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ŝL [CFLQL@L [CFLQL@L NDMDHIULDFI

NDMDHINIMQ HIMIUDF

Bym`Šllfi ndmdhinimqyfyl

NDPQIUDMA?

ML@YF@ID ŝQIBDM

5;45

4

Bym`Šllfi ndmdhinimqyfyl @y{ulmp

LMQUCAY@IUI•••••••••••••••••••-•{-0 4-Bym`Šllfi ndmdhinimqyfyl

4-4 Bym`Šld ai {uirlzlymi•••••••••••••••••--{-9 4-5 Bym`Šld ai cuhdmlzdui•••••••••••••••••--{-4; 4-0 Bym`Šld ai `ccuacmdui•••••••••••••••••-{-49 4-1 Bym`Šld ai dmquimdui••••••••••••••••••{-49

4-9 Bym`Šld ai `cmqucf ‐ irdfydui•••••••••••••-• ‐ irdfydui•••••••••••••-•-{-48 5- IrcfyŠll ím iwiu`lqduid bym`Šllfcu ndmdhinimqyfyl•••••--{-47

5

LMQUCAY@IUI

[iubcundmŠifi ymil cuhdmlzdŠll pymq lmbfyimŠdqi ai `dflqdqid ndmdhinimqyfyl dìpqild&

ai`l ln{fl`lq ai ncayf ai pqdelflui œl dfihiui d celi`qlrifcu& ai dfc`dui d uipyupifcu& ai cuhdmlzdui d d`qlrlqĀŠlfcu& ai `ccuacmdui œl dmquimdui d ibcuqyulfcu nineulfcu cuhdmlzdŠlil& ai ncqlrdui d dìpqcud {imquy d {duql`l{d fd uidflzduid lmqihudfĀ d celi`qlrifcu- Dœd pi iw{fl`Ā bd{qyf `Ā cuhdmlzdŠll `dui fyùidzĀ ím dìfdœl acnimly ai d`qlrlqdqi œl alp{ym ai dìfidœl uipyupi ceŠlm ímpĀ& uizyfqdqi u izyfqdqi i`cmcnl`c . blmdm`ldui albiulqi-

Ndmdhiull quieyli pĀ aiŠlmĀ `ymcœqlmŠi ai ndmdhinimq & `dflqĀŠl œl d{qlqyalml ndmdhiuldfi ndmdhiuldfi `dui pĀ f i {iunlqĀ rdfculbl`duid aui{qyfyl ai ai`lzli `cmbiulq {ulm dyqculqdqid {cpqyulfcu- Ym `d{lqcf ai edzĀ df df dìpqcu `ymcœqlmŠi ai ai ndmdhinimq ndmdhinimq pi uibiuĀ fd `ymcdœqiuid `ymcdœqiuid œl ímŠifihiuid `cmŠlmyqyfyl bym`Šllfcu ndmdhinimqyfylndmdhinimqyfylBdŠĀ ai ìfi `lm`l bym`Šll dfi ndmdhinimqyfyl& d`ì{qdqi ím {uizimq ai p{i`ldflœql& `cmplaiu `Ā ipqi miìpdu `d ím `dauyf bym`Šlil ai `ccuacmdui& pĀ iwlpqĀ œl c `cn{cmimqĀ mynlqĀ `cnyml`duid& nialiuid œl uizcfrduid `cmbfl`qifcu& ím

p`c{yf nimŠlmiull œl aizrcfqĀull ymyl

`flndq ai `cn{iqlŠli& `cc{iudui œl ùidqlrlqdqi-

Ím {ucìpyf ai ircfyŠli d œqllmŠil ndmdhinimqyfyl& myniucœl p{i`ldflœql ím ndmdhinimq dy aiblmlq ím nca albiulq `cmŠlmyqyf bym`Šllfcu ndmdhinimqyfyl- My iwlpqĀ {åmĀ ím {uizimq c {Āuiui ymdmlnĀ d p{i`ldflœqlfcu ím ì {ulriœqi aimynluid dìpqcu huy{i ai d`qlrlqĀŠl ì bcunidzĀ `cmŠlmyqyf ndmdhinimqyfylndmdhinimqyfylGimu| Bd|cf& `cmplaiudq ‖{Āulmqi„

df ndmdhinimqyfyl ncaium& ím fyùduid pd lmqlqyfdqĀ

‖Danlmlpqudqlcm Lmaypquliffi iq Himiudfi„&

d laimqlbl`dq {imquy {ulnd adqĀ bym`Šllfi

ndmdhinimqyfylndmdhinimqyfyl- Dìpqid ndl pymq mynlqi œl ‖ìfi `lm`l lmblmlqlri dfi fyl Bd|cf„? Bd|cf„? d {uiriaid& d cuhdmlzd& d `cndmad& d dmquimd& d `cmqucfd-

Ím c{lmld fyl Bd|cf ìfi bym`Šll dfi ndmdhinimqyfyl {uizlmqĀ yunĀqcduid pinmlbl`dŠli? {uiriaid& ímpidnmĀ d irdfyd rllqcuyf œl d .f {uihĀql: . D {uiriaid

. D cuhdmlzd& ímpidnmĀ d ímqui{ulmai& d acqd c ímqui{ulmaiui `y qcq ì ipqi miìpdu {imquy bym`Šlcmduid il:

. D `cndmad& dal`Ā ‖d qudhi ìfi ndl ndul bcfcdpi ai fd ìl `dui `cn{ym ímqui{ulmaiuid ím lmqiuipyf dìpqild„:

. D `ccuacmd& ímpidnmĀ d uidflzd duncmli ímqui qcdqi `cn{duqlnimqifi ímqui{ulmaiull: . D `cmqucfd& dal`Ā d riulbl`d ad`Ā qcqyf pi {iquiì `cmbcun {uchudnyfyl dac {qdq& cualmifcu adqi œl {ulm`l{llfcu danlpi-

0

[iqiu Auy`jiu&

`cmplaiudq ”hyuy„ df ndmdhinimqyfyl& d decuadq ímqu .c ndmliuĀ

culhlmdfĀ bym`Šllfi ndmdhinimqyfyl- If aiblmiœqi ìfi `lm`l bym`Šll dfi ndmdhinimqyfyl `d bllma ìfi `dui ” `cmay` ín{uiymĀ lmqihuduid uipyupifcu ímqu .ym ni`dmlpn rldelf& ím {flmĀ ùiœqiui„-

Ím c{lmld fyl [iqiu Auy`jiu dìpqid pymq 4? 4-Ym ndmdhiu quieyli pĀ aiblmidp`Ā celi`qlrifi œl mdqyud fcu-

Ím dìpq pimp& ndmdhiuyf rd aiblml p`c{yulfi ai dqlmp œl rd laimqlbl`d nlofcdìfi {ulm `dui

dìpqid rcu bl dqlmpi& {i `dui fi rd `cnyml`d {iupcmdfyfyl {imquy dqlmhiuid fcu- Ím qicullfi ndl mcl fihdqi ai `cmì{qyf ai fidaiupgl{& {uirlzlymid pi uihĀpiœqi `d c `dflqdqi d flaiuyfyl& dìid

ai rlzlcmdu5-Ym ndmdhiu cuhdmlzidzĀ& cuhd mlzidzĀ& dal`Ā dmdflzidzĀ d`qlrlqĀŠlfi& ai`lzllfi miìpdui& huy{idzĀ nym`d& c alrlai ím d`qlrlqĀŠl œl pdu`lml yœcu ai `cmayp-

If huy{idzĀ dìpqi ifinimqi ímqu .c pquy`qyuĀ cuhdmlzdqcul`Ā œl pifi`ŠlcmidzĀ {i dìl `dui rcu bl

uip{cmpdelfl ai `cmayìuid dìpqc u d`qlrlqĀŠl œl pdu`lml ai iwi`yqdq- DìdpqĀ bym`Šli d ndmdhinimqyfyl d bcpq {uifydqĀ œl d `cmpqlqylq edzĀ {imquy bymadnimqduid ymcu qicull {ulrlma cuhdmlzduid {ucìpydfĀ {ucìpydfĀ œl pquy`qyudfĀ d ímqui{ulmaiull0-Ym ndmdhiu ncqlridzĀ œl `cnyml`Ā-

If íl `cmpqlqyli ím i`gl{i {i ìl uip{cmpdelfl ai albiulqi pdu`lml& ai`lai ím ìid ì. l {ulriœqi {iupcmdfyf uibiulqcu fd pdfdull œl {ucncrdui& qcdqi dìpqid {ulm lmqiunialyf ymil `cnyml`Āul `cmpqdmqi `Āqui pyecuacmdŠl1-Ym ndmdhiu ifdecuidzĀ mcuni& dmdflzidzĀ& irdfyidzĀ œl lmqiu{uiqidzĀ {iubcundmŠi-

