MATA KULIAH HERBAL MEDICINE PROGRAM PASCASARJANA PASCASARJANA
TUGAS
ENDOKARDITIS INFEKTIF
Oleh :
NAMA NAMA : NANA NANA JUNIAR JUNIARTI TI N.D. N.D. NIM
: P2500213401
KELAS : SAINS SAINS
FAKULTAS FARMASI UNIVERSITAS HASANUDDIN 2014
BAB I PENDAHULUAN
Endok!d"#"$ %e!&'kn "n(l%$" d" )*"n endok!d"&%+ %e%)!n ,n* %e%)#$" )"l"k -n#&n* dn %el'"$" k#&' -n#&n*. Endok!d"#"$ "n(ek#"( d"k"#kn den*n "n(ek$" 'd k#&' -n#&n* ,n* d"$e))kn oleh )e!)*" o!*n"$%e. Endok!d"#"$ "n(ek#"( d'# #e!-d" $e! #")/#") dn dl% )e)e!' h!" )"$ )e!k")# (#l #& )"$ #e!-d" $e! )e!#h' dn #e!$%! dl% )e)e!' %"n**& h"n** )e)e!' )&ln. Pen**&nn he!)l dl% 'enn*nn endok!d"#"$ %$"h #e!)#$ d"$e))kn k!en ko%'lek$n, 'en,k"# "n" n%&n #"dk %en&#&' ke%&n*k"nn )h )e!)*" he!)l d'# d"*&nkn &n#&k %e!"n*nkn *e-l %&'&n %en"n*k#kn d, #hn #&)&h 'ende!"#.
BAB II ISI
II.1 Definii !"n K#"ifi$"i
Endok!d"#"$ %e!&'kn "n(l%$" d" )*"n endok!d"&%+ %e%)!n ,n* %e%)#$" )"l"k -n#&n* dn %el'"$" k#&' -n#&n*. Endok!d"#"$ le)"h $e!"n* d"k"#kn den*n "n(ek$" 'd k#&' -n#&n* ,n* d"$e))kn oleh )e!)*" o!*n"$%e. Endok!d"#"$ d'# d")*" %en-d": 1. Native valve (acute and subacute) endocarditis katup asli. 2. Prosthetic valve (early and late) endocarditis
endokarditis pada
endok!d"#"$ 'd k#&'
'!o$#e#"k. 3. Endocarditis related to intravenous drug use
endok!d"#"$ 'd
'en,lh*&nn n!ko) "n#!en. Endok!d"#"$ &%&%n, d"k"#kn den*n "$#"lh k&# #& $&)/k&# #e!*n#&n* d!" 'e!ke%)n*n dn ke'!hn d!" *e-l kl"n"$. en#&k k&# d"$o$"$"kn den*n de%% #"n**" dn #ok$"$"#$ $"$#e%"k. k#e!" "!&len+ $e'e!#" Staphylococcus aureus, &%&%n, %en,e))kn $"nd!o% "n" dn )"l #"dk d"#n*n"+ ke%#"n d'# #e!-d" dl% )e)e!' h!" h"n** )e)e!' %"n**&. Se)l"kn,+ endok!d"#"$ "n(ek#"( $&)/k&# %e%"l"k" 'e!ke%)n*n ,n* le)"h l%)# dn d"$e))kn oleh )k#e!" ,n* k&!n* "n$"(+ $e'e!#" "!"d"n$ S#!e'#oo&$+ &%&%n, #e!-d" 'd 'en,k"# -n#&n* #elh %&n&l $e)el&%n,. Endok!d"#"$ "n(ek#"( 'l"n* )"k d"kl$"("k$"kn )e!d$!kn
e#"olo*" o!*n"$%e+ lok$" n#o%" d!" "n(ek$" dn (k#o! !"$"ko '#o*en. In(ek$" -&* d'# %en,e!#" o'e!$" 'e%$n*n k#&' -n#&n* '!o$#e#"k+ %en,e))kn
endok!d"#"$
k#&'
'!o$#e#"k
P!o$#he#"
le
Endo!d"#"$PE6.
