjs, du`bfj g`s pcrsjb`s k`yjrcs fc cf`f cgemcb ` sus rcprcscbt`btcs. 3. Cstegj fc fckjdr`de` quc `b`gez` g` setu`deôb fc d`f` mrupj sjde`g y tjk` g`s kcfef`s bcdcs`re`s p`r` quc b`fec sc` fesdrekeb`fj. 9. Dg`sc fc fckjdr`de` cb g` quc g` deuf`f`bë` cocrdc gjs fcrcdljs fc genrc cxprcseôb, genrc `sjde`deôb y p`rtedep`deôb pjgëted`.
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 04
0=4
@dtevef`f >.
Xecbsc y `pgequc gj quc `prcbfeô.
@. Gc` djb `tcbdeôb ub ir`mkcbtj fcg kcbs`oc fc N`b Ae-kjjb cb cg Fë` fc g` Fckjdr`de` fc >806. L`mj ub gg`k`kecbtj ` gjs kecknrjs fc g` mcbcr`deôb fc oôvcbcs kàs
bukcrj-
s` fc g` lestjre` p`r` quc cbircbtcb fcs`iëjs y pecbscb quå pucfcb l`dcr p`r` rcsjgvcrgjs. X`r` quc tjkcb cg djbtrjg fc su fcstebj y tr`fuzd`b sus sucðjs cb ub iuturj kcojr p`r` tjfjs. X`r` quc djbtrenuy`b ` djbstruer sjdecf`fcs fckjdràted`s kcojrcs y kàs iucrtcs. X`r` quc tr`n`ocb oubtjs, utegedcb su pcbs`kecbtj drc`tevj, sc djbvecrt`b cb `rtëiedcs fc ub iuturj quc bj fcoc ` b`fec `tràs. X`r` quc `yufcb ` mue`r ` bucstrj kubfj l`de` ub iuturj kcojr. N`b Ae-kjjb
N. ^c`gedc g`s `dtevef`fcs quc sc gc pefcb? 0. Tunr`yc cb cg tcxtj ` queåb sc feremc cstc kcbs`oc. >. Cbdecrrc cb ub dërdugj g` p`g`nr` quc ebfed` fc quå tepj fc kcbs`oc sc tr`t`. 4. Djpec g` ir`sc quc sebtctez` cg gg`k`kecbtj fc N`b Ae-kjjb?
@dtevef`f 4.
Fcs`rrjggc bucv`s l`negef`fcs.
G` fckjdr`de` ebdgusev` cs tjf`vë` ub prjycdtj y ub sucðj p`r` kudljs p`ëscs. Cg quc sc l`m` rc`gef`f fcpcbfc fc g` vjgubt`f fc tjfjs gjs mjnecrbjs y cb mr`b p`rtc —djkj bjs rcdjrf`n` N`b Ae-kjjb— fc gjs oôvcbcs, djkj ustcf, quc tcbfràb cg kubfj cb sus k`bjs. Csdren` `g kcbjs fjs efc`s p`r` prjkjvcr g` fckjdr`de` ebdgusev` cb d`f` ubj fc gjs semuecbtcs àknetjs?
@dtevef`fcs
Cbfckjdr`de`ebdgusev`
• ^cdrc`deôb cb csp`dejs cdjgômedjs • • Stegez`deôb fcg tr`bspjrtc pÿngedj • • Drc`deôb fc ckprcs`s • @ddcsj y pcrk`bcbde` cb cg sestck` • cfud`tevj •
0=6
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
V`ggcr fc cfud`deôb cb v`gjrcs ^cdjbjzdj gjs v`gjrcs iubf`kcbt`gcs G` fckjdr`de` cstà n`s`f` cb cg prebdepej fc g` emu`gf`f fc tjf`s g`s pcrsjb`s, seb bebmub` festebdeôb. X`r` quc cstc prebdepej sc l`m` rc`gef`f sc rcquecrcb `ddejbcs fcg Cst`fj djkj drc`r bjrk`s y s`bdejbcs p`r` `scmur`r quc b`fec `dtÿc cb djbtr` fc g` emu`gf`f. Teb ckn`rmj, p`r` g` vef` cb fckjdr`de` t`kneåb sc bcdcset` quc d`f` pcrsjb` dugtevc y pr`dtequc `gmj kuy ekpjrt`btc y quc bj sc vc? gjs v`gjrcs. Gjs v`gjrcs sjb gjs prebdepejs quc jrecbt`b bucstrj djkpjrt`kecbtj. Gjs v`gjrcs sjb `tr`dtevjs pjrquc bjs kucstr`b ub efc`g ` scmuer pjr cg quc cst`kjs fespucstjs ` `rrecsm`r `gmj j ` rcbubde`r ` `gmj*. Xjr cockpgj, cg v`gjr fc g` oustede` bjs ebvet` ` scr pcrsjb`s rcdt`s y ljbcst`s, fcsprcde`bfj du`gquecr ebvet`deôb ` g` djrrupdeôb. @fckàs, gjs v`gjrcs sjgj pucfcb rcdjbjdcrsc djkj t`g se bjs ggcv`b ` g` `ddeôb. Cs fcder, bj servc fc b`f` quc fem`kjs quc sjkjs pcrsjb`s oust`s se bucstr`s `ddejbcs kucstr`b gj djbtr`rej. L`y du`trj v`gjrcs prebdep`gcs fc gjs quc sc fcsprcbfcb tjfjs gjs fckàs. Fembef`f fc g` pcrsjb` y fc g` tecrr`? cg djskjs, g` b`tur`gcz` y gjs scrcs luk`bjs ijrk`kjs ub tjfj. Bucstr` supcrvevcbde` fcpcbfc fc quc bjs rcspctckjs djkj pcrsjb`s y duefckjs g` b`tur`gcz`.
Vjgcr`bde `? cbtcbfcr quc g`s efc`s y ijrk`s fc vcr g` vef` feicrcbtcs ` g`s kë`s sjb ub` requcz` y bj `gmj ` djkn`ter. G` tjgcr`bde` bj quecrc fcder quc "tjfj sc v`gc" pjrquc g` fembef`f fc g` pcrsjb` y fc g` tecrr` cstà pjr cbdek` fc du`gquecr efc`.
Oustede` ? nusd`r cg necb fc tjf`s g`s pcrsjb`s. Ekpged` gudl`r pjr gjs kåtjfjs c ebstetudejbcs quc pcrket`b gjmr`r g` oustede` cb cg Cst`fj y cb g` sjdecf`f.
Tjgef`ref`f? l`dcrbjs ubj djb g`s fckàs pcrsjb`s, djkp`rtecbfj sus prjngck`s y sus `gcmrë`s, y `pjyàbfjg`s cb tjfj gj pjsengc.
*
N`s`fj cb D`n`rrÿs, D.^. (>88<). L`decbfj pjgëted` fcsfc cg seb pjfcr. Negn`j? Fcsdgåc fc Nrjuwcr.
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 04
0=3
Fcspuås fc gccr cb quå djbsestcb csjs du`trj v`gjrcs, `b`gedc d`f` ubj y csdren` `g kcbjs fjs `ddejbcs p`r` pjbcrgjs cb pràdted`. Y`gjr
@ddejbcsp`r`pjbcrgjcbpràdted`
Fembef`f fc g` pcrsjb` • y fc g` tecrr` •
Vjgcr`bde`
• •
• Oustede` •
• Tjgef`ref`f •
^cvesc su `prcbfez`oc K`rquc djb ub dlcquc .. .r ` e f u t s c c f s å u p s c F
0=9
g` d`segg` quc kcojr ebfequc su rcbfekecbtj.
Efcbtedj gjs cgckcbtjs kàs ekpjrt`btcs fc g` fckjdr`de`. Festebmj cbtrc g` fckjdr`de` rcprcscbt`tev` y p`rtedep`tev`. @pgedj gjs prebdepejs fc g` fckjdr`de` ebdgusev` ` feicrcbtcs àknetjs fc g` vef`. Xrjpjbmj `ddejbcs djbdrct`s p`r` pjbcr cb pràdted` gjs v`gjrcs iubf`kcbt`gcs fc gjs quc sc fcsprcbfcb gjs fckàs. EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
gjmr`fj
cb bj prjdcsj gjmr`fj
06 Oôvcbcs y p`rtedep`deôb fckjdràted` ºPuå cbdjbtr`rà cst` sck`b`: «Y`kjs ` djbstruer ub iuturj kcojr, `quë y `ljr`± Gjs oôvcbcs? `dtjrcs cstr`tåmedjs fcg fcs`rrjggj Oôvcbcs y p`rtedep`deôb fckjdràted` • Fcrcdljs y fcncrcs fc g` p`rtedep`deôb • Csp`dejs fc p`rtedep`deôb fc gjs oôvcbcs
Cst` sck`b` gjmr`rà?
Y`gjr`r g` ekpjrt`bde` fc g` p`rtedep`deôb pgcb` fc g` ouvcbtuf p`r` g` fckjdr`de` ebdgusev` y cg fcs`rrjggj.
@b`gez`r g`s feiedugt`fcs quc cbircbt` g` ouvcbtuf mu`tck`gtcd` y g`tebj`kcred`b` p`r` su pgcb` p`rtedep`deôb.
Fctcrkeb`r g` rcg`deôb cbtrc fcrcdljs y fcncrcs rcicrefjs ` g` p`rtedep`deôb.
Efcbteied`r gjs csp`dejs cb gjs quc pucfc p`rtedep`r g` ouvcbtuf `btcs y fcspuås fc g` k`yjrë` fc cf`f.
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 06
0==
@ycr... ljy... «Y`kjs ` djbstruer ub iuturj kcojr, `quë y `ljr`± Cb >80> K`g`g` Ujus`iz`e rcdeneô ub fesp`rj cb g` d`ncz` du`bfj rcmrcs`n` cb `utjnÿs fc g` csducg` ` su d`s` cb g` deuf`f fc Kebmjr`, cb cg bjrjcstc fc X`aestàb. Cg kjtevj fcg `t`quc pcrpctr`fj pjr cg V`genàb cr` dg`rj? cst` ojvcb fc 09 `ðjs sc l`në` `trcvefj ` gcv`bt`r su vjz p`r` fcicbfcr cg fcrcdlj ` g` cfud`deôb fc g`s beð`s. @së ckpczô su fesdursj du`bfj gc iuc djbdcfefj cg Xrckej Bjncg fc g` X`z cb >806. K`g`g` Ujus`iz`e (X`aestàb, 055=) Xrckej Bjncg fc g` X`z >806
"Cb cg bjknrc fc Fejs, cg kàs kescredjrfejsj, cg kàs ncbåiedj. Cstjy kuy jrmuggjs` fc scr g` prekcr` p`quest`bë y ojvcb c b rcdener cg prckej Bjnc g. Q…[
g` prekcr` pcrsjb`
Q…[ Cstc
prckej bj cs sjgj p`r` kë. Cs p`r` csjs beðjs jgvef`fjs quc quecrcb cfud`deôb, p`r` `qucggjs beðjs seb vjz quc quecrcb ub d`knej. Uj cstjy `quë p`r` fcicbfcr sus fcrcdljs. Q…[ Cs ljr` fc tjk`r kcfef`s p`r` quc sc` g` ÿgtek` vcz quc vc`kjs ` ub beðj prev`fj fc cfud`deôb . Q…[ G`s
pcrsjb`s kc fcsdrencb fc kudl`s k`bcr`s feicrcbtcs. @gmub`s pcrsjb`s kc gg`k`b g` dled` quc iuc n`gc`f` pjr gjs t`gen`bcs. U `gmubjs, g` dled` quc gudlô pjr sus fcrcdljs. @gmub`s pcrsjb`s `ljr` kc gg`k`b g` "Xrckej Bjncg." Xcrj yj sjgj sjy ub` pcrsjb` djkprjkctef` y tcst`ruf` quc quecrc vcr dôkj tjfjs gjs beðjs jntecbcb ub` cfud`deôb fc d`gef`f, quc quecrc g` emu`gf`f fc fcrcdljs p`r` g`s kuocrcs y quc quecrc g` p`z cb tjfjs gjs rebdjbcs fcg kubfj. G` cfud`deôb cs ub` fc g`s ncbfedejbcs fc g` vef` y ub` fc sus bcdcsef`fcs. Cs` l` sefj ke cxpcrecbde` fur`btc kes 0= `ðjs fc vef`. Q…[" Vjk`fj y `f`pt`fj fc? lttp?//www.nnd.djk/kubfj/bjtede`s/>804/08/04088=Zk`g`g`Zlestjre`Zgp
@b`gedc y djkp`rt` K`g`g` Ujus`iz`e ebedeô su g`njr fc fcbubde` djb sjgj 0> `ðjs, csdrenecbfj cb ub ngjm sjnrc g`s djbfedejbcs fc vef` n`oj cg råmekcb V`genàb1 cr` tjf`vë` ub` beð`. Gc ebvet`kjs ` csdudl`r cg fesdursj quc fej `btc g`s B`dejbcs Sbef`s fcspuås fc scr n`gc`f` pjr fcicbfcr su fcrcdlj y cg fc jtr`s beð`s ` g` cfud`deôb. 0. Ebmrcsc ` www.yjutunc.djk y csdren` "fesdursj K`g`g` JBS >80>" cb g` n`rr` fcg nusd`fjr. >. Cb mrupjs djkcbtcb se cb Mu`tck`g` l`y oôvcbcs quc gudl`b pjr ub p`ës kcojr. ºPueåbcs sjb, fôbfc cstàb, quå l`dcb:
0=<
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs 0. Gjs oôvcbcs, `dtjrcs cstr`tåmedjs fcg fcs`rrjggj "F`fkc ub pubtj fc `pjyj y kjvcrå cg kubfj". Cst` ir`sc g` feoj @rquëkcfcs, rcreåbfjsc ` g` p`g`bd` quc pucfc kjvcr cbjrkcs pcsjs djb sjgj ub pubtj fc `pjyj. G` kesk` cxprcseôb sc pucfc `pged`r `g gefcr`zmj fc `fjgcsdcbtcs y oôvcbcs quc ubdjkubef`f kcojr p`ës. su Kudljs sjgj cspcr`b jpjrtubef`f p`r`gudl`b pjbcr y`gtr`n`o`b scrvedej pjr fc g` drc`tevef`f, cbcrmë`,ub` kjtev`dejbcs y prjycdtjs. ºCs ustcf ubj fc cggjs: ºCstà cspcr`bfj su jpjrtubef`f j y` ebedeô seb cspcr`r b`f` ` d`knej: ^cducrfc g`s p`g`nr`s fc N`b Ae-kjjb quc gcë`kjs g` sck`b` p`s`f`? ub gg`k`kecbtj ` gjs oôvcbcs fc tjf js gjs p`ëscs p`r` quc fcb ub mr`b ekpugsj ` ub` fckjdr`de` ebdguycbtc cb tjfj cg kubfj Q...[ Q...[ L`mj
X`r` quc rc`gkcbtc gjs oôvcbcs pucf`b scr gjs prjt`mjbest`s cstr`tåmedjs fcg fcs`rrjggj y fcg ijrt`gcdekecbtj sjde`g, cdjbôkedj y fckjdràtedj fc Mu`tck`g`, sc tecbcb quc dukpger, `g kcbjs, fjs djbfedejbcs nàsed`s? `ddcsj ` ub` cfud`deôb fc d`gef`f y fcsckpcðj fc ub ckpgcj fembj. @b`gedckjs duàg cs g` rc`gef`f fc cfud`deôb y tr`n`oj cb bucstrj p`ës, djb rcg`deôb ` g` ouvcbtuf.
`. Ouvcbtuf y cfud`deôb Cb cg `ðj >800 sc ggcvô ` d`nj g` Cbducst` B`dejb`g fc g` Ouvcbtuf —CBOS >800—. Cb cgg` sc rcdjmc kudl` ebijrk`deôb sjnrc g`s d`r`dtcrësted`s fc g` pjng`deôb ojvcb, djkprcbfef` cbtrc gjs 03 y gjs >5 `ðjs. G` mràd` bjs kucstr` g` rc`gef`f cfud`tev` fc gjs oôvcbcs. Bevcg cfud`tevj fc oôvcbcs cbtrc 03 y >5 `ðjs (cb pjrdcbt`ocs) 44.9
40.9 >4.6
3.<
3.0 8.0
bebmubj
Xrek`re`
Nàsedj
Fevcrsed`fj
Tupcrejr (S)
Xjsmr`fj
G` mràd` bjs ebfed` quc `ÿb qucf` d`kebj pjr rcdjrrcr cb cfud`deôb. Vjf`vë` sjb k`yjrë` gjs oôvcbcs quc d`rcdcb fc ub bevcg cfud`tevj kcfej j `gtj. ºTc l` o`fj quc cs k`yjr cg pjrdcbt`oc fc `b`gi`nctjs quc fc ubevcrset`rejs: Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 06
0=5
G`s d`us`s fc cst`s fcdecbde`s pucfcb scr fevcrs`s, pcrj cb mcbcr`g cstàb cb rcg`deôb fercdt` djb g` ebcquef`f y g` pjnrcz` quc lckjs cstufe`fj cb cst` k`tcre` fc Cstufejs Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b`. Djbjzd`kjs `gmub`s fekcbsejbcs fc g` pjnrcz` c ebcquef`f quc `icdt`b cspcde`gkcbtc ` g` cfud`deôb fc g`s y gjs oôvcbcs? •
G` k`yjr p`rtc fc gjs scrvedejs cfud`tevjs sc cbducbtr`b cb cg àrc` kctrjpjget`b` y dcbtr`g, y cb kcbjr kcfef` cb gjs fcp`rt`kcbtjs. Mr`b p`rtc fc gjs kubedepejs d`rcdcb fc cst`ngcdekecbtjs pÿngedjs fc cfud`deôb scdubf`re` (dedgj Nàsedj y Fevcrseied`fj).
•
@btc g` csd`scz fc cst`ngcdekecbtjs pÿngedjs fc Nàsedj y Fevcrseied`fj, kudljs oôvcbcs bj pucfcb djbtebu`r cstufe`bfj fcspuås fc g` Xrek`re` pjr i`gt` fc rcdursjs cdjbôkedjs. @ su vcz, jtrjs sc vcb jngem`fjs ` `n`bfjb`rgjs pjr g` bcdcsef`f fc tr`n`o`r p`r` `yuf`r ` g` i`kege`.
•
G`s djbfedejbcs fc ebcquef`f y pjnrcz` sc `dcbtÿ`b cbtrc gjs oôvcbcs quc sc efcbteied`b djkjebfëmcb`s. Kàs fcg 38% bj l` tcrkeb`fj g` Xrek`re`. Cg >=.4 % durs` cg dedgj Nàsedj y sjgj cg03.3 % cstufe` Fevcrseied`fj.
n. Ouvcbtuf y ckpgcj Tcmÿb g` Xjgëted` B`dejb`g fc Ouvcbtuf >80> — >8>8, g` pjng`deôb cdjbôked` kcbtc `dtev` (XC@) cbtrc gjs 03 y >5 `ðjs rcprcscbt` cg 6> % fc g` XC@ b`dejb`g. G` pjng`deôb ojvcb fckucstr` fcdecbde`s cb su ijrk`deôb cb du`btj ` g`s djkpctcbde`s p`r` cg tr`n`oj, fc `lë quc g` k`yjrë` tr`n`oc cb g` cdjbjkë` ebijrk`g. Tjgj cg 08 % fc gjs quc `sper`b ` ub pucstj fc tr`n`oj djbsemuc ub ckpgcj fcdcbtc. Cst` setu`deôb fc prcd`recf`f cb cg ckpgcj ckpuo` ` kudljs oôvcbcs ` nusd`r ijrtub` cb g` ckemr`deôb errcmug`r. G`stekjs`kcbtc, d`f` `ðj sjb fcpjrt`fjs fc Cst`fjs Sbefjs kegcs fc mu`tck`gtcdjs, g` k`yjrë` oôvcbcs. Ckpgcj y cfud`deôb cstàb ëbtek`kcbtc rcg`dejb`fjs.
Cocrdedej 0 Gc` cg semuecbtc ir`mkcbtj tjk`fj fc g` Xjgëted` B`dejb`g fc Ouvcbtuf >80> — >8>8 y csdren` cb su du`fcrbj ub pàrr`ij fc trcs gëbc`s djkcbt`bfj su jpebeôb sjnrc cg tcxtj. Cg n`oj bevcg fc ijrk`deôb quc tecbc g` iucrz` g`njr`g r`fed` cb trcs i`dtjrcs?
• gjs `gtjs bevcgcs fc `b`gi`ncteskj cbtrc g`s y gjs oôvcbcs, cspcde`gkcbtc kuocrcs y pucngjs ebfëmcb`s1 • cg `n`bfjbj fc gjs cstufejs fcg bevcg prek`rej y scdubf`rej Q...[1 • gjs `prcbfez`ocs fciedecbtcs quc `fquecrcb g`s y gjs oôvcbcs. @btc cstjs i`dtjrcs, g`s jpjrtubef`fcs fc tr`n`oj fcdcbtc gjs oôvcbcs sc vcb gco`b`s.
0<8
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
>. Oôvcbcs y p`rtedep`deôb fckjdràted` D`f` 0> fc `mjstj sc dcgcnr` cg Fë` Ebtcrb`dejb`g fc g` Ouvcbtuf quc bjs rcducrf` quc g` ouvcbtuf cs cg kjtjr fcg kubfj y prcdes` `tcbdeôb y p`rtedep`deôb cb tjfjs gjs p`ëscs. G`s B`dejbcs Sbef`s l`b rcdjbjdefj cb bukcrjs`s jd`sejbcs cg `pjrtc v`gejsj fc gjs oôvcbcs `g fcs`rrjggj fc sus p`ëscs. L`y oôvcbcs quc `nrcb csp`dejs p`r` ebvjgudr`rsc cb gjs tck`s sjde`gcs quc prcjdup`b? rcdrc`deôb, cfud`deôb, tr`n`oj, `rtc, kÿsed`. @pjrt`b sus efc`s y pjbcb su drc`tevef`f `g scrvedej fc g` djkubef`f. Cb fcbetev`, tr`n`o`b pjr cg fcs`rrjggj fcsfc su ijrk` fc scr? `gcmrcs, cbtuse`st`s, djb ub` fespjbenegef`f fc qucrcr l`dcr necb g`s djs`s. Ebdgusj, `prjvcdl`b gjs kcfejs fc djkubed`deôb p`r` l`dcrsc jër. Cs iubf`kcbt`g quc g`s sjdecf`fcs csdudlcb ` g` ouvcbtuf, `dcptcb sus prjpucst`s, `tecbf`b sus bcdcsef`fcs y pcrket`b quc kàs oôvcbcs sc ebtcmrcb `g tr`n`oj fc jtrjs kudljs ljknrcs y kudl`s kuocrcs. Cstj cs cspcde`gkcbtc ekpjrt`btc cb Mu`tck`g` pjrquc cs ub p`ës djb k`yjrë` fc pjng`deôb ojvcb. Te g` ouvcbtuf mu`tck`gtcd` bj pucfc p`rtedep`r pgcb`kcbtc quecrc fcder quc ¡g` k`yjrë` fcg p`ës cstà cxdguef` fc g` p`rtedep`deôb! Xcrj g` p`rtedep`deôb sjde`g pgcb` fc g` ouvcbtuf cb Mu`tck`g` tecbc feidugt`fcs, t`btj cb g` fckjdr`de` rcprcscbt`tev` djkj cb g` p`rtedep`tev`. Cstj quecrc fcder quc bj sc l` `gd`bz`fj ub` fckjdr`de` tjt`gkcbtc ebdgusev` cb cg p`ës. •
Cb g` fckjdr`de` rcprcscbt`tev`, kudljs oôvcbcs bj cstàb ckp`frjb`fjs cb cg Vrenub`g Tuprckj Cgcdtjr`g pjr i`gt` fc ebijrk`deôb j fcsebtcrås y pjr t`btj, bj cocrdcb su fcrcdlj y fcncr deuf`f`bj fcg suir`mej.
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Cb du`btj ` g` fckjdr`de` p`rtedep`tev`, mr`b p`rtc fc g` ouvcbtuf bj ducbt` djb g`s djbfedejbcs bcdcs`re`s p`r` pjfcr pg`btc`r su prjycdtj fc vef` fc ijrk` genrc, djbsdecbtc y fcs`rrjgg`bfj tjt`gkcbtc sus d`p`def`fcs. Cstj geket` mr`vckcbtc g` pgcb` p`rtedep`deôb sjde`g fc cst`s pcrsjb`s.
Cocrdedej > Gc` `tcbt`kcbtc cg ir`mkcbtj cxtr`ëfj fc lttp?//www.jbu.jrm.mt. "Q…[ Lestôred`kcbtc, Mu`tck`g` tecbc ub` fcuf` sjde`g djb g` ouvcbtuf `dtu`g, y` quc sjg`kcbtc g` tcrdcr` p`rtc fc g`s y gjs oôvcbcs ggcm`b ` g` cfud`deôb nàsed` y `pcb`s ub pjdj kàs fc g` quebt` p`rtc ` fevcrseied`fj, setu`deôb quc `icdt` kàs iucrtckcbtc ` g`s `fjgcsdcbtcs y oôvcbcs pjnrcs, ebfëmcb`s y rur`gcs" ( CBOS >800).
0. ^cg`dejbc cg tcxtj djb gj cstufe`fj cb cg `p`rt`fj `btcrejr sjnrc cfud`deôb y ckpgcj y rcspjbf`? ºDôkj ebiguyc cs` fcuf` sjde`gcb g` p`rtedep`deôb fckjdràted` fc g`ouvcbtuf:
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 06
0<0
G` p`rtedep`deôb ouvcbeg bj sjgj tecbc jnstàdugjs cb Mu`tck`g`. Cb d`se tjfjs gjs p`ëscs fc @kåred` G`teb` y cg D`renc g` setu`deôb cs sekeg`r y t`kneåb cb g` k`yjrë` fc p`ëscs cb fcs`rrjggj fcg kubfj.
SBEDCI tr`n`o` cb "mcbcr`r djbfedejbcs p`r` quc beðjs, beð`s y `fjgcsdcbtcs tcbm`b fcrcdlj ` ub` deuf`f`bë`, ebdguefj cg fcrcdlj ` vjt`r, y pucf`b cbdjbtr`r sus prjpe`s d`p`def`fcs p`r` djbtrenuer cb g` i`kege`, djkubef`f y sjdecf`f". Cg tr`n`oj fc SBEDCI cb i`vjr fc g` pgcb` p`rtedep`deôb fc g` ouvcbtuf cb @kåred` G`teb` y cg D`renc sc djbdrct` cb? •
Cfud`deôb ubevcrs`g prek`re` y scdubf`re`.
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^cijrz`r g`s i`kege`s.
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Cst`ngcdcr sestck`s fc oustede` drekeb`g ouvcbeg.
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Xrjkjdeôb fc g` s`guf scxu`g rcprjfudtev` y g` prcvcbdeôb fcg YEL/TEF@.
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Xrjkjdeôb fc gjs Fcrcdljs Luk`bjs ` tr`vås fcg `rtc, fc g` dugtur` y fcg fcpjrtc, ebdguycbfj g` p`rtedep`deôb cb prjmr`k`s r`fejiôbedjs y tcgcvesevjs.
>.0 Fcrcdljs y fcncrcs fc g` p`rtedep`deôb Teb ckn`rmj, ` pcs`r fc g`s fedugt`fcs, g` p`rtedep`deôb cs pjsengc. U bj sjgj cs pjsengc, `fckàs cs ub fcrcdlj fc tjf`s g`s pcrsjb`s oôvcbcs, seb cxdcpdeôb be fesdrekeb`deôb pjr bebmÿb kjtevj. Djkj jdurrc djb tjfjs gjs fcrcdljs, t`kneåb ggcv`b `sjde`fjs ub` screc fc fcncrcs. Yc`kjs `gmubjs cockpgjs? Fcrcdljs rcg`dejb`fjs djb g` p`rtedep`deôb
Sbersc ` mrupjs j `sjde`dejbcs ouvcbegcs djb festebtjs bcs.
Fcncrcs `sjde`fjs
^cdl`z`r g`s `sjde`dejbcs j mrupjs djb bcs fcgedtevjs j egcm`gcs.
Fespjbcr fc csp`dejs pÿngedjs fc Duef`r gjs csp`dejs pÿngedjs rcdrc`deôb `fcdu`fjs, djkj àrc`s fespjbengcs y utegez`rgjs p`r` gjs bcs vcrfcs, csp`dejs fcpjrtevjs, ctd. `fcdu`fjs. Djbt`r djb `dtevef`fcs dugtur`gcs y Vcbcr ub` `dtetuf prjpjsetev` p`r` pjfcr p`rtedep`r cb g` pg`bed`deôb y fescð`r `gtcrb`tev`s j cgcmerg`s. cocdudeôb fc g`s kesk`s. @g dukpger g` k`yjrë` fc cf`f, ckX`rtedep`r cb g` fckjdr`de` rcprcscbp`frjb`rsc cb cg Vrenub`g Tuprckj t`tev` cketecbfj cg vjtj. Cgcdtjr`g y cocrdcr cg vjtj.
0<>
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
>.> Csp`dejs fc p`rtedep`deôb ouvcbeg @ljr` y` s`nc quc, djkj pcrsjb` ojvcb, cs pjsengc p`rtedep`r c ebvjgudr`rsc cb `ddejbcs quc gc mustcb, quc gg`kcb su `tcbdeôb. Te `fckàs sc ubc djb jtrjs `kemjs y `kem`s, pjfràb l`dcr djs`s kuy ebtcrcs`btcs ` i`vjr fc g` ouvcbtuf. G` CBOS >800 det` ub` screc fc csp`dejs fc p`rtedep`deôb ouvcbeg cb gjs quc y`, fc lcdlj, p`rtedep` ub nucb bÿkcrj fc oôvcbcs mu`tck`gtcdjs. @btcs fc dukpger g` k`yjrë` fc cf`f? pucfcb ebvjgudr`rsc cb •
Jrm`bez`dejbcs ouvcbegcs
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@dtevef`fcs fc vjgubt`re`fj
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Mrupjs j dguncs fcpjrtevjs
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Mrupjs rcgemejsjs fc g`s feicrcbtcs emgcse`s
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@mrup`dejbcs `rtësted`s j dugtur`gcs
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Jrm`bez`dejbcs vcdeb`gcs j djkubet`re`s
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@sjde`dejbcs j oubt`s fercdtev`s
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Mrupjs vertu`gcs
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X`rtefjs pjgëtedjs
@g dukpger gjs 0< `ðjs? ` g`s `btcrejrcs `gtcrb`tev`s sc suk` cg fcrcdlj y jngem`deôb dëved` fc vjt`r y fc ebdjrpjr`rsc ` gjs kcd`beskjs fc p`rtedep`deôb deuf`f`b` djkj gjs Djbscojs fc Fcs`rrjggj. Cg lcdlj fc jpeb`r y tcbcr vjz fcbtrj fc `gmub` jrm`bez`deôb ouvcbeg, rcspct`bfj g` vjz fc gjs fckàs, cs `nrer d`kebj p`r` kjfcgjs fc djbvevcbde` djb `gcmrë` y sjgef`ref`f. Ebvjgudr`rsc cb ub csp`dej fc p`rtedep`deôb gc `pjrt` efcbtef`f sjde`g. Te bj gj cstà l`decbfj y`, `ljr` pucfc scr cg kjkcbtj. ¡@fcg`btc!