@y dfqi `yrlmqi& dìdpqd ui{uizlmqĀ ím c{lmld fyl [iqiu Auy`jiu bym`Šld ai `cmqucf ‐ irdfydui d

ndmdhinimqyfyl9-Ym ndmdhiu bcunidzĀ cdniml œl pi bcunidzĀ {i if ímpyœl -

DìdpqĀ bym`Šli ipqi ipqi ndl huiy d bl `cn{dudqĀ `y ymd almqui bym`Šllfi ndmdhinimqyfyl {ucncrdqi ai Gimu| Bd|cf- Ad`Ā pi dmdflzidzĀ mclfi qicull uibiulqcdui fd fidaiupgl{ pi {cdqi dblund `Ā [- Auy`jiu d dmql`l{dq aizrcfqduid ” fdqyull yndmi„& `dui miìplqĀ {uihĀqluid dmhdodŠlfcu {imquy d airiml flaiul ím acnimlyf fcu& `dui pĀ {ucncrizi p`glneduidp`glneduidÍm c{lmld fyl F- Jdznliu bym`Šllfi ndmdhinimqyfyl pymq yunĀqcduifi? {fdmlbl`duid& cuhdmlzduid& aluloduid œl `cmqucfyf-

4

I-Eyuayp& Bymadnimqifi ndmdhinimqyfyl cuhdmlzdqlil & Ialqyud I`cmcnl`d&5;;8& {-58

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Ím c{lmld {ucbipcuyfyl @- [lmqlfli bym`Šllfi ndmdhinimqyfyl pymq yunĀqcduifi? {uirlzlymid& cuhdmlzduid& ncqlrduid pdy `cndmad& `ccuacmduid& `cmqucfyf& irdfyduid œl nimŠlmiuid œl aizrcfqduid ymyl `flndq ai `cn{iqlŠli& `cc{iudui œl ùidqlrlqdqi -

ťlmåma pidnd ai c{lmllfi iw{ulndqi ndl pyp& {ucìpyf ai ndmdhinimq& lmalbiuimq ai acnimlyf œl mlrifyf liudugl` fd `dui pi aipbĀœcduĀ {cdqi bl uidflzdq {ulm iwiu`lqduid cuhdmlzduid& `ccuacmduid& `ccuacmduid& dmquimduid pl `cmqucf . yunĀqcduifcu bym`Šll? {uirlzlymid& cuhdmlzduid& irdfyduid-

Bym`Šllfi ndmdhinimqyfyl dy yunĀqcduifi `dud`qiulpql`l 5?

. Bym`Šllfi ndmdhinimqyfyl dy ym `dud`qiu ymlriupdf & ifi pi iwiu`lqĀ ím qcdqi cuhdmlzdŠllfi& lmalbiuimq ai acnimlyf ai d`qlrlqdqi œl fd qcdqi mlrifyulfi liuduglì-

. Bym`Šllfi ndmdhinimqyfyl dy `cmŠlmyqyul œl bcuni ai ndmlbipqdui albiulqi ím bym`Šli ai mlrifyf liudugl` fd `dui pi iwiu`lqĀ-

Ifi dy c {cmaiui albiulqĀ ím `dauyf {ludnlail liuduglì:

dpqbif fd mlrifyf py{iulcu dy c {cmaiui ndl ndui bym`Šld ai {uiriaiui œl cuhdmlzdui ldu fd mlrifyulfi lmbiulcdui bym`Šllfi ai dmquimdui& `ccuacmdui œl `cmqucf-

. Bym`Šllfi ndmdhinimqyfyl pymq p{i`lblì myndl ndmdhiulfcu4-4- [UIRL_LYMID

[uirlzlymid ”aip`glai„ ym `l`fy ndmdhiuldf œl lmbfyimŠidzĀ ai`lplr `cmŠlmyqyf œl blmdflqdqid ìfcufdfqi bym`Šll dfi {ucìpyfyl ai ndmdhinimq-

Ím c{lmld {ucb- Lcm Riuecm`y {uirlzlymid `y{ulmai ym dmpdnefy ai ai`lzll œl d`Šlyml {ulm `dui pi aiqiunlmĀ celi`qlrifi blunil œl dfi `cn{cmimqifcu pdfi& pi `cmqyuidzĀ ncadflqĀŠlfi ai uidflzdui & pi alnimplcmidzĀ uipyupifi ì yunidzĀ d bl dmhdodqi œl pi {ui`lzidzĀ qiunimifi lmqiunialdui œl blmdfi ai ímai{flmlui d celi`qlrifcu 0-

Uizyfqdqifi {uiriaiull pi `cmùiqlzidzĀ ím yunĀqcduifi d`qlrlqĀŠl nlùci`cmcnlì? . [uchmczduid: . [fdmlbl`duid: . [uchudnduid-

@dud`qiulpql` d`qlrlqĀŠll ai {uchmczdui ipqi ifdecuduid {uchmczifcu- Ím `dauyf d`qlrlqĀŠll ai {fdmlbl`dui pi ifdecuidzĀ pqudqihll œl {cflql`l hfcedfi œl {duŠldfi- [uchudnduid `y{ulmai aiqdfliuid ím qln{ œl p{dŠly d {cflql`lfcu& {ulm lmqiunialyf {uchudnifcu- Dìpqid pymq yqlflzdqi ím

nca aicpielq ím d`qlrlqdqid ai {ucay`Šli `d {uchudni ai bdeul`dŠliBym`Šld ai {uirlzlymi pi `cmùiqlzidzĀ `cmùiqlzidzĀ ím {uchmczi& {fdmyul œl {uchudni5 0

Dauldmd Cfduy& Ndmdhinimq himiudf & Ymlriuplqdqid Aymduid Aymduid ai ocp alm Hdfdql& Py{cuq ai `yup& {40 Lcm Riuecm`y& Hgla niqcacfchl` {imquy ndmdhiul& Ialqyud Qigml`d& Ey`yuipql& 4<<<& {-44

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d, [UCHMC_D

[uchmczd ui{uizlmqĀ irdfyd irdfyduid uid {ucedelfĀ d ircfyŠlil rllqcdui d ymyl acnimly ai d`qlrlqdqi

{imquy c {iulcdaĀ ai qln{- Id ipqi uizyfqdqyf ymil ìuìqĀul `cn{fiwi {ulm `dui pi ipqlnidzĀ pqĀulfi {ucedelfi dfi acnimlyfyl lmripqlhdq& `cuip{ymzĀqcu l{cqizifcu œl uipqul`Šllfcu fydqi ím `cmplaiudŠli[uchmczd byumlzidzĀ ndmdhiuyfyl pcfyŠll dfqiumdqlri `y `d ud`qiu pqudqihl`: id `cmpqlqyli ym lmpquynimq ai lmripqlhdŠli& `ymcdœqiui œl {uiblhyudui d rllqcuyfyl- [uchmczifi d`c{iuĀ ym

culzcmq nlmln ai 4; dml& dy ym `dud`qiu d{ucwlndqlr& mibllma ceflhdqculle, [FDMYF

[fdmlbl`duid ui{uizlmqĀ pqdelfluid œl bymadnimqduid celi`qlrifcu œl d pdu`lmlfcu {imquy uidflzduid dìpqcud& d uipyupifcu miìpdui aibdf`dqi {i c dmynlqĀ {iulcdaĀ ai qln{ 'fymdu& qulnipquldf& dmydf, ím riaiuid uidflzĀull celi`qlrifcu[imquy pcfyŠlcmduid c{qlnĀ d d`qlrlqĀŠll ai {fdmlbl`dui& ndmdhiuyf quieyli 1?

. PĀ dplhyui c ínelmdui duncmlcdpĀ d celi`qlrifcu p{i`lblì bli`Āuyl `cn{duqlnimq df cuhdmlzdŠlil: . PĀ yunĀuidp`Ā c `cmqlmylqdqi d d`qlrlqĀŠll ai {fdmlbl`dui {ulm ifdecuduid ymcu {fdmyul {i qiunim p`yuq `cnelmdqi `y {fdmyul {i qiunim fymh: . PĀ dplhyui bfiwlelflqdqi {ulm dad{qduid {fdmyfyl fd p`glneĀulfi d{Āuyqi: . PĀ dplhyui c {uchmczdui `åq ndl {ui`lpĀ d alui`Šllfcu ai yundq-

[fdmlbl`duid my ipqi ym {ucìp flmldu pdy pi`rimŠldf `l lqiudqlr '`dui pi ui{iqĀ lm qln{,-

Culì {fdm ai p`glnedui ipqi ncmlqculzdq& dpqbif ím`åq dqym`l `åma d{du dedqiul pdy `åma pi p`glneĀ `cmalŠllfi `dui dy pqdq fd edzd ifdecuĀull fyl& pĀ pi day`Ā ai ímadqĀ `cui`qyulfi `dui pymq

miìpdui[fdmyulfi& ím `dui pi blmdflzidzĀ ìd ndl ndui {duqi d {ucìpifcu ai {uirlzlymi& pi uibiuĀ fd {iulcdai `y{ulmpi ímqui 9 dml œl c fymĀ- Hudayf fcu ai aiqdfliui rduldzĀ lmriup {uc{cuŠlcmdf `y

culzcmqyf ai qln{- [fdmyulfi `yuimqi pymq aiqdfldqi {i c {iulcdaĀ p`yuqĀ ai qln{ ím qln{ ì {fdmyf cuhdmlzdŠlil {i 9 dml pi uizynĀ acdu fd celi`qlrifi bymadnimqdfi dfi blunil œl fd

{ulm`l{dfifi uipyupi miìpdui- [fdmyf cuhdmlzdŠllfcu dy ym `dud`qiu ceflhdqculy& bllma edzd aipbĀœyuĀull d`qlrlqĀŠlfcu ím`cu{cudqi- [fdmyulfi {i qiunim fymh '0 ‐ 9 dml, pymq bcuni ai