II.2 E%i&#&'i En!&$"(!i%i Infe$%if
Se! ke$el&!&hn+ ke)n,kn k$&$ #e!-d" 'd "n"d"d& d" #$ 50 #h&n dn -!n* #e!-d" 'd nk. PE %end&d&k" 10/307 d!" k$&$ endok!d"#"$ "n(ek#"(. Se-ln den*n 'e!ke%)n*n 8%n+ dn o'e!$" 'e!*n#"n k#&' -n#&n* %en-d" le)"h $e!"n*+ &%&! !#/!# d!" '$"en %en"n*k#. Sel"n "#&+ '$"en den*n !",# 'en,lh*&nn o)# "n#!en -&* )e!d dl% !e$"ko #"n**" #e!$e!n* endok!d"#"$ "n(ek#"(. Kond"$" l"nn, ,n* d"$o$"$"kn den*n !"$"ko #"n**" #e!$e!n* endok!d"#"$ "n(ek#"( #e!%$&k d")e#e$+ he%od"l"$"$ -n*k 'n-n* dn ke)e!$"hn *"*" ,n* )&!&k. Ke)n,kn 'ende!"# den*n endok!d"#"$ "n(ek#"( %e%"l"k" (k#o! !"$"ko $e'e!#" *n**&n k#&' -n#&n*. e)e!' #"'e d!" 'en,k"# -n#&n* $#!&k#&!l )e!&-&n* 'd l"!n d!h #&!)&len ,n* %en"n*k#kn !"$"ko
#e!-d"n, endok!d"#"$ "n(ek#"(. e)e!' (k#o! !"$"ko ,n* 'en#"n* l"nn, #e!%$&k: 6 )6 6 d6 e6 (6
Ke)e!dn k#&' '!o$#e#"k !"$"ko #"n**"6 R",# endok!d"#"$ !"$"ko #"n**"6 Pen,k"# -n#&n* )n $"no#"k ko%'lek$. Sl&!n 'e!n($n ,n* #elh d"!ekon$#!&k$" den*n o'e!$" D"$(&n*$" k#&' d'#n %"$. Pen,k"# -n#&n* !e&%#"k6. K!d"o%"o'#" h"'e!#!o(". 9%'"! $e%& o!*n"$%e ,n* %en,e))kn 'en,k"# 'd %n&$"
#elh d"l'o!kn &n#&k %en,e))kn endok!d"#"$ "n(ek#"(+ n%&n #"* *!&' o!*n"$%e ,n* 'l"n* $e!"n* d"l'o!kn )e!$l d!" (%"l": S#!e'#oo&$+ S#'h,loo&$ dn En#e!oo&$. M"k!o) 'en,e)) endok!d"#"$ "n(ek#"( "lh $e)*" )e!"k&#: a. Streptococcus viridians (a. hemolytic): 557 k$&$ 1. ral origin: 1) Strept. mitior, Strept. mutans !) Strept. milleri ") Strept. sangius 2. #igestive origin : 1) Strep. $ovis !) Enterococcus %aecalis ). S#'h,loo&$: 15/207 k$&$. . $"l *!% ne*#"(: 57 k$&$. d. J%&! dn *olon*n l"nn,: 15/207 k$&$.
II.) P"%&fii&#&'i
Pe!ke%)n*n
endok!d"#"$
"n(ek#"(
le#
-l&!
'en,e)!n
he%#o*en"k+ !&#e ,n* 'l"n* &%&%+ %e%)&#&hkn )e)e!' ke)e!dn
)e)e!' (k#o!. Ko%'onen/ko%'onen "n" )e!$"(# ko%'lek$ dn )el&% d"ke#h&" $e! %en,el&!&h. . Adn, ke!&$kn endo#el -n#&n* ,n* d"$e))kn oleh #!&% dn l"!n #&!)&len 'd 'e!%&kn endo#el -n#&n*. ). Seln-&#n, kn %en*k")#kn de'o$"$" (")!"n dn *!e*$" #!o%)o$"#+ $eh"n** kn #e!)en#&k le$"
non&bacterial thrombotic endocardial
NTE6. . J"k #e!-d" "n(ek$" %"k!oo!*n"$%e+ ,n* %$&k ke dl% $"!k&l$" %ell&" "n(ek$" (okl #& #!&%+ %k endok!d"#"$ non/)k#e!"l kn %en-d" endok!d"#"$ "n(ek#"(. d. k#o!/(k#o! ,n* #e!d'# 'd )k#e!" $e'e!#" dek$#!n+ "k#n (")!onek#"n dn $% #e"ko# )e!'en*!&h #e!hd' 'e!lek#n )k#e!" den*n %#!"k$ (")!"n/#!o%)o$"# 'd k#&' ,n* !&$k. e. Te!d'# e(ek de$#!&k$" lokl k")# "n(ek$" "n#!k!d"k. Kolon" )k#e!" 'd k#&' -n#&n* dn -!"n*n $ek"#!n, d'# %en*k")#kn ke!&$kn dn ke)oo!n k#&'+ #e!)en#&k $)e$ #& 'e!l&$n e*e#$" ke 'e!"l&l!. (. Adn, e*e#$" (!*%en $e'$"$ ,n* #e!le'$ d'# %en*k")#kn #e!-d"n, #!o%)oe%)ol"+ %&l" d!" e%)ol" '!& e*e#$" k#&' #!"k&$'"d6 #& $%'" ke o#k e*e#$" $"$" k"!"6+ ,n* %e!&'kn e%)ol" $e'#"k. *. e*e#$" kn %ele'$ )k#e!" $e! #e!&$/%ene!&$ ke dl% $"!k&l$" )k#e!e%" kon#"n&$6+ ,n* %en*k")#kn *e-l kon$#"#&$"onl $e'e!#" de%%+ %l"$e+ #k n($& %kn+ 'en&!&nn )e!# )dn dn l"n/l"n.