Cocrdedej 4 0. ºPuå fjs àrc`s fc g`s quc tr`n`o` SBEDCI gc p`rcdcb kàs ekpjrt`btcs p`r` gjmr`r g` pgcb` p`rtedep`deôb fc g` ouvcbtuf: `. n. >. Fc tjfjs gjs csp`dejs fc p`rtedep`deôb det`fjs, ºcb duàg j duàgcs p`rtedep` ustcf:
4. ºPuå gj kjtevô ` ubersc: Djkp`rt` djb sus djkp`ðcrjs y djkp`ðcr`s sus kjtev`dejbcs c ebquectufcs y `bekc ` gjs fckàs ` suk`rsc.
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 06
0<4
^csukcb 0. Gjs oôvcbcs, `dtjrcs cstr`tåmedjs fcg fcs`rrjggj G`s y gjs oôvcbcs pucfcb scr prjt`mjbest`s fcg fcs`rrjggj y ijrt`gcdekecbtj sjde`g, cdjbôkedj y fckjdràtedj fc Mu`tck`g`. Cb cggj ebiguyc g` cfud`deôb fc d`gef`f y cg ckpgcj fembj. 0.0.
Tetu`deôb fc g` ouvcbtuf mu`tck`gtcd` cb cfud`deôb? G` k`yjrë` fc g`s y gjs oôvcbcs d`rcdc fc bevcg cfud`tevj kcfej j `gtj. G`s d`us`s sjb g` pjnrcz` c ebcquef`f. G` ouvcbtuf ebfëmcb` sc cbducbtr` kàs cxdguef` fc g` cfud`deôb.
0.>.
Tetu`deôb fc g` ouvcbtuf mu`tck`gtcd` cb ckpgcj fembj? Fc g` pjng`deôb cdjbôked`kcbtc `dtev` fcg p`ës, cg 6>% tecbcb cbtrc 03 y >5 `ðjs. G` k`yjrë` tr`n`o` cb g` cdjbjkë` ebijrk`g. Vecbcb kudl`s feiedugt`fcs p`r` cbdjbtr`r ckpgcj fembj. G` i`gt` fc ckpgcj fembj ckpuo` ` g`s y gjs oôvcbcs ` ckemr`r fc ijrk` errcmug`r.
>. Oôvcbcs y p`rtedep`deôb fckjdràted` G` Jbu cst`ngcdeô cg fë` 0> fc `mjstj djkj Fë` Ebtcrb`dejb`g fc g` Ouvcbtuf. Cb Mu`tck`g` g` pjng`deôb ojvcb cs g` k`yjrë` y pjr gj t`btj su p`rtedep`deôb cs kuy ekpjrt`btc. Feiedugt`fcs fc g` ouvcbtuf mu`tck`gtcd` p`r` su pgcb` p`rtedep`deôb Cb g` fckjdr`de` rcprcscbt`tev`? kudl`s pcrsjb`s oôvcbcs bj vjt`b cb g`s cgcddejbcs pjr i`gt` fc ebijrk`deôb j ebtcrås. Cb g` fck jdr`de` p`rtedep`tev`? kudl`s pcrsjb`s oôvcbcs bj ducbt`b djb g`s djbfedejbcs p`r` fcs`rrjgg`rsc pgcb`kcbtc y cstj geket` su p`rtedep`deôb. >.0
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Fcrcdljs y fcncrcs fc g` p`rtedep`deôb G` ouvcbtuf tecbc cg fcrcdlj ` p`rtedep`r, seb bebmub` fesdrekeb`deôb. @fckàs, ` d`f` fcrcdlj rcg`dejb`fj djb g` p`rtedep`deôb gc djrrcspjbfc ub fcncr. Csp`dejs fc p`rtedep`deôb ouvcbeg @btcs fc dukpger g` k`yjrë` fc cf`f? jrm`bez`dejbcs ouvcbegcs, vjgubt`re`fjs, mrupjs fcpjrtevjs, mrupjs rcgemejsjs, mrupjs fc `rtc, ctd. @g dukpger 0< `ðjs? tjf`s g`s `btcrejrcs y, `fckàs, p`rtedep`deôb cgcdtjr`g y p`rtedep`deôb cb Djbscojs fc Fcs`rrjggj.
Ebvcstemuc cb g` rcf... Cb 0555, g` @s`kngc` Mcbcr`g fc g` J BS cst`ngcdeô cg 0> fc `mjstj djkj Fë` Ebtcrb`dejb`g fc g` Ouvcbtuf. D`f` `ðj cstc fë` tecbc ub tck` cspcde`g y g`s `utjref`fcs fc fevcrsjs prjmr`k`s fc g` JBS g`bz`b ub kcbs`oc ` tjf`s y tjfjs gjs oôvcbcs fcg kubfj. ¡Djbjzd` `gmubj fc cstjs kcbs`ocs! 0. Ebmrcsc `? lttp?//www.ub.jrm/cs/cvcbts/yjutlf`y/kcss`mcs.sltkg >. B`vcmuc pjr gjs feicrcbtcs kcbs`ocs fc gjs ÿgtekjs `ðjs y cgeo` cg quc gc p`rczd` kàs ebtcrcs`btc. 4. Djkp`rt` cb cg dërdugj fc cstufej? ºquå tck` fcg kcbs`oc quc l` cgcmefj: ºquå gc gg`kô kàs g` `tcbdeôb:
0<6
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
@utjdjbtrjg @dtevef`f 0.
Fckucstrc gj `prcbfefj.
@. Cgeo` fcg rcdu`frj fc g` fcrcdl` g` p`g`nr` j p`g`nr`s quc djkpgct`b djrrcdt`kcbtc d`f` jr`deôb y csdrën`g`s cb su gum`r. Jnscrvc cg cockpgj. 8. G`s y gjs oôvcbcs sjb `dtjrcs ekpjrt`btcs fcg fcs`rrjggj. 0. X`r` quc g` ouvcbtuf pucf` p`rtedep`r pgcb`kcbtc cb g` sjdecf`f cxestcb fjs djbfedejbcs? fc d`gef`f y fembj. >. Cg `ddcsj fc g` ouvcbtuf mu`tck`gtcd` ` g` cfud`deôb cstà `icdt`fj pjr g` c . 4. G` k`yjrë` fc g` ouvcbtuf mu`tck`gtcd` tr`n`o` cb g` cdjbjkë` . 6. G` k`yjrë` fc g` pjng`deôb fc Mu`tck`g` cs
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ckpgcj ebijrk`g ojvcb
fcs`rrjggj cfud`deôb pjnrcz`
3. G` pjng`deôb ojvcb cbducbtr` jnstàdugjs p`r` su p`rtedep`deôb t`btj cb Mu`tck`g` djkj cb kudljs p`ëscs fc .
@kåred` G`teb`
9. D`f` fcrcdlj rcg`dejb`fj djb g` p`rtedep`deôb tecbc `sjde`fj ub .
ebcquef`f
vjt`r
=. G` ouvcbtuf pucfc p`rtedep`r cb fevcrsjs csp`dejs `btcs fc gjs 0< `ðjs1 `g dukpger g` k`yjrë` fc cf`f, sc `ð`fc, cbtrc jtr`s, g` pjsenegef`f fc .
fcncr
N. Gc` cg tcxtj semuecbtc y rcspjbf` g`s prcmubt`s. "Cb tårkebjs fc ckpgcj, g`s ouvcbtufcs cbducbtr`b feiedugt`fcs t`kneåb. Fc `ducrfj djb g` Cbducst` B`dejb`g fc Ouvcbtuf >800, trcs du`rt`s p`rtcs fc g`s pcrsjb`s oôvcbcs sc cbducbtr`b cb djbfedejbcs fc vugbcr`negef`f `g bj djbt`r djb djbtr`tj g`njr`g y cb djbscducbde`, bj djbt`r djb prcst`dejbcs be scmuref`f sjde`g. Kàs fc g` ket`f bj ducbt` djb cst`negef`f g`njr`g y 68% fc c ggjs rcpjrt`b bj gjmr`r dunrer sus bcdcsef`fcs djb cg ebmrcsj quc jntecbcb". lttp?//www.jbu.jrm.mt/djbtcbefj.plp:btd;6<5-046<-bjtede`s
0. ºDuàg cs g` pjrdeôb fc oôvcbcs quc sc cbducbtr` cb djbfedejbcs fc vugbcr`negef`f rcg`dejb`f` djb cg ckpgcj cb Mu`tck`g`: >. ºPuå cgckcbtjs ijrk`b p`rtc fc cs` vugbcr`negef`f rcg`dejb`f` djb cg ckpgcj:
4. ºDjbjdc `gmÿb d`sj fc pcrsjb` ojvcb quc sc cbducbtrc cb g` setu`deôb g`njr`g fcsdret`: ºdôkj cs g` setu`deôb fc cs` pcrsjb`:
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 06
0<3
@dtevef`f >.
Xecbsc y `pgequc gj quc `prcbfeô.
@. ^cggcbc g` t`ng` djb cg fcncr quc djrrcspjbfc ` d`f` fcrcdlj rcg`dejb`fj djb g` p`rtedep`deôb, y vedcvcrs`. G` prekcr` ieg` gc scrverà fc cockpgj. Fcrcdlj
Fcncr
Ijrk`r p`rtc fc ub mrupj fcpjrtevj
^cspct`r g`s bjrk`s fcg mrupj
@ p`rter fc gjs 0< `ðjs, scr p`rtc fcg Djdjfc fc ke zjb` j djkubef`f
Dukpger djb gjs ljr`rejs y t`rc`s `semb`f`s cb ke vjgubt`re`fj cb cfud`deôb
@dtevef`f 4.
Fcs`rrjggc bucv`s l`negef`fcs.
tr`n`oj
G` egustr`deôb rcprcscbt` fevcrsjs àknetjs fc gjs quc g` ouvcbtuf bcdcset` mjz`r y cb gjs quc fcnc p`rtedep`r pgcb`kcbtc.
p`rted ep`deôb p`z emu`gf`f
jpjrtubef`fcs
dugtur` `knecbtc s`bj
l tt p //? w w w .f c s f c g ` p g ` z ` . d j k /
vevecbf`
c fu
d `d
eôb
s`guf
@vcrem÷c gjs f`tjs fc ub` jrm`bez`deôb cb g` quc gc must`rë` p`rtedep`r y quc cstå prcscbtc cb su zjb`, djkubef`f j kubedepej. L`m` ub` dl` ebijrk`tev` djb gjs f`tjs fc g` jrm`bez`deôb.
Bjknrc fc g` jrm`bez`deôb?
Sned`deôb? Xcrsjb` j ijrk` fc djbt`dtj? º@ quå àknetj sc fcfed`: @dtevef`f quc rc`gez`?
0<9
L`y kudl`s jrm`bez`dejbcs drc`f`s pjr pcrsjb`s ebquect`s quc nusd`b djbtrenuer djb cg `rtc, kcojr`r cg kcfej `knecbtc, ijkcbt`r cg fcpjrtc, ctd.
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
V`ggcr fc cfud`deôb cb v`gjrcs Yevj g` sjgef`ref`f Ebstruddejbcs? `dtevef`f cb fjs i`scs, prekcrj ebfevefu`g y fcspuås cb pcqucðjs mrupjs. G` sjgef`ref`f cs cg v`gjr quc bjs `dcrd` ` g`s fckàs pcrsjb`s. Cs f`r gj kcojr fc bjsjtrjs keskjs p`r` `pjy`r ` `gmuecb j p`r` p`rtedep`r cb g` kcojr` fc `gmÿb prjngck` sjde`g. G` sjgef`ref`f sjgj cxestc du`bfj f`kjs seb cspcr`r b`f` ` d`knej, fc ijrk` mr`tuet` y fcsebtcrcs`f`, y du`bfj cst`kjs fespucstjs ` djkp`rter g` rc`gef`f fc g`s fckàs pcrsjb`s. Cstc v`gjr cs prjiubf`kcbtc luk`bj pjrquc b`dc fc g` scbsenegef`f y fcg `kjr. Du`bfj gj pjbckjs cb pràdted`, drcdckjs djkj pcrsjb`s y djkj sjdecf`fcs. Tjgef`ref`f cs
cs
bj
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Xrcst`r `pjyj rcspct`bfj g`s efc`s y bc- • dcsef`fcs fc g` pcrsjb` quc bcdcset` cg `pjyj.
Djbsefcr`r quc g`s pcrsjb`s quc bcdcset`b `pjyj sjb "pjnrcdet`s" y l`dcrg`s fc kcbjs.
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Ebvjgudr`rsc mr`tuet`kcbtc cb g` sjgudeôb • fc ub` d`us` oust` sjnrc g` quc prcve`kcbtc bjs lckjs ijrk`fj. • ^c`gez`r g`njrcs fc vjgubt`re`fj cb ke
@pjy`r `gmj seb s`ncr fc quå sc tr`t` j l`dcrgj sjgj pjrquc kc gj pefcb.
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Xrcst`r `pjyj y fcspuås sjgedet`r ub` rcdjkpcbs`.
zjb` j djkubef`f? cb cdjgjmë`, cb cfud`deôb, `djkp`ð`bfj ` pcrsjb`s `bde`b`s, cb s`guf, ctd. Gc`b cg semuecbtc d`sj y prjpjbm`b ub` `ddeôb quc l`m` rc`gef`f cg v`gjr fc g` sjgef`ref`f? D`sj? Cb ub n`rrej l`y kudl`s beð`s y kudljs beðjs fc 0.¸ y >.¸ Xrek`re` quc pjr g`s t`rfcs, fcspuås fc g` csducg`, sc k`btecbcb cb g` d`ggc. Tus i`kege`s cstàb tr`n`o`bfj y bj cxestc ub dcbtrj fjbfc pucf`b `yuf`rgcs ` l`dcr sus t`rc`s, l`dcr oucmjs cfud`tevjs y jtr`s `dtevef`fcs fc rcdrc`deôb . @fckàs, ub` k`cstr` bjs l` fedlj quc, cb mcbcr`g, cg rcbfekecbtj csdjg`r fc cstjs beðjs cs n`oj y bcdcset`rë`b rciucrzj .
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 06
0<=
@ddeôb prjpucst`
X`r` quc g` `ddeôb prjpucst` bj sc qucfc sjgj cb p`g`nr`s, pg`bequcb dôkj pjbcrg` cb k`rdl`. ^cducrfcb quc g`s kct`s fcncb scr rc`gest`s. Xg`b fc `ddeôb
^cvesc su `prcbfez`oc K`rquc djb ub dlcquc
.. .r ` e f u t s c c f s å u p s c F
0<<
g` d`segg` quc kcojr ebfequc su rcbfekecbtj.
Y`gjrj g` ekpjrt`bde` fc g` p`rtedep`deôb pgcb` fc g` ouvcbtuf p`r` g` fckjdr`de` ebdgusev` y cg fcs`rrjggj. @b`gezj g`s fedugt`fcs quc cbircbt` g` ouvcbtuf mu`tck`gtcd` y g`tebj`kcred`b` p`r` su pgcb` p`rtedep`deôb. Fctcrkebj g` rcg`deôb cbtrc fcrcdljs y fcncrcs rcicrefjs ` g` p`rtedep`deôb. Efcbtedj gjs csp`dejs cb gjs quc pucfc p`rtedep`r g` ouvcbtuf `btcs y fcspuås fc g` k`yjrë` fc cf`f.
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
gjmr`fj
cb bj prjdcsj gjmr`fj
03 Kuocrcs y p`rtedep`deôb fckjdràted` ºPuå cbdjbtr`rà cst` sck`b`: «Xjr ub pg`bct` 38 — 38 cb >848? Fckjs cg p`sj±
Ebdguseôb fckjdràted`? p`rtedep`deôb fc g`s kuocrcs Bevcgcs fc p`rtedep`deôb Jnstàdugjs p`r` g` p`rtedep`deôb fc g`s kuocrcs
Cst` sck`b` gjmr`rà?
Y`gjr`r g` ekpjrt`bde` fc g` prjpucst` ‗Sb pg`bct` 38-38‛ fc JBS kuocrcs.
^ccxejb`r sjnrc g`s djbscducbde`s bcm`tev`s fc g` feveseôb tr`fedejb`g fc csp`dejs y rjgcs cbtrc kuocrcs y ljknrcs.
Efcbted`r lcdljs lestôredjs ekpjrt`btcs rcg`dejb`fjs djb gjs fcrcdljs fc g`s kuocrcs cb Mu`tck`g` cb cg kubfj.
Fescð`r `ddejbcs p`r` supcr`r gjs jnstàdugjs quc cbircbt`b g`s kuocrcs mu`tck`gtcd`s y fcg kubfj p`r` su pgcbj fcs`rrjggj.
Djbjdcr ` kuocrcs mu`tck`gtcd`s cockpg`rcs cb g` gudl` djbtr` g` fcsemu`gf`f.
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 03
0<5
@ycr... ljy... «Xjr ub pg`bct` 38 — 38 cb >848? Fckjs cg p`sj pjr g` emu`gf`f fc måbcrj±
0
"Q...[ X`r` `gd`bz`r cg iuturj quc fcsc`kjs, bj pjfckjs fco`r ` b`fec `tràs. Fcnckjs djkcbz`r pjr g`s pcrsjb`s kàs fcs`tcbfef`s. Cs`s pcrsjb`s sjb cb mr`b kcfef` g`s kuocrcs y g`s beð`s, `ubquc cb g`s zjb`s pjnrcs y djbvugsejb`f`s pucfc ebdguersc t`kneåb ` gjs ljknrcs y gjs beðjs.
Xlukzegc Kg`knjBmdua` Fercdtjr` Cocdutev` JBS Kuocrcs
G`s kuocrcs y g`s beð`s sjb iubf`kcbt`gcs p`r` cbdjbtr`r sjgudejbcs sjstcbengcs ` gjs fcs`iëjs fc g` pjnrcz`, g` fcsemu`gf`f y g` rcdupcr`deôb fc g`s djkubef`fcs kàs mjgpc`f`s Q...[ . Cgg`s sc cbducbtr`b cb g` prekcr` gëbc` fcg nrjtc fc bucv`s y `kcb`z`btcs cpefcke`s , djkj g` cbicrkcf`f pjr cg verus fcg _ea` j gjs cicdtjs fcg d`knej dgekàtedj, y ` g` vcz sjb cg rciumej quc prjtcmc ` g` i`kege`, tr`n`o`b pjr g` p`z y m`r`btez`b cg drcdekecbtj cdjbôkedj sjstcbengc y cg d`knej sjde`g. Cb cg Fë` Ebtcrb`dejb`g fc g` Kuocr, ebsestekjs cb `ukcbt`r g` p`rtedep`deôb fc g`s kuocrcs djkj ub` fc g`s djbfedejbcs bcdcs`re `s p`r` ub` @mcbf` >848 djb ebdguseôb. Cg gefcr`zmj fc g`s kuocrcs bj ducbt` djb cg rcdjbjdekecbtj suiedecbtc. D`f` ub` y d`f` ubj fc bjsjtrjs cs bcdcs`rej (cb bucstrjs p`ëscs, djkubef`fcs, jrm`bez`dejbcs, Mjnecrbjs y cb g`s B`dejbcs Sbef`s) p`r` m`r`btez`r quc sc `fjptcb `ddejbcs fcdesev`s, vesengcs y du`bteied`ngcs n`oj cg gck` ‗Sb pg`bct` 38-38? Fckjs cg p`sj pjr g` emu`gf`f fc måbcrj‛. G` p`rtedep`deôb fc g`s kuocrcs cb tjfjs gjs àknetjs y cg ijrt`gcdekecbtj fcg kjvekecbtj fc kuocrcs bubd` l`b sefj t`b drude`gcs, tr`n`o`bfj oubtj ` gjs beðjs y gjs ljknrcs, p`r` djbtrenuer `g ckpjfcr`kecbtj fc g`s b`dejbcs, cremer cdjbjkë`s kàs sôgef`s y sjdecf`fcs kàs s`guf`ngcs. Cst` cs g` dg`vc p`r` l`dcr fc g` @mcbf` >848 ub ebstrukcbtj tr`bsijrk`fjr c ebdgusevj". Q...[
Fcdg`r`deôb fc g` Fercdtjr` Cocdutev` fc g`JBS Kuocrcs cb cg Fë` Ebtcrb`dejb`g fc g` Kuocr >80 9
@b`gedc y djkp`rt` Cxpgequc djb sus p`g`nr`s quå cbtecbfc pjr "Xg`bct` 38 — 38". ºDôkj sc rcg`dejb` djb g` efc` fc emu`gf`f fc måbcrj:
"Xjr ub pg`bct` 38-38 cb >848? Fckjs cg p`sj p`r` g` emu`gf`f fc måbcrj" iuc cg gck` fc g` JBS p`r` cg Fë` Ebtcrb`dejb`g fc g` Kuocr >809. 0
058
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs 0. Ebdguseôb fckjdràted` fc g`s kuocrcs L`m`kjs ub rcp`sj fc g`s feicrcbtcs fekcbsejbcs fc g` fckjdr`de` quc lckjs cstufe`fj l`st` `ljr`. Fckjdr`de` djkj sestck` fc jrm`bez`deôb pjgëted`. Vepjs fc fckjdr`de`? rcprcscbt`tev` y p`rtedep`tev`. Fckjdr`de` ebdgusev`? cg rctj fc cgekeb`r g`s n`rrcr`s p`r` quc tjfjs gjs mrupjs sjde`gcs cstckjs ebdguefjs cb gjs prjdcsjs fckjdràtedjs? •
beð`s, beðjs
•
`fjgcsdcbtcs y oôvcbcs
•
kuocrcs
Gjs Fcrcdljs Luk`bjs sjb emu`gcs p`r` tjf`s g`s pcrsjb`s. Teb ckn`rmj, ircducbtckcbtc g`s kuocrcs suircb fesdrekeb`deôb quc gcs ekpefc l`dcr v`gcr sus fcrcdljs y p`rtedep`r pgcb`kcbtc cb g` sjdecf`f. Xjfckjs `rk`r quc tjf`s g`s sjdecf`fcs fckjdràted`s fcg kubfj fcncb kcojr`r cb g` ebdguseôb fc g`s kuocrcs. Sbj fc gjs jrëmcbcs fc g` fesdrekeb`deôb l`de` g`s kuocrcs cs g` feveseôb fc gjs csp`dejs quc sc f` tr`fedejb`gkcbtc cb g` k`yjrë` fc g`s sjdecf`fcs? •
Gjs ljknrcs jdup`biucr` gjs csp`dejs pÿngedjs djkj djketås, cst`ngcdekecbtjs cfud`tevjs, tr`n`ojs fcg ljm`r, `sjde`dejbcs, rcubejbcs sjde`gcs, d`rmjs pjgëtedjs, ctd.
•
G`s kuocrcs jdup`b cg csp`dej prev`fj fcg ljm`r, cst`bfj ` d`rmj fc gjs jiedejs fjkåstedjs, cg duef`fj fc gjs leojs y fc pcrsjb`s `bde`b`s y jtr`s t`rc`s rcg`dejb`f`s djb duef`r ` jtr`s pcrsjb`s.
Cg lcdlj fc quc g`s kuocrcs bj p`rtedepcb cb g` vef` pÿnged` fc ub` sjdecf`f tecbc mr`vcs djbscducbde`s p`r` cg fcs`rrjggj pjrquc cs` sjdecf`f cstà pcrfecbfj g`s efc`s, cg t`gcbtj y g`s d`p`def`fcs fc g` ket`f fc su pjng`deôb.
Cocrdedej 0 Xecbsc cb g`s kuocrcs y gjs ljknrcs quc djbjdc? ºsc f` g` feveseôb fc csp`dejs pÿngedj y prev`fj: Csdren` fjs cockpgjs.
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 03
050
0.0 G` p`rtedep`deôb fc g` kuocr? ub` djbquest` kuy g`rm` G`s kuocrcs l`b gudl`fj y djbtebÿ`b gudl`bfj p`r` mjz`r pgcb`kcbtc fc sus fcrcdljs. Djbjzd`kjs `gmubjs lcdljs lestôredjs rcg`dejb`fjs djb gjs fcrcdljs fc g`s kuocrcs. < fc k`rzj fc 0<3=? cb ub` iànred` fc Bucv` Ujra ub mrupj fc jnrcr`s jrm`bezô ub` prjtcst` p`r` kcojr`r sus djbfedejbcs fc tr`n`oj y iucrjb nrut`gkcbtc rcprekef`s. K`rzj fc 05888>—>88<. G` ebtrjfuddeôb fc cst` Gcy scð`g`? Puc g`s kuocrcs mu`tck`gtcd`s tecbcb fcrcdlj `g rcdjbjdekecbtj, mjdc, cocrdedej y prjtcddeôb fc tjfjs gjs fcrcdljs luk`bjs y g`s gencrt`fcs djbs`mr`f`s cb g` Djbstetudeôb Xjgëted` fc g` ^cpÿnged` c ebstrukcbtjs ebtcrb`dejb`gcs cb k`tcre` fc fcrcdljs luk`bjs, y quc cg prjngck` fc vejgcbde` y fesdrekeb`deôb cb djbtr` fc g`s kuocrcs, beð`s y `fjgcsdcbtcs quc l` ekpcr`fj cb cg p`ës sc l` `mr`v`fj djb cg `scseb`tj y g` ekpubef`f, fcnefj ` g`s rcg`dejbcs fcsemu`gcs fc pjfcr cxestcbtcs cbtrc ljknrcs y kuocrcs, cb cg d`kpj sjde`g, cdjbôkedj, ourëfedj, pjgëtedj, dugtur`g y i`kege`r, pjr gj quc sc l`dc bcdcs`rej ub` gcy fc prcvcbdeôb y pcb`gez`deôb.
>803? cb Mu`tck`g`, sc `prucn` cg Fcdrctj <->803 quc kjfeied` g` cf`f këbek` p`r` djbtr`cr k`trekjbej cb cg Dôfemj Deveg. Pucf` cst`ngcdef` cb 0< `ðjs p`r` kuocrcs y ljknrcs.
05>
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
0.> Jnstàdugjs p`r` g` p`rtedep`deôb fc g`s kuocrcs Cst`kjs jnscrv`bfj quc g`s kuocrcs cbircbt`b kàs jnstàdugjs quc gjs ljknrcs p`r` pjfcr p`rtedep`r pgcb`kcbtc cb g` sjdecf`f. Cg prekcr jnstàdugj sucgc cst`r cb g` prjpe` i`kege`, fcsfc quc g`s beð`s sjb pcqucð`s. Fcsfc `lë djkecbz` ub` d`fcb` fc fesdrekeb`deôb. @b`gedckjs `gmubjs `spcdtjs, tcbecbfj cb ducbt` quc cs ub `bàgeses sjde`g mcbcr`g y quc seckprc l`y d`sjs feicrcbtcs. •
G`s beð`s tecbcb kcbjs jpjrtubef`fcs fc cfud`deôb. @gmub`s bj v`b ` g` csducg` j sc rcter`b prjbtj p`r` `yuf`r cb cg ljm`r j d`s`rsc.
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Tc `gekcbt`b pcjr pjrquc g` djkef` kcojr j kàs `nubf`btc sc servc ` gjs v`rjbcs.
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Tu prjycdtj fc vef` sc dcbtr` cb cg k`trekjbej pjrquc `së gj quecrc g` i`kege` y, ` vcdcs, t`kneåb cgg`s pjr eket`deôb fc jtr`s oôvcbcs.
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Du`bfj sc d`s`b, semucb jdupàbfjsc fcg tr`n`oj fcg ljm`r cb cg àknetj prev`fj.
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Vecbcb kcbjs pjsenegef`fcs fc tjk`r fcdesejbcs fc su vef` pjr së kesk`s pjrquc cg cspjsj j p`pà sc g`s ekpjbcb.
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Duef`b kcbjs su s`guf pjrquc f`b prcicrcbde` ` g` s`guf fc g` i`kege`.
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Te tr`n`o`b iucr` fc d`s`, tecbcb pcjrcs tr`n`ojs pjrquc su ijrk`deôb `d`fåked` cs n`o`.
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X`rtedep`b kcbjs cb `sjde`dejbcs, djketås, `s`kngc`s y bj `sukcb d`rmjs y` sc` pjrquc bj sc gcs f` g` jpjrtubef`f j pjrquc cgg`s kesk`s bj sc secbtcb d`p`dcs ` d`us` fc g` n`o` `utjcstek` quc gcs l` prjfudefj g` lestjre` fc fesdrekeb`deôb.
Cocrdedej > G` Gcy djbtr` cg Ickedefej fc Mu`tck`g` l`ng` fc "g`s rcg`dejbcs fcsemu`gcs fc pjfcr cxestcbtcs cbtrc ljknrcs y kuocrcs". Gc` fc bucvj cg cxtr`dtj fc g` gcy y cxpgequc ` quå sc rccrc.
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 03
054
G` Xg`t`ijrk` fc Nceoebm cst`ngcdeô 0> jnstàdugjs j àknetjs drëtedjs quc `icdt`b ` g`s kuocrcs fcg kubfj cb su pgcb` p`rtedep`deôb y fcs`rrjggj. Tjb gjs semuecbtcs? 0. G` kuocr y g` pjnrcz` >. Cg `ddcsj fcsemu`g ` g` cfud`deôb 4. G` i`gt` y cg `ddcsj fcsemu`g ` gjs sestck`s fc s`guf 6. G` vejgcbde` djbtr` g` kuocr 3. G` vugbcr`negef`f fc g` kuocr cb djbigedtjs `rk`fjs 9. G` fcsemu`gf`f cb g`s cstrudtur`s cdjbôked`s =. G` fcsemu`gf`f cb cg pjfcr y g` tjk` fc fcdesejbcs <. D`rcbde` fc kcd`beskjs ebstetudejb`gcs v`re`fjs p`r` kcojr`r cg `fcg`btj fc g` kuocr 5. G` i`gt` fc rcspctj y g` prjtcddeôb eb`fcdu`f` cb du`btj ` gjs fcrcdljs luk`bjs 08. G` sunrcprcscbt`deôb fc g` kuocr cb gjs kcfejs fc djkubed`deôb 00. G` fcsemu`gf`f cb g` mcsteôb fc gjs cr dursjs b`tur`gcs y cb g` s`gv`mu`rfe` fcg kcfej `knecbtc 0>. G` fesdrekeb`deôb y vejg`deôb fc beð`s ^cspcdtj ` cstjs jnstàdugjs, g` Jrm`bez`deôb fc g`s B`dejbcs Sbef`s scð`g`? "@gmub`s kuocrcs l`b djbscmuefj supcr`r cstjs jnstàdugjs, y l`b sefj kuy cgjme`f`s pjr cggj, ` kcbufj ebiguycbfj pjsetev`kcbtc cb g` sjdecf`f cb su djboubtj. Bj jnst`btc, cb tårkebjs mcbcr`gcs, l`y quc scmuer tr`n`o`bfj p`r` gjmr`r g` emu`gf`f fc jpjrtubef`fcs p`r` tjf`s y tjfjs."
Cocrdedej 4 Xecbsc cb ub` kuocr j beð` quc djbjzd`. ºYevc `gmub` setu`deôb fc fesdrekeb`deôb djkj g`s quc sc l`b fcsdretj: Fcsdrën`g` `quë.
