“PERSPECTIVAS DEL ANÍS DE CURAHUASI EN EL MERCADO NACIONAL”
INFORME FINAL
Abancay, setiembre del 2010
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
CONTENIDO 1. RESUMEN EJECUTIVO…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… EJECUTIVO…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3 2. REFERENCIAS GENERALES…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. GENERALES…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5 3. CARACTERÍSTICAS CARACTERÍSTICAS DEL PRODUCTO……………………………………………………………………………………….. PRODUCTO……………………………………………………………………………………….. 8 4. PROCESO DE PRODUCCIÓN DEL ANÍS DE CURAHUASI………………………………………………………….. CURAHUASI………………………………………………………….. 10 5. ANÁLISIS DE LA OFERTA………………………………………………………………………………………………………… OFERTA ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 12 6. ANÁLISIS DE LA DEMANDA…………………………………………………………………………………………………… DEMANDA…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 24 24 7. ANÁLISIS DE PRECIOS……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. PRECIOS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….31 31 8. ANÁLISIS DEL PROCESO DE COMERCIALIZACIÓN…………………………………………………………………. COMERCIALIZACIÓN…………………………………………………………………. 34 9. ANÁLISIS DE RENTABILIDAD DEL CULTIVO DE ANÍS……………………………………………………………… 39 10. ESPECIFICACIONES ESPECIFICACIONES TÉCNICAS………………………………………………………………………………………………. TÉCNICAS………………………………………………………………………………………………. 41 11. PERSPECTIVAS Y POTENCIAL DE MERCADO DEL ANÍS DE CURAHUASI………………………………… CURAHUASI………………………………… 42 12. CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES………………………………………………………………………………. RECOMENDACIONES………………………………………………………………………………. 47 47 13. BIBLIOGRAFÍA CONSULTADA……………………………………………………………………………………………….. CONSULTADA……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 51
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
1. RESUMEN EJECUTIVO El presente informe es el resultado de un estudio encargado por el Centro de Estudios y Desarrollo Social (CEDES) de Apurímac, realizado en el marco del proyecto “Fortalecimiento “ Fortalecimiento de capacidades locales para la producción agroecológica, comercialización y cuidado de la salud materno infantil con familias pobres productoras de anís del distrito de Curahuasi, Apurímac, Perú” financiado por la Fundación Albihar. Albihar. El estudio tuvo como propósito evaluar las posibilidades de comercialización del anís de Curahuasi en el mercado nacional, en condiciones favorables para las familias productoras, identificando las estrategias más adecuadas. Para ello se partió del acopio y revisión de la información secundaria disponible, se dialogó con el equipo del proyecto a fin de conocer los alcances del proyecto y sus expectativas respecto del estudio, se estableció un diálogo abierto y profundo con actores locales de la cadena -en particular productores y acopiadores locales- y se entrevistó a comerciantes mayoristas y representantes de empresas agroindustriales que se dedican al procesamiento y comercialización de anís y derivados en Lima. El conjunto del trabajo fue realizado en un periodo de veinte días efectivos, lo cual obviamente no permitió realizar un trabajo de campo más exhaustivo, por lo cual en el futuro será necesario profundizar especialmente la información relacionada con los principales compradores de anís en el mercado nacional. El anís de Curahuasi (Pimpinella anisum) es una planta perteneciente a la familia de las apiáceas, originaria del mediterráneo oriental, muy valorada por sus propiedades medicinales y el uso en la culinaria. Su consumo fue muy difundido en la antigüedad, especialmente por sus propiedades digestivas. Se cree que el anís fue introducido al Perú por los Jesuitas en el siglo XVII. XV II. La importancia socio-económica de la producción de anís radica en que se trata de uno de los principales productos de la canasta familiar y eje dinamizador de la economía local del distrito de Curahuasi. Se estima que en el valle de Curahuasi se dedican al cultivo de anís un aproximado de 800 familias, con un promedio de una hectárea por familia. En el año 2009 la producción