h. Re$'on n#")od" h&%o!l dn $el&l! #e!hd' "n(ek$" %"k!oo!*n"$%e den*n ke!&$kn -!"n*n k")# ko%'lek$ "%&n #& "n#e!k$" ko%'le%en/n#")od" den*n n#"*en ,n* %ene#' dl% -!"n*n.
II.4 M"nife%"i K#ini
Mn"(e$#$" kl"n"$ d!" endok!d"#"$ "n(ek#"( $n*# )e!!"$" dn #"dk $'e$"("k. ;e-l ,n* '!"n* $e!"n* d"#e%&kn dlh de%% ,n* h"ln*/ #"%)&l dn %en**"*"l den*n kel&hn ,n* 'l"n* $e!"n* $e'e!#" no!ek$"+ 'en&!&nn )e!# )dn+ le%$+ '&$"n*+ %,l*"+ )e!ke!"n*# 'd %l% h!"+ )#&k dn n,e!" dd. Se)*"n )e$! '$"en %e%"l"k" !",# 'en,k"# -n#&n* #& kel"nn k#&'. Se$k n($+ )#&k dn n,e!" dd %e!&'kn kel&hn &#% 'd 'en,lh*&n n!ko) "n#!en. T"%)&l *e-l d"$e))kn ko%'l"k$" $e'e!#" **l -n#&n*+ *e-l e%)ol" 'd o!*n #&)&h ,n* #e!ken %"$ln, *e-l ne&!olo*"$+ $k"# dd+ n,e!" 'e!&# k"!" #$+ he%#&!"+ #nd "$ke%"k d" ek$#!e%"#$ dll. N%'k #nd/#nd kel"nn $k&le! $e'e!#": . Petechiae+ )e!k 'd k&l"# #& %&ko$ ,n* kel"h#n '&#. ). Splinter hemorrhages + )e!k ke%e!hn d" )h k&l"#. . sler node+ nod&l&$ )e!!n ke%e!hn ,n* %enon-ol dn $k"#+ #e!d'# 'd k&l"# #n*n #& kk"+ #e!&#% 'd &-&n* -!". d. 'aneay lesion+ )e!k ke%e!hn 'd #el'k #n*n #& kk".
II.* Pe+e(i$""n Pen,n-"n'
. Pe%e!"k$n l)o!#o!"&% Pe%e!"k$n ,n* #e!'en#"n* dlh k&l#&! d!h. K&l#&! d!h "n" 'l"n* #"dk d"%)"l $e)n,k #"* kl" d"n-&!kn en% kl"6 dl% k#& ,n* )e!)ed dl% )e)e!' -%. Ane%" no!%ok!o% no!%o$"#e! 'l"n* &%&% d"#e%&kn. LED kn %en"n*k#+ le&ko$"#o$"$ dn k&l#&! d!h <6. Pd
). . d. e.
'e%e!"k$n
&!"n
d"d'#kn
'!o#e"n&!"
#&
he%#&!"
%"k!o$ko'"k 'd 20/307 k$&$. Eho!d"o*!'h, E=;6 Pe%e!"k$n EK; =T Sn %e%)n#& &n#&k %elokl"$$" )$e$ K#e!"$$" -n#&n* d'# %enen#&kn de!-# ke!&$kn k#&'.
