1
BAB 1. PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakang
Dewasa ini, pola hidup manusia dalam konsumsi pangan berubah ke arah yang lebih praktis dan instan. Perubahan gaya konsumsi menjadikan makanan siap masak (ready (ready to cook ) dan siap makan (ready (ready to eat ) menjadi alternatif pilihan masyarakat. Perubahan pola pangan inilah yang mendorong semakin banyaknya industri pangan dari tahun ke tahun. Salah satu industri yang semakin bertambah adalah industri nugget . Nugget merupakan salah satu produk pangan cepat saji yang saat ini dikenal baik oleh masyarakat. Nugget terbuat dari daging cincang yang telah dibumbui dan biasanya dibentuk menjadi bulat, stik atau bentuk lain. Produk nugget yang ada di pasaran biasanya berupa nugget ayam, nugget daging sapi, dan nugget ikan. Saat ini nugget ayam adalah salah satu produk unggas yang cukup populer. PT. Charoen Pokphand Indonesia Food Division Unit Ngoro – Mojokerto merupakan salah satu produsen makanan siap masak ( ready to cook ) dan siap makan (ready (ready to eat ) yang terkenal di Indonesia. PT. Charoen Pokphand Indonesia Food Division Unit Ngoro - Mojokerto berkomitmen untuk menghasilkan produk yang berkualitas. Pengawasan mutu yang baik untuk menghasilkan produk yang berkualitas diterapkan di PT. Charoen Pokphand Indonesia Food Indonesia Food Division Divi sion Unit Ngoro Ngoro - Mojokerto. Hal ini juga ditunjang dengan beragam sertifikasi yang berhubungan dengan mutu produk seperti sistem ISO, HACCP, sertifikasi halal, dan banyak penghargaan lain yang telah diperoleh di PT. Charoen Pokphand Indonesia Food Division Unit Ngoro - Mojokerto. Beragam varian produk pangan siap masak dan siap makan yang telah diproduksi oleh PT. Charoen Pokphand Indonesia Food Division Unit Ngoro - Mojokerto melalui pengendalian mutu yang ketat selama proses produksi sehingga sampai ditangan konsumen dengan kualitas yang terbaik. Salah satu produk unggulan dari PT. Charoen Pokphand Indonesia Food Division Unit Ngoro -
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2
Mojokerto adalah Fiesta Chicken Nugget . Dengan pengawasan mutu yang ketat maka produk Fiesta Chicken Nugget dapat bersaing dipasaran hingga kini dan menjadi salah satu produk makanan siap masak terbaik di Indonesia. Oleh karena itu, sebagai mahasiswa Teknologi Hasil Pertanian Pertani an perlu untuk melakukan kegiatan magang kerja di PT. Charoen Pokphand Indonesia Food Division Unit Ngoro Mojokerto. Kegiatan magang kerja ini dilaksanakan untuk mempelajari secara langsung cara pengolahan produk makanan siap masak khususnya produk Fiesta Chicken Nugget dan dan pengendalian mutu proses produksi yang diterapkan oleh industri untuk menghasilkan produk yang berkualitas. Dengan dilaksanakannya kegiatan magang kerja ini maka diharapkan mahasiswa dapat membandingkan teori yang didapatkan selama perkuliahan dengan kenyataan yang terjadi di lapangan.
1.2 Tujuan
Adapun tujuan dari kegiatan magang kerja di PT. Charoen Pokphand Indonesia Food Indonesia Food Division Unit Ngoro – Ngoro – Mojokerto Mojokerto adalah sebagai berikut: a. Mengetahui cara pengolahan produk Fiesta Chicken Nugget yang diproduksi oleh PT. Charoen Pokphand Indonesia Food Division Unit Ngoro - Mojokerto. b. Mengetahui cara pengendalian mutu proses produksi Fiesta Chicken Nugget oleh PT. Charoen Pokphand Indonesia Food Division Unit Ngoro Ngoro - Mojokerto.