056
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
>. Bevcgcs fc p`rtedep`deôb Cb g` lestjre` rcdecbtc fc Mu`tck`g`, cbdjbtr`kjs ` kuocrcs quc l`b s`nefj gudl`r djbtr` g` fcsemu`gf`f y su tr`n`oj l` ncbcde`fj ` tjf` g` sjdecf`f. D`f` ub` fc cgg`s sc l` fcsckpcð`fj cb ub bevcg feicrcbtc djkj g` fcicbs` fc gjs fcrcdljs luk`bjs, g` gudl` djbtr` g` ekpubef`f, g` rcdupcr`deôb fc g` kckjre` lestôred` j cg `pjyj ` vëdtek`s fc g` vejgcbde`. Yc`kjs ub`s bjt`s kuy nrcvcs fc cst`s du`trj kuocrcs quc lckjs scgcddejb`fj. Bebctl Kjbtcbcmrj Kuocr gudl`fjr`, rcdjbjdef` pjr su ljbcstef`f y rcdtetuf cb cg kubfj fc g` pjgëted`, sefj feput`f` fcsfc 0559. Tc cbircbtô `g Coårdetj fc Mu`tck`g` cb l` teckpjs fcg Djbedtj @rk`fj Ebtcrbj fcsfc ub` rcsestcbde` p`dëd`. Fcsfc cbtjbdcs, sc cbtrcmô ` g` fcicbs` fc gjs Fcrcdljs Luk`bjs y iubfô cg Mrupj fc @pjyj Kutuj -M@K-. Jtege` Gux fc Djtë Kuocr k`y` a'edlc', mu`tck`gtcd`, k`frc, cspjs`, k`cstr`, pjgëted` y `dtevest` fc gjs fcrcdljs luk`bjs. Cs fercdtjr` cocdutev` fcg Ijrj Ebtcrb`dejb`g fc Kuocrcs Ebfëmcb`s. L` tr`n`o`fj djkj djkesejb`f` fc g` Djkeseôb fcg Csdg`rcdekecbtj Lestôredj sjnrc g`s vejg`dejbcs fc gjs Fcrcdljs Luk`bjs y Lcdljs fc Yejgcbde` fc Mu`tck`g`. Bjrk` Druz Kuocr v`gecbtc, iubf`fjr` fc g` @sjde`deôb Tjnrcvevecbtcs. ^cdjbjdef` pjr su tr`n`oj cb ncbcdej fc g`s kuocrcs vëdtek`s fc g` vejgcbde` y su tr`n`oj cb tck`s fc Fcrcdljs Luk`bjs. @b` K`rë` ^jf`s Xjct`, b`rr`fjr`, pcrejfest` y drëted` getcr`re` mu`tck`gtcd`. Iemur` fcst`d`f` fcg p`bjr`k` getcr`rej dcbtrj`kcred`bj. Cb 05=6 g` @sjde`deôb fc Xcrejfest`s fc Mu`tck`g` gc jtjrmô cg prckej Gencrt`f fc Xrcbs`, prckej jtjrm`fj sjg`kcbtc ` pcrejfest`s quc sc fcst`d`b cb g` fcicbs` fc `qucgg` gencrt`f iubf`kcbt`g.
Ebvcstemuc cb g` rcf... G`s kuocrcs l`b lcdlj mr`bfcs `pjrtcs ` g`s decbde`s, g`s `rtcs, g` pjgëted`, g` cdjbjkë` y g`s rcgemejbcs ` gj g`rmj fc g` lestjre`. Teb ckn`rmj, cs prjn`ngc quc bj djbjzd`kjs kudljs fc sus bjknrcs pjrquc tr`fedejb`gkcbtc g` lestjre` sc l` csdretj fcsfc cg pubtj fc vest` fc gjs ljknrcs. Djbjdckjs, pjr gj t`btj, ub` lestjre` ebdjkpgct`. ºGc must`rë` s`ncr kàs sjnrc cs` jtr` p`rtc fc g` lestjre`, duy`s prjt`mjbest`s sjb kuocrcs: Ebmrcsc ` lttp?//rcducrfjsfcp`bfjr`.djk/lestjre`/kuocrcs-quc-k`rd`rjb-g`-lestjre`/ ºPuå nejmr`ië` gc gg`k` kàs g` `tcbdeôb: ºXjr quå: Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 03
053
^csukcb 0. Ebdguseôb fckjdràted` fc g`s kuocrcs Cs ub` bcdcsef`f p`r` g` fckjdr`de` ebdgusev`. G`s kuocrcs ircducbtckcbtc suircb fesdrekeb`deôb quc gcs ekpefc p`rtedep`r cb g` sjdecf`f. G` fesdrekeb`deôb l`de` g`s kuocrcs sc jremeb` djb g` feveseôb fc csp`dejs? •
Ljknrcs? csp`dej pÿngedj (tr`n`oj iucr` fcg ljm`r, cstufejs, rcubejbcs, ctd.).
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Kuocrcs? csp`dej prev`fj (jiedejs fjkåstedjs, duef`fj fc leojs, ctd.).
G` fesdrekeb`deôb fc g`s kuocrcs geket` cg fcs`rrjggj fc tjf` g` sjdecf`f. 0.0.
Lcdljs lestôredjs sjnrc gjs fcrcdljs fc g`s kuocrcs
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< fc k`rzj fc 0<3=? rcprcseôb fc g` prjtcst` fc jnrcr`s cb Bucv` Ujra.
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058
-
0563? cb Mu`tck`g`, fcrcdlj `g vjtj p`r` kuocrcs `gi`nct`s.
-
0598? ekpugsj fc kjvekecbtjs ickebest`s.
-
0593? cb Mu`tck`g`, fcrcdlj `g vjtj p`r` tjf`s g`s kuocrcs.
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05=3? Kåxedj, Xrekcr` Djbicrcbde` Kubfe`g sjnrc g` Kuocr.
-
05=5? Djbvcbdeôb sjnrc g` cgekeb`deôb fc tjf`s g`s ijrk`s fc fesdrekeb`deôb djbtr` g` kuocr.
-
0553? Xg`t`ijrk` fc Nceoebm.
-
>88
-
>803? cb Mu`tck`g`, g` cf`f këbek` p`r` d`s`rsc cs fc 0< `ðjs p`r` kuocrcs y ljknrcs.
0.>.
Jnstàdugjs p`r` g` p`rtedep`deôb fc g`s kuocrcs Cb mcbcr`g, g`s kuocrcs cbircbt`b ub` d`fcb` fc fesdrekeb`deôb fcsfc quc sjb beð`s? • Kcbjs p`rtedep`deôb cb tjk` fc fcdeseôb djkubet`re` y pjgëted`. • Kcbjs jpjrtubef`fcs fc cfud`deôb. • Xcjr `gekcbt`deôb. • Xrjycdtj fc vef` dcbtr`fj cb k`trekjbej. • Kcbjs duef`fjs fc s`guf. • Kcbjs pjsenegef`fcs fc fcdefer sjnrc su vef`. • Jdup`deôb cb cg àknetj prev`fj. • Xcjr tr`n`oj iucr` fc d`s`.
G` Xg`t`ijrk` fc Nceoebm efcbteiedô fjdc àknetjs drëtedjs quc `icdt`b ` g` p`rtedep`deôb y fcs`rrjggj pgcbjs fc g`s kuocrcs fcg kubfj. >. Bevcgcs fc p`rtedep`deôb Cb g` lestjre` fc Mu`tck`g` fcst`d`b kudl`s kuocrcs quc l` gudl`fj djbtr` g` fcsemu`gf`f cb feicrcbtcs bevcgcs. @gmub`s fc cgg`s sjb? • Bebctl Kjbtcbcmrj? feput`f`. • Jtege` Gux fc Djtë? fercdtjr` fcg Ijrj ebtcrb`dejb`g fc Kuocrcs Ebfëmcb`s. • Bjrk` Druz? iubf`fjr` fc g` @sjde`deôb Tjnrcvevecbtcs. • @b` K`rë` ^jf`s? Xrckej Gencrt`f fc Xrcbs`.
059
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
@utjdjbtrjg @dtevef`f 0.
Fckucstrc gj `prcbfefj.
K`rquc djb ub` cques cg du`frj fc g` jpdeôb quc djkpgct` djrrcdt`kcbtc d`f` cbubde`fj. 0. G` p`rtedep`deôb pgcb` fc g`s kuocrcs cs ub rctj fc g` fckjdr`de`… rcprcscbt`tev` p`rtedep`tev` ebdgusev` >. Vr`fedejb`gkcbtc, cxestc ub` feveseôb fc csp`dejs quc fedugt` quc g`s kuocrcs p`rtedepcb pgcb`kcbtc cb g` sjdecf`f. Gjs csp`dejs sc fevefcb `së? cg csp`dej pÿngedj sc `semb` ` g`s kuocrcs cg csp`dej prev`fj sc `semb` ` g`s kuocrcs cg csp`dej prev`fj sc `semb` ` gjs ljknrcs 4. Cg fcrcdlj `g vjtj iuc cicdtevj p`r` tjf`s g`s kuocrcs mu`tck`gtcd`s cb… 0593 0563 0598 6. G` Xrekcr` Djbicrcbde` Kubfe`g sjnrc g` Kuocr iuc jrm`bez`f` pjr g` JBS cb 05=3 y sc dcgcnrô cb… Kåxedj Nceoebm Bucv` Ujra 3. Cb mcbcr`g, g`s kuocrcs cbircbt`b kàs jnstàdugjs quc gjs ljknrcs p`r`… `ddcfcr ` g` cfud`deôb p`rtedep`r cb g` vef` pjgëted` fc sus djkubef`fcs `kn`s jpdejbcs sjb decrt`s 9. Cg bjknrc fc ub` fcst`d`f` kuocr k`y` a―edlc― `dtevest` fc gjs fcrcdljs luk`bjs cs… Bjrk` Druz @b` K`rë` ^jf`s Jtege` Gux fc Djtë =. Bebctl Kjbtcbcmrj cs… ub` fcst`d`f` feput`f` mu`tck`gtcd` ub` pcrejfest` y drëted` getcr`re` g` iubf`fjr` fc g` @sjde`deôb Tjnrcvevecbtcs Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 03
05=
@dtevef`f >.
Xecbsc y `pgequc gj quc `prcbfeô.
@. ºDjbsefcr` quc pucfc f`rsc ub` fckjdr`de` vcrf`fcr`kcbtc p`rtedep`tev` se bj cs ebdgusev` p`r` g`s kuocrcs, gjs oôvcbcs, g`s pcrsjb`s djb d`p`def`fcs cspcde`gcs y tjf`s g`s pcrsjb`s: ºXjr quå: @rmukcbtc su rcspucst` n`sàbfjsc cb gjs `prcbfez`ocs fc cst` sck`b` y fc sck`b`s `btcrejrcs.
N. Gc` g` pctedeôb quc l`dc JBS kuocrcs ` tjfjs gjs mjnecrbjs fcg kubfj y rc`gedc g`s `dtevef`fcs quc cstàb ` djbtebu`deôb. Pucrckjs gjmr`r ub kubfj cb cg quc tjf`s g`s kuocrcs y g`s beð`s tcbm`b g`s kesk`s jpjrtubef`fcs y gjs keskjs fcrcdljs fc `quë ` >848. ‗Fckjs cg p`sj‛ pefc ` gjs mjnecrbjs rc`gez`r djkprjkesjs b`dejb`gcs quc pjbm`b ieb ` g` nrcdl` cb g` emu`gf`f fc måbcrj? fcsfc gcycs y pjgëted`s l`st` pg`bcs fc `ddeôb b`dejb`g c ebvcrsejbcs `fcdu` f`s. ¡Fckjs cg p`sj! ¡@LJ^@ cs cg kjkcbtj! lttp?//www.ubwjkcb.jrm/cs/mct-ebvjgvcf/stcp-et-up#stl`sl.DjPk^sSu.fpui
0. Cxpgequc djb sus p`g`nr`s quå cs ‗g` nrcdl` cb g` emu`gf`f fc måbcrj‛.
>. Csdren` fjs `ddejbcs djbdrct`s ` rc`gez`r pjr cg mjnecrbj fc Mu`tck`g` p`r` gjmr`r g` emu`gf`f fc g`s beð`s y/j g`s kuocrcs cb d`f` ubj fc gjs semuecbtcs àknetjs? Bevcg
Cfud`deôb
Vr`n`oj
X`rtedep`deôb pjgëted`
05<
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
@ddejbcs
V`ggcr fc cfud`deôb cb v`gjrcs Yevj g` cquef`f Ebstruddejbcs? `dtevef`f cb fjs i`scs, prekcrj ebfevefu`g y fcspuås cb pcqucðjs mrupjs. G` cquef`f cs quc tjf`s g`s pcrsjb`s tcbm`b g` jpjr tubef`f fc mjz`r fc tjfjs sus Fcrcdljs Luk`bjs. X`r` quc cstj sc` pjsengc, cs bcdcs`rej quc t`kneåb tjf`s g`s pcrsjb`s dukpg`b sus fcncrcs j rcspjbs`negef`fcs. G` cquef`f cs oustede` pjrquc gj oustj cs quc bj cxest` fesdrekeb`deôb. Du`bfj vevekjs cg v`gjr fc g` cquef`f, bucstrjs `dtjs seckprc ebdguycb ` g`s pcrsjb`s djb g`s quc bjs rcg`dejb`kjs y bj fesdrekeb`b ` b`fec. @ddejbcs djkj ebsugtjs, fcsprcdej, nurg`, ctd. v`b cb djbtr` fc g` cquef`f y sjb emu`g fc mr`vcs se sc rc`gez`b d`r` ` d`r` j ` tr`vås fc g`s rcfcs sjde`gcs u jtrjs kcfejs. Cquef`f cs
cs
^cg`dejb`rsc cb emu`gf`f fc djbfedejbcs djb? • kuocrcs y ljknrcs • pcrsjb`s ebfëmcb`s, g`feb`s y cxtr`bocr`s • pcrsjb`s duy`s i`kege`s sjb pjnrcs y red`s
bj
@dcpt`r quc bj sc rcspctcb kes fcrcdljs p`r` f`r prcicrcbde` ` jtr`s pcrsjb`s. Vcbcr quc l`dcr `gmj quc bj quecrj p`r` scr emu`g quc gjs fckàs.
Vr`n`o`r pjr ub jnoctevj djkÿb oubtj djb pcr- Fesdrekeb`r ` jtr` pcrsjb` p`r` cvet`r quc sjb`s feicrcbtcs ` kë. kc fesdrekebcb ` kë. Cb tjf`s g`s `dtevef`fcs djb jtr`s pcrsjb`s, @dcpt`r quc jd`sejbcs sc fesdrekebc ` `gmuecb pjrdukpger g`s rcspjbs`negef`fcs prjpe`s y cocrdcr quc cb jtr`s `së sc l` lcdlj. gjs fcrcdljs. Gc` cg semuecbtc d`sj y prjpjbm` ub` `ddeôb `pged`bfj g` cquef`f. D`sj? cb cg dërdugj fc cstufej, sc prjpjbc ub` `dtevef`f cb mrupjs cb g` k`tcre` fc Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b`. G`s y gjs cstufe`btcs sc jrm`bez`b genrckcbtc y sc jnscr v` quc l`b qucf`fj mrupjs sjgj fc kuocrcs y sjgj fc ljknrcs. Du`bfj g` jrecbt`fjr` vjgubt`re` quc `djkp`ð` `g mrupj pefc quc sc l`m`b mrupjs kextjs, `gmubjs cstufe`btcs fedcb quc bj quecrcb oubt`rsc djb g`s kuocrcs y vedcvcrs`.
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 03
055
@ddeôb prjpucst`
Cb mrupj, djkp`rt`b g`s `ddejbcs quc prjpjbc d`f` ubj y rcspjbf`b? ºCs l`netu`g quc jdurr` `gmj p`rcdefj cb su dërdugj fc cstufejs du`bfj sc gcs pefc l`dcr mrupjs fc tr`n`oj:
ºDrccb quc pucfcb `pged`r g`s `ddejbcs prjpucst`s p`r` supcr`r cb su dërdugj g` i`gt` fc cquef`f cb sus rcg`dejbcs cbtrc djkp`ðcrjs:
^cvesc su `prcbfez`oc K`rquc djb ub dlcquc
.. .r e` f u t s c c f s å u p s c F
g` d`segg` quc kcojr ebfequc su rcbfekecbtj.
Y`gjrj g` ekpjrt`bde` fc g` prjpucst` ‗Sb pg`bct` 38-38‛ fc JBS kuocrcs. ^ccxejbj sjnrc g`s djbscducbde`s bcm`tev`s fc g` feveseôb tr`fedejb`g fc csp`dejs y rjgcs cbtrc kuocrcs y ljknrcs. Efcbtedj lcdljs lestôredjs ekpjrt`btcs rcg`dejb`fjs djb gjs fcrcdljs fc g`s kuocrcs cb Mu`tck`g` y cg kubfj. Fescðj `ddejbcs p`r` supcr`r gjs jnstàdugjs quc cbircbt`b g`s kuocrcs mu`tck`gtcd`s y fcg kubfj p`r` su pgcbj fcs`rrjggj. Djbjzdj ` kuocrcs mu`tck`gtcd`s cockpg`rcs cb g` gudl` djbtr` g` fcsemu`gf`f.
>88
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
gjmr`fj
cb bj prjdcsj gjmr`fj
09 G`s beð`s y gjs beðjs cb g` djkubef`f fckjdràted` ºPuå cbdjbtr`rà cst` sck`b`: ¡Àk`kc y duëf`kc! Fcrcdljs y fcncrcs fc g`s beð`s y gjs beðjs `. cb g` i`kege` n. cb cg dcbtrj cfud`tevj d. cb g` sjdecf`f @nusj ebi`bteg y `fjgcsdcbtc Ebstetudejbcs fc prjtcddeôb ` g` ebi`bde`
Cst` sck`b` gjmr`rà?
^cigcxejb`r sjnrc g` bcdcsef`f fc `kjr y prjtcddeôb fc gjs beðjs y g`s beð`s.
Fcsdrener gjs fcrcdljs y fcncrcs fc beð`s, beðjs y `fjgcsdcbtcs cb gjs feicrcbtcs àknetjs fc g` vef`.
Djbjdcr g`s `ddejbcs quc djbstetuycb `nusj ebi`bteg y `fjgcsdcbtc, scð`g`f`s cb g` Gcy fc Xrjtcddeôb Ebtcmr`g fc g` Beðcz y g` @fjgcsdcbde`.
Efcbteied`r ebstetudejbcs fcg Cst`fj y fc g` sjdecf`f deveg quc prjtcmcb ` g` ebi`bde` cb Mu`tck`g`.
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 09
>80
@ycr... ljy... ¡Àk`kc y duëf`kc! ºPuå cs gj quc kàs bcdcset` ub beðj j ub` beð`: ºPuå fcrcdljs tecbc: X`r` pjfcr drcdcr s`bjs iësed` y kcbt`gkcbtc, g`s beð`s y gjs beðjs tecbcb quc djbt`r djb pcrsjb`s quc gjs quecr`b y gjs prjtco`b. Sb` beð` j ub beðj tecbc kudl`s bcdcsef`fcs pcrj bj pucfc s`tesi`dcrg`s pjr së keskj, vc`kjs?
•
@gekcbt`deôb s`b` y cquegenr`f` p`r` fcs`rrjgg`r tjf`s g`s d`p`def`fcs fc su ducrpj y su ebtcgemcbde`.
•
Y`dub`s p`r` prcvcber cbicrkcf`fcs, `tcbdeôb kåfed` cb d`sj fc mrepc, fe`rrc` j du`gquecr cbicrkcf`f.
•
Fjrker tjf`s g`s ljr`s bcdcs`re`s.
•
Oum`r p`r` fcspcrt`r g` ek`meb`deôb, fcs`rrjgg`r gjs kÿsdugjs, g` `tcbdeôb y gjs kjvekecbtjs djrpjr`gcs.
•
Duef`fjs p`r` bj d`crsc, g`stek`rsc djb jnoctjs j quc pcrsjb`s k`gebtcbdejb`f`s sc gj ggcvcb j gc l`m`b f`ðj.
@fckàs, g`s beð`s y gjs beðjs bcdcset`b scbtersc `k`fjs . Cg `kjr ebdjbfedejb`g fc su i`kege` j fc g`s pcrsjb`s quc gjs duef`b cs ub` p`rtc iubf`kcbt`g fcg fcs`rrjggj s`bj c ebiguerà cb su d`ràdtcr y sus ijrk`s fc rcg`dejb`rsc du`bfj sc`b k`yjrcs.
@b`gedc y djkp`rt` Gc` g` semuecbtc bjtede` cxtr`ëf` fc ub fe`rej cb ebtcrbct y csdren` fcspuås ub djkcbt`rej pcrsjb`g sjnrc su djbtcbefj. G`s prcmubt`s gc pucfcb `yuf`r ` rcf`dt`r su rcspucst`. Gjs beðjs djgjkne`bjs sjb gjs scmubfjs kàs icgedcs fcg kubfj, scmÿb f`tjs fcg prjycdtj Dlegfrcb's ]jrgfs, ub` cbducst` ebtcrb`dejb`g quc rcves` cg necbcst`r fc gjs kcbjrcs fc quebdc p`ëscs. lttp?//www.tcgckctrj.djk/ebtcrb`dejb`gcs
ºDrcc quc t`kneåb gjs beðjs y g`s beð`s mu`tck`gtcd`s pjfrë`b scr fc gjs kàs icgedcs fcg kubfj:
ºPuå djs`s fesirut`b kàs g`s beð`s y gjs beðjs quc djbjdc:
>8>
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs
0. Fcrcdljs y fcncrcs fc g`s beð`s y gjs beðjs Vjf`s g`s beð`s y gjs beðjs fcg kubfj tecbcb gjs keskjs fcrcdljs quc g`s pcrsjb`s `fugt`s y cs iubf`kcbt`g quc sc dukpg`b p`r` quc cb cg iuturj pucf`b scr deuf`f`b`s y deuf`f`bjs pgcbjs.
G` prjtcddeôb fc gjs fcrcdljs fc g` ebi`bde` cs ub tck`
@g l`ng`r fc fcrcdljs y fcncrcs fc g` beðcz, g` Gcy fc Xrjtcddeôb Ebtcmr`g fc
fc mr`b ekpjrt`bde` ebtcrb`dejb`g pjrquc
g` Beðczl`st` y @fjgcsdcbde`, j beð` ` tjf` ‗beðj pcrsjb` fcsfc su djbdcpdeôb quc dukpgcdjbsefcr` trcdc `ðjs , y `fjgcsdcbtc ` tjf` `qucgg` fcsfc gjs
bjs `icdt` djkj sjdecf`f mgjn`g. Cb 05<3, g`s B`dejbcs Sbef`s prjkugm`rjb cg tr`t`fj ebtcrb`dejb`g gg`k`fj
trcdc l`st` quc dukpgc fecdejdlj `ðjs fc cf`f‛.
`. Fcrcdljs Vjf`s g`s beð`s, gjs beðjs y gjs oôvcbcs tecbcb fcrcdlj `? • g` vef`, g` i`kege`, bjknrc, b`dejb`gef`f, s`guf, cfud`deôb, dugtur` y rcdrc`deôb, • mjz`r fc efcbtef`f, gencrt`f, emu`gf`f, rcspctj y fembef`f1 • drcdcr djb ub bevcg fc vef` `fcdu`fj1 • jrm`bez`rsc, p`rtedep`r, jpeb`r y scr tjk`fjs cb ducbt`1 • mjz`r fc m`r`btë`s cb prjdcsjs oufede`gcs y/j `fkebestr`tevjs y • quc g` tecrr` sc prjtco` p`r` cggjs y cgg`s.
"Djbvcbdeôb fc gjs Fcrcdljs fcg Beðj",
fc jngem`fj dukpgekecbtj p`r` tjfjs gjs Cst`fjs quc sc `flecrcb, cbtrc cggjs Mu`tck`g`.
Tcr prjtcmefjs fc?
• • • • • • •
g` fesdrekeb`deôb y cxdguseôb1 tjf` ijrk` fc k`gtr`tj, vejgcbde` y `nusj1 tjf`s g`s ijrk`s fc cxpgjt`deôb cdjbôked`1 tjf` ebijrk`deôb y k`tcre`g pcroufede`g p`r` su necbcst`r1 gjs fcs`strcs y djbigedtjs `rk`fjs1 tràiedj, scducstrj, vcbt` y tr`t`1 YEL/Tef`.
n. Fcncrcs y jngem`dejbcs Vjf`s g`s beð`s, gjs beðjs y gjs oôvcbcs tecbcb gjs semuecbtcs fcncrcs? Cb g` i`kege`
•
^cspct`r y jncfcdcr ` sus p`frcs, tutjrcs j cbd`rm`fjs, djbtrenu-
ycbfj ` g` ubef`f y gc`gt`f i`kege`r. •
Djg`njr`r cb g`s t`rc`s fcg ljm`r,`djrfcs ` su cf`f y fcs`rrjggj
•
iësedj, y quc bj ebtcriecr`b djb sus `dtevef`fcs cfud`tev`s y fcs`rrjggj ebtcmr`g. Duef`r y rcspct`r sus necbcs, gjs fc su i`kege`, gjs fcg dcbtrj fc cbscð`bz` y gjs fc g` djkubef`f, p`rtedep`bfj cb su k`btcbekecbtj. Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 09
>84
• •
•
Dukpger djb gjs tr`t`kecbtjs kåfedjs, sjde`gcs, psedjgômedjs j fc
jtr` ëbfjgc bcdcs`rejs p`r` su necbcst`r. Bj `n`bfjb`r g` d`s` fc sus prjmcbetjrcs, j `qucgg` quc cggjs j g` `utjref`f gcs lunecsc `semb`fj, seb g` fcnef` `utjrez`deôb, s`gvj du`bfj su ebtcmref`f iësed` y kcbt`g cstå cb recsmj mr`vc fc suirer `gmÿb tepj fc f`ðj. @pjy`r ` sus p`frcs cb su `bde`bef`f, fesd`p`def`f j cbicrkcf`f,
cb g` kcfef` fc sus pjsenegef`fcs. Cb cg cst`ngcdekecbtj cfud`tevj
• •
•
@dtu`r djb ljbcstef`f y rcspjbs`negef`f cb tjf`s g`s ct`p`s fcg prjdcsj cfud`tevj. Csijrz`rsc pjr `sekeg`r gjs djbjdekecbtjs quc sc gc nrebfcb y tr`t`r fc fcs`rrjgg`r g`s l`negef`fcs bcdcs`re`s p`r` `gd`bz`r ub `fcdu`fj rcbfekecbtj csdjg`r. Dukpger djb g`s fespjsedejbcs fesdepgeb`re`s cst`ngcdef`s cb cg dcbtrj csdjg`r, seckprc y du`bfj rcspctcb su fembef`f y g`s gcycs fcg p`ës.
Cb g` sjdecf`f
•
X`rtedep`r djb rcspctj y ljbr`fcz cb g`s `dtevef`fcs dugtur`gcs, fcpjrtev`s j rcdrc`tev`s quc jrm`bedcb g`s ebstetudejbcs pÿnged`s j prev`-
f`s. •
Nusd`r prjtcddeôb`btc sus p`frcs j cbd`rm`fjs j `btc g`s `utjref`fcs djkpctcbtcs`btc du`gquecr lcdlj quc gcsejbc sus fcrcdljs.
• •
^cspct`r, prjpede`r y djg`njr`r cb g` djbscrv`deôb fcg `knecbtc.
Fcs`rrjgg`r `dtetufcs fc djbsefcr`deôb, sjgef`ref`f, tjgcr`bde`, djkprcbseôb y rcspctj djb gjs `bde`bjs, `fugtjs, `fjgcsdcbtcs y jtrjs beðjs y beð`s, seb festebdeôb fc vëbdugj i`kege`r, scxj, pjsedeôb cdjbôke-
•
d` y sjde`g, åtbed` y fesd`p`def`f iësed`, kcbt`g j scbsjre`g. Djbjdcr y prjkjvcr g` Djbstetudeôb Xjgëted` fc g` ^cpÿnged`, g` Djbvcbdeôb sjnrc gjs Fcrcdljs fcg Beðj y gjs Fcrcdljs Luk`bjs cb mcbcr`g.
Cocrdedej 0 Xecbsc cb gjs beðjs y g`s beð`s fc su n`rrej j fc su djkubef`f. 0. Cb su jpebeôb, ºduàgcs sjb gjs fjs fcrcdljs fc g` beðcz quc cs bcdcs`rej rcijrz`r kàs: `. n. >. ºPuå fcncrcs cs bcdcs`rej rcijrz`r: `. n.
>86
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
>. @nusj ebi`bteg y `fjgcsdcbtc Djkj y` feoekjs `g prebdepej fc g` sck`b`, g`s pcrsjb`s `fugt`s y cg Cst`fj fc d`f` p`ës tecbcb g` jngem`deôb fc vcg`r pjr quc tjf`s g`s beð`s y gjs beðjs cståb necb duef`fjs, sc`b tr`t`fjs djb `kjr y pucf`b fcs`rrjgg`rsc pgcb`kcbtc. Cst` cs ub` fc g`s kàxek`s cxprcsejbcs fc g` oustede` y cquef`f pjrquc g`s beð`s y gjs beðjs, du`bfj sjb pcqucðjs, bj pucfcb l`dcr v`gcr sus fcrcdljs pjr së keskjs. G` Gcy fc Xrjtcddeôb Ebtcmr`g fc g` Beðcz y g` @fjgcsdcbde` , Fcdrctj >= — >884, fctcrkeb` gjs fcrcdljs fc gjs quc fcncb mjz`r g`s beð`s y gjs beðjs mu`tck`gtcdjs, `së djkj g`s ijrk`s fc `nusj quc suircb y g`s s`bdejbcs quc fcncb ekpjbcrsc ` quecbcs g`s d`uscb. Cg @rtëdugj 36 fc cst` Gcy cst`ngcdc gjs tepjs fc `nusj quc p`fcdcb `gmubjs beðjs y g` jngem`deôb fcg Cst`fj fc prjtcmcrgjs? @^VËDSGJ 36. Jngem`deôb cst`t`g. Cg Cst`fj fcncrà `fjpt`r g`s kcfef`s gcmesg`tev`s, `fkebestr`tev`s, sjde`gcs y cfud`tev`s `prjpe`f`s p`r` prjtcmcr ` gjs beðjs, beð`s y `fjgcsdcbtcs djbtr` tjf` ijrk` fc?
`) @nusj iësedj? jdurrc du`bfj ub` pcrsjb` quc cstà cb ub` rcg`deôb fc pjfcr djb ub beðj, beð` j `fjgcsdcbtc, gc ebigemc f`ðj bj `ddefcbt`g, prjvjdàbfjgc gcsejbcs ebtcrb`s, cxtcrb`s j `kn`s. G` rcg`deôb fc pjfcr sc f` du`bfj cxestc ub` feicrcbde` fc iucrz`, cf`f, djbjdekecbtj j `utjref`f cbtrc g` vëdtek` y cg jicbsjr.
Cs feiëdeg s`ncr duàbtjs d`sjs fc `nusj ` beð`s y beðjs sc f`b cb Mu`tck`g`? gjs `nusjs ckjdejb`gcs y tr`tjs bcmgemcbtcs ` vcdcs sjb feiëdegcs fc efcbteid`r1 ebdgusj
gjs `nusjs iësedjs y scxu`gcs ` vcdcs bj sjb fcbubde`fjs. Cb >806, sc rcpjrt`rjb 3005 ckn`r`zjs cb beð`s fc 08 ` 06 `ðjs.
n) @nusj scxu`g? sudcfc du`bfj ub` pcrsjb` cb ub` rcg`deôb fc pjfcr j djbie`bz` ebvjgudr` ` ub beðj, beð` jsu`fjgcsdcbtc cbyub` `dtevef`f fc djbtcbefj scxu`g quc prjpedec vedtekez`deôb fc g` quc cg jicbsjr jntecbc s`tesi`ddeôb, ebdguyåbfjsc fcbtrj fcg keskj du`gquecr ijrk` fc `djsj scxu`g.
d) Fcsduefjs j tr`tjs bcmgemcb tcs? sc prjfudcb du`bfj g` pcrsjb` j pcrsjb`s quc tecbcb ` su d`rmj cg duef`fj y dre`bz` fc ub beðj, beð` j `fjgcsdcbtc, bj s`tesi`dc sus bcdcsef`fcs nàsed`s fc `gekcbt`deôb, vcstefj, cfud`deôb, `tcbdeôb kåfed`, tcbecbfj g` pjsenegef`f fc l`dcrgj.
f) @nusj ckjdejb`g? jdurrc du`bfj ub` pcrsjb` f`ð` g` `utjcstek` j cg fcs`rrjggj pjtcbde`g fc ub beðj, beð` j `fjgcsdcbtc. Du`gquecr pcrsjb` quc tcbm` djbjdekecbtj sjnrc ub lcdlj fc gjs fcsdretjs `btcrejrkcbtc fcncrà djkubed`rgj fc ebkcfe`tj ` g` `utjref`f djkpctcbtc kàs dcrd`b`, quecb ` su vcz fcncrà rc`gez`r g`s fegemcbde`s pcrtebcbtcs ` cicdtj fc quc sc s`bdejbc fràsted`kcbtc ` gjs quc rcsugt`rcb rcspjbs`ngcs fc gjs keskjs.