II. K&+/#i$"i
D" n#! )e!)*" %n"(e$#$" kl"n"k d!" endok!d"#"$+ ko%'l"k$" ne&!olo*"k %e!&'kn hl ,n* 'l"n* 'en#"n* k!en $e!"n* #e!-d". Ko%'l"k$" ne&!olo*"k d'# #e!-d" %ell&" #"* !: 1. Pen,&%)#n 'e%)&l&h d!h oleh e%)ol" ,n* )e!$l d!" e*e#$" endok!d"l. 2. In(ek$" %en"n*en+ -!"n*n o#k+ d"nd"n* 'e%)&l&h d!h k!en $e'#"k e%)ol" #& )k#e!e%". ). Rek$" "%&nolo*"$.
II. Pen"%"#"$"n""n
Pen#lk$nn endok!d"#"$ "n(ek#"( #e!)*" #$ 'ene*hn dn #e!'". Te!'" endok!d"#"$ "n(ek#"( #e!)*" #$ d& ,kn": #e!'" (!%kolo*"
dn non/(!%kolo*". 9$"l ,n* d"h!'kn d!" #e!'" dn 'ene*hn endok!d"#"$ "n(ek#"( dlh: . ). . d. e.
Me!"n*nkn *e-l dn #nd/#nd d!" 'en,k"#. Men&!&nkn %o!)"d"#$ dn %o!#l"#$ d"$o$"$"kn den*n "n(ek$". E!d"k$" o!*n"$%e 'en,e)) den*n ''!n o)# %"n"%l. Men,ed"kn #e!'" e(ek#"( )",. Mene*h k%)&hn, 'en,k"# 'd '$"en den*n !"$"ko #"n**" den*n 'en**&nn n#"%"k!o) '!o("lk#"k ,n* #e'#.
II..1 Te("/i N&nF"(+"$&#&'i
O'e!$" %e!&'kn #e!'" #%)hn ,n* 'l"n* 'en#"n* dl% 'enn*nn endok!d"#"$. Dl% )e!)*" k$&$ o'e!$"+ lek#o%" dn 'en**n#"n k#&' d"lk&kn &n#&k %en*h"ln*kn -!"n*n ,n* #e!"n(ek$" dn
%en*e%)l"kn
(&n*$"
he%od"n%"k.
O'e!$"
-&*
d'#
d"'e!#"%)n*kn dl% k$&$ PE ,n* d"$e))kn oleh o!*n"$%e !e$"$#en %"$. &n*" #& )k#e!" *!%/ne*#"(6+ #& #e!d'# )k#e!e%" #& )&k#" l"n ke**ln #e!'" n#"%"k!o).
II..2 Te("/i F"(+"$&#&'i
1. An#")"o#"k Se#elh 'e%e!"k$n k&l#&! d!h+ 'e%)e!"n n#")"o#"k )"$ d"%&l". Se)"kn, n#")"o#"k d")e!"kn $e$&" den*n h$"l #e$ $en$"#""#$ d!" %"k!o) ,n* d"#e%&kn 'd 'e%e!"k$n k&l#&! d!h. A')"l d"&!"*" )k#e!" 'en,e)) endok!d"#"$ "n(ek#"( )e!$l d!" *olon*n S#!e'#oo&$+ %k )"$ d")e!"kn:
. en8,l 'en"$"l"n 2 * ".. $e#"' 4 -% ). ;en#%"$"n >0 %* ".. $e#"' 12 -%. A')"l d"&!"*" *olon*n S#'h,loo&$+ d'# d")e!"kn: . l&lo?"ll"n 3 * $e#"' @ -% ). ;en#%"$"n >0 %* $e#"' 12 -% Pe%)e!"n o)#/o)#n d" #$ h!&$ d")e!"kn $el% 4 %"n**&. Pd 'ende!"# ,n* h"'e!$en$"#"( #e!hd' 'en"$"l"n d'# d")e!"kn nko%"$"n 1 * ".. 2 ? $eh!" #& #e"o'ln#"n ".. 400 %* 3 ? $eh!" $el% 3 h!"+ ke%&d"n 400 %* ".. $e#"' h!"6. Pe%)e!"n *en#%"$"n dn nko%"$"n h!&$ d"%on"#o! $e! ke## k!en dn, e(ek o#o#ok$"k dn ne(!o#ok$"k k")# ked& o)#. 2. Ko%'l"k$" Pen*o)#n )"l #e!-d" **l -n#&n* )"$ d")e!"kn o)#/o)#n $e'e!#" d"*"#l"$+ d"&!e#"k dn $od"l#o!. A')"l #e!-d" ko%'l"k$" 'd o!*n l"n+ )"$ d")e!"kn o)#/o)#n $e$&" ko%'l"k$" ,n* #e!-d".