1.3 Manfaat
Manfaat yang diperoleh dari kegiatan magang kerja ini dapat dirasakan oleh mahasiswa maupun perusahaan dan instansi terkait baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung.
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3
1.3.1 Manfaat Bagi Mahasiswa a. Mahasiswa mampu mengaplikasikan ilmu yang didapat selama perkuliahan dalam dunia kerja yang nyata. b. Mahasiswa mampu bertanggung jawab dan disiplin selama berada dalam dunia kerja. c. Mahasiswa mampu menempatkan diri dan bersosialisasi secara aktif dengan masyarakat luas.
1.3.2 Manfaat Bagi Institusi Terciptanya hubungan kerja yang baik dan terarah antara institusi terkait dan pihak industri, dalam hal ini yaitu Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian Universitas Jember dengan PT. Charoen Pokphand Indonesia Food Division Unit Ngoro Mojokerto.
1.3.3 Manfaat Bagi Perusahaan a. Menambah eksistensi perusahaan didunia pendidikan. b. Sebagai upaya transfer ilmu demi ikut berpartisipasi menciptakan calon angkatan kerja yang berpengalaman di dunia industri. c. Mahasiswa dapat memberikan kritik dan saran bagi perusahaan demi adanya perbaikan di industri.
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4
BAB 2. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
2.1
C hicken Nugg et Chicken nugget didefinisikan sebagai produk olahan ayam yang dicetak,
dimasak dan dibekukan, dibuat dari campuran daging ayam giling yang diberi Bahan pelapis dengan atau tanpa penambahan bahan makanan lain dan bahan tambahan makanan yang diizinkan (BSN, 2002). Daging yang digunakan biasanya merupakan keseluruhan otot pada bagian tertentu dari ayam (Owens, 2001). Persyaratan nugget ayam berdasarkan badan standarisasi nasional dapat dilihat pada tabel 2.1. Tabel 2.1 persyaratan nugget ayam ayam menurut badan standarisasi nasional No. SNI 01-6683 (2002). No 1.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
8.
9. 10.
Jenis uji Keadaan 1.1 Aroma 1.2 Rasa 1.3 tekstur Benda asing Air Protein Lemak Karbohidrat Kalsium (Ca) Bahan tambahan makanan 8.1 pengawet 8.2 pewarna Cemaran logam Timbal Tembaga Seng (Zn) Timah (Sn) Raksa (Hg) Cemaran arsen (Ar) Cemaran mikroba 11.1 angka lempeng total 11.2 coliform 11.3 E. Coli Salmonella Staphylococcus Staphylococcus aureus
Satuan
Persyaratan Persyaratan
%,b/b %,b/b %,b/b %,b/b Mg/100mg
Normal, sesuai label Normal, sesuai label Normal Tidak boleh ada Maks. 60 Maks. 12 Maks. 20 Maks. 25 Maks. 30
-
Sesuai dengan SNI 01-0222-1995
mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg
Maks. 2,0 Maks. 20,0 Maks. 40,0 Maks. 40,0 Maks 0,03 Maks. 1,00
Koloni/g APM/g APM/g /25 g Koloni/g
Maks. 5x104 Maks. 10 <3 Negatif Maks. 1x102
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5
Nugget merupakan salah satu bentuk produk makanan beku siap saji, yaitu produk yang telah mengalami pemanasan sampai setengah matang ( precooked ), ), kemudian dibekukan (Afrisanti, 2010). Pengolahan daging menjadi produk jadi seperti nugget dapat memperbaiki sifat organoleptik, penurunan penyusutan lemak, serta dapat meningkatkan variasi produk daging (Marliyati et al ., ., 1992). Masa simpan dari produk olahan daging ayam ini cukup lama karena diperoleh dari bahan baku, sarana, dan proses yang terkendali sehingga membuat chicken nugget bertahan nugget bertahan sekitar satu tahun pada tahun pada suhu penyimpanan minimal -18 0C.