G` pcrsjb` j pcrsjb`s quc djkct`b du`gquecr` fc gjs tepjs fc `nusj scð`g`fjs djb ub beðj j ub` beð` cstàb djkctecbfj ub fcgetj y fcncb scr fcbubde`f`s. Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 09
>83
Cocrdedej > @. ^cspjbf` g`s prcmubt`s semuecbtcs?
0. Tcmÿb cg @rtëdugj 36 fc g`Gcy fc Xrjtcddeôb Ebtcmr`g fcg` Beðcz y g` @fjgcsdcbde`, ºqueåbcs tecbcb g` jngem`deôb fc fcbubde`r ub `nusj quc sc cstå f`bfj djbtr` ub` beð`, ub beðj j ub ojvcb:
>. ºDjbjdc `gmÿb d`sj fc `nusj ` ub beðj j ` ub` beð`: ºDuàg:
N. Gc` cg semuecbtc tcstekjbej y rcspjbf` g`s prcmubt`s quc cstàb ` djbtebu`deôb fc g` gcdtur`?
Gctede` Qbjknrc iedtedej[ l` tcbefj quc `prcbfcr fcsfc kuy ojvcb quå sembeied` g` p`g`nr` oustede`. U gj l` lcdlj fc g` k`bj fc su lcrk`bj k`yjr Ojså Qbjknrc iedtedej[ fc 03 `ðjs, quecb g` `djkp`ðô ` fcbubde`r, cb g` Iesd`gë` fc g` Beðcz fcg Kebestcrej Xÿngedj, gjs `nusjs quc l`në` suirefj. Cb g` Iesd`gë`, ` Ojså gj djbjdcb djkj "cg beðj v`gecbtc" pjr cg djr`oc quc l` tcbefj p`r` scmuer `fcg`btc djb g` fcbubde` fc su lcrk`b`. Te cs feiëdeg quc ub `fugtj sc `trcv` ` fcbubde`r cstjs lcdljs, kudlj kàs gj cs du`bfj cg fcbubde`btc cs ub kcbjr. Gctede` tecbc 00 `ðjs y sc kucstr` kuy scmur` fc së kesk` ` pcs`r fc su djrt` cf`f. Cs` scmuref`f sc t`kn`gcô l`dc jdlj kcscs cb su prjpe` d`s`, fjbfc scbtë` quc gj quc `ggë sudcfë`, bjdlc tr`s bjdlc, bj cr` bjrk`g. "Ke p`fr`strj kc tjd`n` pjr g`s bjdlcs. L`në` vcdcs quc kc en` cb g` k`frum`f` `g n`ðj y kc qucf`n` `ggë l`st` quc `k`bcdecsc pjrquc bj qucrë` vjgvcr ` g` d`k`. Cb g` k`ð`b` tckpr`bj, kc vcbë` p`r` g` d`s` fc ke `nucget`". Ojså `fketc quc cb ub prebdepej gc djstô drccr gj quc su lcrk`b` gc djbtô pcrj, ` pcs`r fc g` jpjsedeôb fc su prjpe` k`frc, fcdefeô `vcremu`r fôbfc `dufer ` pjbcr g` fcbubde`. Vjk`fj fc www.ubedci.jrm
0. ºPuå tepj fc `nusj suireô Gctede`:
>. ºDrcc quc ustcf pjfrë` scr djkj Ojså y `yuf`r ` ub` beð` j ` ub beðj quc cstà suirecbfj `nusjs: ºPuå l`rë`:
>89
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
4. Ebstetudejbcs fc prjtcddeôb fc g` ebi`bde` Cb Mu`tck`g` l`y fevcrs`s jrm`bez`dejbcs quc fcicbfcb gjs fcrcdljs fc g`s
beð`s y gjs beðjs. Tu keseôb cs prcvcber gjs `nusjs djbtr` cggjs y quc sc d`stemuc ` quecbcs gjs djkctcb. Djbjzd`kjs `gmub`s?
Ebstetudejbcs fcg Cst`fj Xjgedë` B`dejb`g Deveg —XBD?
^cdenc y f` scmuekecbtj ` g`s fcbubde`s sjnrc du`gquecr `nusj. Xucfc `njd`rscpcrsjb` ` g` XBD quc ub` tcbm` beð` j djbjdekecbtj ub beðj vëdtek` fc `nusj j du`gquecr fc åg. G` XBD ducbt` djb ub` Sbef`f Cspcde`gez`f` fc g` Beðcz y @fjgcsdcbde`. Xrjdur`furë` fc g` Beðcz y @fjgcsdcbde` fc g` Xrjdur`furë` Mcbcr`g fc g` B`deôb —XMB? feremc g` ebvcstem`deôb fc
d`sjs fc vejg`deôb fc gjs Fcrcdljs Luk`bjs fc beð`s, beðjs y `fjgcsdcbtcs. Fcicbsjrë` fc g` Beðcz fc g` Xrjdur`furë` fc Fcrcdljs Luk`bjs? cs ub` fc g`s bucvc fcicbsjrë`s fc g` Xrjdur`furë`
fc gjs Fcrcdljs Luk`bjs fc Mu`tck`g`. Tc drcô cb cg `ðj >888 p`r` m`r`btez`r cg dukpgekecbtj cb Mu`tck`g` fc g`s gcycs b`dejb`gcs y gjs tr`t`fjs ebtcrb`dejb`gcs fc prjtcddeôb fc g` ebi`bde`. @fckàs, cxestcb jtr`s ebstetudejbcs pÿnged`s djkj g` Tcdrct`rë` fc Necbcst`r Tjde`g fc g` Xrcsefcbde`, gjs Ouzm`fjs fc g` Beðcz y @fjgcsdcbde` y gjs Ouzm`fjs fc @fjgcsdcbtcs cb Djbedtj djb g` Gcy.
Ebstetudejbcs fc g` sjdecf`f deveg ^ciumej fc g` Beðcz `pjy` ` beð`s, beðjs y `fjgcsdcbtcs
vejgcbt`fjs y scbsenegez` ` g` sjdecf`f p`r` tcrkeb`r djb cstc prjngck` sjde`g. Xucfc cbdjbtr`r kàs ebijrk`deôb cb? lttp?//www.rciumejfcg`bebcz.jrm.mt Iubf`deôb Tjnrcvevecbtcs nrebf` `pjyj gcm`g p`r` quc g`s
beð`s y gjs beðjs vejgcbt`fjs pucf`b `ddcfcr ` g` oustede`. Xucfcs djbjdcr kàs cb? lttp?//sjnrcvevecbtcs.jrm CDX@V/Mu`tck`g`? `tecbfc y prjtcmc ` beð`s y beðjs vëdte-
k`s fc fcgetjs y rc`gez` ebvcstem`dejbcs sjnrc cg tck`. Kàs ebijrk`deôb cb? lttp?//cdp`tmu`tck`g`.jrm
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 09
>8=
^csukcb G`s beð`s y gjs beðjs cb g` djkubef`f fckjdràted` Beðcz? 8 — 04 `ðjs @fjgcsdcbde`? 04 — 0< `ðjs
tecbcb
fcncb scr prjtcmefjs pjr
Fcrcdljs
Fcncrcs
• Yef`, i`kege`, bjknrc, b`dejb`gef`f, s`guf, cfud`deôb, ctd. • X`rtedep`r cb g` sjdecf`f. • Tcr prjtcmefjs fc fesdrekeb`deôb, k`gtr`tj, fcs`strcs, ctd.
• I`kege`? rcspct`r y jncfcdcr, djg`njr`r cb t`rc`s, ctd. • Cst`ngcdekecbtj cfud`tevj? scr rcspjbs`ngc, csijrz`rsc, dukpger bjrk`s. • Tjdecf`f? p`rtedep`r djb ljbr`fcz, nusd`r prjtcddeôb se suircb `nusj, pr`dted`r sjgef`ref`f, djbjdcr gcycs, ctd.
• Puc g` tecrr` sc prjtco` p`r` cggjs.
Gcy Xrjtcddeôb Ebtcmr`g fc g` Beðcz y @fjgcsdcbde` fctcrkeb`
• fcrcdljs fc beð`s, beðjs y `fjgcsdcbtcs mu`tck`gtcdjs • cst`ngcdc gjs tepjs fc `nusj ebi`bteg — iësedj — scxu`g — tr`tjs bcmgemcbtcs — ckjdejb`g • s`bdejbcs djbtr` `nus`fjrcs
• g`s pcrsjb`s `fugt`s
• cg Cst`fj
ducbt`b djb
Ebstetudejbcs fc prjtcddeôb
• Fcg Cst`fj? — XBD — Xrjdur`rë` Mcbcr`g fc g` B`deôb — Xrjdur`furë` fc gjs Fcrcdljs Luk`bjs • Fc sjdecf`f deveg? — ^ciumej fc g` beðcz — Iubf`deôb Tjnrcvevecbtcs — CDX@V/Mu`tck`g`
Ebvcstemuc cb g` rcf... Cg X`rg`kcbtj Mu`tck`gtcdj p`r` g` Beðcz y @fjgcsdcbde` cs ub csp`dej fc fckjdr`de` p`rtedep`tev`
p`r` beðjs, beð`s y `fjgcsdcbtcs xebd`s, k`y`s, kcstezjs y m`rëiub`s. Cb åg, pucfcb djkp`rter su cxpcrecbde`, rc`gef`f y prjngckàted` y prjpjbcr sjgudejbcs ` g`s `utjref`fcs djrrcspjbfecbtcs. Djbjzd` kàs fc cst` ebede`tev` cb g` vjz fc sus prjt`mjbest`s ` tr`vås fcg semuecbtc vefcj? lttps?//www.yjutunc.djk/w`tdl:v;vSILvXl]oJ6
>8<
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
@utjdjbtrjg @dtevef`f 0. Fckucstrc gj `prcbfefj. K`rquc djb ub` cques cg du`frj fc g` jpdeôb quc djkpgct` djrrcdt`kcbtc d`f` cbubde`fj. 0. G` Gcy fc Xrjtcddeôb Ebtcmr`g fc g` Beðcz y g` @fjgcsdcbde` djbsefcr` beðj j beð` ` tjf` pcrsjb`… fcsfc su djbdcpdeôb l`st` gjs 04 `ðjs fcsfc su djbdcpdeôb l`st` gjs 0< `ðjs fc 04 ` 0< `ðjs >. G`s beð`s, gjs beðjs y gjs `fjgcsdcbtcs fc 8 ` 0< `ðjs... tecbcb fcrcdljs tecbcb fcncrcs tecbcb fcrcdljs y fcncrcs 4. Gjs `nusjs djbtr` g` beðcz y ouvcbtuf... gjs pucfc fcbubde`r du`gquecr pcrsjb` quc tcbm` djbjdekecbtj fc cggjs gjs pucfc fcbubde`r g` beð` j cg beðj quc gjs suirc `kn`s jpdejbcs sjb djrrcdt`s 6. G` prjtcddeôb fc g`s beð`s y gjs beðjs cs jngem`deôb fc... su i`kege` j pcrsjb`s quc gjs duef`b cg Cst`fj y tjf` g` deuf`f`bë` `kn`s sjb djrrcdt`s 3. G` Gcy fc Xrjtcddeôb Ebtcmr`g fc g` Beðcz y g` @fjgcsdcbde`... prjtcmc ` tjf`s g`s pcrsjb`s mu`tck`gtcd`s fc 8 ` 0< `ðjs prjtcmc ` g`s beð`s y ` gjs beðjs fc csd`sjs rcdursjs fc Mu`tck`g` prjtcmc sjgj ` g`s beð`s y ` gjs beðjs quc bj l`y`b djkctefj bebmÿb fcgetj 9. G` Gcy fc Xrjtcddeôb Ebtcmr`g fc g` Beðcz y g` @fjgcsdcbde` fctcrkeb`… gjs fcrcdljs fc g` beðcz y `fjgcsdcbde` g`s `ddejbcs quc djb djbstetuycb ub `nusj djbtr` beðjs, beð`s y `fjgcsdcbtcs y g`s s`bdejbcs p`r` quecbcs g`s djkct`b `kn`s sjb djrrcdt`s =. G` Xrjdur`furë` fc gjs Fcrcdljs Luk`bjs, quc prjtcmc ` g`s beð`s y beðjs ` tr`vås fc su Fcicbsjrë` fc g` Beðcz, cs ub` ebstetudeôb… fc g` sjdecf`f deveg fc Mu`tck`g` fcg Cst`fj fc Mu`tck`g` fc g`s B`dejbcs Sbef`s Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 09
>85
@dtevef`f >. Xecbsc y `pgequc gj quc `prcbfeô. 0. Djb g` `pcrtur` fc g`s iànred`s y cg `umc fcg D`pet`geskj quc tr`oj g` ^cvjgudeôb Ebfustre`g, gjs beðjs tr`n`o`n`b t`btj djkj gjs `fugtjs, cb djbfedejbcs ebir`luk`b`s y pjr s`g`rejs fc kescre`. Cg tcxtj quc semuc cs cg tcstekjbej fc ub` beð` gg`k`f` T`r`l Mjjfcr quc djb t`b sjgj < `ðjs bjs fcsdrenc dôkj cs g` ojrb`f` fc tr`n`oj p`r` cgg`. «Vr`n`oj cb g` keb`, cb cg pjzj fc M`wncr. Bj cs kuy d`bs`fj, pcrj tr`n`oj seb guz y p`sj kecfj. Yjy ` g`s du`trj y ` vcdcs ` g`s trcs y kcfe` fc g` k`ð`b`, y s`gmj ` g`s debdj y kcfe` fc g` t`rfc. Bj kc fucrkj bubd`. @ vcdcs d`btj du`bfj l`y guz, pcrj bj cb g` jsduref`f, cbtjbdcs bj kc `trcvj ` d`bt`r. Bj kc must` cst`r cb cg pjzj. Cstjy kcfej fjrkef` ` vcdcs du`bfj vjy pjr g` k`ð`b`. Yjy ` g` csducg` gjs fjkebmjs y `prcbfj ` gccr. Q...[ Kc cbscð`b ` rcz`r. Q...[ Lc jëfj l`ng`r fc Ocsudrestj kudl`s vcdcs. Bj så pjr quå vebj ` g` tecrr` y bj så pjr quå kureô, pcrj så quc fcsd`bs`n` su d`ncz` sjnrc g`s pecfr`s. Xrciecrj er ` g` csducg` quc cst`r cb g` keb`±. Vjk`fj y `f`pt`fj fc? lttp?//www.dg`scslestjre`.djk/
`. Fcspuås fc gccr cg tcstekjbej fc T`r`l, ºquå fcrcdljs fc T`r`l drcc quc sc l`b vugbcr`fj: Te tecbc fuf`s pucfc rcp`s`r gjs fcrcdljs luk`bjs cb cg genrj fc Decbde`s Tjde`gcs fcg mrupj Pueremuà. Detc `g kcbjs fjs.
n. T`r`l veveô cb g` Ebmg`tcrr` fcg semgj \E\, pcrj cb bucstr` Mu`tck`g` fcg semgj\\E kudljs beðjs djkj T`r`l sc vcb jngem`fjs ` tr`n`o`r cb djbfedejbcs kuy fur`s cb g` prjfuddeôb fc iucmjs perjtådbedjs, cb cxpgjt`deôb fc keb`s y ped`fj fc pecfr`, rcdjgcddeôb y dg`seied`deôb fc n`sur`, ctd. Jrm`bedcb ub fcn`tc cb cg dërdugj fc cstufejs y djkcbtcb cg d`sj fc T`r`l y cg fc t`btjs beðjs y beð`s fc bucstrj p`ës. ºPuå pjfckjs l`dcr p`r` d`kne`r cs` rc`gef`f: >. @btcs fc djkcbz`r cg fcn`tc, csdren` g`s efc`s quc ustcf cxpjbfrà. Fcspuås fcg fcn`tc, `bjtc g`s djbdgusejbcs ` g`s quc l`b ggcm`fj cbtrc tjf`s y tjfjs. Efc`sprjpe`sprcve`s`gfcn`tc
Djbdgusejbcs
0.
0.
>.
>.
>08
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
V`ggcr fc vef` i`kege`r Efcbteiedj g` vejgcbde` ebtr`i`kege`r Ebstruddejbcs? `dtevef`f cb pcqucðjs mrupjs.
G` vejgcbde` ebtr`i`kege`r cs tjf` setu`deôb fc vejgcbde` quc sc prjfudc cbtrc gjs kecknrjs fc ub` i`kege` , y` fcbtrj sc` psedjgômed`, iësed`t`kneåb j scxu`g. Du`bfj gjs ebtr`i`kege`r. `nusjs djbtr` g` beðcz quc lckjs cstufe`fj sc f`b fc g` i`kege`, sjb vejgcbde`
Cstà djkprjn`fj quc g` k`yjrë` fc gjs `nusjs ` beð`s, beðjs y oôvcbcs gjs djkctcb pcrsjb`s quc tecbcb `utjref`f sjnrc csjs kcbjrcs. G` k`yjr p`rtc sjb i`kege`rcs j pcrsjb`s kuy dcrd`b`s. Cstj feidugt` cg prjdcsj fc fcbubde` c ekpjsedeôb fc pcb` ` g`s pcrsjb`s dugp`ngcs pjr v`rejs
kjtevjs? • g`s beð`s y gjs beðjs bj sc `trcvcb ` fcdergj • jtrjs i`kege`rcs bj gcs drccb • g` i`kege` fcdefc t`p`r g` setu`deôb, djbverteåbfjsc cb dôkpgedc Cb jtrjs d`sjs, gjs `nus`fjrcs sjb pcrsjb`g fc cst`ngcdekecbtjs cfud`tevjs, fc `dtevef`fcs cxtr`csdjg`rcs, fc emgcse`s y fc jtrjs mrupjs. Teb ckn`rmj, tjf`s g`s beð`s, gjs beðjs y oôvcbcs quc cstàb suirecbfj `gmÿb tepj fc `nusj cb su i`kege` tecbcb fcrcdlj ` quc cs` setu`deôb sc djrtc fc r`ëz y g` ijrk` fc l`dcrgj cs fcbubde`bfj ` g` pcrsjb` j pcrsjb`s `mrcsjr`s. Cs ekpjrt`btc quc, djkj oôvcbcs, scp`kjs efcbteid`r quå setu`dejbcs ub `nusj g` ebtcmref`f y `trcvcrbjs ` fcbubde`rg`s se, sjkjs vëdtek`s fc cgg`s fcbtrj fc sjb g` i`kege` j cbl`de` du`gquecr jtrj csp`dej. Tjb `nusjs ` beð`s, beðjs y oôvcbcs fcbtrj fc g` i`kege`
• • • • •
Ebsugtjs y lukegg`dejbcs pcrsestcbtcs quc f`ðcb g` `utjcstek`. Bcm`deôb fc `gekcbtjs bcdcs`rejs p`r` sjnrcvever y fc duef`fjs kåfedjs quc
cståb `g `gd`bdc fc g` i`kege`. Jngem`deôb fc rc`gez`r tr`n`ojs kuy pcs`fjs p`r` cg ducrpj fcg beðj, g` beð` j cg ojvcb, j tr`n`ojs quc ekpef`b `dufer ` cstufe`r. Mjgpcs, ckpuojbcs, p`t`f`s.
Du`gquecr tepj fc tjd`kecbtjs j d`rede`s fc djbbjt`deôb scxu`g, `dtjs scxu`gcs j p`g`nr`s jnsdcb`s.
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 09
>00
Bj sjb `nusjs ` beð`s, beðjs y oôvcbcs fcbtrj fc g` i`kege`
•
Tcr rcm`ð`fjs pjr ub` k`g` djbfudt`.
•
^cdener ub d`stemj r`zjb`ngc pjr ub` k`g` djbfudt`.
•
Xcgc`s cbtrc lcrk`bjs pjr d`us`s prjpe`s fc beðjs j `fjgcsdcbtcs.
•
Djg`njr`r djb g`s t`rc`s fcg ljm`r j fcg tr`n`oj fc g` i`kege`.
Cb mrupjs, pecbscb fjs `ddejbcs p`r` cvet`r g` vejgcbde` ebtr`i`kege`r l`de` beð`s, beðjs y oôvcbcs. Csdrëncg`s `quë? 0. >.
^cvesc su `prcbfez`oc K`rquc djb ub dlcquc ... r ` e f u t s c c f å s u p s c F
g` d`segg` quc kcojr ebfequc su rcbfekecbtj.
^ccxejbj sjnrc g` bcdcsef`f fc `kjr y prjtcddeôb fc beð`s y beðjs.
Fcsdrenj gjs fcrcdljs y fcncrcs quc tecbcb g`s beð`s, beðjs y `fjgcsdcbtcs cb gjs feicrcbtcs àknetjs fc g` vef`. Djbjzdj g`s `ddejbcs quc djbstetuycb `nusj djbtr` g` beðcz y `fjgcsdcbde`, scð`g`f`s cb Gcy fc Xrjtcddeôb Ebtcmr`g fc g` Beðcz y g` @fjgcsdcbde`. Efcbteidj ebstetudejbcs fcg Cst`fj y fc g` sjdecf`f deveg quc prjtcmcb
` g` ebi`bde` cb Mu`tck`g`.
>0>
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
gjmr`fj
cb bj prjdcsj gjmr`fj
0=
^cp`sj? Tck`b`s 5 — 09 Cst` sck`b` gjmr`rà?
^cp`s`r gjs djbtcbefjs fc g` sck`b` 5 ` g` 09.
^csjgvcr gjs cocrdedejs fcg rcp`sj p`r` cv`gu`rsc cb g` prekcr` prucn` p`rde`g.
Xrcp`r`rsc necb p`r` g` prucn` fc cv`gu`deôb.
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 0=
>04
ºDôkj s`d`r prjvcdlj fc cstc rcp`sj: Pucref` y qucrefj cstufe`btc?
Cstà dcrd` g` prucn` b`g y p`r` quc sc prcp`rc `fcdu`f`kcbtc, gc prjpjbckjs rcp`s`r gj quc l` `prcbfefj cbtrc g`s sck`b`s 5 y 09. Cst` sck`b` tecbc ub` cstrudtur` feicrcbtc ` g`s `btcrejrcs. Cbdjbtr`rà ub rcsukcb fc d`f` tck` y cocrdedejs p`r` pr`dted`r. Gc `bek`kjs ` cstufe`r djb `tcbdeôb y rcsjgvcr gjs cocrdedejs. Cs kuy ek-
pjrt`btc quc `btcs fc rc`gez`rgjs, ustcf l`y` djkprcbfefj y cstufe`fj gjs tck`s vestjs. X`r` gjmr`r kcojrcs rcsugt`fjs, gc sumcrekjs? •
Nusquc ub gum`r tr`bquegj p`r` cstufe`r.
•
Cstufec ub pjquetj d`f` fë`. K`btcbm` su cstufej fe`rej djkj cb g`s sck`b`s `btcrejrcs.
•
Gc` cg rcsukcb fc g` sck`b`, sunr`yc g`s efc`s kàs ekpjrt`btcs y v`y` cg`njr`bfj su prjpej rcsukcb. Csdrener sus djbjdekecbtjs gc `yuf`rà ` rctcbcrgjs kcojr.
•
Csdudlc g` dg`sc r`fe`g. Tus k`cstrjs gjdutjrcs gc `djkp`ð`ràb cb cstc rcp`sj y gc `yuf`ràb ` rcsjgvcr `gmub`s `dtevef`fcs.
•
Djkprucnc quc sus `utjdjbtrjgcs cståb necb lcdljs. Te tecbc fuf`s vucgv` ` gccr g`s sck`b`s.
•
Vr`n`oc djb gàpez, `së pjfrà djrrcmer se sc cquevjd`, l`dcr v`rejs ebtcbtjs y k`btcbcr su genrj prcscbt`ngc.
•
Cb cstc rcp`sj pjbm` cb pràdted` g`s cstr`tcme`s fc gcdtur` quc `prcbfeô cb Djkubed`deôb y Gcbmu`oc. Gc `yuf`ràb ` djkprcbfcr y `b`gez`r kcojr gj quc gcc.
•
@bjtc gjs djbtcbefjs quc bj gc l`y`b qucf`fj dg`rjs. Te l`y cocrdedejs quc bj pufj rcsjgvcr, djbsugtc djb su jrecbt`fjr` u jrecbt`fjr vjgubt`rej, quc djb mustj gc cx pged`rà. V`kneåb pucfc djbsugt`rbjs pjr djrrcj cgcdtrôbedj ` g` fercddeôb? emcrH emcr.cfu.mt
•
@g emu`g quc cb g`s sck`b`s `btcrejrcs, cbdjbtr`rà `g ieb`g ub` gest` djb gjs gjmrjs fc cst` sck`b` p`r` quc ustcf pucf` cv`gu`r dôkj l` sefj su prjdcsj fc `prcbfez`oc.
•
@sest` ` su prucn` djb djbie`bz` y scmuref`f. ^cducrfc quc cg åxetj cs irutj fc su csiucrzj.
Àbekj y åxetjs cb su cv`gu`deôb
>06
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs Curjp`? fc g`s kjb`rquë`s `nsjgut`s ` g` ^cvjgudeôb ir`bdcs` 0. G` Cf`f Kjfcrb` cb Curjp` G` Cf`f Kjfcrb` ebede` cb 065> y `d`n` cb 0=<5 djb g` ^cvjgudeôb Ir`bdcs`. D`r`dtcrësted`s fc g` Cf`f Kjfcrb` cb Curjp`? •
Mjnecrbj? kjb`rquë`s `nsjgut`s.
• •
Cdjbjkë`? `mredugtur` y djkcrdej. Turmc cg kcrd`btegeskj. Xjgëted`? drc`deôb fc Cst`fjs djb ub tcrretjrej b`dejb`g, gcycs c ebstetudejbcs djkubcs.
•
Tjdecf`f? Vrcs cst`kcbtjs? cg rcy j kjb`rd`, g` bjngcz` y cg dgcrj. Cb ÿgtekj gum`r gjs nurmucscs, gjs `rtcs`bjs y gjs d`kpcsebjs.
•
^cgemeôb? Dreses prjiubf` fc g` ubef`f d`tôged`. G` ^cijrk` f` gum`r `g b`dekecbtj fc g`s emgcse`s
• •
gutcr`b`, d`gvebest` y `bmged`b`. Dugtur`? Luk`beskj. G`s `rtcs y g`s decbde`s, sc dcbtr`ràb cb cg scr luk`bj. M`gegcj fcs`rrjgg` g` tcjrë` fcglcgejdcbtreskj, quc `ierk` quc cg Tjg cs cg dcbtrj fc bucstrj ubevcrsj y bj g` Vecrr`. @rtc? Cg ^cb`dekecbtj. Fcst`d`kjs g` pebtur` fc g` Mejdjbf` fc Gcjb`rfj f` Yebde, g` csdugtur` cg F`vef y g` D`pegg` Texteb` fc Kemucg Àbmcg.
>. G` ^cvjgudeôb ir`bdcs`? Fcrcdljs fcg Ljknrc y cg Deuf`f`bj >.0 @btcdcfcbtcs fc g` ^cvjgudeôb ir`bdcs` Gjs ekpucstjs `ljm`n`b ` g` dg`sc d`kpcseb` fc Ir`bde` y l`në` dreses cdjbôked`. • •
Cg dgcrj y g` bjngcz` ir`bdcscs, gjs mr`bfcs `ge`fjs fc g` kjb`rquë`, sc kjstr`n`b ebd`p` -
•
dcs fc rcsjgvcr gjs prjngck`s fcg Cst`fj. G`s gudl`s fc ebfcpcbfcbde` cb Bjr tc`kåred` y g` ierk` fc g` Fcdg`r`deôb fc Ebfcpcbfcbde` fc gjs Cst`fjs Sbefjs.
>.> Djbscducbde`s fc g` ^cvjgudeôb ir`bdcs` •
Gjs efc`gcs fc g` ^cvjgudeôb ir`bdcs` sc cxtcbfecrjb ` jtrjs p`ëscs fc Curjp`.
•
@njgedeôb fc g` kjb`rquë`.
•
Tc drcô cg Cst`fj gencr`g y g`edj, cs fcder, fcsvebdug`fj fcg dgcrj. Tcp`r`deôb fc gjs pjfcrcs cocdutevj, gcmesg`tevj y oufede`g. Tc rcf`dtô g` "Fcdg`r`deôb fc gjs Fcrcdljs fcg Ljknrc y cg Deuf`f`bj" cb 0=<5. Turmeô cg djbdcptj fc deuf`f`bë` y fc emu`gf`f fc tjfjs gjs deuf`f`bjs `btc g` gcy. Tc l`ngô pjr prekcr` vcz fc gencrt`f fc cxprcseôb y gencrt`f rcgemejs`.
• • • •
4. ^cvjgudeôb Ebfustre`g y d`pet`geskj
Mr`de`s ` g` kàqueb` fc v`pjr, ` b`gcs fcg semgj \YEEE, cb Ebmg`tcrr`, sc ebedeô g` ^cvjgudeôb Ebfustre`g. D`r`dtcrësted`s fcg pcrëjfj fc g` ^cvjgudeôb ebfustre`g. • Cdjbjkë`? prcfjkebô cg d`pet`geskj. •
Tjdecf`f? g` sjdecf`f ckpczô ` fciebersc cb dg`scs. @ g` nurmucsë` sc sukô cg prjgct`re`fj.
•
Mjnecrbj? g` k`yjrë` fc gjs Cst`fjs sc djbvertecrjb cb rcpÿnged`s y djb scp`r`deôb fc pjfcrcs (gcmesg`tevj, cocdutevj y oufede`g). Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 0=
>03
Cocrdedej 0 K`rquc djb ub` cques cg du`fr`fj fc g` jpdeôb quc sc djrrcspjbf` djb d`f` cbubde`fj.
0. Bucv` dg`sc sjde`g quc `p`rcdeô djb g` ^cvjgudeôb Ebfustre`g.
Nurmucsë` Xrjgct`re`fj D`kpcseb`fj
>. Testck` cdjbôkedj quc sc ekpusj ` r`ëz fc g` ^cvjgudeôb Ebfustre`g.
4. Ijrk` fc mjnecrbj quc d`r`dtcrez` ` g` Cf`f Kjfcrb` cb Curjp`.
Kcrd`btegeskj Luk`beskj D`pet`geskj
Kjb`rquë` `nsjgut` Fckjdr`de` pjpug`r Fedt`fur` keget`r
6. Lcdlj lestôredjquc k`rdô cg ebedej fc g` Cf`f Kjfcrb`.
Fcsdunrekecbtj fc @kåred` G` ^cvjgudeôb ir`bdcs`
G` ^cvjgudeôb Ebfustre`g
3. Lcdlj lestôredj quc pusj ieb ` g` Cf`f Kjfcrb`.
Fcsdunrekecbtj fc @kåred` G` ^cvjgudeôb ir`bdcs`
G` ^cvjgudeôb Ebfustre`g 9. Ebvcbtj quc lezj pjsengc g` prjfuddeôb ebfustre`g.