de anís generó un ingreso ingreso bruto global de 4’767,550 nuevos soles, alrededor alrededor de unos seis mil nuevos soles por familia. No obstante, su aporte a la generación de empleo es limitado, en el mismo año la campaña agrícola del anís insumió un equivalente a 275 empleos permanentes. En el año 2009 se cosecharon en el Perú 776 hectáreas de anís, de las cuales 764 hectáreas (98.5%) fueron en el valle de Curahuasi. En el mismo año la producción nacional fue de 550 toneladas, una de las más altas campañas de de la última década. En general, el comportamiento del ciclo productivo del anís en el Perú en la última década presenta marcados ciclos bianuales de expansión-contracción. Las importaciones de anís y derivados del Perú en el año 2009 alcanzaron la cifra de US$ 844,866 dólares, 25.7% más que el 2008 y 147.6% más que el 2007. Del total de importaciones el 90.1% fueron de anís en grano, el 9.4% de licores y aguardientes y el 0.5% de aceites esenciales. El
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Las exportaciones de anís y derivados del Perú en el 2009 ascendieron a US$ 25,708 dólares de los cuales el 53% fueron de licores y aguardientes aguardientes y el 47% de anís en grano. Estas Estas cifras evidencian que el Perú no es país exportador tradicional de anís. El principal país comprador de anís y derivados al Perú es Estados Unidos que adquirió el 68.9% de nuestras exportaciones, de los cuales el 58.5% fue de licores y el 41.5% de anís en grano. Los principales exportadores de anís y derivados del Perú son Muñoz Nájar, Negocios Agrarios e Internacional Business Contac, que en conjunto concentraron el 75.9% de las exportaciones. Aunque no existen estadísticas oficiales de consumo de anís y derivados en el Perú, se ha estimado que el consumo nacional en el 2009 alcanzó las 740 toneladas. En el Perú el consumo del anís se realiza principalmente en grano, con limitado uso para fines industriales. Se estima que el conjunto de la industria nacional de filtrantes insume unas 115.5 toneladas anuales y la producción de anís Nájar -única marca nacional reconocida- unas 14.4 toneladas. El consumo local de filtrantes (Curahuasi y Abancay) podría estar demandando 1.56 toneladas y la producción licorera local menos de 1 tonelada. La comercialización del anís de Curahuasi se realiza a través de una extensa red de pequeños acopiadores locales que operan por encargo de otros intermediarios más grandes ubicados en la zona urbana del distrito, quienes a su vez son proveedores de comerciantes mayoristas de la ciudad de Lima. Los productores se diferencian por el tamaño de sus parcelas y los volúmenes de producción y muestran lógicas comerciales diferenciadas entre pequeños, medianos y grandes. Los acopiadores e intermediarios de anís localizados en Curahuasi son el eslabón intermedio entre los comerciantes mayoristas y las industrias ubicadas en Lima, que son los verdaderos operadores de la cadena. En líneas generales existe un interesante potencial del anís de Curahuasi para poder consolidarse en el mercado nacional. No obstante, ello depende de los esfuerzos que desarrollen los productores, comerciantes e industriales locales para ganar terreno frente a las importaciones de anís y derivados. Las fortalezas más resaltantes del anís curahuasino son su perfecta adaptación al ecosistema local, rusticidad y calidad del producto y un entorno de servicios financieros y no financieros que se han desarrollado en los últimos años. Las principales debilidades son el riesgo de producir en zonas de secano, la peligrosa expansión a zonas de producción no adecuadas, las prácticas de adulteración del producto, así como la desconfianza y visión cortoplacista del productor y comerciante local. De otro lado, las principales oportunidades son el déficit de oferta en el mercado nacional, el alto costo del anís importado, el interés de mayoristas e industriales por el anís de Curahuasi, los mercados locales en crecimiento, el crecimiento del sector turismo y el boom de la gastronomía. Las principales amenazas son la informalidad y poca transparencia del mercado nacional, la oferta internacional de anís, el potencial crecimiento de la oferta de otras zonas productoras de anís y la posible recuperación r ecuperación de la imagen del anís “chino”. “chino”. Actualmente la producción del anís de Curahuasi atraviesa por uno de los mejores momentos de su historia, que debe ser aprovechado para producir las grandes transformaciones estructurales que requieren los sistemas tradicionales de producción y comercialización. Ello demanda una