`cmùiqlzdui d pqudqihllfcu& ldu ìfi {i qiunim nialy ';&9 ‐ 5 dml , ui{uizlmqĀ {cflql`l dfi {cflql`lfcu cuhdmlzdŠlil-

1

Dauldmd Cfduy& Ndmdhinimq himiudf & Ymlriuplqdqid Aymduid Aymduid ai ocp alm Hdfdql& Py{cuq ai `yup& {40

2

@, [UCHUDNYF [uchudnduid ui{uizlm qĀ aibdf`duid celi`qlrifcu d`qydflzdqi dfi ímqui{ulmaiull {i c {iulcdaĀ ai qln{ 'fymd& ai`daĀ& pĀ{qĀnåmĀ, {i pi`Šll& dqifliui& i`gl{i ai fyùy œl `ccuacmduid aipbĀœyuĀull d`qlrlqĀŠlfcu miìpdui {imquy iwi`yqduid dìpqcu {uchudni- P{ui iwin{fy? Ím

ímqui{ulmaiul ipqi yqlflzdqĀ {uchudnduid {ucay`ŠlilP{i`lbl` {uchudnifcu ipqi culzcmqyf uiayp& ìf ndl daipid c ai`daĀ& c pĀ{qĀnåmĀ& c zl& ym p`glne- [uchudnifi pymq bcduqi aiqdfldqi& ifinimqifi `y{ulmpi pymq ceflhdqcull œl {uizlmqĀ ym

huda ulal`dq ai ìuqlqyalmi- [uchudnifi `y{ulma {uirlzlcmĀul uibiulqcdui fd d`qlrlqĀŠlfi `y ym `dud`qiu {yqiuml` c{iudŠlcmdf 'p{ui iwin{fy {uchudnifi ai bdeul`dŠli œl d{ucrlzlcmdui& pqdelflma ím nca {ui`lp `dmqlqĀŠlfi ai {ucayp pdy ndqiuldfi {i bcundŠll ai nym`Ā œl iwi`yqdmŠl& fd mlrif ai pĀ{qĀnåmĀ& zl& p`glne iqÌqd{ifi p{i`lblì bym`Šlil ai {uirlzlymi pymq?

d, Pqdelfluid alui`Šllfcu {uirlzlelfi ai ircfyŠli d ímqui{ulmaiull: e, [ui`lzduid celi`qlrifcu ì quieylip` dqlmpi: `, Pqdelfluid {cflql`lfcu ímqui{ulmaiull: a, [uchudnduid d`Šlymlfcu ì quieyli uidflzdqi& dìpq fyùy ln{fl`Ā pqdelfluid py`ìplymll dìpqcud ím bym`Šli ai ln{cuqdmŠd fcu œl `cmalŠlcmĀulfi ui`l{ucì& `y {ui`lzduid ayudqil ai uidflzdui d bli`Āuil d`Šlyml-

Ím iwiu`lqduid {uirlzlymll ìfi ndl ímqåfmlqi alpbym`ŠlcmdflqĀŠl9 pymq? . Fl{pd pdy lmpybl`limŠd ymcu pqudqihll œl {cflql`l hfcedfi `dui pĀ rdfculblì c{cuqymlqĀŠlfi nialyfyl lmqium œl iwqium: . Fl{pd ymcu {ulculqĀŠl ím decuaduid decuaduid {ucefindql`ll ai`lzlcmdfi œl c{iudŠlcmdfi `y `dui pi

`cmbuymqĀ ndmdhinimqyf blunil: blunil: . Pi ndmlbipqĀ c dqlqyalmi ‖ui{yfplrĀ„ alm {duqid ndmdhiuyfyl bdŠĀ ai d`qlrlqdqid ai

{fdmlbl`dui& `cmplaiudqĀ ‖c ri`gi {ud`ql`Ā d uihlnyfyl `cnymlpq„`cnymlpq„-

Quiìuid ai fd ym ndmdhinimq {uiacnlmdmq in{lul` ‐ edzdq {i {ulm`l{lyf ”rĀzåma œl bĀ`åma„ ‐ fd

ym ndmdhinimq {iubcundmq& {uirlzlcmdf . dwdq {i {ulm`l{lyf ”dmql`l{åma œl

{uiímqån{lmåma„ ‐ my ‐ my ipqi {cplelfĀ bĀuĀ c ui`cmplaiudui d {uirlzlymll ím dmpdnefyf {ucìpifcu

ai ndmdhinimq-

9

Lcm Riuecm`y& Hgla niqcacfchl` {imquy ndmdhiul& Ialqyud Qigml`d& Ey`yuipql& 4<<<& {-49

8

Iwiu`lqduid c{qlnĀ d bym`Šlil bym`Šlil ai {uirlzlymi {uipy{ymi c pqdui nimqdfĀ nimqdfĀ `dud`qiulzdqĀ ím

nca p{i`ldf {ulmqu. c {uialfi`Šli {imquy `yulczlqdqi& c dmynlqĀ pqdui ai p{lulq d ndmdhiuyfyl& `dud`qiulzdqĀ {ulmqu .c {uic`y{dui {iundmimqĀ ai d dmql`l{d rllqcuyf œl ai d ùid alm qln{ `cmalŠllfi uidflzĀull fylNialyf iwqium lmbfyimŠidzĀ blund {ulmqu.c nyfqlqyalmi ai bd`qcul i`cmcnl`l& ai ndmdhinimq& qigml`l œl qigmcfchl`l& ainchudbl`l& pc`lc .`yfqyudfl& {cflql`l iq`- Ndmdhinimqyf quieyli pĀ ld ím `cmplaiudui dìœql bd`qcul ím {ucli`Šld rllqcuyfyl {ulm pqudqihll œl {cflql`l `cuip{ymzĀqcdui-

Yfqlnifi aiìmll dy ndu`dq {uchuipi p{i`qd`yfcdpi ím acnimlyf {uirlzlymll& bllma `cmplaiudqi ìfi ndl lmqimpi fd mlrifyf {ucìpyfyl ai ndmdhinimq- [fdmlbl`duid d airimlq ym acnimly ai plmi pqĀqĀqcu& c alp`l{flmĀ œqllmŠlbl`Ā- [i {fdm c{iudŠlcmdf& d upimdfyf niqcacfchl` yqlflzdq ím {uirlzlcmduid d`qlrlqĀŠlfcu cuhdmlzdŠlil p.d ínechĀŠlq `y mcl niqcai? iwqud{cfduid& pìmdullfi& qigml`d Aif{gl& plnyfduid& dmdflzd ai `cuifdŠli iqÌpqi miìpduĀ c mcyĀ rlzlymi d ndmdhinimqyfyl {ulm {ulpnd `cmì{qyfyl ai

ndmdhinimq almdnl` 2& decuadui `dui {uipy{ymi ym ndmdhinimq {uirlzlcmdf& yqlflzduid ymcu niqcai ai ndmdhinimq ndmdhinimq edzdqi {i dmdflzd aldhmcpql`yfyl aldhmcpql`yfyl lmqium œl iwqium df blunil- P`c{yf ipqi ceŠlmiuid ymil lndhlml plmqiqlì d plqydŠlil d`qydfi d blunil ím nialyf il œl d ircfyŠlil pdfi

{ucedelfi ím rllqcu& `y p`c{yf ai d ncalbl`d . ad`Ā ipqi miìpdu . `yupyf irimlnimqifcu& dfihåma c mcyĀ pqudqihli- Ipqi rcued ai`l ai d {uihĀql c ai`lzli ipimŠldfĀ& aiqi`qåma {ucefinifi `gili& d`qydfifi alpbym`ŠlcmdflqĀŠl pdy ìfi {cqimŠldfi ndl pinmlbl`dqlri& {imquy d ùid {uinlpifi miìpdui uidflzĀull celi`qlrifcu[imquy d bdì bdŠĀ nialyfyl iwqium& blund {cdqi dac{qd yunĀqcduifi {czlŠll 8?