2.2
hicken Nugg et Proses Produksi C hicken Tahap pertama pembuatan chicken nugget adalah memperkecil ukuran
daging dengan cara digiling dengan grinder . Tujuan penggilingan ini adalah meningkatkan luas permukaan daging untuk membantu ekstraksi protein. Daging ditutupi oleh lapisan jaringan penghubung epimysium. epimysium. Ketika lapisan ini masih utuh maka hanya sedikit protein yang terekstrak, bahkan tidak ada sama sekali. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan proses pengecilan ukuran dengan grinder atau choper . Dengan demikian lapisan epimysium rusak dan memudahkan ekstraksi protein. Tahap ini sangat penting karena jika tidak ada protein yang terekstrak, maka serpihan daging tidak dapat saling berikatan selama proses pemasakan dan menghasilkan produk dengan tekstur yang tidak kuat (Owens, 2001). Selama proses penggilingan dan sebelum pencetakan, suhu formulasi daging harus diturunkan untuk membantu dalam keberhasilan pencetakan chicken nugget . Jika suhu terlalu tinggi dapat terjadi denaturasi protein. Selain itu adonan chicken nugget menjadi terlalu lembek dan akan sulit dicetak. Adonan chicken nugget diatas -2,20C mengakibatkan adonan menjadi lengket dengan mesin pencetak. Sebaliknya bila suhu terlalu rendah, chicken nugget akan sulit dicetak dan dapat merusak mesin pencetak (Owens, 2001).
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6
kemudian didorong oleh auger kedalam papan pencetak (molding (molding plate). plate). Adonan chicken nugget ditekan kedalam papan pencetak tersebut. Setelah adonan masuk kedalam papan pencetak, papan pencetak bergerak kedepan sehingga berada dibawah alat pemukul yang akan mendorong chicken nugget keluar dari cetakan ke atas sabuk konveyor (Owens, 2001). Sistem coating diaplikasikan pada bahan nugget yang telah dicetak. Menurut
Fellows
(2000),
pelapis
atau
coating
dapat digunakan untuk
melindungi produk dari dehidrasi selama pemasakan dan penyimpanan. Sistem ini terdiri dari dua tahap yaitu tahap aplikasi batter dan tahap aplikasi breader . Setelah proses coating selesai, chicken nugget di goreng. Menurut Ketaren (1986), penggorengan adalah unit operasi yang secara umum digunakan untuk meningkatkan eating quality dari suatu bahan pangan. Setelah
digoreng
dengan
IQF
produk
( Individual
nugget Quick
langsung Freezing ). ).
didinginkan Freezing
secara
mempunyai
cepat efek
menghambat pertumbuhan mikroorganisme (Jay, 2000).
2.3
Pengendalian Mutu
Menurut Supartono et al . (2011), pengendalian mutu didefinisikan sebagai suatu sistem verifikasi dan penjagaan suatu tingkatan mutu produk atau proses sesuai dengan yang dikehendaki dengan cara perencanaan yang seksama, pemakaian peralatan yang sesuai, inspeksi yang terus-menerus serta tindakan korektif bilamana diperlukan. Definisi lain dari pengendalian mutu yaitu teknik dalam manajemen manufaktur atau pabrik yang akan menghasilkan atau memproduksi barang dengan mutu yang sama. Terdapat beberapa faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi mutu barang yaitu sebagai berikut (Pasaribu, 2015): 1. Tenaga kerja, bahan baku, dan mesin, 2. Kondisi manufaktur atau pabrik,
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7
5. Kebijakan manajemen untuk meningkatkan kualitas, 6. Metode produksi dan desain barang yang akan digunakan, 7. Pengepakan dan pengangkutan, dan 8. Pelayanan pasca penjualan. Pengendalian mutu dilakukan memiliki tujuan yaitu sebagai berikut (Pasaribu, 2015): 1. Sebagai alat pengambil keputusan terhadap standar mutu barang yang diproduksi sehingga mudah diterima oleh pelanggan atau konsumen, 2. Sebagai alat pemeriksa terhadap metode operasi yang digunakan selama dipabrik, dan 3. Sebagai alat pencegahan mutu barang yang buruk agar tidak sampai ketangan pelanggan atau konsumen.