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
2. REFERENCIAS GENERALES 2.1 Breves referencias históricas del anís El anís (pimpinella anisum) es una planta perteneciente a la familia de las apiáceas (umbelíferas), originaria del mediterráneo oriental, específicamente de la zona que comprende actualmente Oriente Medio: Turquía, Siria, Egipto, Libia, Grecia y las islas griegas, donde crece de manera silvestre. El antiguo nombre árabe de esta hierba era anysum, del que derivan el griego anison o anneson y el latín anisum que derivó en "anison" y "anisemi", que significa "excitar" en griego. Se afirma que el anís se encontró en Egipto ya en 1500 a.c. y que fue muy apreciado durante el siglo primero en Roma por sus propiedades digestivas, atribuidas al aceite esencial rico en anetol, una sustancia que también se encuentra en las semillas de hinojo y en el anís estrellado. Se cuenta que al finalizar los festines y banquetes, los romanos, que carecían del moderno antiácido y los preparados digestivos, consumían panes con anises y otras especias aromáticas para ayudar a la digestión y refrescar el aliento. La planta ya es mencionada en el evangelio de San Mateo y la parte relativa r elativa a los diezmos de la ley Mosaica. En la Edad Media fue muy empleado como especia y como medicina carminativa y fue también un ingrediente importante de varios afrodisíacos. Se dice que fue Carlomagno quien por el 812 d.c. mandó cultivar anís por primera vez en Europa, aunque el producto ya era ampliamente conocido en toda Europa y Oriente como un fruto al que se le atribuían toda clase de bondades. Plinio, escritor griego, habla de la importancia de masticar sus frutos para quitar el mal aliento después de comer, cuando se coloca esta planta al lado de la cama era capaz de tranquilizar a las personas y favorecer el sueño. Además de alimento, lo utilizaban para muchas otras aplicaciones, como por ejemplo, para disminuir disminuir los nervios, el tratamiento de la epilepsia, mejorar la digestión o abrir el apetito. Su importancia en la antigüedad llegó a ser tan grande que se utilizó como moneda. Sus usos medicinales fueron aumentando, de manera que, a partir del siglo XV o XVI fue utilizado habitualmente por la mayoría de los médicos naturistas y de la población en general. Incluso en esta época llego a utilizarse como cebo para cazar los ratones, debido a que el aroma atraía estos roedores. El anís fue traído a América por los españoles, junto a muchas otras especies animales y vegetales durante la época de la colonización. Se tiene referencias que en la América Colonial el anisado adquirió uso cotidiano pues “se extendió desde entonces la creencia creenci a de que en climas rigurosos, el trago mañanero de anisado coadyuvaba al mantenimiento de la salud” (Víctor Manuel Patiño). Patiño ). El cultivo de anís fue introducido en el Perú posiblemente entre los años 1650-1655 por la Congregación de la Compañía de Jesús, en la capilla de Curahuasi o “Ccoraguasi”, lugar en el cual encontraron el clima adecuado por su semejanza a las zonas aniceras de España, motivo por el cual en el Perú predomina la variedad española (Víctor Huacac, 2008). Sin embargo, la historia del más antiguo anisado peruano no se remonta a los días virreinales. vi rreinales. Pedro Nájar llegó a la ciudad de
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