G` g`bz`fcr` p`r` tcocr g` kàqueb` fc v`pjr Cg tcgåmr`ij
=. @djbtcdekecbtj quc sc djbsefcr` quc prjvjdô g` ^cvjgudeôb ir`bdcs`.
G` prjfuddeôb ebfustre`g G` kàqueb` fc v`pjr G` tjk` fc g` N`stegg`
<. Jnr` fc `rtc fcst`d`f` fcg ^cb`dekecbtj.
G` Xecf`f, fc Kemucg Àbmcg G` Vjrrc fcg ^cijrk`fjr G` D`tcfr`g fc X`rës
>09
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
Cocrdedej > @. Cxpgequc djb sus p`g`nr`s cb quå djbsestc d`f` ubj fc gjs semuecbtcs tårkebjs. 0. Luk`beskj?
>. Egustr`deôb? 4. D`pet`geskj N. ^cspjbf` g`s prcmubt`s. 0. ºCb quå sc feicrcbde` g` sjdecf`f fc g` Cf`f Kjfcrb` fc g` sjdecf`f pjstcrejr ` g` ^cvjgudeôb Ebfustre`g:
>. ºPuå cbtecbfc ustcf pjr ‗gencrt`f fc cxprcseôb‛:
4. ºDuàgcs iucrjb g`s djbscducbde`s fc g` ^cvjgudeôb ir`bdcs`: Detc `g kcbjs trcs. `. n. d.
Cocrdedej 4 @. Gc` `tcbt`kcbtc cg ir`mkcbtj fc g` Fcdg`r`deôb fc gjs Fcrcdljs fcg Ljknrc y fcg Deuf`f`bj y rc`gedc gj quc sc gc pefc ` djbtebu`deôb. "Gjs rcprcscbt`btcs fcg pucngj ir`bdås, Q…[ djbsefcr`bfj quc g` embjr`bde`, cg jgvefj j cg fcsprcdej fc gjs fcrcdljs fcg ljknrc sjb g`s ÿbed`s d`us`s fc g`s fcsmr`de`s pÿnged`s y fc g` djrrupdeôb fc gjs mjnecrbjs , l`b rcsucgtj cxpjbcr, cb ub` fcdg`r`deôb sjgckbc, gjs fcrcdljs b`tur`gcs, eb`gecb`ngcs y s`mr`fjs fcg ljknrc Q…["
Iëocsc necb cb cg tcxtj k`rd`fj cb bcmret` y rcspjbf` fcsfc su pcbs`kecbtj drëtedj? 0. ºDrcc quc cs `dcrt`f` cs` `ierk`deôb fc gjs rcprcscbt`btcs fcg pucngj ir`bdås:
>. ºDjbsefcr` quc sc pjfrë` `ierk`r gj keskj cb bucstr` sjdecf`f mu`tck`gtcd` fc ljy:
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 0=
>0=
Cg ieb fcg djgjbe`geskj 0. G` Djbstetudeôb fc Dàfez Ebsper`f` cb g`s efc`s fc gencrt`f, emu`gf`f y ir`tcrbef`ffc g` ^cvjgudeôb ir`bdcs` y g` Fcdg`r`deôb fc Ebfcpcbfcbde` fc CC SS. Cg`njr`f` djb g` p`rtedep`deôb fcrcprcscbt`btcs `kcred`bjs. Xrjkugm`f` pjr g`s Djrtcs Mcbcr`gcs fc Csp`ð`, cb0<0>. Xrebdepejs ^cijrk`s fcg Cst`fj? suir`mej, gencrt`fcs y jtr`s • Tÿnfetjs fc g`s djgjbe`s p`s`b ` scr deuf`f`bjs • @njgedeôb fc trenutj ebfëmcb`, cbdjkecbf` y rcp`rtekecbtj • Gencrt`f fc dugtevj, djkcrdej, pcsd` c ebfustre`
Kug`tjs tcbë`b b`dejb`gef`f csp`ðjg` pcrj bj deuf`f`bë` >. D`us`s fc g`s gudl`s fc ebfcpcbfcbde` fc @kåred` Cxtcrb`s • Dreses fc g` kjb`rquë` csp`ðjg`? ebv`seôb fc B`pjgcôb y drc`deôb fc Oubt` fc ^cmcbde`, bj rcdjbjdef` pjr g`s djgjbe`s. Ebtcrb`s • Fcdg`r`deôb fc Ebfcpcbfcbde` fc Cst`fjs Sbefjs, 0==9 • ^cncgejbcs y kjtebcs ebfëmcb`s • Drejggjs qucrë`b ekpgckcbt`r efc`s fc g` ^cvjgudeôb ir`bdcs` cb @kåred` • ^ev`gef`f cbtrc drejggjs (pjfcr cdjbôkedj) y pcbebsug`rcs (pjfcr pjgëtedj) • Ocsuet`s l`ng`rjb fc `nusjs fc g` Djrjb` `g scr cxpugs`fjs fc @kåred` • Djgjbjs csp`ðjgcs cb @kåred` cb djbtr` fc råmekcb djgjbe`g 4. Ebfcpcbfcbde`s cb @kåred` • D`se tjf`s sc fecrjb cbtrc 0==9 y 05>8 •• Djgjbe`s ebfcpcbfecbtcs Csp`ð`, Mr`b Nrct`ð` y Ncgedc Xjrtum`g prjdg`k`rjb G` ÿgtek`fc ebfcpcbfcbde` iuc g` fc fcscMr`b Nrct`ð` cbrcpÿnged`s 05<0 6. Ebfcpcbfcbde` fc Mu`tck`g` D`us`s • Cxtcrb`s? Emu`g quc cb rcstj fc @kåred` • Ebtcrb`s? Drejggjs qucrë`b tjk`r pjfcr • Gcv`bt`kecbtj ebfëmcb`, Vjtjbed`pàb, 0<>8 @dt` fc Ebfcpcbfcbde` • 03 scptecknrc 0<>0 • Xrcseôb fc drejggjs y pucngj, djb Fjgjrcs Ncfjy` • Tc ebfcpcbfez`rjb tjfjs gjs p`ëscs fc Dcbtrj`kåred` quc ijrk`n`b D`pet`bë` Mcbcr`g fcg ^cebj fc Mu`tck`g`. Djbscducbde`s Xjsetev`s • • •
>0<
Djbstetudeôb p`r` jrfcb y gencrt`f fcg • p`ës • Mjnecrbj fcs`rrjggô cdjbjkë` • Cgekeb`deôb fc trenutjs ` Csp`ð`
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
Bcm`tev`s Drejggjs jntuvecrjb cg pjfcr Cxpgjt`deôb l`de` g` pjng`deôbebfëmcb` Djbigedtjs cbtrc p`rtefjs pjgëtedjs djbscrv`fjr y gencr`g
Cocrdedej 6 K`rquc djb ub` druz g` jpdeôb quc djkpgct` djrrcdt`kcbtc d`f` jr`deôb.
0. G` Djbstetudeôb fc Dàfez sc ierkô cb cg `ðj... 0==9
0<8< 0<0>
>. Cg @dt` fc Ebfcpcbfcbde` fc Mu`tck`g` sc ierkô cb cg `ðj… 0<0> 0<>0
0<<8 4. Sbj fc gjs prebdepejs quc rcdjmeô g` Djbstetudeôb fc Dàfez iuc… cg ieb`g fc g` kjb`rquë` g` `bug`deôb fc gjs ekpucstjs g` `njgedeôb fcg trenutj ebfëmcb`
6. G` Fcdg`r`deôb fc Ebfcpcbfcbde` fc gjs Cst`fjs Sbefjs sc djbsefcr`… ub` d`us` ebtcrb` fc g` ebfcpcbfcbde` fcg rcstj fc @kåred`
ub` d`us` cxtcrb` fc g` ebfcpcbfcbde` fcg rcstj fc @kåred`
bebmub` fc g`s `btcrejrcs
3. Gjs djgjbjs csp`ðjgcs cb @kåred`… cst`n`b ` i`vjr fc g` ebfcpcbfcbde` cst`n`b cb djbtr` fc g` ebfcpcbfcbde` cr`b ebfeicrcbtcs ` g` ebfcpcbfcbde`
9. Sb` fc g`s d`us`s fc g` ebfcpcbfcbde` fc Mu`tck`g` iuc... g`s gudl`s ebtcrb`s pjr cg pjfcr cg gcv`bt`kecbtj ebfëmcb` g`s fjs jpdejbcs `btcrejrcs sjb decrt`s
=. Cg rcf`dtjr fcg @dt` fc Ebfcpcbfcbde` fc Mu`tck`g` iuc… M`nebj M`ëbz`
@t`b`sej Vzug Ojså Dcdegej fcg Y`ggc Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 0=
>05
Cocrdedej 3 ºPueåb cs queåb: ^cducrfc `gmubj fc gjs prjt`mjbest`s fcg prjdcsj fc ebfcpcbfcbde`. 0. ºPueåb iuc @t`b`sej Vzug:
ºDuàg iuc su p`pcg cb cg prjdcsj fc Ebfcpcbfcbde` fc Mu`tck`g`:
>. ºPueåb iuc Fjgjrcs Ncfjy`:
ºDuàg iuc su p`pcg cb g` Ebfcpcbfcbde` fc Mu`tck`g`:
4. ºPueåb iuc Ojså Dcdegej fcg Y`ggc:
ºDuàg iuc su p`pcg cb g` Ebfcpcbfcbde` fc Mu`tck`g`:
Cocrdedej 9 Cg prjdcsj fc ebfcpcbfcbde` fc Mu`tck`g` tuvj ub` screc fc djbscducbde`s, ub`s pjsetev`s y jtr`s bcm`tev`s. Dg`seiëqucg`s cb g` semuecbtc t`ng`. Djbscducbde`s fc g` Ebfcpcbfcbde` fc Mu`tck`g` Xjsetev`s
>>8
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
Bcm`tev`s
Mu`tck`g` fcspuås fc g` Ebfcpcbfcbde`
Mu`tck`g` fcspuås fc g` Ebfcpcbfcbde` veveô trcs lcdljs lestôredjs ekpjrt`btcs?
@bcxeôb ` Kåxedj
Drc`deôb fc g` ^cpÿnged` Icfcr`g fc Dcbtrj @kåred`
Drc`deôb fc g` ^cpÿnged` fc Mu`tck`g`
ºduàbfj:
ºduàbfj:
ºduàbfj:
Fc 0<>> ` 0<>4
Fc 0<>4 ` 0<4<
Cb 0<6=
ºquå sudcfeô:
ºquåsudcfeô:
Mu`tck`g` y gjs fckàs p`ëscs fc Dcbtrj`kåred`
sc `bcxejb`rjb ` Kåxedj.
ºquåsudcfeô:
Mu`tck`g`, Cg T`gv`fjr, Ljbfur`s, Bed`r`mu`
^`i`cg D`rrcr`, prcsefcbtc fc g` b`deôb, fcdrctô g`
y Djst` ^ed` ijrk`rjb
iubf`deôb fc g` ^cpÿnged` fc Mu`tck`g` djkj
g` ^cpÿnged` Icfcr`g fc Dcbtrj @kåred`.
ub` b`deôb sjncr`b`, genrc c ebfcpcbfecbtc.
d`us`s?
•
G` `kcb`z` fc Eturnefc fc ebv`fer keget`rkcbtc g` rcmeôb.
•
sujnoctevjcr`?
Vcbcr ub mjnecrbj quc rcprcscbt`r` y fcicbfecr` ` Dcbtrj`kåred`.
G` `knedeôb fc pjfcr fc gjs drejggjs mu`tck`gtcdjs. djbscducbde`?
Mu`tck`g` pcrfeô gjs
tcrretjrejs fc Dle`p`s y Tjdjbusdj.
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 0=
>>0
Cocrdedej = Csdren` cb g` gëbc` fc teckpj gjs lcdljs lestôredjs ekpjrt`btcs p`r` Mu`tck`g` y Dcbtrj`kåred` fcspuås fc g` Ebfcpcbfcbde`. 03 fc Tcptecknrc fc 0<>0
cbcrj 0<>>
0 fc ougej 0<>4
0<4<
>0 fc k`rzj fc 0<6=
Ebfcpcbfcbde` fc Mu`tck`g`
Cocrdedej < Djbsugtc cg djbtcbefj sjnrc g` `bcxeôb ` Kåxedj. Gucmj, k`rquc djb ub` cques cg du`frj fc g` rcs pucst` djrrcdt`.
0. ºPueåb prcsejbô ` M`nebj M`ëbz` p`r` quc `bcxejb`r` gjs tcrretjrejs fc Dcbtrj`kåred` ` Kåxedj:
^`i`cg D`rrcr` K`bucg Ojså @rdc
@mustëb fc Etunefc >. ºDuàbtjs kcscs furô g` `bcxeôb ` Kåxedj:
0> kcscs 0< kcscs >6 kcscs
4. ºPuå tcrretjrejs pcrfeô Mu`tck`g` `g tcrkeb`r g` `bc-
xeôb ` Kåxedj:
6. ºPuå p`ës dcbtrj`kcred`bj sc jpusj ` g` `bcxeôb ` Kåxedj:
Dle`p`s y Ncgedc Tjdjbusdj y Ncgedc Dle`p`s y Tjdjbusdj Djst` ^ed`
Cg T`gv`fjr Mu`tck`g`
3. ºDuàg iuc ub` d`us` fc g` `bcxeôb ` Kåxedj:
G` `kcb`z` fc ebv`seôb kcxed`b` G` `knedeôb fc pjfcr fc gjs drejggjs G`s fjs jpdejbcs `btcrejrcs sjb djrrcdt`s
>>>
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
Cocrdedej 5 Djkpgctc cg k`p` djbdcptu`g. Csdren` cg bjknrc fc gjs p`ëscs quc ijrk`rjb g` ^cpÿnged` Icfcr`g fc Dcbtrj @kåred`. ^cpÿnged` Icfcr`g fc Dcbtrj @kåred` ijrk`f` pjr?
Cocrdedej 08 ^cspjbf` ` g`s prcmubt`s sjnrc g` ^cpÿnged` Icfcr`g fc Dcbtrj @kåred`. Te gj djbsefcr` bcdcs`rej, djbsugtc cg djbtcbefj fc g` sck`b` 03.
0. ºCb quå p`ës cst`n` g` scfc fc mjnecrbj: >. ºPueåb iuc cg prekcr prcsefcbtc fc g` ^cpÿnged` Icfcr`g fc Dcbtrj @kåred`: 4. ºDuàg iuc cg jnoctevj fc ijrk`r g` ^cpÿnged` Icfcr`g fc Dcbtrj @kåred`:
6. ºDuàgcs iucrjb g`s d`us`s pjr g`s quc sc fcsebtcmrô g` ^cpÿnged` Icfcr`g fc Dcbtrj @kåred`: • • •
Cocrdedej 00 Djkpgctc cg k`p` djbdcptu`g fc g` drc`deôb fc g` ^cpÿnged` fc Mu`tck`g`. Te gj djbsefcr` bcdcs`rej, djbsugtc cg djbtcbefj fc g` sck`b` 00. G` ^cpÿnged` fc Mu`tck`g` iuc fcdrct`f` djkj t`g cb cg `ðj?
su prekcr prcsefcbtc iuc?
cg Fcdrctj 03 fcdg`r` ` Mu`tck`g` djkj ub` b`deôb?
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 0=
>>4
Cg ^åmekcb Gencr`g cb Mu`tck`g` 0. Cg ^åmekcb Gencr`g cs cg pcrejfj lestôredj djkprcbfefj cbtrc g` ^cijrk` Gencr`g fc 0<=0 y g` ^c -
vjgudeôb fc Jdtunrc fc 0566, cb cg quc lunj d`knejs quc fcs`rrjgg`rjb g` cdjbjkë`, g` cfud`deôb y g`s jnr`s pÿnged`s cb Mu`tck`g`. >. Cg d`iå iuc g` n`sc cdjbôked` fcg p`ës fur`btc cg ^åmekcb Gencr`g. Tu dugtevj y djkcrde`gez`deôb cxemë`b mr`bfcs cxtcbsejbcs fc tecrr`, kudl` k`bj fc jnr` n`r`t` y g` djbstruddeôb fc jnr`s pÿ -
nged`s. Cb ncbciedej fc gjs d`ict`gcrjs sc ebtrjfuoj cb Mu`tck`g` cg icrrjd`rreg, cg djrrcj, cg tcgåmr`ij y cg tcgåijbj.
G`s tecrr`s fc g`s djkubef`fcs rcgemejs`s iucrjb cxprjpe`f`s p`r` cbtrcmàrscg`s ` gjs d`ict`gcrjs. Kegcs fc ebfëmcb`s y g`febjs pjnrcs iucrjb ckpgc`fjs djkj k`bj fc jnr` cb g`s iebd`s fc d`iå y cb g` djbstruddeôb fc jnr`s pÿnged`s pjr kcfej fc gcycs djkj? • Gcy djbtr` g` Y`m`bde`
• Gcy fc Ye`gef`f
4. G`s prebdep`gcs d`r`dtcrësted`s fc gjs mjnecrbjs gencr`gcs iucrjb? • `uscbde` fc fckjdr`de` • mjncrb`btcs fedt`fjrcs
• i`gt` fc rcspctj ` gjs fcrcdljs luk`bjs • i`vjreteskj ` ckprcs`s cxtr`bocr`s 6. Gjs prebdep`gcs mjncrb`btcs fur`btc cg ^åmekcb Gencr`g iucrjb? • Kemucg M`rdë` Mr`b`fjs (0<=0 — 0<=4) • Oustj ^uiebj N`rrejs (0<=4 — 0<<3) • K`bucg Cstr`f` D`nrcr` (0<5< — 05>8)
• Ojrmc Snedj D`st`ðcf` (0540— 0566) 3. Cg n`b`bj iuc cg scmubfj prjfudtj fc cxpjrt`deôb y g` prebdep`g iucbtc fc ebmrcsjs fur`btc gjs mjnecrbjs fc 0<5< ` 0566. Fur`btc cstc pcrejfj g` Sbetcf Iruet Djkp`by djbstruyô g` vë` iårrc`
l`de` cg @tgàbtedj y, ` d`knej, tuvj ub pjfcr egeket`fj cb Mu`tck`g`.
Cocrdedej 0> K`rquc djb ub` cques cg du`frj fc g`s d`r`dtcrësted`s prjpe`s fc gjs mjnecrbjs fcg ^åmekcb Gencr`g. G` fckjdr`de` cr` g` ijrk` fc mjnecrbj.
G` i`gt` fc rcspctj ` gjs fcrcdljs fc g`s pcrsjb`s. Gjs mjncrb`btcs cr`b fedt`fjrcs. G`s kuocrcs pjfë`b vjt`r. Gjs mjncrb`btcs utegez`n`b g` iucrz` p`r` tcbcr cg djbtrjg fc g` pjng`deôb.
>>6
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
Cocrdedej 04 @. Djkpgctc g` gëbc` fc teckpj djb cg bjknrc fc gjs mjncrb`btcs fcg ^åmekcb Gencr`g. 0<=0—0<=4
0<=4—0<<3
0<5<—05>8
0540—0566
Kemucg M`rdë` Mr`b`fjs
N. ^cspjbf` ` d`f` prcmubt`.
0. ºDôkj sc gg`kô `g pcrejfj lestôredj djkprcbfefj cbtrc 0<=0 y 0566: >. ºPuå prjfudtj iuc g` prebdep`g iucbtc fc ebmrcsjs p`r` gjs
mjnecrbjs gencr`gcs: 4. ºDuàg iuc cg scmubfj prjfudtj fc cxpjrt`deôb y g` prebdep`g iucbtc fc ebmrcsjs fur`btc gjs mjnecrbjs fc 0<5< `
0566: 6. ºPuå gcy i`vjrcdeô ` gjs d`iedugtjrcs prjpjrdejbàbfjgcs
k`bj fc jnr` p`r` cg tr`n`oj cb g`s iebd`s: 3. ºPuå gcy i`vjrcdeô g` djbstruddeôb fc d`kebjs, d`rrctcr`s y pucbtcs p`r` cg tr`bspjrtc fcg d`iå:
Cocrdedej 06 ^cg`dejbc djb ub` gëbc` d`f` fcsdrepdeôb djb cg prcsefcbtc quc gc djrrcspjbfc.
0. Mjncrbô fc 0540 ` 0566. Tuprekeô gencrt`fcs pjgëted`s y `pjyô ` g` SIDJ.
• Kemucg M`rdë` Mr`b`fjs
>. Ekpugsô cg dugtevj fcg d`iå. Tc gc djbjdeô djkj cg ^cijrk`fjr. Ebtrjfuoj cg icrrjd`rreg y cg tcgåmr`ij.
• K`bucg Cstr`f` D`nrcr`
4. Fcrrjdô ` Yedcbtc Dcrb`. Fur`btc su k`bf`tj `njgeô gjs
• Ojrmc Snedj D`st`ðcf`
kjbjpjgejs y gc fej gencrt`f ` g` prcbs`.
6. Mjncrbô >> `ðjs. Kjfeiedô g` Djbstetudeôb p`r` rccgcmersc. Iuc cbd`rdcg`fj pjr us`r k`g cg febcrj fc g` b`deôb.
• Oustj ^uiebj N`rrejs
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 0=
>>3
Yever cb Fckjdr`de` Fckjdr`de`
cgckcbtjs
tepjs
Cfud`deôb? deuf`f`bë` djb ijrk`deôb pjgëted`
Jrm`bez`deôb? deuf`f`bë` jrm`bez`f` y djb v`gjrcs fc djbvevcbde`
Fckjdr`de` rcprcscbt`tev`? cgcddeôb fc rcprcscbt`btcs ` tr`vås fcg vjtj
X`rtedep`deôb? deuf`f`bë` ebvjgudr`f` cb tjk` fc fcdesejbcs
Fckjdr`de` p`rtedep`tev`? cgcddeôb fc rcprcscbt`btcs c ebvjgudr`kecbtj `dtevj fc g` deuf`f`bë` cb fcdesejbcs
Fckjdr`de` ebdgusev`?
vcg` pjr fcrcdljs y fcncrcs fc tjf`s g`s pcrsjb`s
y mrupjs sjde`gcs, seb fesdrekeb`deôb.
Cocrdedej 03 Csdren` cb cg treàbmugj gjs trcs cgckcbtjs fc g` fckjdr`de`
>>9
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
Cocrdedej 09 Djkpgctc cg csquck` y csdren` gjs trcs tepjs fc fckjdr`de` quc cstufeô cb g` sck`b` 04 y ub` d`r`dtcrësted` fc d`f` ub`.
tepjs
Cocrdedej 0= @. Gc` g` semuecbtc `ierk`deôb fc N`b Ae-kjjb y djbtcstc? Du`bfj g`s sjdecf`fcs bj sjb ebdgusev`s, y du`bfj gjs mjnecrbjs bj sjb rcspjbs`ngcs, g` p`z, g` emu`gf`f y g` prjspcref`f djkp`rtef` bj pucfcb prjspcr`r. Fcnckjs l`dcr kàs p`r` ckpjfcr`r ` g`s pcrsjb`s, sjnrc tjfj ` g`s kegcs fc keggjbcs fcsi`vjrcdef`s, k`rmeb`f`s, fcsckpgc`f`s, fcscspcr`f`s y djkprcbsengckcbtc irustr`f`s. Fcnckjs `scmur`r quc sc`b csdudl`f`s y pucf`b p`rtedep`r `dtev`kcbtc cb su iuturj.
0. ºDrcc quc Mu`tck`g` cs ub` sjdecf`f ebdgusev`: ^csp`gfc su rcspucst` djb ub cockpgj.
>. Fcsdren` dôkj scrë` cs` Mu`tck`g` ebdgusev`.
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 0=
>>=
Oôvcbcs y p`rtedep`dejb fckjdràted` 0. Gjs oôvcbcs, `dtjrcs cstr`tåmedjs fcg fcs`rrjggj
G`s y gjs oôvcbcs pucfcb scr prjt`mjbest`s fcg fcs`rrjggj y ijrt`gcdekecbtj sjde`g, cdjbôkedj y fc kjdràtedj fc Mu`tck`g`. Cb cggj ebiguyc g` cfud`deôb fc d`gef`f y cg ckpgcj fembj. 0.0.
Tetu`deôb fc g` ouvcbtuf mu`tck`gtcd` cb cfud`deôb? G` k`yjrë` fc g`s y gjs oôvcbcs d`rcdc fc bevcg cfud`tevj kcfej j `gtj. G`s d`us`s sjb g` pjnrcz` c ebcquef`f?
G` ouvcbtuf ebfëmcb` sc cbducbtr` kàs cxdguef` fc g` cfud`deôb. 0.>.
Tetu`deôb fc g` ouvcbtuf mu`tck`gtcd` cb ckpgcj fembj?
Fc g` pjng`deôb cdjbôked`kcbtc `dtev` fcg p`ës, cg 6> % tecbcb cbtrc 03 y >5 `ðjs. G` k`yjrë` tr`n`o` cb g` cdjbjkë` ebijrk`g.
Vecbcb kudl`s feiedugt`fcs p`r` cbdjbtr`r ckpgcj fembj. G` i`gt` fc ckpgcj fembj ckpuo` ` g`s y gjs oôvcbcs ` ckemr`r fc ijrk` errcmug`r. >. Oôvcbcs y p`rtedep`deôb fckjdràted`
G` Jbu cst`ngcdeô cg fë` 0> fc `mjstj djkj Fë` Ebtcrb`dejb`g fc g` Ouvcbtuf. Cb Mu`tck`g` g` pjng`deôb ojvcb cs g` k`yjrë` y pjr gj t`btj su p`rtedep`deôb cs kuy ekpjrt`btc. Feiedugt`fcs fc g` ouvcbtuf mu`tck`gtcd` p`r` su pgcb` p`rtedep`deôb Cb g` fckjdr`de` rcprcscbt`tev`? kudl`s pcrsjb`s oôvcbcs bj vjt`b cb g`s cgcddejbcs pjr i`gt` fc ebijrk`deôb j ebtcrås. Cb g` fck jdr`de` p`rtedep`tev`? kudl`s pcrsjb`s oôvcbcs bj ducbt`b djb g`s djbfedejbcs p`r` fcs`rrjgg`rsc pgcb`kcbtc y cstj geket` su p`rtedep`deôb. >.0
Fcrcdljs y fcncrcs fc g` p`rtedep`deôb
G` ouvcbtuf tecbc cg fcrcdlj ` p`rtedep`r, seb bebmub` fesdrekeb`deôb. @fckàs, ` d`f` fcrcdlj rcg`dejb`fj djb g` p`rtedep`deôb gc djrrcspjbfc ub fcncr. >.>
Csp`dejs fc p`rtedep`deôb ouvcbeg @btcs fc dukpger g` k`yjrë` fc cf`f? jrm`bez`dejbcs ouvcbegcs, vjgubt`re`fjs, mrupjs fcpjr-
tevjs, mrupjs rcgemejsjs, mrupjs fc `rtc, ctd. @g dukpger 0< `ðjs? tjf`s g`s `btcrejrcs y, `fckàs, p`rtedep`deôb cgcdtjr`g y p`rtedep`deôb cb Djbscojs fc Fcs`rrjggj.
Cocrdedej 0< K`rquc djb ub` cques cg du`frj fc g` jpdeôb quc djkpgct` djrrcdt`kcbtc d`f` ebdesj.
0. G`s fjs djbfedejbcs nàsed`s p`r` quc gjs oôvcbcs sc`b prjt`mjbest`s fcg fcs`rrjggj sjb… nucb` s`guf y vevecbf` s`guf`ngc cfud`deôb fc d`gef`f y ckpgcj fembj ckpgcj fembj y s`g`rej `gtj
>><
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
>. Sb` fc g`s d`us`s quc ekpefc ` g` ouvcbtuf mu`tck`gtcd` `ddcfcr ` ub bevcg kàs `gtj fc cfud`deôb cs… g` csd`scz fc cst`ngcdekecbtjs pÿngedjs fc scdubf`re`
k`g`s d`ged`dejbcs jntcbef`s cb g` prek`re` i`gt` fc kjtev`deôb p`r` cstufe`r
4. Cbtrc g` ouvcbtuf quc sc efcbteied` djkj ebfëmcb`, cg pjrdcbt`oc fc quecbcs bj l`b tcrkeb`fj g` prek`re` cs… kàs fcg 98 % kàs fcg 38 % kcbjs fcg >8 % 6. Tcmÿb g` Xjgëted` B`dejb`g fc Ouvcbtuf >80>->8>8, g` k`yjrë` fc gjs oôvcbcs fc Mu`tck`g` tr`n`o`… cb g` cdjbjkë` ebijrk`g cb g` cdjbjkë` ijrk`g cb cg scdtjr turëstedj
3. Tcmÿb gj cstufe`fj cb g` sck`b` 06, ub fcrcdlj fc gjs oôvcbcs rcspcdtj ` g` p`rtedep`deôb fckjdràted`, `g dukpger g` k`yjrë` fc cf`f cs… djbscmuer ub pucstj fc tr`n`oj m`b`r g` gedcbde` fc k`bco`r
ebsdrenersc cb cg Vrenub`g Tuprckj Cgcdtjr`g 9. Sb fcncr `sjde`fj `g fcrcdlj fcg ëtck `btcrejr cs… ggcm`r pubtu`g ` su tr`n`oj k`bco`r djb rcspctj ` gjs pc`tjbcs cketer su vjtj cb prjdcsjs cgcdtjr`gcs
=. D`f` `ðj, cg Fë` Ebtcrb`dejb`g fc g` Ouvcbtuf sc dcgcnr`… cg = fc k`rzj cg 0> fc `mjstj cg = fc `mjstj
< Sb` fc g`s djbscducbde`s fc g` i`gt` fc ckpgcj fembj cbtrc gjs oôvcbcs cs… cg `ukcbtj fc g` ebscmuref`f cb g`s d`ggcs
g` djrrupdeôb cb gjs bevcgcs `gtjs fc g` `fkebestr`deôb
g` ckemr`deôb errcmug`r j egcm`g ` gjs Cst`fjs Sbefjs Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 0=
>>5
Cocrdedej 05 @. Jnscrvc g` mràied` fc g` CBOS >800 sjnrc cg bevcg cfud`tevj fc gjs oôvcbcs cb Mu`tck`g` y rcspjbf` g`s prcmubt`s quc cstàb ` djbtebu`deôb. Bevcg cfud`tevj fc oôvcbcs cbtrc 03 y >5 `ðjs (cb pjrdcbt`ocs) 44.9
40.9 >4.6
3.<
3.0
8.0 bebmubj
Xrek`re`
Nàsedj
Fevcrsed`fj
Tupcrejr (S)
Xjsmr`fj
0. º@ quå bevcg cfud`tevj gc djrrcspjbfc cg pjrdcbt`oc kàs `gtj:
>. º@ quå bevcg cfud`tevj gc djrrcspjbfc cg pjrdcbt`oc kàs n`oj:
4. Te djbsefcr`kjs g` cfud`deôb scdubf`re` `qucgg` quc djkprcbfc gjs bevcgcs nàsedj y fevcrseied`fj, ºquå pjrdcbt`oc fc oôvcbcs mu`tck`gtcdjs tecbc cfud`deôb scdubf`re`:
N. ^cigcxejbc sjnrc gjs f`tjs fc g` mràied` y csdren` ub djkcbt`rej pcrsjb`g sjnrc g`s d`us`s fcg pjrdcbt`oc t`b csd`sj fc oôvcbcs djb ub bevcg supcrejr j ubevcrset`rej.