D, C dqlqyalmi {dplrĀ& ai dœqi{qdui d {ucayìull ymcu nyqdŠll ím nialyf iwqium œl Ímìu`duid ai d pi dad{qd fd dìpqidE, C dqlqyalmi dhuiplrĀ & ai lmbfyimŠdui d `cn{cuqdnimqyfyl ymcu bd`qcul alm nialyf iwqium ím alui`Šld aculqĀ `dui pĀ ŠlmĀ `cmq ai c{cuqymlqĀŠlfi dìpqyld `åq œl ai `cmpquåmhiulfi œl ryfmiudelflqĀŠlfi pdfi-

. @cmpquåmhiulfi lmqiumi iw{ulnĀ ai ìfi ndl nyfqi cul `cmpi`lmŠifi qui`yqyfyl& d celìlyulfcu d`ynyfdqi ím qln{ ai `Āqui blunĀ- Ifi bd` {duqi alm `yfqyud blunil& adu {cq airiml buåmi& ím nĀpyud ím `dui dmquimidzĀ c dqlqyalmi {dplrĀ- [iu{iqyduid celœmylmŠifcu ulp`Ā pĀ aiŠlmĀ c {czlŠli {ulrlfihldqĀ ím aiqulnimqyf p`glneĀull œl d dpynĀull ulp`yulfcu lmiuimqi dad{qĀull

2 8

Dauldmd Cfduy & Ndmdhinimq himiudf & Ymlriuplqdqid Aymduid ai ocp alm Hdfdql&Py{cuq ai `yup Lcm Riuecm`y& Hgla niqcacfchl` {imquy ndmdhiul& Ialqyud Qigml`d& Ey`yuipql&4<<<&{-42 Ey`yuipql&4<<<&{-42

7

fd mcy: dfihiulfi qui`yqi ulp`Ā pĀ bli ui{ucaypi laimql`& `gldu ím `dzyf ymcu plqydŠll pdy `cmalŠll

ai nialy p`glnedqi.@cmpquåmhiul iwqiumi& pymq ìfi `dui {ucrlm alm nialy iwqium& dìpqid flnlqidzĀ qiuimyf ai ndmiruĀ d blunil œl uihyflfi {i `dui id quieyli pĀ fi uip{i`qi-

@ifi ndl ln{cuqdmqi `cmpquåmhiul pymq dnimlmŠĀulfi& dal`Ā qimplymlfi `dui pi aizrcfqĀ œl ulp`yulfi {i `dui fi `cmŠlm ifi {i qiunim p`yuq œl fymh& ui{iu`yuplymlfi mihdqlri mihdqlri {i `dui fi rcu drid& aicduiì ifi rcu ncalbl`d `cmalŠllfi d`qydfi ai nialy? d{dulŠld ai qigmcfchll mcl& d{dulŠld

ymyl `cm`yuimq mcy& ncalbl`duid hypqyulfcu `cmpyndqculfcu iq`Ndmdhinimq yf {uirlzlcmdf quieyli pĀ dlei c decuadui rlzlcmduĀ& ím p`c{yf ai d ùid {uinlpifi {imquy {imquy uidflzduid celi`qlrifcu celi`qlrifcu yunĀulmay.pi d`qlrduid bd`qculfcu ùlql`l ai py`ìpDìœql bd`qcul albiuĀ ai fd ym pi`qcu fd dfqyf& adu {cq albiul `gldu ím lmqiulcuyf ymyl pi`qcu adq- Il my pymq pqdelfl ím qln{& hudŠli lmcrĀull& uip{i`qlr d{dulŠlil ai mcl qigmcfchll @il ndl ln{cuqdmŠl bd`qcul ai py`ìp pymq dwdŠl ím {ulm`l{df {i?

. @d{d`lqdqid blunil ai d ceŠlmi `cpqyul ai {ucay`Šli `åq ndl p`Āzyqi œl c uiŠid ai alpquleyŠli {iubcundmqĀ: . @d{d`lqdqid ai lmcrdui& ai ùiduid œl aizrcfqdui d ymil lndhlml l ndhlml ai ndu`Ā lui{ucœdelfi iq`Py`ìpyf my ímpidnmĀ d bdì„ ìid ì quieyli bĀ`yq„ `l d quiì ndl {uipyp ai ‖ìid ì quieyli bĀ`yq„- Ndmdhiull dy adqculd adqculd ai ai ‖d pbĀuånd„ uihyflfi celœmylqi œl ai d pqdelfl mcl pqdmaduai ai uiyœlqĀ- @il `dui rcu drid py`ìpyf dplhyudq pymq ìl `dui ay{Ā ì dy pqdelflq pqdmaduai ím acnimlyf uip{i`qlr& rcu ímìu`d pĀ ulalì mcl pqdmaduai- Ipqi uihyfĀ rdfdelfĀ `Ā ‖ìrd `dui d ímuihlpqudq py`ì pi ím qui`yq {cdqi `cmqlmyd pĀ bym`Šlcmizi œl ím rllqcu& adu ymaird& `åmard& `lmird rd pqdelfl ym mcy pqdmadua ai uiyœlqĀ„-

7

Ím c{lmld U- N- @dmqiu& p{i`ldflpq ím ndmdhinimq& `lm`l fyùyul pymq ipimŠldfi {imquy py`ìpyf ymil cuhdmlzdŠll
{iundmimqĀ p`glnedui: . Pifi`qduid ìfcu ndl eymi pqudqihll {imquy cuhdmlzdŠld uip{i`qlrĀ ím riaiuid qudqĀull

{ulculqdui d uifdŠllfcu `y `flimŠll: . Dfihiuid {duqimiulf cu ai dbdìul {cqulrlŠl œl ím`giliuid ymcu dfldmŠi bym`Šlcmdfi: . Bcfcpluid nlofcdìfcu ai ncqlrdui ibl`limqi ím `dzyf bcuŠil ai nym`Ā:

Uizcfrduid {ucefinil {uizimqyfyl œl {uihĀqluid {imquy lmcrdui {imquy rllqcu. Uizcfrduid

7

H- Nl`gdifpcm Pym Qzy& [imquy py`ìp& Ialqyud Niqicu [uipp& 5;;1& {-<7 U-N-@dmqiu& Bucmqliuifi ndmdhinimqyfyl& Ialqyud Niqicu [uipp& 5;;1

<

<

4-5- CUHDML_DUID Bym`Šld ai cuhdmlzdui `cmpqĀ

ím aiflnlqduid {ucìpifcu ai nym`Ā ím `cn{cmimqi

{ulndui 'pdu`lml,& huy{duid dìpqcud {i {cpqyul œl `cn{duqlnimqi œl dquleyluid fcu p{ui iwiu`lqdui {iupcmdfyfyl blunil ím riaiuid uidflzĀull celi`qlrifcu Uidflzduid dìpqil bym`Šll yunĀuiœqi aiblmluid `fduĀ d qyqyucu ifinimqifcu `dui aiblmiœqi

dìpq `dauy cuhdmlzdqcul`? . Pquy`qyud cuhdmlzdqcul`Ā& cuhdmlpnifi `cn{cmimqi `cn{cmimqi œl uifdŠllfi almqui ifi: . Plpqinyf lmbcundŠlcmdf . ai`lzlcmdf `cuip{ymzĀqcu pquy`qyull cuhdmlzdqculì: . Plpqinyf ai uifdŠll iwqiulcdui dfi ímqui{ulmaiull: . Aifihduid dyqculqĀŠll {i albiulqi mlrifyul liuduglì: l iuduglì: . Dplhyuduid ymyl c{qln ímqui ìmqudflzdui œl aipìmqudflzdui fd mlrifyf blunil Iqd{ifi {ucìpyfyl ai cuhdmlzdui pymq?

. Dmdflzd celi`qlrifcu ì rlzidzĀ cuhdmlzduid ' fd c ímqui{ulmaiui mcy .ímbllmŠdqĀ, pdy uicuhdmlzduid fd c 'ymlqdqi iwlpqimqĀ,:

. @yfihiuid adqifcu œl dmdflzd fcu& iqd{i p{i`lblì {ucìpyfyl ai uicuhdmlzdui: . [ucli`qduid himiudfĀ d plpqinyfyl íneymĀqĀŠlq: . [ucli`qduid aiqdfldqĀ d plpqinyfyl íneymĀqĀŠlq: . [uihĀqluid `cmalŠllfcu i`cmcnlì& cuhdmlzdqculì œl d ìfcu ai {iupcmdf miìpdu d{fl`Āull mcyfyl plpqin: . D{fl`duid {uc{uly. zlpĀ d mcyfyl plpqin: . Ncmlqculzduid bym`ŠlcmĀull mcyfyl plpqin œl c{iuduid ncalbl`Āulfcu d{ĀuyqidplhyuĀ aiflnlqduid {ucìpifcu ai nym`Ā ím c{iudŠll œl

Cuhdmlzduid {ucìpydfĀ

pdu`lml: dìpqid pymq huy{dqi ím dquleyŠll& d`qlrlqĀŠl œl bym`Šlyml œl pymq culimqdqi p{ui uidflzduid

celi`qlrifcuCuhdmlzduid pquy `qyudfĀ

ipqi ym nca ai dudmodui d ymcu pyealrlzlyml cuhdmlzdqculì

ímqu.c `cmblhyudŠli {uipqdelflqĀ& `dui pĀ {iunlqĀ uidflzduid celi`qlrifcu 4; Pquy`qyud cuhdmlzdqcul`Ā cuhdmlzdqcul`Ā

ipqi ym dmpdnefy ai {iupcdmi& pyealrlzlyml cuhdmlzdqculì œl

uifdŠll almqui ifi& dpqbif `cmì{yqi œl alnimplcmdqi ím`åq pĀ dplhyui uidflzduid celi`qlrifcu ím `cmalŠll ai ibl`limŠĀPquy`qyud cuhdmlzdqcul`Ā `y{ulmai?