2.2 Importancia socio-económica Se estima que en el valle de Curahuasi se dedican al cultivo del anís alrededor de unas 800 familias, con un promedio de casi una hectárea por familia. Se trata básicamente básicamente de productores de pequeña escala, con educación básica, vivienda rústica propia, promedio por familia de 03 hijos y que ocasionalmente suelen emplearse en actividades de construcción civil, como una forma de complementar los ingresos familiares. En total esta actividad generó en el 2009 un ingreso ingreso global de S/. 4’767,550.00 nuevos soles (1’702,696.00 dólares americanos) para los productores y un ingreso bruto promedio familiar de aproximadamente S/. 6,000.00 nuevos soles (US$ 2,128.00 dólares). Adicionalmente, en las actividades de comercialización se habría generando un valor agregado aproximado de unos S/. 485,000.00 nuevos soles (US$ 173,214 dólares americanos). La producción de anís en este mismo año insumió mano de obra equivalente a unos 275 empleos permanentes en el distrito de Curahuasi. INGRESOS Y EMPLEO EN LA CADENA DE ANÍS - 2009
Curahuasi
4,767,550 4,767,550
Empleos permanentes 275
Perú
5,589,738
279
VBP soles
Fuente: Elaboración propia
En líneas generales la población de Curahuasi muestra indicadores de pobreza significativamente mayores al promedio nacional y muy similares a los del departamento de Apurímac. El índice general de carencias es significativamente mayor al nacional, aunque un poco menor que el departamental. La carencia de servicios básicos de agua y electricidad son sustancialmente mayores al nacional y departamental. La tasa de analfabetismo femenino es claramente mayor a la nacional y muy parecida a la departamental. El porcentaje de población infantil es un poco más elevado que el nacional y departamental departamental y la tasa de desnutrición infantil es significativamente significativamente mayor al promedio nacional y muy similar a la departamental. MAPA DE POBREZA DE FONCODES 2006 - DISTRITO DE CURAHUASI Índice de carencias
% de la población sin: agua
electric.
Tasa analfab. Mujeres
% niños de 0-12 años
Tasa de desnutrición 1999
PERÚ
0.5064
40%
49%
23%
30%
38%
APURIMAC
0.8513
28%
42%
35%
33%
47%
CURAHUASI
0.7897
92%
50%
33%
34%
46%
Fuente: Mapa de Pobreza de FONCODES 2006
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Las cifras del Mapa de Pobreza de FONCODES se ven ratificadas en el informe sobre desarrollo humano que realiza el PNUD, que estima un Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH) general de 0.5581, que ubica al distrito de Curahuasi en el cuarto quintil, muy cerca de los distritos de menor desarrollo (mayor pobreza) en el Perú. Asimismo, la tasa de alfabetismo y logro educativo se encuentran entre las más bajas del país (quintiles 5 y 4 respectivamente), aunque esta situación parecería que tendería a superarse en el futuro con unas altas tasas de escolaridad y esperanza de vida al nacer (quintil 2 en ambos casos). Por su parte el ingreso percápita promedio familiar se encuentra en un nivel más bien medio-bajo (quintil 3). ÍNDICE DE DESARROLLO HUMANO 2007 - DISTRITO DE CURAHUASI Variable
Indicador
Ranking
Quintil
IDH general
0.5581
1,124
4
Esperanza Esper anza de vida al nacer (años)
73.04
443
2
Alfabetismo Alfabeti smo (%)
75.66
1,576
5
Escolaridad (%)
89.89
372
2
Logro educativo (%)
80.40
1,427
4
Ingreso percápita (S/. mes)
178.8
1,019
3
Fuente: PNUD / Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano 2007
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
3. CARACTERÍSTICAS CARACTERÍSTICAS DEL PRODUCTO 3.1 Especificaciones del producto El anís pertenece a la familia de las Apioideae, por lo tanto los parientes más cercanos son el hinojo, el cilantro, el eneldo y la alcaravea. Variedades de anís:
Pimpinella anisum, el anís común, una planta de la familia de las umbelíferas cuya semilla, muy aromática, se emplea en gastronomía; Illicium verum, el anís estrellado o chino, un árbol de origen asiático cuyo fruto se emplea como sucedáneo del anís por la similitud de su sabor y aroma; Illicium anisatum, el anís estrellado del Japón, estrechamente emparentado con este último pero gravemente tóxico; Foeniculum vulgare, el anís de Florencia o hinojo;