D. X`r` rcp`s`r y rcg`o`rsc ` g` vcz, nusquc cb g` sjp` fc
gctr`s jdlj tepjs fc mrupjs j `sjde`dejbcs ouvcbegcs cb gjs quc pucfc p`rtedep`r.
pjgëtedj
>48
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
Kuocrcs y p`rtedep`deôb fckjdràted` 0. Ebdguseôb fckjdràted` fc g`s kuocrcs Cs ub` bcdcsef`f p`r` g` fckjdr`de` ebdgusev`. G`s kuocrcs ircducbtckcbtc suircb fesdrekeb`deôb quc gcs ekpefc p`rtedep`r cb g` sjdecf`f.
G` fesdrekeb`deôb l`de` g`s kuocrcs sc jremeb` djb g` feveseôb fc csp`dejs? • Ljknrcs? csp`dej pÿngedj (tr`n`oj iucr` fcg ljm`r, cstufejs, rcubejbcs, ctd.). • Kuocrcs? csp`dej prev`fj (jiedejs fjkåstedjs, duef`fj fc leojs, ctd.). G` fesdrekeb`deôb fc g`s kuocrcs geket` cg fcs`rrjggj fc tjf` g` sjdecf`f. 0.0.
Lcdljs lestôredjs sjnrc gjs fcrcdljs fc g`s kuocrcs
-
< fc k`rzj fc 0<3=? rcprcseôb fc g` prjtcst` fc jnrcr`s cb Bucv` Ujra.
-
058
-
0563? cb Mu`tck`g`, fcrcdlj `g vjtj p`r` kuocrcs `gi`nct`s.
-
0598? ekpugsj fc kjvekecbtjs ickebest`s.
-
0593? cb Mu`tck`g`, fcrcdlj `g vjtj p`r` tjf`s g`s kuocrcs.
-
05=3? Kåxedj, Xrekcr` Djbicrcbde` Kubfe`g sjnrc g` Kuocr.
-
05=5? Djbvcbdeôb sjnrc g` cgekeb`deôb fc tjf`s g`s ijrk`s fc fesdrekeb`deôb djbtr` g` kuocr.
-
0553? Xg`t`ijrk` fc Nceoebm.
-
>88
-
>803? cb Mu`tck`g`, g` cf`f këbek` p`r` d`s`rsc cs fc 0< `ðjs p`r` kuocrcs y ljknrcs.
0.>.
Jnstàdugjs p`r` g` p`rtedep`deôb fc g`s kuocrcs
Cb mcbcr`g, g`s kuocrcs cbircbt`b ub` d`fcb` fc fesdrekeb`deôb fcsfc quc sjb beð`s? • Kcbjs p`rtedep`deôb cb tjk` fc fcdeseôb djkubet`re` y pjgëted`. • Kcbjs jpjrtubef`fcs fc cfud`deôb. • Xcjr `gekcbt`deôb. • Xrjycdtj fc vef` dcbtr`fj cb k`trekjbej. • Kcbjs duef`fjs fc s`guf. • Kcbjs pjsenegef`fcs fc fcdefer sjnrc su vef`. Jdup`deôb cb cg àknetj prev`fj. • Xcjr tr`n`oj iucr` fc d`s`. G` Xg`t`ijrk` fc Nceoebm efcbteiedô fjdc àknetjs drëtedjs quc `icdt`b ` g` p`rtedep`deôb y fcs`rrjggj pgcbjs fc g`s kuocrcs fcg kubfj. >. Bevcgcs fc p`rtedep`deôb
Cb g` lestjre` fc Mu`tck`g` fcst`d`b kudl`s kuocrcs quc l` gudl`fj djbtr` g` fcsemu`gf`f cb fe icrcbtcs bevcgcs. @gmub`s fc cgg`s sjb? • Bebctl Kjbtcbcmrj? feput`f`. • Jtege` Gux fc Djtë? fercdtjr` fcg Ijrj ebtcrb`dejb`g fc Kuocrcs Ebfëmcb`s. • Bjrk` Druz? iubf`fjr` fc g` @sjde`deôb Tjnrcvevecbtcs. • @b` K`rë` ^jf`s? Xrckej Gencrt`f fc Xrcbs`. Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 0=
>40
Cocrdedej >8 ^cggcbc djb ub` cques cg du`frj fc g` jpdeôb quc djkpgct` djrrcdt`kcbtc d`f` ebdesj.
0. Cg fcrcdlj `g vjtj cb bucstrj p`ës p`r` tjf`s g`s kuocrcs, `gi`nct`sy `b`gi`nct`s, sc`gd`bzô cb… 0563 0593 05<3
>. Cb g` feveseôb fc csp`dejs quc sc f` cb g` k`yjrë` fc g`s sjdecf`fcs… g`s kuocrcs jdup`b cg csp`dej pÿngedj
gjs ljknrcs jdup`b cg csp`dej prev`fj g`s kuocrcs jdup`b cg csp`dej prev`fj
4. Cg fë` < fc k`rzj, Fë` Ebtcrb`dejb`g fc g` Kuocr, sc djbkckjr`… g` prjtcst` fur`kcbtc rcprekef` fc ub mrupj fc jnrcr`s cb Bucv` Ujra
g` prekcr` Djbicrcbde` Kubfe`g sjnrc g` Kuocr, cb Kåxedj g` drc`deôb fc g` Xg`t`ijrk` fc Nceoebm, cb Dleb` 6. G` cxprcseôb ‗Xjr ub pg`bct` 38 — 38 cb >848‛ fcnc ebtcrprct`rsc djkj… djbscmuer cb >848 ub bevcg fc p`rtedep`deôb cquet`tev`? 38% ljknrcs y 38% kuocrcs `gd`bz`r cb >848 ub` pjng`deôb djb ub pjrdcbt`oc efåbtedj? 38% ljknrcs y 38% kuocrcs ckpjfcr`r, cb cg `ðj >848, ` g`s pcrsjb`s k`yjrcs fc 38 `ðjs, ljknrcs y kuocrcs 3. G` iubf`fjr` fc g` @sjde`deôb Tjnrcvevecbtcs cs… @b` K`rë` ^jf`s
Jtege` Gux fc Djtë Bjrk` Druz
9. G` fercdtjr` cocdutev` fcg Ijrj Ebtcrb`dejb`g fc Kuocrcs Ebfëmcb`s cs g` mu`tck`gtcd`… Bebctl Kjbtcbcmrj Jtege` Gux fc Djtë Bjrk` Druz
=. G` kuocr mu`tck`gtcd` b`rr`fjr`, pcrejfest`, pjct` y drëted` getcr`re` sc gg`k`… @b` K`rë` ^jf`s
Jtege` Gux fc Djtë Bjrk` Druz
>4>
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
Cocrdedej >0 @.
^c`gedc g`s `dtevef`fcs quc sc prjpjbcb ` djbtebu`deôb. 0. ^cp`sc gjs jnstàdugjs quc cbircbt`b g`s kuocrcs p`r` su pgcb` p`rtedep`deôb y detc `g kcbjs trcs quc ijrk`b p`rtc fc g` d`fcb` fc fesdrekeb`deôb.
>. g` Xg`t`ijrk` fc Nceoebm cst`ngcdeô fjdc àknetjs drëtedjs quc `icdt`b ` g` p`rtedep`deôb fc g`s kuocrcs. Detc `g kcbjs trcs.
N.
Gc` cg tcxtj y rcspjbf` g`s prcmubt`s fcsfc su pcbs`kecbtj drëtedj. G`s kuocrcs y g`s beð`s sjb iubf`kcbt`gcs p`r` cbdjbtr`r sjgudejbcs sjstcbengcs ` gjs fcs`iëjs fc g` pjnrcz`, g` fcsemu`gf`f y g` rcdupcr`deôb fc g`s djkubef`fcs kàs mjgpc`f`s Q...[.Cgg`s sjb cg rciumej quc prjtcmc ` g` i`kege`, tr`n`o`b pjr g` p`z y m`r`btez`b cg drcdekecbtj cdjbôkedj sjstcbengc y cg d`knej sjde`g.
0. ºXjr quå drcc quc sc `ierk` quc g`s kuocrcs y g`s beð`s sjb cg rciumej fc g` i`kege`:
>. ºFc quå k`bcr` drcc quc g`s kuocrcs tr`n`o`b pjr g` p`z:
4. Cxprcsc djb sus p`g`nr`s g` efc` fc quc ‗g`s kuocrcs m`r`btez`b cg drcdekecbtj cdjbôkedj sjstcbengc y cg d`knej sjde`g‛.
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 0=
>44
G`s beð`s y gjs beðjs cb g` djkubef`f fckjdràted` G`s beð`s y gjs beðjs cb g` djkubef`f fckjdràted` Beðcz? 8 — 04 `ðjs @fjgcsdcbde`? 04 — 0< `ðjs
fcncb scr prjtcmefjs pjr
tecbcb
Fcrcdljs • Yef`, i`kege`, bjknrc, b`dejb`gef`f, s`guf, cfud`deôb, ctd. • X`rtedep`r cb g` sjdecf`f. • Tcr prjtcmefjs fc fesdreke-
b`deôb, k`gtr`tj, fcs`strcs, ctd.
• Puc g` tecrr` sc prjtco` p`r` cggjs
Fcncrcs • I`kege`? rcspct`r y jncfcdcr,
• g`s pcrsjb`s `fugt`s
djg`njr`r cb t`rc`s, ctd.
• cg Cst`fj
• Cst`ngcdekecbtj cfud`tevj?
scr rcspjbs`ngc, csijrz`rsc, dukpger bjrk`s. • Tjdecf`f? p`rtedep`r djb ljbr`fcz, nusd`r prjtcddeôb se suircb `nusj, pr`dted`r sjgef`re-
f`f, djbjdcr gcycs, ctd.
ducbt`b djb
Ebstetudejbcs fc prjtcddeôb • Fcg Cst`fj? — XBD — Xrjdur`rë` Mcbcr`g fc g` B`deôb
Gcy Xrjtcddeôb Ebtcmr`g fc g` Beðcz y @fjgcsdcbde`
• fcrcdljs fcfctcrkeb` beð`s, beðjs y `fjgcsdcbtcs mu`tck`gtcdjs • cst`ngcdc gjs tepjs fc `nusj ebi`bteg — iësedj
— Xrjdur`furë` fc gjs Fcrcdljs
Luk`bjs • Fc sjdecf`f deveg?
— ^ciumej fc g` beðcz — Iubf`deôb Tjnrcvevecbtcs — CDX@V/Mu`tck`g`
— scxu`g — tr`tjs bcmgemcbtcs — ckjdejb`g • s`bdejbcs djbtr` `nus`fjrcs
Cocrdedej >> Djkpgctc d`f` jr`deôb djb g` p`g`nr` j p`g`nr`s djrrcdt`s. trcdc fcrcdlj
djbscrv`deôb jngem`dejbcs `nusj ckjdejb`g
Cst`fj
fcgetj
`nusj iësedj
Xjgedë` B`dejb`g Deveg
sjdecf`f deveg
0. Vjf`s g`s beð`s, beðjs y `fjgcsdcbtcs tecbcb fcrcdljs y
>46
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
.
>. Tcr prjtcmefjs fc tjf`s g`s ijrk`s fc `nusj, k`gtr`tj y vejgcbde` cs ub fc tjf`s g`s beð`s, beðjs y `fjgcsdcbtcs. 4. Sb` jngem`deôb quc tecbcb g`s beð`s, beðjs y `fjgcsdcbtcs cb g` sjdecf`f cs djbtrenuer ` g` fcg kcfej `knecbtc.
6. Te ub` pcrsjb` quc cstà cb rcg`deôb fc pjfcr djb ub beðj, beð` j `fjgcsdcbtc gc ebigemc f`ðj bj `ddefcbt`g, prjvjdàbfjgc gcsejbcs ebtcrb`s j cxtcrb`s, sc tr`t` fc ub d`sj fc .
3. Te ub` pcrsjb` f`ð` g` `utjcstek` fc ub beðj, beð` j `fjgcsdcbtc, sc tr`t` fc ub d`sj fc .
9. Du`gquecr tepj fc `nusj djbtr` beð`s, beðjs j `fjgcsdcbtcs djbstetuyc ub
.
=. Cbtrc g`s ebstetudejbcs quc prjtcmcb ` g` beðcz y `fjgcsdcbde` pjfckjs festebmuer ebstetudejbcs fcg
y fc g`
.
<. G` ebstetudeôb fcg Cst`fj quc rcdenc y f` scmuekecbtj ` g`s fcbubde`s sjnrc `nusjs djbtr` g` beðcz y `fjgcsdcbde` sc gg`k` .
Cocrdedej >4 Gc` cg semuecbtc ir`mkcbtj fcg rcg`tj quc ub jnrcrj lezj `btc ub` djkeseôb fc tr`n`oj cb g`s ebfustre`s, cb Ebmg`tcrr` cb cg `ðj 0<4>. Fcspuås, rc`gedc g`s `dtevef`fcs quc sc gc pefcb? Vcbë` yj = `ðjs du`bfj ckpcdå ` leg`r g`b` cb ub` iànred`. G` ojrb`f` fc tr`n`oj fur`n` fcsfc g`s debdj fc g` k`ð`b` l`st` g`s < fc g` bjdlc, djb ub ÿbedj fcsd`bsj fc trcebt` kebutjs ` kcfej fë` p`r` djkcr. Vcbë`kjs quc tjk`r g` djkef` djkj pufeår`kjs, fc pec j `pjy`fjs fc du`gquecr k`bcr`. Cb `qucgg` iànred` l`në` `grcfcfjr fc debducbt` beðjs, kàs j kcbjs fc ke cf`f, quc djb kudl` ircducbde` d`ë`b cbicrkjs. D`f` fë` l`në` `g kcbjs kcfe` fjdcb` fc cggjs quc cst`n`b ebfespucstjs pjr dugp` fcg cxdcsevj tr`n`oj.
0. Tunr`yc cb cg tcxtj g`s jr`dejbcs quc fcsdrencb dôkj cr` cg tr`n`oj cb g` iànred`. >. Cbdecrrc cb ub dërdugj g`s p`g`nr`s quc ebfed`b g`s djbscducbde`s quc cg tr`n`oj cb g` iànred`
`d`rrc`n` cb gjs beðjs. 4. ºPuå jtr`s djbscducbde`s drcc quc tcbfrë` cstc tr`n`oj p`r` g` vef` fc cstjs beðjs tcbecbfj cb ducbt` g` fur`deôb fc g`s ojrb`f`s g`njr`gcs:
6. Cg tr`n`oj cb cst` iànred`, ºvejg`n` `gmÿb fcrcdlj fc gjs beðjs: ºDuàg: @rmukcbtc su rcspucst`?
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Tck`b` 0=
>43
ºDôkj scrà g` prucn` fc cv`gu`deôb: G` prucn` b`g cv`gu`rà gjs keskjs djbtcbefjs y fc g` kesk` k`bcr` quc gj lckjs rc`gez`fj ` gj g`rmj fc cst` sck`b` fc rcp`sj. Cb g` prucn` cbdjbtr`rà?
•
Y`re`s screcs fc cocrdedejs quc cv`gÿ`b gj `prcbfefj cbtrc g`s sck`b`s 5 y 09. Tc gc pcferà? rcspjbfcr prcmubt`s, sunr`y`r g` rcspucst` djrrcdt`, k`rd`r djb ub` druz cg du`frj djb g` jpdeôb djrrcdt`, djkpgct`r t`ng`s, csquck`s y k`p`s djbdcptu`gcs,
fcber djbdcptjs djb sus p`g`nr`s y ub` `dtevef`f fc rcf`ddeôb cb g` quc cket` su jpebeôb sjnrc gjs lcdljs lestôredjs cstu fe`fjs.
Vcbm` cb ducbt` quc cb g` prucn` sc v`gjr`ràb `gmub`s l`negef`fcs djkj?
cketer su jpebeôb djb dg`ref`f, csdrener seb i`gt`s fc jrtjmr`ië` y nucb` d`gemr`ië`,
tr`n`o`r djb gekpecz` y jrfcb.
•
D`f` screc tecbc ebstruddejbcs fc gj quc fcnc rc`gez`r cb d`f` `p`rt`fj, `së djkj g` v`gjr`deôb `semb`f`. Bj ckpecdc ` tr`n`o`r seb tcbcr dg`rj gj quc sc gc pefc cb g`s ebstruddejbcs.
•
Te cbducbtr` ub` screc quc sc gc feiedugt`, p`sc ` g` semuecbtc. @g tcrkeb`r fc rc`gez`r g`s jtr`s screcs, rctjkc g` quc fcoô pcbfecbtc.
•
Xrcpàrcsc djb teckpj. Cstj gc pcrketerà gccr y `b`gez`r fcsp`dej y djkprcbfcr kcojr d`f` tck`
fc cstufej. ^cducrfc quc ustcf cs quecb djbstruyc su `prcbfez`oc. Te sc csiucrz`, cg rcsugt`fj scrà cxetjsj.
Uj
`prcbfez`oc drcj quc^cvesc bjsjtrjssu fcnckjs scr cg d`knej quc qucrckjs vcr cb cg kubfj. Xjr csj kc djkprjkctj ` scr ub deuf`f`bj quc gudlc pjr cg necbcst`r fc g` djkubef`f ` tr`vås fc bj cb gjmr`fj K`rquc djb ub dlcquc g` gjs d`segg` quc quc kcojr su rcbfekecbtj. `dtetufcs quc rccocb v`gjrcs lcebfequc `prcbfefj. prjdcsj gjmr`fj c f s å u p s c F
... r e` f u t s c
^cp`så gjs djbtcbefjs fc g` sck`b` 5 ` g` 09. (rk`)
^csucgvj gjs cocrdedejs fcg rcp`sj p`r` cv`gu`rkc cb g` prucn` ieb`g. Mu`tck`g`
>49
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
fc
fcg `ðj
Dg`vcs
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Dg`vcs
>4=
Tck`b` 0 @ycr... ljy… @b`gedc y djkp`rt`
Cocrdedej 4 ^cspucst` v`re`ngc scmÿb d`f` cstufe`btc. Djkj jrecbt`deôb, jircdckjs g` semuecbtc?
^cspucst` genrc, ` dretcrej pcrsjb`g. Gj ekpjrt`btc cs quc gc l`y` pucstj bjknrc ` g`s efc`s j scbtekecbtjs quc gc prjvjdô g` ijtjmr`ië`. Gc fco`kjs djkj cockpgj g` p`g`nr`? ‗tcrbur`‛.
Gjs v`gjrcs quc vevekjs cb bucstr`s i`kege`s j djb g`s pcrsjb`s kàs dcrd`b`s fur`btc g` ebi`bde` bjs muë`b fur`btc tjf` bucstr` vef`. Teb ckn`rmj, bj pjfckjs cspcr`r quc g` fcgebducbde` y vejgcbde` quc `icdt`b ` Mu`tck`g` sc rcsucgv`b djb v`gjrcs i`kege`rcs pjrquc
Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs
sjb prjngck`s kuy gjs qucy fcncb ebtcrvcbersjde`gcs cg Cst`fj djbdjkpgcojs tjf`s sus sjnrc ebstetudejbcs g`s jrm`bez`dejbcs fc g` sjdecf`f deveg.
Cocrdedej 0 ^cspucst`s v`re`ngcs scmÿb g` ebvcstem`deôb fc d`f` cstufe`btc. Djkj jrecbt`deôb, jircdckjs g`s semu ecbtcs? Cquef`f? oustede`, f`r ` d`f` pcrsjb` gj quc kcrcdc. Djbvevcbde`? djkp`rter fc ijrk` `rkjbejs` ub keskj
csp`dej iësedj cbtrc v`re`s pcrsjb`s j mrupjs fc pcrsjb`s. ^cspctj? djbsefcr`r quc tjf`s g`s pcrsjb`s tecbcb v`gjr pjr së kesk`s y s`ncr v`gjr`r sus d`p`def`fcs, ebtcrcscs y bcdcsef`fcs.
Cocrdedej > @. ^cspucst`s v`re`ngcs scmÿb d`f` cstufe`btc. Djkj jrecbt`deôb, jircdckjs g`s semuecbtcs?
0. Bj pjrquc scmÿb ebfed` cg icbôkcbj >, ‗du`bfj tr`tj k`g ` g`s pcrsjb`s, cgg`s kc sucgcb tr`t`r k`g‛. Cbtjbdcs, se tr`tj k`g `gmuecb bj djbscmuerå quc fcoc su djkpjrt`kecbtj, sebj quc cs` pcrsjb` scmuerà k`gtr`t`bfj. >. Te l`y pcrsjb`s quc k`gtr`t`b, sc fcnc pg`ted`r djb cgg`s p`r` s`ncr duàg cs cg kjtevj quc g`s ggcv` ` `dtu`r `së. Cb du`gquecr d`sj, se cstj sc f` cb cg tr`n`oj, gjs ocics j g`s `utjref`fcs fcg tr`n`oj fcncb pjbcr g`s s`bdejbcs `fcdu`f`s. N. ^cspucst`s v`re`ngcs scmÿb d`f` cstufe`btc. Djkj jrecbt`deôb, jircdckjs g`s semuecbtcs? Djbdguseôb mcbcr`g sjnrc g`s djbscducbde`s fc fco`r fc cstufe`r? g`s pcrsjb`s oôvcbcs quc fco`b
fc cstufe`r seb l`ncrsc mr`fu`fj fc cstufejs supcrejrcs tecbcb kcbjs pjsenegef`fcs fc `ddcfcr ` ckpgcjs necb rckubcr`fjs y su vef` `fugt` scrà kàs feiëdeg. Djbdguseôb cb d`sj p`rtedug`r? cg rcbfekecbtj csdjg`r fc Ojsuå scrà n`oj pjrquc, `g bj l`ncr fcs`yub`fj, su dcrcnrj bj ducbt` djb g` cbcrmë` quc bcdcset`.
>4<
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
Tck`b` > @ycr... ljy…
@.
@b`gedc y djkp`rt`
Gum`r fc g` jnscrv`deôb ? d`ggc tr`bset`f` fc
vclëdugjs y pc`tjbcs fc ke kubedepej.
0. Q...[ rc`gezô cstufejs sjnrc g` rcgemeôb, cg suedefej, cg d`ràdtcr b`dejb`g, g`s rcg`dejbcs fjkåsted`s, g` setu`deôb fc g` kuocr, g` ebtcr`ddeôb cbtrc g`s ebstetudejbcs y gjs ebfevefujs Q...[ G` rcspucst` `g rcstj fc g`s prcmubt`s sjb genrcs y qucf`b
ºPuåjnscr v`r:
` dretcrej fc d`f` cstufe`btc.
Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs Cocrdedej 0 ^cspucst`s festebt`s scmÿb cg tck` cgcmefj pjr d`f` cstufe`btc. Djkj jrecbt`deôb, jircdckjs ub cockpgj, `g k`rmcb fc g` gcdtur`? 0. Vck` fc ebvcstem`deôb?cdjbjkë` y pjgëted`. >. Xrcmubt`s?
`. ºPuå kjfcgj cdjbôkedj tecbc cg Cst`fj fc Mu`tck`g`: n. ºL`y pjgëted`s fc Cst`fj quc nusd`b g` oustede` y cquef`f cdjbôked` p`r` g` pjng`deôb:
^csugt`fjs
ºL`y sckàijrjs: ºL`y p`s`rcg`s: ºPuå djkpjrt`kecbtjs fc recsmj tecbcb gjs pc`tjbcs: ºPuå djkpjrt`kecbtjs fc recsmj tecbcb g`s pcrsjb`s quc k`bco`b kjtjdedgct`s: ºPuå djkpjrt`kecbtjs fc recsmj tecbcb g`s pcrsjb`s quc k`bco`b nuscs:
N.
Mueôb fc cbtrcvest` ` pc`tjbcs Xcrsjb` ` cbtrcvest`r? pc`tôb cb g` d`ggc jnscrv`f`.
Cocrdedej >
Xrcmubt`s?
0. Jnoctevj mcbcr`g? cs cg prjpôsetj k`yjr, g` kct` kàs `gt` quc pg`btc`kjs p`r` bucstr` ebvcstem`deôb. Jnoctevjs cspcdëiedjs? sjb kàs djbdrctjs y `yuf`b ` `gd`bz`r cg jnoctevj mcbcr`g. >. Sb prjngck` fc ebvcstem`deôb pjsengc? ºDôkj `icdt`b g`s pràdted`s fc prcp`r`deôb fc `gekcbtjs cb g` fcijrcst`deôb fc gjs dcrrjs y njsqucs:
0. ºTjnrc quå csp`dej fc g` d`ggc `djstuknr` ` d`keb`r: >. Te tecbc quc druz`r g` d`ggc, ºdôkj gj l`dc: 4. Du`bfj d`keb` pjr g` d`ggc, ºsecbtc quc djrrc cg recsmj fc scr `trjpcgg`f`: ºpjr quå: 6. ºPuå kcojr`s ekpgckcbt`rë` cb g` d`ggc p`r` kcojr`r g` scmuref`f ve`g fc gjs pc`tjbcs:
Cocrdedej 4 0. @ dretcrej fcg cstufe`btc, scmÿb cg tck` cgcmefj. Fco`kjs ub cockpgj, djbtebu`bfj djb cg quc sc jircdc cb cg cocrdedej 0.
K`rdj tcôredj sjnrc cdjbjkë` y pjgëted`. Kjfcgj cdjbôkedj fcg Cst`fjr Xjgëted`s pÿnged`s Gcycs c ebstetudejbcs? Dôfemj fc tr`n`oj fc Mu`tck`g` Kebestcrej fc Cdjbjkë`
Mueôb fc cbtrcvest` ` dljicrcs Xcrsjb` ` cbtrcvest`r? dljicr cb g` d`ggc jnscrv`f`. Xrcmubt`s?
0. º@pged` ustcf `gmub` kcfef`p`r` bj `trjpcgg`r ` pc`tjbcs du`bfj k`bco` su vclëdugj: ºduàg: >. Du`bfj sc f` ducbt` fc quc ub pc`tôb quecrc druz`r g` d`ggc, ºquå l`dc ustcf:
jtrjs Cocrdedej 6 Vjf`s g`s rcspucst`s `g cocrdedej pucfcb v`re`r y sjb vàgef`s seckprc quc sc `oustcb `g tck` fc ebvcstem`deôb prjpucstj. Fco`kjs ub cockpgj. Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Dg`vcs
>45
Tck`b` 4
Tck`b` 6
Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs
@ycr... ljy…
Cocrdedej 0
@b`gedc y djkp`rt`
0.
^cspucst`s festebt`s. Gj ekpjrt`btc cs quc l`m` `guseôb ` cgckcbtjs b`tur`gcs j dugtur`gcs quc efcbtequcb g` ncggcz` fc @kåred`. Xjr cockpgj? g` k`ocstujsef`f fc gjs vjgd`bcs, gj cxôtedj fc g`s `vcs y g`s pg`bt`s fc g` scgv`, ctd.
X. Bjrtc`kcred`b`
Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs X. fc Djdjs X. fc B`zd`
X. fcg D`renc
Cocrdedej 0 0. J. Mg`de`g Àrtedj
X. X`dëd`
X. Tuf`kcred`b` J. @tgàbtedj
Cocrdedej > J. X`dëdj
G`s rcspucst`s pucfcb v`re`r pcrj tjf`s fcncb djrrcspjbfcr djb gjs kcbs`ocs fc g` pàmeb` fc g` DJB^CF.
J. Mg`de`g @btàrtedj
>. Jdå`bj @tgàbtedj y jdå`bj X`dëiedj. g Àr tedj j Mg`de`
Cocrdedej >
jdå`b Mrj cbg `bf
e`
BSSA
D`b`fà
JVV@]@ B
Cst`fjs Sbefjs
]@TLEBMVJB, F.D.
Dun` G@ L@N@B@
Kå xedj
KÅ\EDJ
d`pet`g gëketc ebtcrb`dejb`g
jd å` bj
jd å` bj
O`k`ed` AEBMTVJB
dj
bt edj
^cpÿnged` Fjkebed`b` T@BVJ FJKEBMJ
F.I.
X` dë i
@t gà
N`l`k`s B@TT@S
L`etë X. X^ËBDEXC
Xucrtj ^edj T@B OS@B
Muy`b` D@^@D@T Tureb`k Ycbczucg` MCJ^MCVJ]B X@^@K@^ENJ Mu`y`b` Ir`bdcs` Djgjkne` D@UCB@ NJMJVÀ Cdu`fjr PSEVJ
Xcrÿ GEK@
Nr`seg Njgeve` G@ X@_
Dlegc T@BVE@MJ
@rmcbteb` NSCBJT @E^CT
N^@TEGE@
X`r`mu`y @TSBDEÔB Srumu`y KJBVCYEFCJ
jdå`bj Mg`de`g @btàrtedj
>68
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
Tck`b` 3 Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs
Cocrdedej 4 jdå`bj
Mg`de`g
Cocrdedej 0
Àrtedj
0. @ztcd`s? dcbtrj y sur fc Kåxedj. >. K`y`s? surcstc fc Kåxedj, Mu`tck`g`, Ncgedc y Ljbfur`s. 4. Ebd`s? p`rtc fc Djgjkne`, Cdu`fjr, Xcrÿ, Njgeve`, Dlegc y @rmcbteb`.
^. Uu
aôb
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Djrfeggcr` fc @g`sa`
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u G. L
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edl
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cs g`dl @p` ese tcs K Kjb e sep
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jd å` bj
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G. Dl`p`g` T ec
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gàb t
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jd å` bj
Cocrdedej >
rej t` Jb
t` eb `d k su S ^.
X` dë id j
G. fc
e` bd `gc cY G. f
K`r `d`e nj
^. Jrebjdj
^. K`mf`gcb`
GG@BJT FCG ^ËJ J^EBJDJ
^. @k`zjb`s M^@B GG@BS^@ FCG ^ËJ @K@_JB@T
G. Veted`d`
D`fcb`s kjbt`ðjs`s fc jddefcbtc
. ^
G. Xjjpô
Y.@djbm`mu`
Gg`bur`s fcg jrecbtc
CG M^@B DL@DJ
D j r f e G@T X @KX@T gg c r ` f c g j s GG@BS^@T FC @ G@ X @V@b f MJBE@ c s
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Djgjbe`s nretàbed`s
Dursj fc gjs rëjs
Djgjbe`s csp`ðjg`s Djgjbe`s pjrtumucs`s
Cocrdedej 4 Deuf`f
T`bX`ngj Deuf`ffcKåxedj Bucv`Ujra Njmjtà Gek`
X`ës
Nr`seg Kåxedj Cst`fjsSbefjs Djgjkne` Xcrÿ
Cocrdedej 6 0. >. 4. 6.
@se` Jdc`bë` Bjrtc`kåred` Àired`
3. Àired` tecbc g` kcbjr cspcr`bz` fc vef` fcg kubfj y su t`s` fc kjrt`gef`f cs `gt`. Xjr csj, `ubquc g` b`t`gef`f sc` `gt`, g` pjng`deôb bj drcdc t`btj.
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Dg`vcs
>60
Tck`b` 9
Tck`b` =
@ycr... ljy…
@ycr... ljy…
@b`gedc y djkp`rt`
@b`gedc y djkp`rt`
^cspucst`s festebt`s. Cs ekpjrt`btc quc få su pubtj fc vest` pcrsjb`g. @ kjfj fc jrecbt`deôb gc fco`kjs cstjs cockpgjs?
^cspucst`s festebt`s. Cs ekpjrt`btc quc få su pubtj fc vest` pcrsjb`g y oustequc cg pjrquå fc g` cstrji` fc g` d`bdeôb quc cgcmeô.