2.4
nalysis Cr i tical tical Contr Contr ol Point ) HACCP (H azar d A nalysis HACCP merupakan suatu sistem manajemen pengawasan dan pengendalian
keamanan pangan secara preventif yang bersifat ilmiah, rasional dan sistematis dengan tujuan untuk mengidentifikasi, memonitor dan mengendalikan bahaya (hazard ) mulai dari bahan baku, selama proses produksi/ pengolahan, manufakturing, penanganan dan penggunaan bahan pangan untuk menjamin bahwa bahan pangan tersebut aman bila dikonsumsi (Koswara, 2006). Dengan demikian dalam sistem HACCP, bahan/ materi yang dapat membahayakan keselamatan manusia atau yang merugikan ataupun yang dapat menyebabkan
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8
menetapkan sistem pengendalian yang memfokuskan pada pencegahan dari pada mengandalkan sebagian besar pengujian produk akhir. Setiap sistem HACCP mampu mengakomodasi perubahan, seperti kemajuan dalam desain peralatan, prosedur pengolahan atau perkembangan teknologi. HACCP dapat diterapkan pada seluruh rantai pangan mulai dari produksi primer hingga konsumsi akhir dan implementasinya sebaiknya dipandu dengan bukti ilmiah terhadap risiko kesehatan manusia. Selain meningkatkan keamanan pangan, implementasi HACCP dapat memberikan keuntungan penting lainnya. Di samping itu, penerapan sistem HACCP dapat membantu inspeksi yang dilakukan oleh regulator yang berwenang dan memajukan perdagangan internasional melalui peningkatan kepercayaan keamanan pangan. Keberhasilan penerapan HACCP memerlukan komitmen dan keterlibatan penuh manajemen dan tenaga kerja. Keberhasilan tersebut juga membutuhkan pendekatan multidisiplin; pendekatan multidisiplin ini sebaiknya mencakup keahlian dalam agronomi, kesehatan veteriner, produksi, mikrobiologi, obat-obatan, kesehatan masyarakat, teknologi pangan, kesehatan lingkungan, kimia dan perekayasa, sesuai dengan studi khususnya.
Penerapan
HACCP
kompatibel
dengan
implementasi
sistem
manajemen mutu, seperti seri ISO 9000, dan merupakan sistem yang dipilih untuk manajemen keamanan pangan. Meskipun yang dibahas disini adalah penerapan HACCP untuk keamanan pangan, konsep tersebut juga dapat diterapkan untuk aspek mutu pangan lainnya (Standar Nasional Indonesia, 2011). Filosofi sistem HACCP ini adalah pembinaan dan pengawasan mutu dan keamanan pangan berdasarkan pencegahan preventif ( preventive preventive measure) measure) yang
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9
mengidentifikasi, memonitor dan mengendalikan bahaya terhadap mutu dan keamanan produk pangan. Konsep HACCP ini disebut rasional karena pendekatannya didasarkan pada data historis tentang penyebab suatu penyakit yang timbul (illness (illness)) dan kerusakan pangannya ( spoilage). spoilage). HACCP bersifat sistematis karena konsep HACCP merupakan rencana yang teliti dan cermat serta meliputi kegiatan operasi tahap demi tahap, tataca ra (prosedur) dan ukuran kriteria pengendaliannya. Konsep HACCP juga bersifat kontinyu karena apabila ditemukan terjadi suatu masalah maka dapat segera dilaksanakan tindakan untuk memperbaikinya. Sistem HACCP dikatakan bersifat komprehensif karena sistem HACCP sendiri berhubungan erat dengan ramuan ( ingredient ), ), pengolah/ proses dan tujuan penggunaan/pemakaian produk pangan selanjutnya (Daulay, 2000). Sistem HACCP dapat dikatakan pula sebagai alat pengukur atau pengendali yang memfokuskan perhatiannya pada jaminan keamanan pangan, terutama sekali untuk mengeliminasi adanya bahaya (hazard ( hazard ) yang berasal dari bahaya mikrobiologi