II..) Pene'"3"n
9"n** $# "n"+ )el&% d )&k#" ,n* de("n"#"e )h 'e%)e!"n n#")"o#"k '!o("lk$"$ %en&!&nkn !e$"ko #e!-d"n, endok!d"#"$ "n(ek#". Te#'" 'en**&nn n#")"o#"k '!o("lk$"$ 'd '$"en den*n !e$"ko #"n**" d")&#&hkn )"l '$"en %en-ln" )e!)*" #"ndkn $e)*" )e!"k&#: . Pen)&#n *"*" dn 'e!#n *"*" ,n* %e%&n*k"nkn #e!-d"n, )k#e!e%". ). Pe%)edhn. . "o'$" $l&!n e!n den*n %en**&nkn endo$ko'". d. e!)*" '!o$ed&! 'e%e!"k$n &!olo*".
e. Pe%$n*n 'e%ke! 'e!%nen.
II. Te("/i He(5"# II..1 M""++""+ He(5"# 6"n' D"/"% Di',n"$"n
Penn*nn endok!d"#"$ %en**&nkn '!od&k he!)l %$"h $n*# -!n* n%&n d )e)e!' )hn he!)l ,n* d'# d"*&nkn &n#&k %e!"n*nkn *e-l %&'&n %en"n*k#kn ke#hnn #&)&h 'ende!"#. e)e!' he!)l #e!$e)&# "lh: ". Ri+/"n' Len'$," 7L"n',"%i G"#"n'"e R3i8&+"9 1. N"+" #"%in anguas galanga (.) 2. Sin&ni+ *lpinia galangal, *. pyramidata, +aranta galangal, anguas vulgare, *momum galangal. ). N"+" !"e("3 Ln*k&e&eh Aeh6 Lo$+ Ln*k&$ J6 L-+ Ln*k&$
Mk$$!6+ Al"k& &*"$6 L"n*k&$ Mndo6 L$e Ml&k&6. 4. In!i$"i An#"'"!e#"k+ n#"/!dn*. 5. K"n!,n'"n $i+i" M"n,k #$"!" le)"h k&!n* 17 den*n ko%'onen &#% k%(e!+ $"neol dn $% %e#l $"n%# $edn*kn ko%'onen %"n,k #$"!" ,n* l"n d" n#!n,+ l"nlool+ $ed!ol+ e&*enol+ l"%onene+ B/'"nen+ β/'"nen+ B/ (enk"l $e## dn 1C/$e#ok$"k"kol $e##. . Efe$ f"(+"$&#&'i 9$"l 'enel"#"n %en&n-&kkn )h $e)*"n )e$! !e%'h/!e%'h #e!&#%
,n*
d"%n(#kn
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%e%"l"k"
k#""#$
n#"%"k!o). Sen, ,n* %e%"l"k" kh$"# "n" #e!&#% d!" *olon*n %"n,k #$"!". Kh$"# n#")k#e!" len*k&$ d"d&* )e!$l d!" k#""#$ $en, )$on"n+ e&*enol+ *ln*n dn *ln*ol. . In%e("$i O5"% el&% d"ke#h&". . Pe(in'"%"n Pen**&nn do$"$ )e$! #& dl% -n*k k#& l% d'# %en,e))kn de$en$"#"$$" '&$# 'e!n($n dn $e! &%&% %e%'en*!&h" $"$#e% k!d"o$k&l! dn d'# %enhn ke%"h. :. Pe+"$"i"n 20 * len*k&$ $e*! d"'!&#+ d"#%)h "! %#n* hn*#+ d"'e!$ dn d"$!"n* ke%&d"n d"#%)h %d&+ d"%"n&% 1 kl" $eh!" dn d"&ln* $el% 4 h!". ). K&l"# &h Del"% P&n"e ;!n#" Pe!"!'"&%6 1. N"+" #"%in Punica granatum 2. Sin&ni+ Punica nana ). N"+" !"e("3 ;l"% Aeh6+ Dl"% #k6 ;n*$ln J6 L-+ Tl"% "%6 D"l"nene Ml&k&6. 4. In!i$"i Me%)n#& %en*&!n*" !dn* *&$" ,n* d"$e))kn oleh )k#e!". 5. K"n!,n'"n $i+i" Tn"n: '&n"kl"n+ '&n"kl"n + *!n#"n A+ *!n#"n + $% *l#+ $% el*#+