La variedad que se cultiva en el valle de Curahuasi es el Pimpinella anisum, también conocida como semilla de anís, matalahuga, matalahuva, anís verde, anís de Europa, fru to de anís, etc. Características del anís verde (Pimpinella anisum): Es una planta herbácea anual con hojas polimorfas y flores blancas agrupadas en umbelas. Posee un tallo delgado y largo de unos 50 cm con hojas ligeras, planas y dentadas; produce flores blancas y suaves en unos tallos finos y menudos al final del verano. La especia de anís -que se recolecta después de la floración- consiste en dos diminutas semillas, ovales y con forma de media luna, de unos 3 mm de longitud. Sus frutos son diaquenios ovoides estriados, igual que la planta desprenden un aroma anisado característico al ser molidos. La planta puede medir hasta cincuenta centímetros y tiene como principal atributo el delicioso aroma que emana. Tanto su aroma como su sabor son debidos a un aceite denominado esencia de anís. Sus frutos contienen hasta 3% de aceite esencial cuyo compuesto principal es el anetol, base para la fabricación de los aguardientes anisados. La fragancia del anís, obtenida del aceite de sus semillas
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
3.2 Utilidades y usos El anís tiene propiedades carminativas (combate los gases o flatulencias del estómago e intestinos) estimulando de esta manera la digestión y calma los fuertes dolores del abdomen, para cuyo efecto se prepara en infusión (forma de té) una cucharada picada de la ramita de anís en una taza de agua y se toma caliente. Si es en semillas, se hierve durante dos o tres minutos, media cucharadita en una taza de agua y se toma bien caliente. Esta preparación también se toma para curar las diarreas. El anís también sirve para aumentar la secreción urinaria, disminuye los dolores de cabeza y facilita los trabajos intelectuales. Para el zumbido de los oídos, se instala en ellos el zumo bien caliente y se tapan con algodón. Los frutos del anís son tónicos, carminativos y entran en varios medicamentos y en los aguardientes anisados que los franceses utilizan para preparar su famoso "pernod", empleándose también para obtener la esencia de anís y en la confitería ( Cazabonne, Christian). Los toques frescos y distintivos del sabor del anís lo convierten en una especia ideal para la verdura y los platos de pescado. Su suave sabor a regaliz es un complemento para galletas y dulces; el anís aparece en la repostería tradicional tanto de Alemania como de Italia. El pan de centeno escandinavo y una amplia gama de pequeños productos también contienen anís. Una pequeña cantidad de anís entero o molido puede añadirse a las sopas de verduras, salsas blancas y pasteles de pollo y mariscos. El sabor fresco del anís tiene un efecto equilibrado en platos ricos en queso y se utiliza para eliminar el efecto grasiento de algunos ingredientes en la cocina marroquí (NESSPRESO). El anís tiene también múltiples usos en la cocina, con las hojas se puede condimentar ensaladas, hacer infusiones y elaborar platos especiales. Asimismo la esencia de anís es utilizada en licores, caramelos, pastillas, dentífricos y para perfumar la ropa. Actúa también como antiparasitario en veterinaria. Efecto tóxico del anís: El aceite esencial debe dosificarse con precaución ya que, a dosis altas, el anetol es neurotóxico,
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
4. PROCESO DE PRODUCCIÓN DEL ANÍS DE CURAHUASI 4.1 Preparación del terreno El anís es un cultivo anual que suele sembrarse en terrenos en los que ya se ha cosechado maíz choclo, papa u algún otro producto, de manera que puede aprovechar el efecto residual del abonamiento anterior. La preparación del terreno se inicia en el mes noviembre, con la remoción del suelo que suele estar duro luego de un periodo de descanso de la cosecha anterior, para esta labor se utiliza tractor o yuntas de ganado. Luego de la remoción se deja el terreno en descanso por un periodo de 08 días para que germinen las hierbas que han quedado. Enseguida se realiza una segunda rastra, con la que se elimina la mayor cantidad de maleza posible. Simultáneamente se nivela la superficie lo más uniforme posible de manera tal que permita una igual distribución de la semilla en toda el área.