. Pquy`qyud ai ndmdhinimq & ím `dui pymq lm`fypi ndmdhinimqyf ai mlrif py{iulcu œl `cn{duqlnimqifi bym`Šlcmdfi& ím `dui {ucìpifi ai ndmdhinimq pymq {ulculqdui pdy pi ùiidzĀ 4;

Lcm Riuecm`y& Hgla niqcacfchl` {imquy ndmdhiul& Ialqyud Qigml`d& Ey`yuipql&4<<<& {-007

4;

`cmalŠllfi miìpdui {imquy iwiu`lqduid fcu ai `Āqui ndmdhiul lmalrlaydfl pdy ai huy{ alm iœdfcmyf py{iulcu:

. Pquy`qyud ai {ucay`Šli `y{ulmai pyealrlzlyml cuhdmlzdqculì fd mlrifyf `Āucud pi iwiu`lqĀ `y {ulculqdqi {ucìpi ai iwi`yŠli culimqdqi p{ui ceŠlmiuid ai eymyul i`cmcnlì '{ucaypi& fyùĀul& piurl`ll,- @cn{cmimqifi pquy`qyull ai {ucay`Šli pymq `cn{duqlnimqifi c{iudŠlcmdfi? pi`Šll& dqifliui ai {ucay`Šli& bcundŠll ai fyùy& iq`@cn{cmimqifi {ulndui

dfi pquy`qyull cuhdmlzdqculì pymq? {cpqyf& bym`Šld& `cn{duqlnimqyf&

mlrifyf liudugl`& {cmaiuid liudugl`Ā& uifdŠllfi cuhdmlzdqculì[cpqyf

ui{uizlmqĀ ym dmpdnefy ai pdu`lml& uip{cmpdelflqĀŠl œl `cn{iqimŠi ì uirlm ím nca

`yuimq ymil {iupcdmi {imquy uidflzduid celi`qlrifcu lmalrlaydfi Ifinimqifi ai aiblmlui d ymyl {cpq pymq 44? . Pdu`lmlfi&

uip{i`qlr {ucìpi ai nym`Ā pln{fi pdy {ĀuŠl dfi ymcu {ucìpi ai nym`Ā ndl

`cn{fiwi: . Uip{cmpdelflqĀŠlfi& dal`Ā uĀp{ymaiuid ndqiuldfĀ& alp`l{flmduĀ& {imdfĀ iq`- @i uirlmi c`y{dmqyfyl {cpqyfyl {imquy uizyfqdqifi ceŠlmyqi alm iwiu`lqduid pdu`lmlfcu:

. @cn{iqimŠifi 'dyqculqdqid, `cmùiqlzdqĀ ím fleiuqdqid fl eiuqdqid ai`lzlcmdfĀ ai `dui pi ey`yuĀ qlqyfduyf {cpqyfyl {imquy ímai{flmluid celi`qlrifcu: . Celi`qlrifi lmalrlaydfi& iw{ulnĀul `dmqlqdqlri pdy `dflqdqlri dfi p`c{yfyl {imquy `dui d bcpq ímbllmŠdq œl bym`ŠlcmidzĀ {cpqyf uip{i`qlr@cuip{cmaimŠd @cuip{cmaimŠd almqui dìpqid dplhyuĀ ndmlbipqduid ‖ qulymhglyfyl ai dyu ‖df cuhdmlzĀull-

Culì py{udalnimplcmdui pdy pyealnimplcmdui d ymil `cn{cmimqi d {cpqyfyl himiuidzĀ piulcdpi albl`yfqĀŠl ím uidflzduid celi`qlrifcuBym`Šld

`y{ulmai ndl nyfqi {cpqyul `y dìfidœl `dud`qiulpql`l himiudfi-Ím ud{cuq ai mdqyud

{ucìpifcu ai nym`Ā {ui{cmaiuimq iwiu`lqdqi& bym`Šllfi pymq? bym`Šll ai ndmdhinimq œl bym`Šll ai iwi`yŠliBym`Šld ai ndmdhinimq& fd mlrifyf `Āucud pi dac{qĀ ai`lzll- Dìpqid pi aiflnlqidzĀ aifl nlqidzĀ ím? . Bym`Šll ai ndmdhinimq ai mlrif py{iulcu

'ndmdhiu himiudf& ndmdhiu iwi`yqlrl,& bym`Šll

ai ndmdhinimq ai mlrif nialy 'œibl ai `cn{duqlnimqi bym`Šlcmdfi œl œibl ai pi`Šll ai {ucay`Šli, œl œibl ai ndmdhinimq ai mlrif lmbiulcu 'œibl ai dqifliui ai {ucay`Šli& œibl bcundŠll ai {ucay`Šli& ndlœqul,:

. Bym`Šll ai iwi`yŠli& ymai pi aiuyfidzĀ {ucìpi ai iwi`yŠli: ifi pi uihĀpip` dqåq ím `cn{duqlnimqi bym`Šlcmdfi& `åq œl c{iudŠlcmdfi 'lmhlmiul& i`cmcnlœql& `cmqdelfl& qigml`liml,: 44

Lain& {-00<

44

@cn{duqlnimqyf ipqi aiblmlq aui{q ym

huy{ ai {iupcdmi 'nlmlnyn 5, `dui pye c `cmayìui

yml`Ā& plqydq {i dìfdœl dn{fdpdnimq& iwiu`lqĀ dquleyŠll cnchimi œl#pdy `cn{finimqdui ì dplhyuĀ uidflzduid ymcu celi`qlri p{i`lblìDìpqi `cn{duqlnimqi bym`Šlcmdfi& ím bym`Šli ai& `cmquleyŠld fd iwiu`lqduid {ucìpifcu ai ndmdhinimq ndmdhinimq pdy iwi`yŠli pi aiflnlqidzĀ ím?

. @cn{duqlnimqi bym`Šlcmdfi& dbfdqi ím pquy`qyud ai ndmdhinimq& ì iwiu`lqĀ `y {ulculqdqi {ucìpi ai ndmdhinimq pdy ùiidzĀ `cmalŠllfi lmbcundŠlcmdfi miìpdui {imquy aiuyfduid

dìpqcud: . @cn{duqlnimqi c{iudŠlcmdfi& d `Āucu `cmquleyŠli fd iwiu`lqduid {ucìpifcu ai iwi`yŠli ipqi ai`lplrĀ[cmaiuid liudugl`Ā

`cmpqĀ ím mynĀuyf ai {iupcdmi `cmaypi minlofc`lq ai `Āqui ym

ndmdhiu- Alnimplymlfi dìpqild rduldzĀ ím ud{cuq ai ql{yf ai `cn{duqlnimq ím `dui d`qlridzĀ ndmdhiuyf& bllma ndl uiaypĀ ím `cn{duqlnimqifi bym`Šlcmdfi& `cn{dudqlr `cn{dudqlr `y ìfi c{iudŠlcmdfiPquy`qyud liudugl`Ā {cdqi drid ndl nyfqi mlrifyul liuduglì- [ulm aiblmlŠli& mlrifyulfi liuduglì ui{uizlmqĀ {czlŠll py`ìplri dfi {cpqyulfcu ai ndmdhinimq œl iwi`yŠli bdŠĀ ai ìf ndl ln{cuqdmq

cuhdmlpn {duql`l{dqlr ai ndmdhinimq 'DHD fd pc`liqĀŠlfi `cniu`ldfi& @cmplflyf ai danlmlpqudŠli fd pc`liqĀŠlfi `cniu`ldfi,- @y `åq mynĀuyf ai mlrifyul liuduglì ipqi ndl uiayp& `y dqåq pquy`qyuĀ ipqi ndl d{fdqlzdqĀUifdŠllfi cuhdmlzdqculì pymq aiblmlqi `d ud{cuqyul ímqui {cpqyul œl `cn{duqlnimq i `y{ulma

45

?

d, UifdŠll ai dyqculqdqi& ì pi pqdelfip` ímqui {cpqyul œl `cn{duqlnimqi dbfdqi {i mlrifyul liuduglì albiulqi pdy {i dìfidœl mlrifyul liuduglì& bym`Šli ai mdqyud fcu pymq? ‐ ai ‐ ai ql{ liudugl` pdy ai pyecuacmdui minlofc`lqĀ& ì d{du œl pi ndmlbipqĀ ímqui {cpqyul dbfdqi {i mlrifyul liuduglì albiulqi ' Iw- uifdŠllfi cuhdmlzdqculì almqui ndmdhiuyf himiudf œl ndmdhiull iwi`yqlrl pdy almqui `cmay`Āqcuyf `cmay`Āqcuyf ymyl `cn{duqlnimq œl `cn{cmimŠll dìpqyld, ‐ bym`Šlcmdfi& ‐ bym`Šlcmdfi& pqdelflqi lmqui ymifi {cpqyul œl `cn{duqlnimqi œl ìfifdfqi& {ulnifi byumlzåma

lmal`dŠll niqcacfchlì `y {ulrlui fd `cmì{iuid œl aiuyfduid ymcu d`qlrlqĀŠl& d`Šlyml iq` ‐ ai pqdq.ndocu& ndmlbipqdqi ímqui ym {cpq pdy `cn{duqlnimq& `y ucf aicpielq ím i`cmcnld blunil œl ìfifdfqi pyealrlzlyml cuhdmlzdqculì ai pqdq ‐ ndocuUifdŠll ai `cc{iudui&

ì pi pqdelfip` ímqui {cpqyul pdy `cn{duqlnimqi dn{fdpdqi {i

dìfdœl mlrif liudugl`& ím fihĀqyuĀ `y uidflzduid ymcu plqydŠll lmbcundŠlcmdfi `cn{fiwi pdy aiuyfduid ymcu d`Šlyml `cn{fiwi 'Iw- ud{cuqyulfi ímqui `cn{duqlnimqifi ai Eyhiq œl [uirlzlcmdui& ím fihĀqyuĀ `y ifdecuduid eyhiqifcu,45