(biologi),
kimia
dan
fisika,
dengan
cara
mencegah
dan
mengantisipasi terlebih dahulu daripada memeriksa/ menginspeksi saja (Daulay, 2000). Sementara itu, tujuan dan sasaran HACCP adalah memperkecil kemungkinan adanya kontaminasi mikroba pathogen dan memperkecil potensi mereka untuk tumbuh dan berkembang. Oleh karena itu, secara individu setiap produk
dan
sistem
pengolahannya
dalam
industri
pangan
harus
mempertimbangkan rencana pengembangan HACCP. Dengan demikian, setiap produk dalam industri pangan yang dihasilkannya akan mempunyai konsep rencana penerapan HACCP-nya masing-masing disesuaikan dengan sistem
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10
6. Meningkatkan kepercayaan konsumen, dan Pendekatan HACCP dalam industri pangan terutama diarahkan terhadap produk pangan (makanan) yang mempunyai resiko tinggi sebagai penyebab penyakit dan keracunan. Makanan yang memiliki resiko tinggi tersebut yaitu makanan yang mudah terkontaminasi oleh bahaya mikrobiologi, kimia dan fisika. Pengolahan makanan dapat dibedakan berdasarkan resiko kesehatan dapat dilihat pada Tabel 2.2 (Daulay, 2000). Tabel 2.2 Pengolahan makanan berdasarkan resiko kesehatan dan contohnya Tingkat Resiko Kesehatan
Jenis Makanan
Resiko Tinggi
Resiko Sedang
Resiko Rendah
Susu dan produk ol ahannya Daging (sapi, ayam, kambing, dsb.) dan produk olahannya Hasil perikanan dan produk olahannya Sayuran dan produk olahannya Keju Es krim Makanan beku (Daging dan ikan beku, Buah-buahan dan sayuran beku, Sari buah beku) Serealia/ biji-bijian Makanan kering Kopi, teh
Sumber: Daulay (2000).
Pemahaman konsep HACCP secara menyeluruh diperlukan adanya kesamaan pandangan terhadap beberapa istilah dan definisi yang dipakai dalam sistem manajemen HACCP yaitu sebagai berikut (Daulay, 2000; Standar Nasional Indonesia, 2011):
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mengakibatkan resiko kesehatan yang tidak diinginkan atau setiap titik, tahap atau prosedur yang jika dikendalikan dengan baik dan benar dapat mencegah, menghilangkan atau mengurangi adanya bahaya. d. Batas Kritis (Critical (Critical Limits): Limits): batas toleransi yang harus dipenuhi/dicapai yang menjamin bahwa CCP dapat mengendalikan secara efektif bahaya yang mungkin timbul atau suatu nilai yang merupakan batas antara keadaan dapat diterima dan tidak dapat diterima. e. Resiko: kemungkinan menimbulkan bahaya. f. Penggolongan Resiko: pengelompokkan prioritas resiko berdasarkan bahaya yang mungkin timbul/ terdapat pada makanan. g. Pemantauan ( Monitoring ): ): pengamanan atau pengukuran untuk menetapkan apakah suatu CCP dapat dikendalikan dengan baik dan benar serta menghasilkan catatan yang teliti untuk digunakan selanjutnya dalam verifikasi. h. Pemantauan Kontinyu: pengumpulan