4.2 Siembra La siembra se realiza generalmente mediante media nte el sistema tradicional de “voleo” que consiste en arrojar semilla procurando distribuir uniformemente en el terreno los más menos 30 kilos que suelen utilizar por hectárea. Para que la semilla no esté expuesta al sol y pueda germinar, se le cubre con una fina capa de tierra, para ello se usa un animal para la tracción y se cubre con ramas de plantas del lugar. La planta germina más o menos a los 12 días; en este periodo la planta es bastante débil, por por lo que se requiere de de lluvias moderadas, moderadas, lo cual le agrega un alto índice índice de riesgo al cultivo ya que de producirse un exceso de lluvias o de lo contrario, de producirse una fuerte insolación la planta no germina o al germinar se seca. Una de las formas de reducir el grado de aleatoriedad es que se pueda implementar un sistema de riego adecuado, que puede ser riego por aspersión.
4.3 Labores culturales Luego de superado el proceso de germinación, la planta se va fortaleciendo paulatinamente y las labores más cercanas son el riego, el cual tiene que hacerse cuidando no exagerar la cantidad de agua porque puede lavar la tierra y hasta arrancar la planta. Después se realiza el deshierbe que es la labor que más mano de obra requiere; ello ha determinado que ante la escasez de mano de
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
4.4 Hierbas, plagas y enfermedades Una actividad de creciente creciente importancia importancia para garantizar el rendimiento rendimiento y la calidad del anís es el control de plagas y enfermedades, que tiene una alta i ncidencia en los costos. En la zona, las principales enfermedades que afectan al anís son la Roya Negra y la Cercosporosis. La Puccinia Pimpinella, conocida como la Roya Negra ataca a las hojas, tallos y frutos; se presenta en forma de pústulas moradas, lo que hace que las parcelas atacadas adquieran una coloración verde grisácea, malogra al fruto dejándolo negruzco. La Cercospira Malkofi conocida como la Cercosporiosis, se presenta como manchas triangulares al borde de la hoja y en el tallo las manchas son más alargadas; en ataques fuertes produce defoliación, marchitamiento y necrosamiento de las flores y frutos. Otra enfermedad es generada por el Pulgón Verde, esta plaga ocasiona la paralización del crecimiento de la planta y hace que las ramificaciones sean escasas y las hojas se endurezcan, al pulgón inyecta una enzima que provoca la desorganización de los tejidos de la planta. El control de “malahierbas “malahierbas”” y enfermedades genera el alto consumo de agroquímicos que por lo general son perniciosos para el hombre y para la naturaleza.
4.5 Cosecha y post cosecha Debido a que no maduran las umbelas de manera uniforme, la planta se arranca de raíz. Luego se forman gavillas con diámetros de unos 30 cm. que se colocan en un lado del terreno en forma alternada. Luego se separan los atados, del tamaño que pueda cargar un hombre de contextura mediana. Los atados son llevados a un sitio preparado, limpio y seco. Las plantas se colocan con la raíz hacia arriba para evitar que las umbelas se pongan negras con la escarcha de la noche se van formando conos que facilitan el secado, esta etapa dura de tres a cinco días, según el estado del clima. Después del secado las plantas se llevan en manojos al lugar donde se frotan o pisan las umbelas para la extracción de las semillas. Este lugar debe estar bien afirmado, con un borde hecho de tierra para evitar que las semillas se salgan llevada por el viento. Esta operación se realiza con los pies y en forma suave para que no se rompa el fruto. Una vez extraída la semilla se la lleva a otro
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