Lain& {-014

45

d, UifdŠll ai `cmqucf& ì d{du œl pi ndmlbipqĀ ímqui {cpqyul pdy `cn{duqlnimqi `y pdu`lml 'dquleyŠll, ím acnimlyf `cmqucfyfyl œl ìfifdfqi pyealrlzlyml cuhdmlzdqculì-

e, UifdŠll ai ui{uizimqdui& pqdelflqi ímqui `cmayìuid ai mlrif py{iulcduĀ blunil œl {cpqyul ai ndmdhinimq ì ui{uizlmqĀ lmqiuipifi dìpqild ím uifdŠllfi `y qiuŠll 'Iw- UifdŠllfi almqui @cmplflyf ai danlmlpqudŠli œl ndmdhiuyf himiudf,-

Dìpqi `cn{cmimqi {ulndui dfi pquy`qyull cuhdmlzdqculì p{i`lblì? ‐ uihyfdnimqyf ai cuhdmlzdui œl bym`Šlcmdui 'UCB, ‐ cuhdmlhudnd ‐ aipùliulf i ai bym`Šll . blœifi ai {cpq

Cuhdmlhudnd ipqi c ui{uizimqdui hudbl`Ā d pquy`qyull

cuhdmlzdqculì- Id irlaimŠldzĀ&

{ud`ql`& qcdqi `cn{cmimqifi pquy`qyudfi ‐ ai fd {cpq fd uifdŠllfi cuhdmlzdqculì- @if ndl uĀp{åmalq ql{ ai cuhdmlhudnĀ ipqi cuhdmlhudnd {ludnladfĀUihyfdnimqyf ai cuhdmlzdui œl bym`Šlcmdui 'UCB,

ipqi ìf ndl ln{cuqdmq ac`ynimq

ymai pi `cmpinmidzĀ plpqinyf cuhdmlzdqcul`@cmŠlmyqyf dìpqyld quieyli dwdq {i yunĀqcduifi dp{i`qi ndl pinmlbl`dqlri? L-@dud`qiulpql`l ql{cfchlì dfi blunil LL- Plpqinyf ai ndmdhinimq

@dud`qiulpql`l `cmpquy`qlri œl bym`Šlcmdfi dfi `cn{cmimqifcu pdfi pymq 40?

. Pyeplpqinyf niqcacfchl` . Pyeplpqinyf ai`lzlcmdf . Pyeplpqinyf lmbcundŠlcmdf . Pyeplpqinyf cuhdmlzdqcul`

LLL- Ndmdhinimqyf ai mlrif py{iulcu

. DquleyŠllfi& uip{cmpdelflqĀŠlfi œl `cn{iqimqifi cuhdmlpnifcu {duql`l{dqlri ai ndmdhinimq . Pdu`lmlfi& uip{cmpdelflqĀŠlfi œl `cn{iqimqifi ndmdhiulfcu ai mlrif py{iulcu 'ndmdhiuyf himiudf œl ndmdhiull iwi`yqlr LR- Ndmdhinimqyf ai mlrif nialy œl lmbiulcu

. DquleyŠllfi& uip{cmpdelflqĀŠlfi œl `cn{iqimqifi `cn{duqlnimqifcu `cn{duqlnimqifcu bym`Šlcmdfi œl C {iudŠlcmdfi: . Cuhdmlzduid lmbcundŠlcmdfĀ d bli`Āuyl `cn{duqlnimq bym`Šlcmdf œl c{iudŠlcmdf : 40

Lain& {-015

40

R- Alp{czlŠll blmdfi 'adqd d{uceĀull œl lmquĀull ím rlhcdui d fcu&

cuhdmlpnyf {duql`l{dqlr

ai ndmdhinimq `dui f. d d{ucedq& uĀp{ymaiulfi {iupcmdfyfyl ndmdhiuldf œl ai iwi`yŠli ím fihĀqyuĀ `y uip{i`qduid#miuip{i`qduid uip{i`qduid#miuip{i`qduid {uiriaiulfcu UCB,Cuhdmlzduid ipqi c `dyzĀ d alpbym`ŠlcmdflqĀŠlfcu ndmdhiuldfi

41

?

. @yfqyud ai cuhdmlzdŠli quieyli culimqdqĀ p{ui p{ui pypŠlmiuid œl {ucncrduid mcyfyl ndmdhiuldf: .IwlpqĀ c {Āuiui ymdmlnĀ `Ā c`y{duid bym`Šllfcu ndmdhiuldfi pi bdì ndl nyfq {i ‖lmqiuipi„ œl ndl {yŠlm {i ‖`cn{iqimŠĀ„‖`cn{iqimŠĀ„-

. Quieyli uindu`dq ‖{ulm`l{lyf fyl [iqiu„& `cmbcun `Āuyld ‖bli`dui pdfduldq dui qimalmŠd ai d pi ulal`d& ímqu. c liudugli& {åmĀ fd mlrifyf pĀy ai lm`cn{iqimŠĀ„ - Ím pifi`Šld& ím`dauduid&

œl {ucncrduid {iupcmdfyfyl quieyli fydqĀ ím `cmplaiudui `cn{iqimŠd& decuadqĀ

nyfqlalnimplcmdf: .Quieyli uindu`dqĀ ‖fihid fyl [dujlmpcm„ pdy fihid alfdqĀull nym`ll œl fihid nyfql{fl`Āull pyecuacmdŠlfcu- Dìpqid iw{ulnĀ `cn{cuqdnimqifi ndmdhiuldfi aibdrcudelfi py`ìpyfyl& iwlpqimŠd ymcu {dudfiflpni ím iwiu`lqduid ai pdu`lml& dquleyŠll& `cn{iqimŠi œl uip{cmpdelflqĀŠl& alfyduid ai uip{cmpdelflqĀŠl fd m lrifyf {cpqyulfcu& alnimplcmduid mi`cuip{ymzĀqcdui mi`cuip{ymzĀqcdui d {cpqyulfcuÍm `cn{dmld ncaiumĀ& ncaiumĀ& cuhdmlzduid ímuihlpquidzĀ c aizrcfqdui aicpielqĀ- Ím dìpq dìpq pimp cuhdmlzduid qlmai pĀ airlmĀ c alp`l{flmĀ ai plmi pqĀqĀqcdui- Id ímhfceidzĀ c piuli ai {ulm`l{ll

mcl `d ?dmdflzd {cpqyfyl&auynyf ùlql`& alhudnd HDMQQ& cuhdmlhudnd& iq` QimalmŠd ím blunifi ncaiumi& ipqi dœd `yn pyeflmldzĀ œl `ymcp`yŠll {ucbipcul dniul`dml Pdudg Buiindm œl Jln @dniucm& ipqi ai d iwiu`lqd cuhdmlzduid ímqu .c rlzlymi py{fĀ œl bfiwlelfĀ- Dìpq dp{i`q dp{i`q ln{ymi ym d{dudq d{dudq ndmdhiuldf ndmdhiuldf

alnimplcmdq `cuip{ymzĀqcu& ym

i`glfleuy c{qln ímqui ìmqudflzdui œl aipìmqudflzdui aipìmqudflzdui œl rlzidzĀ ùiœqiuid ibl`d`lqĀŠll ibl`d`lqĀŠll dìpqyld-

41

Lain& {-47

41

4-0 BYM@ťLD AI @CCUACMDUI

Ím c{lmld {ucbipcuyfyl Lcm Riuecm`y& `ccuacmduid `cmpqĀ ím duncmlzduid ai`lzllfcu œl d`Šlymlfcu pyecuacmdŠlfcu œl dfi pyealrlzlymlfcu cuhdmlzdqculì dfi blunil {imquy dplhyuduid uidflzĀull celi`qlrifcuPy{cuqyf `ccuacmĀull íf `cmpqlqyli `cnyml`duid & aiblmlqĀ `d {ucìp ai qudmpnlqiui ai

nipdoi lmbcundŠlcmdfi& {i bfywyul aipìmaimqi pdy dpìmaimqi& ímqui ndmdhiu œl pyecuacmdŠl@ccuacmduid {cdqi bl? . @ccuacmdui elfdqiudfĀ& ì pi aipbĀœcduĀ ímqui ym ndmdhiu œl ym pyecuacmdq- Dìdpqd dui drdmqdoyf qudmpnlqiull mialpqcuplcmdqi d nipdoifcu adu dui aiz drdmqdoyf py{udalnimplcmĀull qln{yfyl ndmdhiuyfylndmdhiuyfyl. @ccuacmdui nyfqlfdqiudfĀ&

aiuyfdqĀ ímqui ym ndmdhiu œl ndl nyfŠl pyecuacmdŠl

œialmŠifcu- Dìdpqd dplhyuĀ c ndl eymĀ yqlflzdui d `cm`cnlqimq& ai uihyfĀ {ulm lmqiunialyf œialmŠifcu-

qln{yfyl ai nym`Ā df ndmdhiulfcu œl ím dìfdœl qln{ ùiidzĀ {cplelflqdqid ímŠifihiull albiulqi d `cmŠlmyqyfyl nipdoyfyl lmbcundŠlcmdf adqculqĀ mlrifyfyl albiulq ai {uihĀqlui df pyecuacmdŠlfcuIfinimqifi `dui pypŠlm `ccuacmduid& `d bym`Šli ndmdhiuldfĀ& dy ím riaiui `dud`qiulpql`l fi ndmdhiulfcu œl iwi`yqdmŠlfcu& {ui`yn œl ìfi `dud`qiulpqlì nym`ll ai `cmayìui- @ifi ndl

ln{cuqdmqi pymq49? . albiuimŠifi ai {uihĀqlui {ucbiplcmdfĀ œl ndmdhiuldfĀ dfi {iupcdmifcu dbfdqi ím l{cpqdzi ndmdhiuldfi œl c{iudŠlcmdfi: . dqlqyalmid bdŠĀ ai p`glnedui dqåq d ndmdhiulfcu `åq œl d pyecuacmdŠlfcu& `y ui{iu`yuplyml dpy{ud hudayfyl ai {duql`l{dui fd uidflzduid celi`qlrifcu: . rcfynyf& `cn{fiwlqdqid œl alriuplqdqid celi`qlrifcu ì uirlm blunil œl bli`Āuil pyealrlzlyml cuhdmlzdqculì d dìpqild: . mlrifyf ai `yfqyuĀ himiudfĀ albiulq:

4-1 BYM@ťLD AI DMQUIMDUI Bym`Šld ai dmquimdui

ipqi bym`Šld ipqi `cmplaiudqĀ bym`Šld ìd ndl albl`lf ai iwiu`lqdq ai

`Āqui ndmdhiu ím {iulcdad ai uipqul`Šll blmdm`ldui ndl dfip {iulcdad ai ùlzĀ Dmquimduid ‐ `Ā

pi`rimŠd alpqlm`qĀ d {ucìpyfyl ai ndmdhinimq ‐ `y{ulmai ai`lzll œl

d`Šlyml {ulm `dui pi aiqiunlmĀ {duql`l{duid pdfduldŠlfcu fd pqdelfluid œl uidflzduid celi`qlrifcu

{ulm fyduid ím `cmplaiudui d bd`qculfcu& ì. l ncqlridzĀPy{cuqyf i`cmcnl` df dmquim Āull íf ui{uizlmqĀ ncqlrduid {iupcmdfyfyl49

Lain {-5;

49

Ncqlrduid {uipy{ymi `cuifduid ui`cn{impifcu#pdm`Šlymlfcu ndqiuldfi œl ncudf . p{lulqydfi `y uizyfqdqifi ibi`qlr ceŠlmyqi alm uidflzduid celi`qlrifcuNcqlrduid

ui{uizlmqĀ pynd bcuŠifcu& d imiuhllfcu lmqiumi œl iwqiumi `dui lmlŠldzĀ œl aluloidzĀ

`cn{cuqdnimqyf `cn{cuqdnimqyf p{ui ym dmynlq p`c{

42

Ncqlrduid pi uihĀpiœqi ím acyĀ l{cpqdzi? Ncqlrduid {czlqlrĀ&

`åma {ulculqdui pymq ui`cn{impifi ndqiuldfi œl ncudf .p{lulqydfi- Id pi

edzidzĀ {i dn{flbl`duid pdqlpbd`Šllfcu {iupcmdfyfyl uizyfqdqĀ alm {duql`l{duid fd {ucìpyf nym`ll& `d yundui d uidflzĀull pdu`lmlfcu dquleylqi ím `cmalŠllfi ím `dui mlrifyf pdu`lmlfcu ceflhdqcull ai uidflzdq ipqi d`ìplelf ndoculqĀŠll iwi`yqdmŠlfcu-

. Ncqlrduid mihdqlrĀ& `åma {i {iulcdai p`yuqi ai qln{& pdm`Šlymlfi pymq {ulculqdui: id pi edzidzĀ {i dnimlmŠduid {iupcmdfyfyl `y uiayìuid pdqlpbd`Šllfcu ad`Ā my uidflzidzĀ ímqc`ndl

celi`qlrifi œl pdu`lmlfi ui{duqlzdqi& df `Āuil mlrif ipqi bcduqi ulal`dq ím `cmalŠllfi adqi œl my ipqi d`ìplelf ndoculqĀŠll pdfduldŠlfcuNcqlrduid quieyli pĀ uĀp{ymaĀ ymcu ìulmŠi bymadnimqdfi?

. PĀ bli `cn{fiwĀ ím pimpyf yqlflzĀull dqåq d ui`cn{impifcu#pdm`Šlymlfcu ndqiuldfi `åq œl d ìfcu ncudfi& ím {uc{cuŠll `dui pĀ bd`lflqizi ùiœqiuid {cqimŠldfyfyl {iupcmdfyfyl-

. PĀ bli albiuimŠldqĀ& ím pimpyf `Ā d`cuaduid ai ui`cn{impi pĀ pi uidflzizi ím bym`Šli ai p{i`lbl`lqdqid bli`Āuil {iupcdmi pdy d `cfi`qlryfyl alm `dui bdì {duqi œl p{i`lbl`lqdqid plqydŠlil fd `duid pi uibiuĀ-

. PĀ bli hudaydfĀ& dal`Ā pĀ yunĀuidp`Ā pdqlpbdìuid alriupifcu `dqihcull ai mircl p{i`lblì lmalrlayfyl& ai fd pln{fy fd `cn{fiw& ai fd mircl ai mlrif lmbiulcu fd ìfi ai mlrif py{iulcuPi ui`cndmaĀ `cmì{iuid ncqlrĀull {i edzd dœd .zlpifcu p`Āul ncqlrdŠlcmdfi 48 & `dui dplhyuĀ liuduglzduid mirclfcu lmalrlaydfi ím bym`Šli ai ln{cuqdmŠd dìpqcud- Almqui p`Āulfi ncqlrdŠlcmdfi `cmplaiudqi `y {ui`Āaiui ím flqiudqyud ai p{i`ldflqdqi nimŠlcmĀn {i ìd d fyl Ndpfcx `dui `y{ulmai yunĀqcduifi `dqihcull ai mircl? blzlcfchlì& ai pi`yulqdqi pl plhyudmŠĀ& `cmqd`qi yndmi pl dblfliui fd huy{& ai pqdqyq pc`ldf pl dyqcuidflzdui-

Ndmdhiull& lmalbiuimq ai fc`yf {i `dui íf c`y{Ā ím cuhdmlzdŠll& du quieyl pĀ pi ímquiei? AI @I nymìp` cdnimll3 UĀp{ympyf fd dìdpqĀ ímquiedui dui rdfcdui albiulqĀ {imquy pyecuacmdŠl `åq œl {imquy ndmdhiul- @ymcp`åma ncqlrdŠllfi `dui íl bd` {i cdniml pĀ nymìdp`Ā& dqlqyalmid ncqlrdŠlcmdfĀ d ndmdhiulfcu {cdqi bl himiudqcdui ai {iubcundmŠĀ-

42 48

Dauldmd Cfduy& Ndmdhinimq himiudf & Ymlriuplqdqid Aymduid ai ocp alm Hdfdql&Py{cuq ai `yup& {-47 Lcm Riuecm`y& Hgla niqcacfchl` {imquy ndmdhiul& Ialqyud Qigml`d& Ey`yuipql& 4<<<& {-59

42

4-94-9- BYM@ťLD AI @CMQUCF ‐ IRDFYDUI

Ím c{lmld {ucbipcuyfyl Lcm Riuecm`y bym`Šld ai `cmqucf . irdfydui `cmpqĀ ím irdfyduid uizyfqdqifcu& `cn{duduid fcu `y celi`qlrifi pqdelflqi& ai{lpqduid `dyzdfĀ d {ulm`l{dfifcu dedqiul {czlqlri pdy mihdqlri mihdqlri œl dac{qduid dac{qduid ymcu ai`lzll ai`lzll `y `dud`qiu `cui`qlr `cui`qlr pdy {ucblfd`qlÀi`lzllfi `y `dud`qiu `cui`qlr rlzidzĀ ncalbl`Āul ím {dudniqul ai pqdui dl acnimlyfyl `cmayp '`d{d`lqĀŠl ai {ucay`Šli& uipyupi dmhdodqi& qiunimi& ncadflqĀŠl ai uidflzdui iq`-,& ím

qln{ ì ai`lzllfi ai d`qydflzdui pymq culimqdqi p{ui uirlzyluid mlrifyfyl celi`qlrifcu {uirlzlcmdqi& `cmplaiuåmay.pi `cmplaiuåmay.pi `Ā dìpqid my dy bcpq pybl`limq bymadnimqdqi[imquy d bl ibl`limq ipqi miìpdu `d {ucìpyf ai `cmqucf pĀ bli `cmqlmyy- If my pi flnlqidzĀ fd {iulcdaifi ai ímì{yq œl pbåuœlq ai ai ím`giliui d {fdmyfyl 'fymĀ& qulnipquy& dm,- C irdfydui

ibl`dì pi uidflzidzĀ ai .d fymhyf {iulcdaifcu ai ímai{flmlui d celi`qlrifcu& ndl dfip ím {ym`qifi ùlqlì œl dpy{ud {ucefinifcu pqudqihlìIqd{ifi miìpdui {imquy uidflzduid bym`Šlil ai `cmqucf pymq 47? . Pqdelfluid plpqinyfyl ai `cmqucf œl

íneymĀqĀŠluid `cmqlmyĀ d dìpqyld ím ud{cuq `y qcdqi

p`glneĀulfi alm nialyf dneldmq. Pqdelfluid pqdmaduaifcu pqdmaduaifcu ai {iubcundmŠĀ& {iubcundmŠĀ& d mcunifcu mcunifcu ai uibiulmŠĀuibiulmŠĀ-