dan pencatatan data secara kontinyu, misalnya pencatatan suhu pada tabel. i. Tindakan Koreksi (Corrective ( Corrective Action): Action): prosedur atau tatacara tindakan yang harus dilakukan jika terjadi penyimpangan pada CCP. j. Tim HACCP: sekelompok orang/ahli yang bertanggung jawab untuk menyusun rancangan HACCP. k. Validasi Rancangan HACCP: pemeriksaan awal oleh tim HACCP untuk menjamin bahwa semua elemen dalam rancangan HACCP sudah benar. l. Validasi: metode, prosedur dan uji yang dilakukan selain pemantauan untuk membuktikan bahwa sistem HACCP telah sesuai dengan rancangan HACCP,
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12
pengolahan makanan, peranan proses pengolahan dan pengendalian bahaya, cara mengkonsumsi produk, resiko masyarakat konsumen, dan keadaan epidemiologi yang menyangkut keamanan pangan. Kemudian untuk memperoleh program yang efektif dan menyeluruh dalam penerapan/ implementasi HACCP perlu dilakukan kegiatan sebagai berikut (Daulay, 2000): a. Komitmen Manajemen Keberhasilan penerapan/ implementasi sistem HACCP sangatlah tergantung pada manajemen sebagai penanggung jawab tertinggi. Mereka harus menyatakan komitmen tidak hanya dalam kata-kata saja melainkan juga dalam tindakan. Seluruh karyawan dan staf nantinya harus tahu bahwa manajemen adalah yang paling bertanggung jawab memikul beban tugas implementasi ini. Dengan demikian segala sumber daya yang diperlukan untuk mendukung implementasi HACCP harus disediakan baik manusia maupun peralatan, sarana, dokumentasi, informasi, metode, lingkungan, bahan baku dan waktu (Daulay, 2000). b. Pembentukan Tim HACCP Setelah Pimpinan Puncak mempunyai komitmen manajemen terhadap program keamanan pangan, maka mereka membentuk tim HACCP yang bertugas
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13
manajemen HACCP yang dapat memberi bantuan dalam implementasi HACCP tersebut (Daulay, 2000). d. Deskripsi Produk Tim HACCP yang telah dibentuk dan disusun selanjutnya harus mendiskripsikan/ menggambarkan secara menyeluruh terhadap produk pangan yang akan dibuat/ diproduksi. Dalam hal ini keterangan atau karakteristik yang lengkap mengenai produk harus dibuat, termasuk keterangan mengenai komposisi (ingredient ), ), formulasi, daya awet dan cara distribusinya. Semua informasi tersebut diperlukan oleh tim HACCP untuk melakukan evaluasi secara luas dan komprehensif (Daulay, 2000). e. Identifikasi Penggunaan/ Konsumennya Kemudian tim HACCP harus mengidentifikasi tujuan penggunaan produk. Tujuan penggunaan produk harus didasarkan pada konsumen atau pengguna akhir dari
produk
tersebut.
Pada
kasus,
harus
dipertimbangkan
kelompok
populasi/masyarakat beresiko tinggi (Daulay, 2000). f. Penyusunan Bagan/Diagram Alir Proses Bagan/ diagram alir proses harus disusun oleh tim HACCP. Setiap tahap
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14
setiap tahap dan waktu proses, dan jika perlu mengubah diagram alir proses bila ditemukan hal-hal yang tidak sesuai atau kurang sempurna. Dengan demikian, bila ternyata diagram alir proses tersebut tidak tepat dan kurang sempurna, dapat dilakukan modifikasi (Daulay, 2000).