0. Sb` r`zôb fc quc tjfj qucf` gcojs pucfc scr g` pjnrcz`.
Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs
>. Tjnrc ` quecbcsg` vevcb cb cg g`kcfej rcsugt`tjfj ‗eb`gd`bz`ngc‛ cfud`deôb, s`guf, rur`g ctd. gcs Cocrdedej 0 4. G` emu`gf`f cb Mu`tck`g` tjf`vë` cs ubrctj p`r` g` @. G`s rcspucst`s v`re`ràb fcpcbfecbfj fc g` cxpcrecbde` fc vef` fc d`f` cstufe`btc. k`yjrë` fc g` pjng`deôb. N. ^cspucst`s festebt`s cb d`f` mrupj. ^cvesc quc cg pjr-
Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs
dcbt`oc cstå necb d`gdug`fj fc `ducrfj ` g` iôrkug`?
Cocrdedej 0
% ; B¸ cstufe`btcs quc bj rcsefc fjbfc b`deô x 088
0. G` rcf`ddeôb v`re`rà, pcrj fcnc k`btcbcr g` efc` prebdep`g. Fco`kjs ub cockpgj djkj jrecbt`deôb.
B¸ tjt`g cstufe`btcs fcg mrupj
Cocrdedej > G` `mredugtur` fc Cst`fjs Sbefjs cstà kuy tcdbeied`f` y pjr csj djb pjd` k`bj fc jnr` sc jntecbc mr`b @.^cspucst` v`re`ngc scmÿb d`f` cstufe`btc. Djkj jrecbt`deôb, jircdckjs g` semuecbtc? d`btef`f fc prjfudtj y `gt`s m`b`bde`s. Tc gg`k` ‗sucðj `kcred`bj‛ ` g` efc` kuy mcbcr`gez`f` >. ^cspucst`s festebt`s. Fco`kjs ub cockpgj. fc quc kcrcdc g` pcb` kemr`r ` Cst`fjs Sbefjs pjrquc K`ëz kàs n`r`tj quc cg fc Mu`tck`g`. `ggà cs iàdeg m`b`r febcrj. M`ggct`s. Teb ckn`rmj, kemr`r fc ijrk` egcm`g djbggcv` feicrcbtcs Cocrdedej > recsmjs? cxtjrseôb, vejg`deôb y kucrtc y, pjr gj t`btj, g` kemr`deôb sc djbvecrtc cb ub` pcs`fegg` p`r` g` pcrsjb` @. kemr`btc y su i`kege`, quc ` kcbufj qucf` cbfcuf`f` 0. M`b`fcrë`, `mredugtur`, pcsd`. fur`btc kudlj teckpj djb gjs djyjtcs. >. Cg`njr`deôb fc `rtcs`bë`s, djbstruddeôb, kebcrë`. 4. Tcrvedejs fc tr`bspjrtc, ljtcgcs, djkcrdej, scrvedejs N. ^cspucst` v`re`ngc scmÿb d`f` cstufe`btc. Djkj jrecbt`deôb, jircdckjs g` semuecbtc? cfud`tevjs. ‗X`frc fc i`kege`? se cbvë` ` sus leo`s c leojs egcm`gkcbtc N. 0. Cg scdtjr tcrde`rej cs cg quc kàs ebmrcsjs `pjrt` `g ` jtrj p`ës gjs cxpjbc ` g` kucrtc‛. Xrjfudtj Ebtcrejr Nrutj fc d`f` p`ës. >. G` `mredugtur` cb Mu`tck`g` cstà pjdj tcdbeied`f` y pjr csj, `ubquc kudl`s pcrsjb`s sc fcfequcb ` cgg`, `pjrt` pjdjs ebmrcsjs `g p`ës. D. ^cspucst`s festebt`s, scmÿb su dretcrej. Fco`kjs ub cockpgj.
Te cg bevcg cfud`tevj fc g` pjng`deôb fc ub p`ës cs `gtj, g`s pcrsjb`s pucfcb fcfed`rsc ` `dtevef`fcs quc mcbcr`b kàs ebmrcsjs y `së sunc cg Xrjfudtj Ebtcrejr Nrutj.
Cocrdedej 4 ^cpucst`s feicrcbtcs, ` dretcrej fc d`f` pcrsjb`. ^cvesc quc g`s fekcbsejbcs cståb djrrcdt`kcbtc dg`sed`f`s cb jnoctev`s y sunoctev`s.
>6>
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
Tck`b` < Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs Cocrdedej 0 @.
8. 0. >. 4.
prjpucst` fc `ddeôb
djbdcptj tcjrë` icbôkcbj sjde`g
Cocrdedej 9 0. Tcgcddeôb fcg tck` >. Xg`btc`kecbtj fcg prjngck` 4. Jnoctevjs fc g` ebvcstem`deôb 6. K`rdj tcôredj 3. Vr`n`oj fc d`kpj 9. @bàgeses fc g` ebijrk`deôb y djbdgusejbcs
N. 8. pcbs`kecbtj gômedj
Cocrdedej =
0. pcbs`kecbtj drëtedj >. pcbs`kecbtj gômedj 4. pcbs`kecbtj drëtedj
^cspucst`s festebt`s. @ kjfj fc jrecbt`deôb gc fco`kjs cstjs cockpgjs? 0. Vck`? Xràdted`s y djbjdekecbtjs tr`fedejb`gcs fcg
N.
pucngj dljrtë fc Mu`tck`g` p`r` g` djbscrv`deôb fcg kcfej `knecbtc. 0. Djbdcptj >. Xrjngck`? ºPuå pràdted`s y djbjdekecbtjs tr`fedej>. Icbôkcbj sjde`g b`gcs fcg pucngj dljrtë fc Mu`tck`g` djbtrenuycb ` 4. Xrjpucst` fc `ddeôb djbscrv`r cg kcfej `knecbtc: 6. Vcjrë` 4. Jnoctevj mcbcr`g? Djbjdcr gjs cgckcbtjs fc g` dugtur` tr`fedejb`g fcg Cocrdedej 4 pucngj dljrtë fc Mu`tck`g` quc djbtrenuycb ` djbscrv`r cg kcfej `knecbtc. 0. Xrjn`ngckcbtc ^js` bj mjz`rà fcnucb` s`guf pjrquc bj cstà duef`bfj su ducrpj ` tr`vås fcg cocrdedej, Jnoctevj cspcdëiedj 0? quc cs iubf`kcbt`g. Efcbteied`r pràdted`s y djbjdekecbtjs tr`fedejb`gcs >. Cg tepj fc `gekcbt`deôb quc rcdenc ub ncnå djbfedejb` su s`guf? se cstà necb `gekcbt`fj, drcdcrà s`bj fcg pucngjcgdljrtë Mu`tck`g` quc djbtrenuycb ` djbscrv`r kcfejfc `knecbtc. y iucrtc y fcs`rrjgg`rà tjf`s sus l`negef`fcs1 se bj gj Jnoctevj cspcdëiedj >? cstà, drcdcrà cbicrkezj y djb rct`sj cb su fcs`rrjggj. @b`gez`r se `dtu`gkcbtc cg pucngj dljrtë fc Mu`tck`g` `pged` g`s pràdted`s y djbjdekecbtjs tr`fedejb`gcs Cocrdedej 6 quc djbtrenuycb ` djbscrv`r cg kcfej `knecbtc. 0. Xjrquc su ijrk` fc `dtu`r, fcicbfecbfj g` ljbcsteCocrdedej < f`f y g` tr`bsp`rcbde`, pucfc rcsugt`r kjgcst` p`r` pcrsjb`s quc prjn`ngckcbtc tecbcb ebtcrås cb quc 8. X`bmc` g` djrrupdeôb sc sem` prjfudecbfj. 0. febjs`urejs >. ^cspucst` pcrsjb`g c ebfevefu`g. >. mcjgjmë` Cocrdedej 3 4. i`gg`s mcjgômed`s 6. seskjs j tcrrckjtjs 8. prjdcsj fc ebvcstem`deôb 3. DJB^CF. 0. `kn`s sjb djrrcdt`s >. ijrkug`r cg prjngck` cb ijrk` fc prcmubt` quc djbtcbm` fjs v`re`ngcs 4. ub jnoctevj mcbcr`g y fjs j kàs jnoctevjs cspcdë-
Cocrdedej >
6. iedjs. k`rdj tcôredj 3. djbjdcr fercdt`kcbtc g` cxpcrecbde` fc pcrsjb`s rcg`dejb`f`s djb cg icbôkcbj sjde`g quc sc ebvcstem` 9. `bàgeses fc g` ebijrk`deôb y djbdgusejbcs
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Dg`vcs
>64
Cocrdedej 5
i`gg` Dlexjy—Xjgjdled i`gg` fcg Kjt`mu` i`gg` fc Ojdjtàb— Dl`kcgcdôb
4. Tembeied` quc gjs icbôkcbjs b`tur`gcs quc sc prjfudcb cb Mu`tck`g` bj pucfcb cvet`rsc pjrquc cstàb prjvjd`fjs pjr su pjsedeôb mcjmràied`. Teb ckn`rmj, cg lcdlj fc quc ub icbôkcbj b`tur`g sc djbvecrt` cb fcs`strc sc fcnc ` g`s `ddejbcs eb`fcdu`f`s fc g`s pcrsjb`s. Xjr gj t`btj, cg fcs`strc pucfc prcvcbersc. 6. Bj sc l`b ekpgckcbt`fj `ddejbcs djrrcdt`s fc prcvcbdeôb1 prcdes`kcbtc cg fcs`strc fcg D`knr`y cs djbscducbde` fc g` i`gt` fc prcvcbdeôb. 3. • Puc cb tjf`s g`s csducg`s y djgcmejs sc d`p`detc ` beð`s, beðjs, k`frcs y p`frcs fc i`kege` sjnrc dôkj prcvcber fcs`strcs. • Puc d`f` kubedep`gef`f tcbm` efcbteied`f`s g`s àrc`s pcgemrjs`s fc su tcrretjrej c ekpef` quc sc djbstruy` cb cgg`s.
Cocrdedej 00 @.
i`gg` fc O`gp`t`mu`
Cocrdedej 08 @. (Tunr`y`kjs cb bcmrj gj quc djrrcspjbfc `g sunr`y`fj rjoj).
Cg g`kcbt`ngc fcs`strc jdurrefj cb g` djgjbe` Cg D`knr`y EE, fcg kubedepej fc T`bt` D`t`reb` Xebug`, l` fco`fj fcdcb`s fc i`ggcdefjs y decbtjs fc fcs`p`rcdefjs. Gjs fcs`strcs bj sjb b`tur`gcs, gjs icbôkcbjs së. Gjs fcs`strcs seckprc sc prcscbt`b pjr g` `ddeôb fcg scr luk`bj cb su cbtjrbj. Mu`tck`g` bj l` sefj be scrà cg ÿbedj d`sj fjbfc sc suircb g`s djbscducbde`s fc ub` ebcxestcbtc pjgëted` urn`best`, pjd`s `ddejbcs fc prcvcbdeôb y pjr ÿgtekj g` bcdcsef`f fc keggjbcs fc pcrsjb`s quc nusd`b g`s pcreicre`s fc deuf`fcs p`r` g` djbstruddeôb. Cg fcsgez`kecbtj fc tecrr` quc ljy cbgut` ` gjs mu`tck`gtcdjs fcnc scrver p`r` l`dcr ub `gtj cb cg d`kebj y cv`gu`r fcsfc g`s ebstetudejbcs pÿnged`s ebvjgudr`f`s, y fcsfc g` kesk` pjng`deôb, se v`gc g` pcb` scmuer djb g`s `ddejbcs `dtu`gcs j cb vcrf`f rcpcbs`r g`s djs`s. N. G` rcf`ddeôb fc g`s rcspucst`s v`re`rà, pcrj fcncb k`btcbcr g`s efc`s iubf`kcbt`gcs fc `ducrfj `g tcxtj y ` gj cstufe`fj. Xrcscbt`kjs cstjs cockpgj djkj jrecbt`deôb.
>66
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
• • • •
jdå`bj Mg`de`g Àrtedj jdå`bj Mg`de`g @btàrtedj jdå`bj @tgàbtedj jdå`bj X`dëiedj
N. 0. D`b`fà
9. ^cpÿnged` Fjkebed`b`
>. Mrjcbg`bfe` 4. Ljbfur`s 6. X`b`kà 3. L`etë
=. Cdu`fjr Njgeve` <. 5. X`r`mu`y 08. Dun`
D. @kåred` fcg Bjrtc
D`b`fà Mrjcbg`bfe`
Dcbtrj`kåred`
Ljbfur`s X`b`kà
@kåred` Ebsug`r
@kåred` fcg Tur
L`etë Dun` ^. Fjkebed`b`
Njgeve` Cdu`fjr X`r`mu`y
Cocrdedej 0> 0. Vckpg`fj >. Tuntrjped`g 4. Tcdj 6. Xjg`r y irëj 3. Vrjped`g
Cocrdedej 06 •
• Vubfr` y t`em`
• •
• Xr`fcr` • Tcgv`
•
• T`n`b`
•
• Fcsecrtj
Cocrdedej 04
0. >. 4. 6. 3. 9. =. <.
jdå`bj
Mg`de`g Àr
Kjbt`ð`s ^jdjs`s
^cmeôb fc gjs mr`bfcs g`mjs
Kjbtcs `p`g`dlcs
jd å` bj
^ëj Kesesepe
@t gàb ted j
^ëj Ssuk`debt` Tecrr` K`frc jd å`
bj
cg fcsdcbsj fc g` kjrt`gef`f y cg sjstcbekecbtj fc g` b`t`gef`f.
Cocrdedej 03
tedj
Gg`bur` fcg rëj Kesesepe
k`y`s, ebd`s y `ztcd`s Mr`b Nrct`ð` 56= keggjbcs fc pcrsjb`s cb tjfjs gjs p`ëscs fcg djbtebcbtc cg 08% fc g` pjng`deôb `kn`s jpdejbcs sjb djrrcdt`s \\
G`mj K`r`d`enj
X` dë id j
^ëj @k`zjb`s Gg`bjs fcg Jrebjdj Mr`b Gg`bur` fcg rëj @k`zjb`s G`mj Veted`d`Cg Mr`b Dl`dj Djrfeggcr` fc gjs @bfcs G`s Tecrr` fcg K`r X`kp`s
Gg`bur`s fc g` X`t`mjbe`
0. Xjrquc cs cg fcp`rt`kcbtj kàs cxtcbsj fcgp`ës, fc k`bcr` quc `ubquc `ukcbtc su pjng`deôb cb bÿkcrj, su fcbsef`f pjng`dejb`g `ukcbt` gcbt`kcbtc. >. Xjrquc cb cg fcp`rt`kcbtj fcMu`tck`g` sc cbducbtr` g` d`pet`g, quc cs ub` mr`b urnc quc djbdcbtr` gjs scrvedejs cfud`tevjs y fc s`guf fc k`yjr d`gef`f, g` jicrt` dugtur`g, g`s scfcs fc bcmjdejs c ebstetudejbcs, g`s jpjrtubef`fcs fc ckpgcj, ctd. Kudl`s pcrsjb`s ckemr`b l`de` g` deuf`f fc Mu`tck`g` fcsfc jtrjs pubtjs fcg p`ës, l`decbfj quc cstå supcrpjng`f`. Cg fcp`rt`kcbtj fc T`d`tcpåqucz cstà kuy pjng`fj pjr su dcrd`bë` ` g` deuf`f fc Mu`tck`g`. 4. G` djbdcbtr`deôb fc g` pjng`deôb cb g` deuf`f fc Mu`tck`g` y fcp`rt`kcbtjs `gcf`ðjs sc f` pjrquc kudl` mcbtc ckemr` fcsfc jtrjs pubtjs fc Mu`tck`g` `g bj cbdjbtr`r tr`n`oj y jpjrtubef`fcs cb sus gum`rcs fc jremcb. L`y ub` mr`b fcsemu`gf`f cb cg rcp`rtj fc rcdursjs fcg p`ës, y` quc mr`bfcs d`btef`fcs fc pcrsjb`s bj tecbcb `ddcsj ` gj nàsedj y sc vcb jngem`f`s ` kemr`r ` g` d`pet`g.
Cocrdedej 09 0. >. 4. 6. 3. 9. =. <.
fjs rcmejbcs cg scdtjr tcrde`rej cg scdtjr prek`rej `gtj fcs`rrjggj tcdbjgômedj ckpgcjs fc n`o` d`geied`deôb g` ^cvjgudeôb Ebfustre`g `kn`s jpdejbcs sjb djrrcdt`s cstå y sc secbt` necb
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Dg`vcs
>63
Tck`b` 5 Cocrdedej 0= 0. Cbtrc >888 y >889, g` pjnrcz` sc rcfuoj cb ub 3% >. Fc >889 ` >806, g` pjnrcz` `ukcbtô cbub <.4% 4. Tc cxpged` pjrquc cg drcdekecbtj cdjbôkedj sjgj sc f` p`r` g`s pcrsjb`s quc y` pjsccb requcz`, djkj fucð`s y mcrcbtcs fc ckprcs`s y bcmjdejs. Cst` requcz` bj sc festrenuyc `g rcstj fc g` pjng`deôb pjrquc bj cstà necb pg`btc`fj cg sestck` fc rcd`uf`deôb fc
@ycr... ljy… @b`gedc y djkp`rt` G` rcf`ddeôb v`re`rà, pcrj fcnc k`btcbcr g` efc` prebdep`g. Gc prjpjbckjs ub cockpgj.
Tc cbtecbfc pjr kjb`rquë` `nsjgut` g` ijrk` fc mjncrb`r, prjpe` fc Curjp` cbtrc gjs semgjs \YE y \YEEE, cb g` du`g tjfjs gjs pjfcrcs cst`n`b dcbtr`gez`fjs y `mguteb`-
ekpucstjsCby cst` pjrquc bj sc g` mcbcr` ckpgcj p`r` g`s fjs cb g` pcrsjb` fcg kjb`rd`. k`yjrë`s. setu`deôb, pjnrcz` `ukcbt`.
Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs
Cocrdedej 0< Fekcbsejbcs Jnoctev`s
Fekcbsejbcs Tunoctev`s
@ddcsj ` scrvedejs fc s`guf @gekcbt`deôb s`b` Jpjrtubef`fcs fc cstufe`r Vcbcr ub ckpgcj fembj
Tcbterkc necb djbkemj keskj Vcbcr `kem`s y `kemjs Djbvever cb `rkjbë` djb g` i`kege` y pcrsjb`s dcrd`b`s Fcs`rrjgg`r ke csperetu`gef`f
Cocrdedej 05 8. 0. >. 4. 6. 3. 9. =.
s`gcb
ggcm`b curjpcjs deuf`f mucrr`s ebtcrb`s i`gt` fc ckpgcj djbsukj ebvcrter necb y `ljrr`r
Cocrdedej >8
Cocrdedej 0 @.. @rtëdugj 0? Vjfjs gjs scrcs luk`bjs b`dcb genrcs c emu`gcs cb fembef`f y fcrcdljs y, fjt`fjs djkj cstàb fc r`zôb y djbdecbde`, fcncb djkpjrt`rsc ir`tcrb`gkcbtc gjs ubjs djb gjs jtrjs.
N.
>. Fcrcdlj? emu`gf`f fc tjfjs gjs scrcs luk`bjs. Fcncr? djkpjrt`rsc ir`tcrb`gkcbtc gjs ubjs djb gjs jtrjs.
Cocrdedej > 0. @ g` åpjd` fc g` ^cvjgudeôb Ebfustre`g. >. G` rcf`ddeôb v`re`rà, pcrj fcnc k`btcbcr g` efc` prebdep`g. Gc prjpjbckjs ub cockpgj.
Cb cg tr`n`oj `rtcs`b`g, ub` sjg` pcrsjb` -cg `rtcs`bj- cs quecb cg`njr` cg prjfudtj djkpgctj? ub` tcg`, ub` segg`, ctd. Kecbtr`s quc cg tr`n`oj jnrcrj sc ‗cspcde`gez`‛ cb g` i`nred`deôb cb screc fc ub` pecz` fctcrkeb`f`.
0. Kemr`deôb ebtcrb`, fcg d`kpj ` g` deuf`f. >. Drcdekecbtj fcsjrfcb`fj, vevecbf`s cb gum`rcs ebscmurjs, i`gt` fc ckpgcj y k`g`s djbfedejbcs fc vef` p`r` kudl`s pcrsjb`s. 4. ^cspucst`s festebt`s. Fco`kjs ub cockpgj. Xrjfudtj `rtcs`b`g? tcg`, jgg`s fc n`rrj, d`etcs, tjrtegg`s, ctd. Xrjfudtj ebfustre`g? djkef` cbv`s`f`, ncnef`s m`scjs`s, rjp` fc k`queg`, ctd.
>69
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
Tck`b` 08 @ycr... ljy… @b`gedc y djkp`rt` G` rcf`ddeôb v`re`rà, scmÿb cg pubtj fc vest` pcrsjb`g. Gc prjpjbckjs ub cockpgj.
G`s p`g`nr`s fc Fjgjrcs Ncfjy` semucb vemcbtcs ljy fë` pjrquc t`btj ljknrcs djkj kuocrcs djbijrk`b g` pjng`deôb fc ub p`ës. @knjs fcncb scr emu`gcs cb fcrcdljs y jngem`dejbcs y sus y bcdcsef`fcs tjk`f`s cb ducbt` cb g`sefc`s fcdesejbcs pjgëted`s.fcncb scr
Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs Cocrdedej 0 G` rcf`ddeôb v`re`rà pcrj fcnc `oust`rsc `g scbtefj fcg `rtëdugj. Gc prjpjbckjs ub cockpgj.
L`dc rcicrcbde` ` quc t`btj g`s pcrsjb`s b`def`s cb Csp`ð` djkj g`s b`def`s cb gjs tcrretjrejs fc g`s djgjbe`s csp`ðjg`s, cr`b deuf`f`b`s csp`ðjg`s.
Cocrdedej > G` rcf`ddeôb v`re`rà, pcrj fcnc k`btcbcr g` efc` prebdep`g. Gc prjpjbckjs ub cockpgj. 0. Tuir`mej? fcrcdlj y fcncr quc tecbcb tjfjs gjs
deuf`f`bjs cb cg sestck` fckjdràtedj fc vjt`r p`r` cgcmer sus rcprcscbt`btcs. >. Tcp`r`deôb fc pjfcrcs? cs cg prebdepej pjgëtedj scmÿb cg du`g g`s iubdejbcs gcmesg`tev`, oufede`g y cocdutev` fcg Cst`fj fcncb cst`r scp`r`f`s. 4. Cbdjkecbf`? ebstetudeôb fcg teckpj fc g` Djgjbe`, pjr g` du`g sc `trenuë` ` ub` pcrsjb` g` `utjref`f sjnrc ub mrupj fc ebfëmcb`s.
Cocrdedej 4 0==9 Cst`fjs Sbefjs
0<00 X`r`mu`y
0<09
0<05
@rmcbteb`
Djgjkne`
0<0< Dlegc
0<>0 Kåxedj Dcbtrj`kåred` Ycbczucg`
0<>> Cdu`fjr
0<>3
Njgeve`, Srumu`y
05>8 cb `fcg`btc N`l`k`s Muy`b`
0<>6 Xcrÿ
Dun`
Turebàk Vrebef`f y Vjn`mj
Ncgedc Xucrtj ^edj
Cocrdedej 6 G` rcf`ddeôb v`re`rà, scmÿb cg pubtj fc vest` pcrsjb`g. Gc prjpjbckjs ub cockpgj.
Xjrquc cg pucngj cst`n` pefecbfj g` ebfcpcbfcbde` y, se cg Ocic Xjgëtedj bj `dtu`n` scmÿb g` vjgubt`f fcg pucngj, prjn`ngckcbtc sc prjfuderë`b rcvucgt`s. Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Dg`vcs
>6=
Tck`b` 00
Tck`b` 0>
@ycr... ljy…
@ycr... ljy…
@b`gedc y djkp`rt`
@b`gedc y djkp`rt`
0. X`r` ebtcmr`r ` gjs p`ëscs dcbtrj`kcred`bjs, ijrt`gcdcr g` fckjdr`de` y kcojr`r cg bevcg fc vef` fc gjs l`net`btcs fc g` rcmeôb. >. Mu`tck`g`, Ljbfur`s, Cg T`gv`fjr,Bed`r`mu`, X`b`kà y ^cpÿnged` Fjkebed`b`.
@. G` rcf`ddeôb v`re`rà, tjf`s g`s jpebejbcs sjb vàgef`s. Gc prjpjbckjs ub cockpgj.
Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs
>. Bj gjs rcspct`n`pjrquc k`bfô quc`p`gc`r`b ` ub` pcrsjb` sjgj pjr l`ncr djkctefj ub pcqucðj crrjr.
Cocrdedej 0
N.
0. 0< kcscs >. Dle`p`s y Tjdjbusdj 4. Cg T`gv`fjr
Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs
Cocrdedej > 0. 0<>4 >. Cb Mu`tck`g` 4. 0<4<
Cocrdedej 4
0. Cs ub` `dtetuf fc fcsprcdej pjr g`s pcrsjb`s, `utjret`re` y drucg.
K`bucg Cstr`f` D`nrcr`.
Cocrdedej 0 0. Cg d`iå >. D`kebjs, d`rrctcr`s, pucrtjs y vë`s iårrc`s. 4. Gjs fucðjs fc g`s iebd`s fc d`iå, djkcrde`btcs y n`bqucrjs. 6. Cg rcmg`kcbtj fcOjrb`gcrjs, g` Gcy djbtr` g` Y`m`bde` y g` Gcy fc Ye`gef`f.
@.
0. G` rcbubde` ` g` prcsefcbde` fcg gencr`g K`re`bj Màg- Cocrdedej > vcz y g` ggcm`f` `g pjfcr fcg gëfcr d`kpcsebj ^`i`cg N. D`rrcr`, djb `pjyj fc gjs djbscrv`fjrcs. >. Cg p`rtefj gencr`g y cg p`rtefj djbscrv`fjr 4. ^`i`cg D`rrcr`
G` rcf`ddeôb v`re`rà. Gc prjpjbckjs ub cockpgj.
Sb` fc g`s d`r`dtcrësted`s fc gjs mjnecrbjs gencr`gcs cs quc iucrjb fedt`tjre`gcs, cs fcder, utegez`n`b g` iucrz` p`r` djbtrjg`r ` g` pjng`deôb. Cstj sc rcco` cb cg tcx N. Tembeied` quc Mu`tck`g` cs ub p`ës genrc, duyj mjnecrbj tj cb g` semuecbtc jr`deôb? ‗cg Tcðjr Xrcsefcbtc cst`n` djkj cbfckjbe`fj‛. bj fcpcbfc fc jtrjs p`ëscs.
Cocrdedej 4 0. >. 4. 6.
>6<
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
Oustj ^uiebj N`rrejs K`bucg Cstr`f` D`nrcr` Gcy djbtr` g` Y`m`bde` Sbetcf Iruet Djkp`by
Tck`b` 04
Tck`b` 06
@ycr... ljy…
@ycr... ljy…
@b`gedc y djkp`rt`
@b`gedc y djkp`rt`
^cspucst` v`re`ngc scmÿb d`f` cstufe`btc, tjf`s g`s 0. G` rcf`ddeôb v`re`rà. Gc prcscbt`kjs ub cockpgj. jpebejbcs sjb vàgef`s. Djkj jrecbt`deôb, jircdckjs g` Cb Mu`tck`g` kudl`s pcrsjb`s oôvcbcs p`rtedep`b cb semuecbtc cockpgj. jrm`bez`dejbcs sjde`gcs y deuf`f`b`s fc ijrk` vjgub-
@dtu`gkcbtc cb Mu`tck`g` cstà cb pcgemrj cg fcrcdlj ` t`re`. @gmub`s jircdcb su vjgubt`re`fj cb d`us`s oust`s g` s`guf pjrquc gjs scrvedejs pÿngedjs bj `gd`bz`b p`r` djkj g` cfud`deôb, g` prjtcddeôb fcg kcfej `knecbtc, `tcbfcr g`s`bcdcsef`fcs fccstà tjf`cbg`pcgemrj pjng`deôb. `djkp`ð`kecbtj fc beðjscstufe`btegcs. y `bde`bjs, Fur`btc ctd. Jtrjs, p`rtedep`b cb jrm`bez`dejbcs g`s Cb du`btj g`s gencrt`fcs, g` gencrt`f fc cg gjdjkjdeôb ` d`us` fc g` ebscmuref`f y vejgcbde` quc k`beicst`dejbcs djbtr` g` djrrupdeôb quc tuvecrjb gum`r cb >803, fcst`dô -g` p`rtedep`deôb fc jrm`bez`dejbcs fc `kcb`z`b ` g`s pcrsjb`s. oôvcbcs gudl`bfj pjr ub p`ës kcojr.
Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs Cocrdedej 0
Cocrdedej 0
Xràdted`s fckjdràted`s
Gencrt`f fc cxprcseôb
Gencrt`f fc `sjde`deôb
Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs
Cockpgjs
0. ^cspucst` v`re`ngc scmÿb d`f` cstufe`btc. Djkj jrecbt`deôb, jircdckjs g` semuecbtc?
Cxprcs`r g` jpebeôb prjpe` sj- Cb Mu`tck`g`, cspcde`gkcbtc cb g`s àrc`s rur`gcs c ebfënrc ub tck` cb ub prjmr`k` mcb`s, kudljs oôvcbcs cstàb cxdguefjs fc g` cfud`deôb fc r`fej. fc d`gef`f. Cstj rcfudc sus pjsenegef`fcs fc cbdjbtr`r ub ckpgcj fembj, cb kcfej fc g` setu`deôb fc fcsckIjrk`r p`rtc fc ub mrupj pgcj y prcd`recf`f g`njr`g mcbcr`gez`f` cb cg p`ës. djkj ub` emgcse`, ub djketå Cocrdedej > djkubet`rej, ub` JBM, ctd
Gencrt`f fc rcubeôb y X`rtedep`r cb ub` k`rdl` 0. G` rcf`ddeôb v`re`rà. Gc prcscbt`kjs ub cockpgj. k`beicst`deôb deuf`f`b` ` i`vjr fc g` tr`bs- G` fcuf` sjde`g fc Mu`tck`g` djb g` ouvcbtuf sc rccrc ` quc cg Cst`fj bj l` ebvcrtefj gj sudecbtc p`r` quc p`rcbde` cb cg mjnecrbj. tjf`s y tjfjs gjs oôvcbcs pucf`b `ddcfcr ` scrvedejs fc cfud`deôb, s`guf y jtrjs. Cstj `icdt` ` su p`rtedep`deôb Cocrdedej > sjde`g pgcb` pjrquc bj ducbt`b djb g` ijrk`deôb y be @. djb g`s djbfedejbcs fc vef` bcdcs`re`s p`r` p`rtedep`r ^cspucst`s festebt`s scmÿb g` cxpcrecbde` fc d`f` cstu- genrc y pgcb`kcbtc. fe`btc. Djkj jrecbt`deôb, jircdckjs `gmub`s? N`rrcr`s `rquetcdtôbed`s
Fcrcdlj bcm`fj
Cocrdedej 4 Vjf`s g`s rcspucst`s fc cstc cocrdej sjb pcrsjb`gcs.
N`bquct`s kuy `bmjst`s y Fcspg`z`rsc seb recsmj fc ^cspjbf` djb sebdcref`f y djkp`rt` djb djkp`ðcrjs y djb pjstcs cb kcfej. scr `trjpcgg`fj pjr ub djkp`ðcr`s su djkprjkesj y g`s r`zjbcs quc gc kucvcb vclëdugj. ` p`rtedep`r. Mr`f`s p`r` `ddcfcr `g Stegez`r cg p`rquc p`r` p`rquc, csducg` u jtrjs fcsd`bs`r j rcdrc`rsc y csp`dejs pÿngedjs. cbtr`r ` gjs cfedejs pÿ ngedjs. D`o`s fc frcb`oc j fc tcbfe- Fcspg`z`rsc seb recsmj fc fj cgådtredj seb t`p`. d`ëf`s y `ddefcbtcs.