5. ANÁLISIS DE LA OFERTA 5.1 Producción nacional Cosechas En el año 2009 se cosecharon en el Perú un total de 776 hectáreas de anís, de las cuales 764 hectáreas (98.5%) fueron en el departamento de Apurímac, específicamente en el valle de Curahuasi. El segundo productor nacional es Moquegua que en el mismo año cosechó solo 07 hectáreas (0.9%), departamento que tiene una larga tradición de cultivo de anís, aunque en pequeña escala. El tercer productor es el departamento de Arequipa que solo cosechó 05 hectáreas (0.6%) a pesar que se le reconoce por ser el productor del anisado Nájar, emblemático de la región y el país. PERÚ: COSECHA DE ANÍS 2000-2009 (hectáreas) AÑO
2000
2001 2001
2002 2002 2003
2004 2004 2005 2006 2007
2008 2008 2009
Apurímac
390
410
435
364
617
386
628
554
605
764
Moquegua
8
6
3
5
5
4
7
6
2
7
Arequipa
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
398
416
438
369
622
390
635
560
607
776
TOTAL
Fuente: SISAGRI-MINAG, 2010
En la última década el cultivo de anís en el Perú ha presentado ciclos de cultivo bianual, con años
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Rendimientos El rendimiento promedio de anís por hectárea en el Perú en el 2009 fue de 708.76 kilogramos, equivalentes a 15.4 quintales (medida más utilizada por los productores y acopiadores locales de anís en Curahuasi). Según algunos productores líderes los rangos de rendimiento pueden variar entre 5 y 20 quintales, dependiendo de las zonas de siembra y la tecnología utilizada. PERÚ: RENDIMIENTO DE ANÍS POR HECTÁREA 2000-2009 2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Apurímac
0.93
0.94
0.82
0.77
0.85
0.75
0.90
0.61
0.80
0.66
Moquegua
0.77
0.75
0.53
0.64
0.80
0.80
0.85
0.86
0.97
1.07
Arequipa
0.72
Fuente: SISAGRI-MINAG, 2010
La tendencia general del rendimiento de anís por hectárea en el Perú es decreciente, lo que parece ser una consecuencia del crecimiento de las áreas cultivadas y de las características de los sistemas de producción y la tecnología utilizada. En el valle de Curahuasi, la expansión de las fronteras del cultivo de anís se ha producido hacia las zonas altas, en las cuales se creía que no era posible obtener buenos rendimientos y calidad del anís. Este hecho podría estar afectando la productividad – productividad –yy calidad- del cultivo.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
No obstante, a nivel regional los rendimientos evolucionan de manera diferenciada, ya que en el caso de Moquegua, los rendimientos son significativamente mayores (más de una tonelada por hectárea, equivalente a 23.3 quintales en el 2009) y su tendencia es –a –a diferencia de Curahuasimás bien hacia el incremento de los rendimientos. Ello puede explicarse por las reducidas extensiones cultivadas, que les permite una mejor atención a las labores propias del cultivo.
PERÚ: RENDIMIENTO DE ANÍS POR REGIONES (TM/HA) 1.20 1.00 0.80
Curahuasi 0.60
Moquegua
0.40 0.20 0.00 2000 2000 2001 2001 2002 2002 2003 2003 2004 2004 2005 2005 2006 2006 2007 2007 2008 2008 2009 2009
Producción
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
En general, el comportamiento del ciclo productivo del anís en el Perú en la última década presenta marcados ciclos bianuales de expansión-contracción. La tendencia en el largo plazo es de crecimiento moderado y sostenido.
PERÚ: PRODUCCIÓN DE ANÍS 2000-2009 (TM) 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
5.2 Importaciones Las importaciones de anís y derivados del Perú en el año 2009 alcanzaron la cifra de US$ 844,866
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Las tendencias en las importaciones por tipo de producto son igualmente muy marcadas con un claro incremento en las compras de anís en grano, que en el 2009 se incrementaron en 26.9% respecto del 2008 y 198.4% respecto del 2007. Ello denota un fuerte crecimiento de la demanda nacional de anís en grano, que no ha podido ser atendida con producción nacional. Por su parte, las importaciones de aguardientes y licores mantienen sus niveles históricos al igual que las de aceites esenciales. Estos segmentos muestran poco dinamismo en cuanto al comercio exterior.