h. Menerapkan Tujuh Prinsip HACCP Tujuh prinsip penting HACCP yang harus diterapkan yaitu sebagai berikut (Daulay, 2000; Standar Nasional Indonesia, 2011): 1.) Membuat daftar bahaya yang mungkin timbul dan cara pencegahan untuk mengendalikan bahaya, 2.) Menetapkan titik kendali kritis (CCP = Critical Control Point), 3.) Menetapkan batas/limit kritis untuk setiap titik kendali kritis (CCP), 4.) Menetapkan sistem/prosedur pemantauan untuk setiap CCP, 5.) Menetapkan tindakan koreksi terhadap penyimpangan, 6.) Menetapkan prosedur verifikasi untuk membuktikan bahwa sistem HACCP berjalan dengan baik dan benar, dan dan 7.) Membuat catatan dan dokumentasi. Catatan data yang praktis dan teliti
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15
2.6.1 Analisis Bahaya ( Hazard Analysis) Analysis) dan Penetapan Resiko Beserta Cara Pencegahannya Pendekatan pertama pada konsep HACCP adalah analisis bahaya yang berkaitan dengan semua aspek produk yang sedang diproduksi. Pemeriksaan atau analisis terhadap bahaya ini harus dilaksanakan, sebagai tahap utama untuk mengidentifikasi semua bahaya yang dapat terjadi bila produk pangan dikonsumsi. Analisis bahaya harus dilaksanakan menyeluruh dan realistik, dari bahan baku hingga hingga ke tangan konsumen (Daulay, 2000). 2000). Jenis bahaya yang mungkin terdapat di dalam makanan dibedakan atas tiga kelompok bahaya, yaitu (Standar Nasional Indonesia, 2011): (1) Bahaya Biologis/ Mikrobiologis, disebabkan oleh bakteri pathogen, virus
atau parasit yang dapat menyebabkan keracunan, penyakit infeksi atau infestasi, misalnya : E. : E. coli, coli, Listeria monocytogenes, monocytogenes, Bacillus sp., sp., Clostridium sp., sp., Virus hepatitis A, dan lain; (2) Bahaya Kimia, karena tertelannya toksin alami atau bahan kimia yang
beracun, misalnya : aflatoksin, histamin, histami n, toksin jamur, toksin kerang, alkoloid pirolizidin, pestisida, antibiotika, hormon pertumbuhan, logam-logam berat
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16
3. Identifikasi bahaya pada titik kendali kritis dengan mempersiapkan diagram alir proses yang teliti sesuai dengan keadaan yang sebenarnya, untuk menghasilkan suatu produk.
2.6.2 Identifikasi dan Penentuan Titik Kendali Kritis (CCP) di dalam Proses Produksi Titik kendali kritis (CCP) didefinisikan sebagai suatu titik lokasi, setiap langkah/tahap dalam proses, atau prosedur, apabila tidak terkendali (terawasi) dengan baik, kemungkinan dapat menimbulkan tidak amannya makanan, kerusakan ( spoilage), spoilage), dan resiko kerugian ekonomi. CCP ini ditentukan setelah diagram alir proses produksi yang sudah teridentifikasi potensi bahaya pada setiap tahap produksi dengan menjawab pertanyaan ”Apakah pengawasan/ pengendalian kritis dari bahaya (hazard (hazard ) terjadi pada tahap ini atau yang lain; apabila pengawasan/pengendalian
pada
tahap
tertentu
gagal
apakah
langsung
menghasilkan bahaya yang tak diinginkan, kerusakan dan kerugian secara ekonomi”. Harus diperhatikan titik kendali (CP) tidaklah sama dengan titik
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18
Beberapa contoh batas kritis yang perlu ditetapkan sebagai alat pencegah timbulnya bahaya, misalnya adalah suhu dan waktu maksimal untuk proses thermal, suhu maksimal untuk menjaga kondisi pendinginan, suhu dan waktu tertentu untuk proses sterilisasi komersial, jumlah residu pestisida yang diperkenankan ada dalam bahan pangan, pH maksimal yang diperkenankan, bobot pengisian maksimal, viskositas maksimal yang diperkenankan dan sebagainya (Daulay, 2000). Selain batas kritis untuk residu pestisida yang berasal dari komoditas pertanian, batas kritis bahan kimia lain yang berpotensi sebagai bahaya kimia juga harus ditetapkan. Dalam hal ini tim HACCP harus menggunakan peraturan peraturan yang sudah ditetapkan sebagai panduan dalam menetapkan batas kritis
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19
metode, prosedur dan frekuensi monitoring serta kemampuan hitungnya harus dibuat daftarnya pada lembaran kerja HACCP. Prosedur dan metode monitoring harus efektif dalam memberi jaminan keamanan terhadap produk pangan yang dihasilkan. Idealnya, monitoring pada CCP dilakukan secara kontinyu hingga dicapai tingkat kepercayaan 100 persen. Namun bila hal ini tidak memungkinkan, dapat dilakukan monitoring secara tidak kontinyu dengan syarat terlebih dahulu harus ditetapkan interval waktu yang sesuai sehingga keamanan pangan benar benar terjamin. Biasanya agar pengukurannya dapat dilakukan secara cepat dan tepat, monitoring dilakukan dengan cara pengujian yang bersifat otomatis dan tidak memerlukan waktu yang lama. Oleh karena itu, pengujian dengan cara analisis mikrobiologis jarang digunakan sebagai prosedur monitoring. Beberapa
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20
beda tergantung dari tingkat resiko produk, yaitu semakin tinggi resiko produk semakin cepat tindakan koreksi harus dilakukan (Tabel 2.3) (Daulay, 2000).