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Dg`vcs
>65
Tck`b` 03
Tck`b` 09
@ycr... ljy…
@ycr... ljy…
@b`gedc y djkp`rt`
@b`gedc y djkp`rt`
^cspucst` festebt` scmÿb d`f` cstufe`btc. Djkj jrecbt`deôb, jircdckjs g` semuecbtc?
^cspucst` festebt` scmÿb d`f` cstufe`btc. Djkj jrecbt`deôb, jircdckjs g` semuecbtc?
Cg gck` ‗Sb pg`bct` 38-38‛ sc rcg`dejb` djb g` cquef`f G`s beð`s y beðjs mu`tck`gtcdjs t`kneåb pucfcb scr fc måbcrj pjrquc nusd` ub kubfj cb cg quc g`s ku- gjs kàs icgedcs fcg kubfj, seckprc quc ducbtcb djb ocrcs y gjs ljknrcs p`rtedepcb pjr emu`g cb tjfjs gjs pcrsjb`s `fugt`s quc sc prcjdupcb pjr su necbcst`r y àknetjs fccgg`tr`n`oj sjdecf`f? cb g`s g`njrcs fcg ljm`r, gjs quecr`b. cfud`deôb, rckubcr`fj, g` pjgëted`, ctd. cb g` quc G`s beð`s y beðjs fesirut`b fc oum`r djb gjs `bek`gcs, d`bt`r d`bdejbcs, s`ger ` oum`r djb prek`s, prekjs y Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs `kemjs y, sjnrc tjfj, oum`r djb sus p`pàs j djb g`s pcrsjb`s `fugt`s quc gjs `k`b. Cocrdedej 0 Cockpgjs feicrcbtcs scmÿb g` cxpcrecbde` fc d`f` cstufe`btc. Xjfrë`b scr?
@nucg` quc seckprc sc fcfedô ` gjs jiedejs fjkåstedjs y duef`fj fc leo`s c leojs, bect`s y bectjs. @kemj quc cs kecknrj fcg DJDJFC fc su n`rrej. Xrek` quc tr`n`o` iucr` fcg ljm`r, pcrj gj l`dc cb g`njrcs fjkåsted`s cb ub` d`s`. X`frc quc l` jdup`fj d`rmjs djkubet`rejs.
Cocrdedej > Tc rccrc ` quc, cb mcbcr`g, quecbcs tjk`b g`s fcdesej -
bcs cb tjfjs gjs àknetjs fc g` vef` i`kege`r y sjde`g sjb gjs ljknrcs. Cstj sc fcnc ` quc gjs ljknrcs sucgcb scr ncbcde`fjs pjr sus i`kege`s djb kàs rcdursjs cfud` tevjs y cdjbôkedjs, djb cg djbtrjg fc gjs necbcs y djb kàs djbt`dtjs sjde`gcs. Cb djbscducbde`, gjs ljknrcs sucgcb fcfed`rsc ` prjicsejbcs fc k`yjr rcdjbjdekecb-
Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs Cocrdedej 0 ^cspucst`s v`re`ngcs scmÿb g` cxpcrecbde` fc d`f` cstufe`btc. Vjf`s g`s rcspucst`s sjb vàgef`s se l`dcb `guseôb ` gjs fcrcdljs fc g` beðcz. Djkj jrecbt`deôb, jircdckjs g`s semuecbtcs?
0. `. Cg fcrcdlj fc scr prjtcmefjs fc g` fesdrekeb`deôb y cxdguseôb. n. Cg fcrcdlj ` jpeb`r y scr tjk`fjs cb ducbt`. >. `. Cg fcncr fc rcspct`r ` sus p`pàs, tutjrcs j cbd`rm`fjs. n. Cg fcncr fc nusd`r prjtcddeôb `btc du`gquecr lcdlj quc gcsejbc sus fcrcdljs.
tj sjde`g, jdup`b gjs pucstjs pjgëtedjs y, cb fcbetev`,
Cocrdedej > djbtrjg`b cg kubfj. G`s kuocrcs, pjr su p`rtc, fcsfc cg @. prebdepej fc sus vef`s sucgcb cst`r cb fcsvcbt`o`. 0. Du`gquecr pcrsjb` quc tcbm` djbjdekecbtj sjnrc cg Cocrdedej 4 lcdlj fc `nusj. ^cspucst` festebt` scmÿb g` cxpcrecbde` fc d`f` cstu- >. ^cspucst` feicrcbtc scmÿb g` cxpcrecbde` fc d`f` cstufe`btc.Csdudlc djb rcspctj gjs tcstekjbejs quc sc fe`btc. Djkj jrecbt`deôb, jircdckjs g` semuecbtc? cxprcscb. Beð` ` quecb su i`kege` bj gc pcrketeô djbtebu`r cstuN. fe`bfj. @bde`b` quc bj tecbc rcdursjs cdjbôkedjs prjpejs. 0. Gctede` suireô `nusj scxu`g. >. ^cspucst` genrc. Vjf`s g`s jpebejbcs sjb vàgef`s seckKuocr quc suirc vejgcbde` pjr p`rtc fc su cspjsj. prc quc rcspjbf`b ` ub` rcigcxeôb y quc sc`b cketef`s Kuocr ` quecb su i`kege` bj gc fcoô lcrcbde`.
Kuocr quccsbj bebmÿb necb ` su bjknrc pjrquc tjfj fcpjscc su cspjsj.
>38
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
djb rcspjbs`negef`f y rcspctj ` g`s beð`s y ` gjs beðjs vëdtek`s fc `nusj.
Tck`b` 0= Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs Cocrdedej 0 0. >. 4. 6. 3. 9. =. <.
Xrjgct`re`fj D`pet`geskj Kjb`rquë` `nsjgut` Fcsdunrekecbtj fc @kåred` G` ^cvjgudeôb ir`bdcs` G` kàqueb` fc v`pjr G` tjk` fc g` N`stegg` G` Xecf`f, fc Kemucg Àbmcg
Cocrdedej >
• Tc rcf`dtô g` ‗Fcdg`r`deôb fc gjs Fcrcdljs fcg Ljknrc y cg Deuf`f`bj‛, cb 0=<5. • Turmeô cg djbdcptj fc deuf`f`bë` y fc emu`gf`f fc tjfjs gjs deuf`f`bjs `btc g` gcy. • Tc l`ngô pjr prekcr` vcz fc gencrt`f fc cxprcseôb y gencrt`f rcgemejs`.
Cocrdedej 4 ^cspucst`s festebt`s scmÿb d`f` cstufe`btc. Djkj jrecbt`deôb, jircdckjs g`s semuecbtcs?
0. G` `ierk`deôb kc p`rcdc `dcrt`f` pjrquc du`bfj sc embjr`b j sc vejg`b gjs fcrcdljs fc g`s pcrsjb`s, g` oustede` bj pucfc igjrcdcr y, pjr cg djbtr`rej, surmcb tjfj tepj fc `nusjs. >. ^cspucst` genrc, cxprcsc su jpebeôb pcrj djb `rmu-
@. G` rcf`ddeôb v`re`rà, pcrj fcnc pcrk`bcdcr cg scbtefj kcbtjs. fc d`f` tårkebj. Fco`kjs cstjs cockpgjs. 0. Luk`beskj? djrrecbtc dugtur`g y fc pcbs`kecbtj, Cocrdedej 6
quc sc ekpusj cb Curjp` cbtrc gjs semgjs \Y y \YE. Tc d`r`dtcrezô pjr djbsefcr`r `g scr luk`bj djkj cg dcbtrj fcg ubevcrsj y pjr cg fcs`rrjggj fc g`s `rtcs y g`s decbde`s. >. Egustr`deôb? djrrecbtc fc pcbs`kecbtj curjpcj, prjpej fcg semgj \YEEE quc fcicbfë` cg pjfcr fc g` r`zôb, g` decbde` y g` cfud`deôb. 4. D`petgeskj? bucvj sestck` cdjbôkedj quc surmeô djb g` ^cvjgudeôb Ebfustre`g y quc fur` l`st` bucstrjs fë`s. Cstc sestck` sc n`s` cb cg d`pet`g (febcrj j necbcs). N. G` rcf`ddeôb v`re`rà, pcrj fcnc `oust`rsc `g djbtcbefj quc cstufeô cb g` sck`b` 5.
0. G` sjdecf`f fc g` Cf`f Kjfcrb` cst`n` jrm`bez`f` cb trcs cst`kcbtjs? cg prekcrj g` kjb`rquë`, cg scmubfj g` bjngcz` y cg dgcrj y cg tcrdcrj `mrup`n` ` nurmucscs, `rtcs`bjs y d`kpcsebjs. G` sjdecf`f pjstcrejr ` g` ^cvjgudeôb Ebfustre`gsc jrm`bezô cb tjrbj ` dg`scs sjde`gcs. @ g` nurmucsë` sc ubeô ub` bucv` dg`sc sjde`g? cg prjgct`re`fj. >. G` gencrt`f fc cxprcseôb cs ub fcrcdlj luk`bj. Cst` gencrt`f supjbc quc tjfjs gjs scrcs luk`bjs tecbcb fcrcdlj fc cxprcs`rsc seb scr pcrscmuefjs pjr su jpebeôb. 4. Xucfc det`r trcs fc g`s semuecbtcs djbscducbde`s fc g` ^cvjgudeôb ir`bdcs`?
• Gjs efc`gcs fc g` ^cvjgudeôb ir`bdcs` sc cxtcbfecrjb ` jtrjs p`ëscs fc Curjp`. • @njgedeôb fc g` kjb`rquë`. • Tc drcô cg Cst`fj gencr`g y g`edj, fcsvebdug`fjfcg dgcrj. • Tcp`r`deôb fc pjfcrcs? cocdutevj, gcmesg`tevj y oufede`g.
0. >. 4. 6.
0<0> 0<>0 g` `njgedeôb fcg trenutj ebfëmcb` ub` d`us` ebtcrb` fc g` ebfcpcbfcbde` fcg rcstj fc @kåred` 3. cst`n`b ` i`vjr fc g` ebfcpcbfcbde` 9. cg gcv`bt`kecbtj ebfëmcb` =. Ojså Dcdegej fcg Y`ggc
Cocrdedej 3 0. @t`b`sej Vzug iuc ub gëfcr ebfëmcb` fc Vjtjbed`pàb. Tu p`pcg cb cg prjdcsj fc ebfcpcbfcbde`? Cbd`nczô ub` prjtcst` pjr cg p`mj fc ekpucstjs y pjr gjs `nusjs `g pucngj ebfëmcb`. Iuc prjdg`k`fj rcy. Tu rceb`fj furô >8 fë`s. >. Fjgjrcs Ncfjy` iuc cspjs` fcg gefcr pjgëtedj Xcfrj Kjgeb`. Tu p`pcg cb cg prjdcsj fc ebfcpcbfcbde`? Cg 03 fc scptecknrc, oubtj djb jtrjs gëfcrcs, sc rcubecrjb ircbtc `g X`g`dej fjbfc sc fesdutë` cg @dt` fc Ebfcpcbfcbde`, mret`bfj y quck`bfj djlctcs p`r` `pjy`r g` ierk` fcg @dt`. 4. Ojså Dcdegej fcg Y`ggc iuc p`rtef`rej fc g` ebfcpcbfcbde` fc Dcbtrj`kåred`. Tu p`pcg cb cg prjdcsj fc ebfcpcbfcbde`? rcf`dtjr fcg @dt` fc Ebfcpcbfcbde`.
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Dg`vcs
>30
Cocrdedej 00
Cocrdedej 9 Djbscducbde`s fc g` Ebfcpcbfcbde` Xjsetev`s
G` ^cpÿnged` fc Mu`tck`g`
Bcm`tev`s
• Tc drcô ub` Djbstetudeôb • Gjs drejggjs jntuvecrjb p`r` k`btcbcr cg jrfcb y g` gjs d`rmjs ekpjrt`btcs gencrt`f fcg p`ës. cb cg mjnecrbj. • Tc jrm`bezô ub mjnecrbj • Tc k`btuvj g` cxpgjt`quc fcs`rrjggô g` cdjbjkë` deôb l`de` g` pjng`deôb
iuc fcdrct`f` djkj t`g cb cg `ðj?
b`dejb`g. ebfëmcb`. • Tc fcoô fc p`m`r ekpucstjs • Lunj djbigedtjs cbtrc gjs `g mjnecrbj csp`ðjg. p`rtefjs pjgëtedjs djbscrv`fjr y gencr`g.
^`i`cg D`rrcr`
0<6= su prekcr prcsefcbtc iuc?
cg Fcdrctj 03 fcdg`r` ` Mu`tck`g` djkj ub` b`deôb?
Cocrdedej =
sjncr`b`, genrc c ebfcpcbfecbtc
03 fc scptecknrc fc 0<>0
cbcrj 0<>>
0 fc ougej 0<>4
Ebfcpcbfcbde` fc Mu`tck`g`
@bcxeôb ` Kåxedj
Ieb fc g` `bcxeôb ` Kåxedj y b`dekecbtj fc g` ^cpÿnged` Icfcr`g fc Dcbtrj @kåred`
0<4< Fcsebtcmr`deôb fc g` ^cpÿnged` Icfcr`g fc Dcbtrj @kåred`
>0 fc k`rzj fc 0<6= Iubf`deôb fc g` ^cpÿnged` fc Mu`tck`g`
Cocrdedej < 0. >. 4.
Cocrdedej 0> 0. >. 4.
G` i`gt` fc rcspctj ` gjs fcrcdljs fc g`s pcrsjb`s. Gjs mjncrb`btcs cr`b fedt`fjrcs. Gjs mjncrb`btcs utegez`n`b g` iucrz` p`r` tcbcr cg djbtrjg fc g` pjng`deôb.
Cocrdedej 04
@mustëb fc Eturnefc 0< kcscs Dle`p`s y Tjdjbusdj
@. 0<=0 — 0<=4
0<=4 — 0<<3
0<5< — 05>8
0540 — 0566
K`bucg Cstr`f` D`nrcr`
Ojrmc Snedj
Oustj ^uibj
6. 3.
Kemucg M`rdë` Mr`b`fjs
Cg T`gv`fjr g`s fjs sjb djrrcdt`s
N.
Cocrdedej 5 ^cpÿnged` Icfcr`g fc Dcbtrj @kåred`
ijrk`f` pjr? Mu`tck`g`
CgT`gv`fjr
Cocrdedej 08
Ljbfur`s
N`rrejs
Bed`r`mu`
Djst`^ed`
0. >. 4. 6. 3.
^åmekcb Gencr`g Cg d`iå Cg n`b`bj Gcy djbtr` g` Y`m`bde` Gcy fc Ye`gef`f
Cocrdedej 06 8. Mjncrbô fc 0540 ` 0566. Tuprekeô •
0. Mu`tck`g` gencrt`fcs pjgëted`s y `pjyô ` g` SIDJ. >. K`bucg Ojså @rdc 4. Fespjbcr fc ub mjnecrbj quc rcprcscbt`r` y fcicb- 0. Ekpugsô cg dugtevj fcg d`iå. Tc • gc djbjdeô djkj cg ^cijrk`fjr. fecr` ` Dcbtrj`kåred` Ebtrjfuoj cg icrrjd`rreg y cg tcgåmr`6. Cg jrfcb pucfc v`re`r. ij. • G` dg`sc `gt` mu`tck`gtcd` qucrë` fjkeb`r g` rc>. Fcrrjdô ` Yedcbtc Dcrb`. Fur`btc • meôb y l`në` djbst`btcs fcs`ducrfjs djb cg rcstj su k`bf`tj `njgeô gjs kjbjpjgejs fc g`s prjvebde`s. y gc fej gencrt`f ` g` prcbs`. • Cr` feiëdeg djbtrjg`r tjf` g` rcmeôb fcsfc ub mj4. Mjncrbô >> `ðjs. Kjfeiedô g` • necrbj dcbtr`g. Djbstetudeôb p`r` rccgcmersc. Iuc • I`gt`n`b ijbfjs cdjbôkedjs p`r` cg fcs`rrjggj y cbd`rdcg`fj pjr us`r k`g cg febcrj ijrt`gcdekecbtj fc g` ^cpÿnged` Icfcr`g. fc g` b`deôb.
>3>
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
• Kemucg M`rdë` Mr`b`fjs • K`bucg Cstr`f` D`nrcr` Snedj • Ojrmc D`st`ðcf`
• Oustj ^uiebj N`rrejs
Cocrdedej 03
Cocrdedej 05
Cfud`deôb
Jrm`bez`deôb
@.
0. @g bevcg fc Xrek`re` >. @g bevcg Tupcrejr y fc Xjsmr`fj 4. cg 93 %
X`rtedep`deôb
N. ^cspucst` genrc. Vjf`s g`s jpebejbcs sjb vàgef`s seckprc quc rcspjbf`b ` ub` rcigcxeôb y quc prcscbtc `rmukcbtjs prjpejs. D.
Cocrdedej 09 Fckjdr`de`
tepjs
rcprcscbt`tev`
Cgcddeôb fc rcprcscbt`btcs ` tr`vås fcg vjtj.
p`rtedep`tev`
ebdgusev`
Ycg` pjr fcrcCgcddeôb fc rcprcscbt`btcs c dljs y fcncrcs fc tjf`s g`s ebvjgudr`kecbtj pcrsjb`s y mru`dtevj fc g` pjs sjde`gcs, seb deuf`f`bë` cb fcdesejbcs. fesdrekeb`deôb.
Cocrdedej >8
0. >. 0. ^cspucst` genrc. Vjf`s g`s jpebejbcs sjb vàgef`s seckprc quc rcspjbf`b ` ub` rcigcxeôb y quc prcscbtc 4.
Cocrdedej 0=
`rmukcbtjs vàgefjs t`btj ` i`vjr djkj cb djbtr` fc se Mu`tck`g` cs j bj ub` sjdecf`f ebdgusev`.
Cocrdedej 0< 0. >.
cfud`deôb fc d`gef`f y ckpgcj fembj g` csd`scz fc cst`ngcdekecbtjs pÿngedjs fc scdubf`re` 4. kàs fcg 38 % 6. cb g` cdjbjkë` ebijrk`g 3. ebsdrenersc cb cg Vrenub`g Tuprckj Cgcdtjr`g 9. =. <.
cketer su`mjstj vjtj cb prjdcsjs cgcdtjr`gcs cg 0> fc g` ckemr`deôb egcm`g j errcmug`r ` Cst`fjs Sbefjs
6. 3. 9. =.
0593 g`s kuocrcs jdup`b cg csp`dej prev`fj g` prjtcst` fur`kcbtc rcprekef` fc ub mrupj fc jnrcr`s cb Bucv` Ujra djbscmuer cb >848 ub bevcg fc p`rtedep`deôb cquet`tev`? 38% ljknrcs y 38% kuocrcs. Bjrk` Druz Jtege` Gux fc Djtë @b` K`rë` ^jf`s
Cocrdedej >0 @.
0. G`s rcspucst`s sjb vàgef`s se l` csdretj trcs fc gjs semuecbtcs jnstàdugjs.
• G`s beð`s tecbcb kcbjs jpjrtubef`fcs fc cfud`deôb. @gmub`s bj v`b ` g` csducg` j sc rcter`b prjbtj p`r` `yuf`r cb cg ljm`r j d`s`rsc. • Tc `gekcbt`b pcjr, g` djkef` kcojr j kàs `nubf`btc sc servc ` gjs v`rjbcs. Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Dg`vcs
>34
• Tu prjycdtj fc vef` sc dcbtr` cb cg k`trekjbej. • Du`bfj sc d`s`b, semucb jdupàbfjsc fcg tr`n`oj fcg ljm`r cb cg àknetj prev`fj. • Vecbcb kcbjs pjsenegef`fcs fc tjk`r fcdesejbcs fc su vef` pjr së kesk`s pjrquc cg cspjsj j p`pà sc g`s ekpjbcb. • Duef`b kcbjs su s`guf pjrquc f`b prcicrcbde` ` g` s`guf fc g` i`kege`. • Te tr`n`o`b iucr` fc d`s`, tecbcb pcjrcs tr`n`ojs pjrquc su ijrk`deôb cs ebicrejr ` g` fc gjs v`rjbcs. • X`rtedep`b kcbjs cb `sjde`dejbcs, djketås, `s`kngc`s, ctd. >.
Cocrdedej >> 0. Vjf`s g`s beð`s, beðjs y `fjgcsdcbtcs tecbcbfcrcdljs y jngem`dejbcs. >. Tcr prjtcmefjs fc tjf`s g`s ijrk`s fc `nusj, k`gtr`tj y vejgcbde` cs ub fcrcdlj fc tjf`s g`s beð`s, beðjs y `fjgcsdcbtcs. 4. Sb` jngem`deôb quc tecbcb g`s beð`s, beðjs y `fjgcsdcbtcs cb g` sjdecf`f cs djbtrenuer ` g` djbscrv`deôb
du`btj ` gjs fcrcdljs luk`bjs 08.G` sunrcprcscbt`deôb fc g` kuocr cb gjs kcfejs fc djkubed`deôb 00. G` fcsemu`gf`f cb g` mcsteôb fc gjs rcdursjs b`tur`gcs y cb g` s`gv`mu`rfe` fcg kcfej `knecbtc 0>.G` fesdrekeb`deôb y vejg`deôb fc beð`s
iànred`. G` ojrb`f` fc tr`n`oj fur`n` fcsfc g`s debdj fc g` k`ð`b` l`st` g`s < fc g` bjdlc, djb ub ÿbedj fcsd`bsj fc trcebt` kebutjs ` kcfej fë` p`r` djkcr.
fcgub` kcfej `knecbtc. 6. Te pcrsjb` quc cstà cb rcg`deôb fc pjfcr djb ub beðj, beð` j `fjgcsdcbtc gc ebigemc f`ðj bj `ddefcbt`g, prjvjdàbfjgc gcsejbcs ebtcrb`s j cxtcrb`s, sc tr`t` fc ub d`sj fc `nusj iësedj. G`s rcspucst`s sjb vàgef`s se l` csdretj trcs fc gjs semuecb- 3. Te ub` pcrsjb` f`ð` g` `utjcstek` fc ub beðj, beð` j tcs àknetjs drëtedjs fc g` Xg`t`ijrk` fc Nceoebm. `fjgcsdcbtc, sc tr`t` fc ub d`sj fc `nusj ckjdejb`g. 0. G` kuocr y g` pjnrcz` 9. Du`gquecr tepj fc `nusj djbtr` beð`s, beðjs j `fjgcsdcbtcs djbstetuyc ub fcgetj. >. Cg `ddcsj fcsemu`g ` g` cfud`deôb 4. G` i`gt` y cg `ddcsj fcsemu`g ` gjs sestck`s fc s`guf =. Cbtrc g`s ebstetudejbcs quc prjtcmcb ` g` beðcz y `fjgcsdcbde` pjfckjs festebmuer ebstetudejbcs fcg 6. G` vejgcbde` djbtr` g` kuocr Cst`fj y fc g` sjdecf`f deveg. 3. Yugbcr`negef`f fc g` kuocr cb djbigedtjs `rk`fjs <. G` ebstetudeôb fcg Cst`fj quc rcdenc y f` scmuekecbtj 9. G` fcsemu`gf`f cb g`s cstrudtur`s cdjbôked`s ` g`s fcbubde`s sjnrc `nusjs djbtr` g` beðcz y `fj=. G` fcsemu`gf`f cb cgpjfcr y g` tjk` fc fcdesejbcs gcsdcbde` sc gg`k` Xjgedë` B`dejb`g Deveg. <. D`rcbde` fc v`re`fjs kcd`beskjs ebstetudejb`gcs Cocrdedej >4 p`r` kcojr`r cg `fcg`btj fc g` kuocr 5. G` i`gt` fc rcspctj y g` prjtcddeôb eb`fcdu`f` cb Vcbë` yj = `ðjs du`bfj ckpcdå ` leg`r g`b` cb ub`
N.
Vcbë`kjs quc tjk`r g` djkef` djkj pufeår`kjs, fc pec j `pjy`fjs fc du`gquecr k`bcr`. Cb `qucgg` iànred` l`në` `grcfcfjr fc debducbt` beðjs,
kàs j kcbjs fc ke cf`f, quc djb kudl` ircducbde` ^cspucst` genrc. Fco`kjs `gmubjs cockpgjs. d`ë`b cbicrkjs. D`f` fë` l`në` `g kcbjs kcfe` fj0. G`s kuocrcs, cb su k`yjrë`, sjb g`s cbd`rm`f`s fc dcb` fc cggjs quc cst`n`b ebfespucstjs pjr dugp` fcg duef`r, cfud`r, `gekcbt`r, vcg`r pjr g` s`guf, ctd. fc cxdcsevj tr`n`oj. tjfjs gjs kecknrjs fc su i`kege`. >. Fcsfc su p`pcg fc cfud`fjr`s, djbtrenuycb ` ij4. Djb ub` ojrb`f` fc < ljr`s fc tr`n`oj gjs beðjs bj kcbt`r gjs v`gjrcs fc g` p`z cb g` i`kege`. pjfë`b cstufe`r y cstj tcbfrë` mr`vcs djbscducbde`s 4. Vjf`s g`s jpebejbcs sjb vàgef`s seckprc quc rcspjbf`b cb sus vef`s, y` quc tcbfrë`b kuy geket`f`s g`s ` ub` rcigcxeôb y quc prcscbtcb `rmukcbtjs prjpejs. jpjrtubef`fcs p`r` cbdjbtr`r ub ckpgcj fembj cb cg iuturj. 6. Cstc tr`n`oj vejg`n` cg fcrcdlj fc gjs beðjs fc scr prjtcmefjs fc tjf` ijrk` fc cxpgjt`deôb cdjbôked` pjrquc cst`n`b rc`gez`bfj ub tr`n`oj cb ub iànred` ` ub` cf`f quc bj gcs djrrcspjbfë` y cb djbfedejbcs fc cxpgjt`deôb.
>36
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
Nengejmr`ië` @TECT. Ekp`dtj fc g`s rckcs`s i`kege`rcs cb g` cdjbjkë` mu`tck`gtcd`. Mu`tck`g`, >885. N@BDJ KSBFE@G. Fcsemu`gf`f fc jpjrtubef`fcs cb @kåred` G`teb` y cg D`renc. ]`slebmtjb, >88<. D@NC_@T, L. Kctjfjgjmë` fc g` ebvcstem`deôb. Muë` pràdted` p`r` cg`njr`r ebijrkcs fc ebvcstem`deôb. Xecfr` T`bt`, Mu`tck`g`, >888. DCBV^J G@VEBJ@KC^ED@BJ U D@^ENCÐJ FC FCKJM^@IË@ —DCG@FC— . Kemr`deôb ebtcrb` y sestck` fc deuf`fcs cb @kåred` G`teb`? ebtcbsef`f, p`trjbcs, cicdtjs y pjtcbde`gcs fctcrkeb`btcs, dcbsjs fc g` fåd`f` fc >888. DCX@G. T`bte`mj fc Dlegc, >800.
ISBF@DEÔB KSOC^CT. G` jtr` 0/>. Yesenegez`bfj ` g`s kuocrcs. Iubf`deôb Kuocrcs. Csp`ð`, >88=. EMC^. Decbde`s Tjde`gcs =, Pueremuà. EMC^, Mu`tck`g`, >804. Vjkjs 0 y >. EMC^. Tjdejgjmë` 08, Xjgjdled. EMC^, >88=. Vjkjs 0 y >. GSOÀB KSÐJ_, O. Nrcvc lestjre` djbtckpjràbc` fc Mu`tck`g`. Ijbfj fc Dugtur` Cdjbôked`. Kåxedj F.I., 055<. KEBETVC^EJ FC @KNECBVC U ^CDS^TJT B@VS^@GCT —K@^B— (). Ebijrkc `knecbt`g fcg Cst`fj. K@^B, Mu`tck`g`, >80>. X^JM^@K@ FC G@T B@DEJBCT SBEF@T X@^@ CG FCT@^^JGGJ —XBSF—.Xcrig fc cstr`tjs sjde`gcs cb @kåred` G`teb`? pjnrcs, vugbcr`ngcs y dg`scs kcfe`s. XBSF Bucv` Ujra, >80>. ^JF^ËMSC_, X. y X@^@F@, O.Cstufejs Tjde`gcs, Tcmubfj Dursj Nàsedj. CFCTT@, Mu`tck`g`. ^SNEJ, I. Feddejb`rej fc vjdcs us`f`s cb Mu`tck`g`. Xecfr` T`bt`, Mu`tck`g`, 05<>. TCDJ, K. Feddejb`rej fc fuf`s y feidugt`fcs fc g` gcbmu` csp`ðjg`. Csp`s` — D`gpc, Csp`ð`, 055<. TETVCK@ CDJBÔKEDJ G@VEBJ@KC^ED@BJ U FCG D@^ENC —TCG@—. Xjgëted`s fc Fcs`rrjggj Xrjfudtevj c Ebfustre`g cb @kåred` G`teb` y cg D`renc. TCG@. D`r`d`s, >806. Y@^EJT @SVJ^CT. @kåred` @ycr y Ljy. Decbde`s Tjde`gcs, Tcmubfj Nàsedj. Xecfr` T`bt`, Mu`tck`g`, >885. Y@^EJT @SVJ^CT. Dcbtrj`kåred` @ycr y Ljy. Decbde`s Tjde`gcs, Xrekcrj Nàsedj . Xecfr` T`bt`, Mu`tck`g`, >885. Y@^EJT @SVJ^CT. Decbde`s Tjde`gcs. T`btegg`b`, Mu`tck`g`, >88=. Vjkjs =, < y 5. Y@^EJT @SVJ^CT.Cg kubfj @ycr y Ljy. Decbde`sTjde`gcs, Vcrdcrj Nàsedj. Xecfr` T`bt`, Mu`tck`g`, >885. Y@^EJT @SVJ^CT. Cstufejs Tjde`gcs. KdMr`w-Legg, Kåxedj, >888. Vjkjs 4, 6 y 9.
Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deôb Deuf`f`b` ∞ Nengejmr`ië`
>33
Xàmeb`s wcn djbsugt`f`s? lttp?//djbouvc.mjn.mt/ lttp?//djbrcf.mjn.mt lttp?//idus.pbted.kcd.cs/enus8880/pjng`dejb/Kjrt`gef`f.ltkg
lttp?//lesp`bjtcd`.cu/G`bfcsaubfc-G@/ lttp?//lestjre`ynejmr`i`s.djk/devegez`dejbcsZ`btemu`s/
www.ebsevukcl.mjn.mt/ www.ebcme.jrm.kx lttp?//g`lestjre`kcxed`b`.djk/`btemuj-kcxedj/dugtur`-k`y` lttp?//tl`gcs.ded`.cs/rf/^cdursjs/rf5
lttp?//www.ed`retj.dg/cbdedgjpcfe`/`rtedugj/scmubfj-dedgj-n`sedj/ lttp?//www.emssmt.jrm lttp?//www.kemr`dejb.mjn.mt lttp?//www.kebcfud.mjn.mt/ lttp?//www.b`tejb`gmcjmr`pled.djk.cs/ lttp?//www.pjfcrg`njr`g.bct/>885/08/prebdep`gcs-jngem`dejbcs-fc-gjs.ltkg lttp?//www.sembeid`fjs.djk/
lttp?//www.sjdejgjme`g`tebj`kcred`b`.udr.`d.dr/ lttp?//www.ub.jrm/sp`besl
>39
EMC^ ∞ St`tgàb