k#ek"n $% &!$ol#+ $% olenol#+ )e#/$"#o$#e!ol+
dnko$#e!ol. P&n"k(ol"n+ '&n"kl*"n+ (!"edel"n+ $% )e#&l#+ e$#!on+ e$#!d"ol+ '"'e!"d"n+ 'o%e*!n##+ '$e&do'elle#"e!"n. K&l"# )&h del"%
%en*nd&n* '&n"k*l"n+ $% *l#+ k#ek"n+ E;=;+ k&e!$e#"n+ !&#"n+ (lonol+ (lonon dn n#o$"n"n. . Efe$ f"(+"$&#&'i In(&$ dn ek$#!k k&l"# )&h
del"%
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e(ek
n#"
Streptococcus viridians . In(&$ k&l"# )&h del"% )e!$"(# )k#e!"o$##"k
#e!hd' Staphylococcus aureus. . In%e("$i O5"% J"k d"*&nkn $e! o!l+ d'# %en*"nh")"$" en8"% $"#ok!o% P450 dn )e!"n#e!k$" den*n k!)%8e'"n dn #ol)&#%"d. . Pe(in'"%"n A')"l #e!#eln+ ke%&n*k"nn d'# %en,e))kn "!"#$" l%)&n* dn kon$#"'$". :. Pe+"$"i"n Se)n,k 1 * $"%'l"$" d"#%)h 100 %L "! $&l"n*+ d"'n$kn $%'" %end"d"h+ d"$!"n* $el*" 'n$. "l#!# d"*en'kn h"n** 100 %L den*n "! $&l"n*. L!&#n d"*&nkn &n#&k )e!k&%&! dn #"dk &n#&k d"#eln. . 9e!) S%)"lo#o And!o*!'h"d"$ 9e!)6 1. N"+" #"%in *ndrographis paniculata Nee$. 2. Sin&ni+ *ndrographidis susspathulata , 'usticia paniculata, 'usticia stricta, 'usticia latebrosa. ). N"+" !"e("3 A%'d& S&%#e!6 K" O!,+ K" Pe&!#+ Tk"lo S&nd6 "d!+
$d"l#+ $%)"l#+ $%)"lo#o J6. 4. In!i$"i I%&no%od&l#o! 5. K"n!,n'"n $i+i"
Ak! %en*nd&n* nd!o*!'h"n+ nd!o*!'hol"d+ '"*en"n. Sel&!&h )*"n
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DAFTAR PUSTAKA
1. D"P"!o+ J.T.+ Ro)e!# L.T.+ ;!, =.G.+ ;!, R.M.+ !)! ;.H.+ M"hel P. Pharmacotherapy: * Pathophysiological *pproach. Seen#h Ed"#"on. M;! 9"ll Med"l. Ne Go!k. 200>. A")le $ 'd( ("le 2. S&do,o AH. &k& A-! Il%& Pen,k"# Dl% J"l"d III. Ed"$" I. P&$# Pene!)"#n De'!#e%en IPD KUI. 200@. 3. M,ek MJ+ 9!e, RA+ =h%'e P=+ 9&!"#" 9!#n#o Ed"#o!6. !%kolo*": Ul$n e!*%)!. Ed"$" II. H"d, Med"k. Jk!#. 2001. 4. D"!ek#o!# OAI+ De'&#" II dn POM. A&n Sed"n 9e!)l ol. 3. Ed"$" I. dn Pen*$ O)# dn Mknn. Jk!#. 200.
*. D"!ek#o!# OAI+ De'&#" II dn POM. A&n Sed"n 9e!)l ol. @. Ed"$" I. dn Pen*$ O)# dn Mknn. Jk!#. 2011. . T!&)&$. erbal -ndonesia $erkhasiat: $ukti -lmiah dan ara /acik. ol&%e >. . >.