Tabel 2.3 Tindakan koreksi yang harus dilakukan jika ditemukan penyimpangan
dari batas pada CCP-nya Tingkat Resiko Produk Beresiko Tinggi
Produk Beresiko Sedang
Tindakan Koreksi a. Produk tidak boleh diproses/diproduksi sebelum semua penyimpanan penyimpanan dikoreksi/diperbaiki. dikoreksi/diperbaiki. b. Produk ditahan/tidak dipasarkan, dan diuji keamanannya. c. Jika keamanan produk tidak memenuhi persyaratan, perlu dilakukan tindakan koreksi/perbaikan yng tepat a. Produk dapat diproses, tetapi penyimpangan harus diperbaiki dalam waktu singkat (dalam beberapa hari/ minggu). b. Diperlukan pemantauan khusus sampai semua penyimpangan dikoreksi/ diperbaiki.
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21
Berbagai keterangan yang harus dicatat untuk dokumentasi sistem dan penerapan HACCP mencakup sebagai sebagai berikut (Daulay, 2000): a. Judul dan tanggal pencatatan, b. Keterangan produk (kode, tanggal dan waktu produksi), c. Karakteristik produk (penggolongan resiko bahaya), d. Bahan serta peralatan yang digunakan, termasuk bahan mentah, bahan tambahan, bahan pengemas dan peralatan penting lainnya, e. Tahap/ bagan alir proses, termasuk penanganan dan penyimpanan bahan, pengolahan, pengemasan, penyimpanan penyimpanan produk dan distribusinya, f. Jenis bahaya pada setiap tahap, g. CCP dan batas kritis yang telah ditetapkan,
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a. Penetapan jadwal verifikasi yang tepat, b. Pemeriksaan kembali (review (review)) rancangan HACCP, c. Pemeriksaan atau penyesuaian catatan CCP dengan kondisi proses sebenarnya, d. Pemeriksaan penyimpangan terhadap CCP dan prosedur koreksi/perbaikan yang harus dilakukan,
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BAB 3. GAMBARAN UMUM PERUSAHAAN
3.1 Company Profile
PT. Charoen Pokphand Indonesia – Chicken Chicken Processing Plant, Ngoro adalah
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PT. Charoen Pokphand Indonesia-Chicken Processing Plant, memproduksi dan mensupplai produk yag bermutu tinggi untuk keperluan industri makanan di Indonesia seperti KFC, CFC, Mc Donals, Pizza Hut dan restaurant lain. PT. Charoen Pokphand Indonesia-Chicken Processing Plant, sangat mengutamakan kebersihan dan kualitas dari produk yang dihasilkan, untuk itu masalah sanitasi
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makanan olahan bermututinggi, halal, dan aman untuk dikonsumsi dengan menerapkan GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice), Practice ), SSOP (Sanitation Standart Operating Procedure) Procedure),, Sistem Jaminan Halal, HACCP , dan ISO 9001 : 2008. 2. Menjaga dan menerapkan prinsip-prinsip kelestarian lingkungan hidup
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Sausage Production Further Production Premix Production Breadcrumb Breadcrumb Production
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