Ím bym`Šli ai dìpqi pqdmaduai pi d{ui`ldzĀ ncayf ai uidflzdui d albiulqifcu pdu`lml . NĀpyuduid dedqiulfcu bdŠĀ ai ai {uchudnifi œl pqdmaduaifi pqdmaduaifi pqdelflqipqdelflqi-

DìdpqĀ iqd{Ā `cuip{ymai ibi`qyĀull `cmqucfyfyl {uc{uly .zlp. Lmqiu{uiqduid uizyfqdqifcu& dal`Ā d{ui`liuid dedqiulfcu alm {ym`q ai riaiui `dflqdqlr& d ibi`qifcu œl dn{fcull nĀpyulfcu {i `dui fi miìplqĀ . D{ui`liuid d`qlrlqĀŠll {iupcmdfyfyl {i {i edzĀ uizyfqdqifcu dmdflzdqi: Bym`Šld ai `cmqucf.irdfydui `cmqucf.irdfydui

dui ym `dud`qiu {uirimqlr& ai {uiímqån{lmdui d aibl`limŠifcu pdy

ai `cui`qdui d dìpqcud@cmqucfyf {uirimqlr

pdy dmqi.bd`qyn& `cmpqĀ ím iwdnlmduid lmbcundŠllfcu {ucrimlqi

alm nialyf dneldmq& d lmquĀulfcu ai uipyupi blzlì œl `cn{duduid dìpqcud `y pqdmaduaifi {uipqdelflqi- D`Šlymlfi `cui`qlri {ulrip` lmquĀulfi ai uipyupi dfi plpqinyfyl œl yunĀuip` dayìuid {iubcundmŠifcu dìpqyld dìpqyld fd mlrifyf {uipqdelflq@cmqucfyf `cui`qlr

pdy {cpq.bd`qyn `cmpqĀ ím nĀpyuduid {iubcundmŠifcu ibi`qlri dfi liœlulfcu

ai uipyupi blzlì- D`Šlymlfi `cui`qlri {ulrip` qcdqi ifinimqifi plpqinyfyl {imquy d fi dayì fd

mlrifyf {uipqdelflq-

47

Dauldmd Cfduy& Ndmdhinimq himiudf & Ymlriuplqdqid Aymduid ai ocp alm Hdfdql&Py{cuq ai `yup& {-54

48

C {cmaiui ndui d `cmqucdfifcu ndmdhiuldfi pymq ai ql{ {cpq ‐ bd`qyn- Ai dpinimid& iwlpqĀ œl d`qlrlqĀŠl ai `cmqucf `dui yunĀuip` {ucìpyf ai qudmpbcundui d uipyupifcu blzlì- Ifi pymq dqåq `y `dud`qiu {uirimqlr `åq œl `y `cui`qlr '`cmqucfyf `dflqĀŠll {i bfywyf ai bdeul`dŠli,I`cmcnld ncaiumĀ ln{ymi c uiirdfydui d iwiu`lqĀull bym`Šlil ai `cmqucf ‐ irdfyduiDìdpqĀ bym`Šli quieyli pĀ bli ndl bfiwlelfĀ œl ndl dad{qlrĀ& bĀuĀ ímpĀ pĀ pi {lduaĀ ím riaiui

ulhyuczlqdqid dìpqildBym`Šld ai `cmqucf ‐ irdfydui ím`gili `l`fyf ai ndmdhinimq& `cm Šlmyqyf œl ibl`d`lqdqid pĀ `cmalŠlcmidzĀ `dflqdqid ai dmpdnefy d {ucìpyfyl ai `cmayìui5-IrcfyŠll ím iwiu`lqduid bym`Šllfcu ndmdhinimqyfyl

Ai c aicpielqĀ ln{cuqdmŠĀ {imquy ndmdhiul ipqi {ui`lzduid rduldŠlil ím qln{ d bli`Āuil bym`Šll

ndmdhiuldfi4
dui c lmqimplqdqi ndl ulal`dqĀ ímdlmqi ai ímì{iuid {iulcdail fd `dui

pi uibiuĀ- Ai iwin{fy& ifdecuduid {fdmyfyl fymdu pdy dmydf pi uidflzidzĀ `y `åqird zlfi ímdlmqid

aieyqyfyl fymll pdy dmyfyl rlzdq& dpqbif ím`åq `dud`qiuyf dmql`l{dqlr pdy {ucp{i`qlr df ndmdhinimqyfyl pĀ airlmĀ c uidflqdqi- Ím {ulnd {duqi d {iulcdail ai {fdmlbl`dui pi {cq bdì `cui`Šll& ímpĀ& {i dmpdnefy& celi`qlrifi {uirlzlcmdqi íœl {ĀpquidzĀ alnimplymid lmlŠldfĀBym`Šld ai cuhdmlzdui

dui mlrifyf ndwln a i lmqimplqdqi ím zlfifi ai ay{Ā ifdecuduid œl

d{uceduid {fdmyfyl ímqui{ulmaiull- [i {du`yupyf lmqiurdfyfyl ai qln{ rlzdq ai pqudqihli& cuhdmlzduid ímuihlpquidzĀ mlrifyul ndl ulal`dqi ai`åq {uirlzlymidBym`Šld ai `ccuacmdui

dui c ircfyŠli `l`fl`Ā albiulqi ai ìfi dfi {uirlzlymll œl

cuhdmlzĀull- DìdpqĀ bym`Šli ímuihlpquidzĀ mlrifyul ulal`dqi ai lmqimplqdqi ay{Ā aiblmluid celi`qlrifcu œl {uihĀqluid `cmalŠllfcu cuhdmlzdqculì ai uidflzdui d dìpqcudBym`Šld ai dmquimdui

rd ímuihlpqud ym mlrif ulal`dq {i ímquidhd {iulcdaĀ ai {fdmlbl`dui&

{imquy d pi dplhyud c {duql`l{dui { duql`l{dui lmqimpĀ d {iupcmdfyfyl fd uidflzduid celi`qlrifcu- Lmqimplqdqid ndwlnĀ ipqi dqlmpĀ ím ncnimqifi ai d`cuadui d ui`cn{impifcu ndqiuldfi& ay{Ā ím`giliuid

{iulcdail fd `dui bdì uibiuluiBym`Šld ai `cmqucf ‐ irdfydui

dui c lmqimplqdqi ndl ùip`yqĀ fd ímì{yqyf œl pbåuœlqyf

{iulcdail ai {fdmlbl`dui- Dìdpqd aicduiì ím dìpqi {iulcdai pi uidflzidzĀ irdfyduid

uizyfqdqifcu& `cn{duduid fcu `y celi`qlrifi pqdelflqi& ai{lpqduid `dyzifcu {ulm`l{dfifcu dedqiul ímuihlpqudqi œl pi dac{qĀ ymifi ai`lzll `y `dud`qiu `cui`qlr-

4<

Lain& {-58

47

ELEFLCHUDBLI 4- Dfbuia A- @gdmafiu& Pqudqih| dma pquy`qyui& 4<25 5-Edumdua @ & Cuhdmlpdqlcm dma ndmdhinimq& Gdurdua Ymlriuplq| [uipp& @dneulahi& 4<07

0-Ay`jiu [- ‖ Fd mcyriffi {udqltyi ai fd alui`qlcm aip imqui{ulpip& 4<91& Ialqlcm A“Cuhdmlpdqlcm& A“Cuhdmlpdqlcm& [dul p& 4<98 1- I-Eyuayœ& Bymadnimqifi ndmdhinimqyfyl cuhdmlzdŠlil & Ialqyud I`cmcnl`Ā& 5;;8& {-58 9- Lcm Riuecm`y& Hgla niqcacfchl` {imquy ndmdhiul& Ialqyud Qigml`Ā& Ey`yuiœql& Ey`yuiœql & 4<<< 2- I-Eyuayœ& Bymadnimqifi ndmdhinimqyfyl cuhdmlzdŠlil & Ialqyud I`cmcnl`Ā& 5;;8& {-58 8- Uyppy @- Cuhdmlzduid pquy`qyud f. lmbcundŠlcmdfĀ d ímqui{ulmaiull& Ialqyud [cflql`Ā Ey`yuiœql& 4<<7 7- Cgndi J-& Fi himli ai pqudqihli & qudayìui ai D- Nuilaim& LmqiuIalqlcm& 4<<4

<-Cgndi J-& F“imqui{ulpi pdmp bucmqliuip?mcyridyw ln{iudqlbp pqudqihlhyip& 4<<;& qudayìui ai D- Nd`cacm& LmqiuIalqlcm& 4<<4

4;-

Cfduy D& Ndmdhinimq himiudf & Ymlriuplqdqid AymĀuid ai ocp alm HdfdŠl& Py{cuq ai `yup

44-Pqcmiu P- D-& Ndmdhinimq& [uimqlì Gdff& 4<<5

45-_cufiŠdm Q-& Eyuayœ Iyhim& @Ā{uĀuip`y HgicuhglŠĀ& Ndmdhinimqyf cuhdmlzdŠlil& Ialqyud I`cmcnl`Ā Ey`yuiœql& 4<<7

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Functiile managementului organizatiei

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