PERÚ: IMPORTACIONES DE ANÍS POR TIPO DE PRODUCTO 2001-2009 (US$) 800,000 Anís en grano
700,000 600,000 500,000 400,000 300,000 200,000
Licores y aguardientes
100,000
Aceites esenciales
0 2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Los principales importadores de anís y derivados al Perú son Unilever Andina (53.9%) y Corporación Oro Verde (24.7%), que en conjunto concentran casi el 80% de las importaciones. Cabe anotar que estas dos empresas se dedican exclusivamente a la comercialización de anís en grano. Entre el 2008 y 2009 Unilever incrementó i ncrementó sus importaciones importaciones en 127.4%. El tercer importador de anís y derivados es DROKASA (7.5%), quien se dedica casi exclusivamente a la importación de licores y aguardientes de anís. PERÚ: PRINCIPALES IMPORTADORES DE ANÍS 2004-2009 (US$) IMPORTADOR/AÑO Unilever Andina Peru Corporación Oro Verde
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
333,329
187,286 187,2 86
144,134
97,192
200,184
455,313
60,341
65,493
270,329
208,873
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
La exportación de licores de anís se incrementó entre el 2008 y el 2009 en 161.9% y la exportación de anís en grano en 399.3%. No obstante, hay que tomar con prudencia estas cifras ya que los montos de exportación tradicional son bastante bajos.
PERÚ: EXPORTACIONES DE ANÍS POR TIPO DE PRODUCTO 2001-2009 16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000
Licores y aguardientes Anís en grano
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Los principales exportadores de anís y derivados del Perú son Muñoz Nájar, Negocios Agrarios e Internacional Business Contac, que en el 2009 en conjunto concentraron el 75.9% de las exportaciones. Cabe anotar que la primera empresa es especializada en licores y las otras en anís en grano. PERÚ: PRINCIPALES EXPORTADORES DE ANÍS 2004-2009 (US$) EXPORTADOR/AÑO Manuel Muñoz Nájar Negocios Agrarios Internacional Business Contac Unilever Andina Perú Otros TOTAL
2004
10,262 10,262
2005
11,755 11,755
2006
2,534 2,534
2007
2,582 2,582
2008
2009
7,620 7,620
10,311 6,196 3,009 2,769 3,424 25,708
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
La tendencia general del mercado nacional de anís y derivados es hacia el crecimiento acelerado de las importaciones, que se incrementan de manera vigorosa especialmente en los últimos 04 años. Por su parte, las exportaciones también muestran una tendencia hacia el crecimiento, aunque en menor escala y más moderado dinamismo.
PERÚ: BALANZA COMERCIAL CADENA DE ANÍS 2001-2009 (US$) 900,000 800,000 700,000 600,000 500,000 400,000
Importaciones
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
5.6 Oferta de anís en Curahuasi Volumen total de producción La producción local de anís del valle de Curahuasi es la misma que el departamento de Apurímac, ya que es la única zona de producción de anís. En el año 2009 la producción total de Curahuasi fue de 485 toneladas de anís. CURAHUASI: PRODUCCIÓN MENSUAL DE ANÍS 2000- 2010 ™ AÑOS
ENE
FEB
MAR
ABR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AGOS
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DIC
2000
0
0
0
0
18
200
0
150
0
0
0
0
2001
0
0
0
0
0
180
200
0
0
0
0
0
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Oferta de anís de grandes productores En el valle de Curahuasi no existen grandes productores agropecuarios, en general, por lo tanto tampoco existen grandes productores de anís. No obstante, hay un grupo de productores que cultivan por encima del promedio de siembras de anís por campaña, que podrían ser considerados
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
La experiencia más organizada de comercialización colectiva de anís se realizó entre los años 1999 y 2003, a cargo de la Mesa de Negociación Andina (MENA), apoyada por el Programa PYMAGROS de la cooperación suiza. No obstante, luego de varios años de reiterados intentos, la MENA fue desactivada. En los casi cuatro años de vida, la MENA logró acopiar y comercializar sólo 52.3 toneladas de anís de 121 productores. En el año de mayor acopio de producto (2000) la MENA
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
6. ANÁLISIS DE LA DEMANDA 6.1 Consumo nacional de anís No existen estadísticas oficiales de consumo de anís y derivados en el Perú. Una forma de
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
PERÚ: CONSUMO NACIONAL DE ANÍS 2001-2009 (TM) 800 700
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
6.3 Consumo nacional de anís en grano En el Perú el anís se consume principalmente en grano, como insumo para la industria de pastelería y panadería. A nivel doméstico se consume principalmente principalmente en repostería y filtrantes, sin mayor transformación.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.