VERBUL Verbul in orice limba, este partea de vorbire care exprima de regula actiunea, dar poate exprima si starea sau existenta. In limba engleza, verbele pot fi impartite in doua mari categorii: VERBE AUXILIARE (NEPREDICATIVE) VERBE PRINCIPALE (PREDICATIVE)
1. VERBE AUXILIARE Sunt verbe necesare la formarea structurilor gramaticale. In limba romana, acestea se numesc verbe nepredicative, si anume, nu au inteles de sine statator si nu pot forma singure un predicat verbal, ci impreuna cu alte cuvinte. Aceste verbe pot fi impartite in 2 grupe principale: verbe auxiliare primare si verbe auxiliare modale.
1.1 Verbe auxiliare primare: to be (a fi), to do (a face) si to have (a avea) Aceste verbe pot fi atat auxiliare, cat si principale. Ca verbe auxiliare le regasim in urmatoarele structuri: TO BE - ajuta la formarea timpului prezent continuu: He is watching TV. (El se uita la televizor.) - ajuta la formarea diatezei pasive: These poems are written by famous poets. (Aceste poezii sunt scrise de poeti renumiti.) TO HAVE - ajuta la formarea timpurilor trecute: I have played guitar yesterday. (Am cantat la chitara ieri.) TO DO - ajuta la alcatuirea formei negative a verbelor: I do not speak French. (Nu vorbesc franceza.) - ajuta la alcatuirea formei interogative a verbelor: Do you listen to classic music? (Asculti muzica clasica?) - pentru a accentua anumite remarci: I do wish to play volleyball with you. (Chiar imi doresc sa joc volei cu tine.) - ajuta anumite verbe principale in unele constructii: He writes faster than she does. (El scrie mai repede decat ea.)
1.2 Verbe auxiliare modale: can/could, may/might, will/would, shall/should, must, ought to Aceste verbe sunt utilizate pentru a schimba intelesul initial al unui verb principal. Verbele modale auxiliare exprima necesitatea sau probabilitatea. Exemple: I can't speak Japanese. (Nu stiu sa vorbesc japoneza.)
Mihai may eat the whole pie. (Mihai poate manca toata placinta.) Would you like to join me? (Ai vrea sa ma insotesti?) We should run faster. (Ar trebui sa alergam mai repede.) He must go to the dentist. (Trebuie sa mearga la dentist.) You ought to stop smoking. (Ar trebui sa renunti la fumat.)
2. VERBE PRINCIPALE In aceasta categorie intra majoritatea verbelor. In limba romana, acestea se numesc verbe predicative, care au inteles de sine statator si pot forma singure un predicat verbal cand se afla la un mod personal. La randul lor, pot fi impartite in doua grupe: verbe tranzitive si verbe intranzitive. 2.1. Verbe tranzitive Sunt verbe de actiune si care sunt urmate de un complement direct, mai exact un obiect la care sa faca referire. Exemple: Iulian painted a beautiful flower on the blackboard. Iulian a pictat o floare minunata pe table. painted - verb tranzitiv; a flower - obiect direct I always eat an apple after dinner. Intotdeauna mananc un mar dupa cina. eat - verb tranzitiv; an apple - obiect direct He washes the dishes. El spala vasele. washes - verb tranzitiv; the dishes - obiect direct
2.2. Verbe intranzitive Sunt verbe care nu pot avea un complement direct. Exemple: Daniel arrived at 5 o'clock. Daniel a ajuns la ora 5. Mary goes to school. Maria merge la scoala. She wants an apple. Ea vrea un mar. ATENTIE: In limba engleza exista verbe care pot fi atat tranzitive, cat si intranzitive in functie de cum sunt folosite: Exemple: She often speaks on the phone. (vb intranzitiv) Ea vorbeste des la telefon. She speaks Chinese. (vb tranzitiv) Ea vorbeste Chineza.
Glass breaks. (vb intranzitiv) Sticla se sparge. It breaks my heart. (vb tranzitiv) Mi se rupe inima. I always eat before I go to school. (vb intranzitiv) Intodeauna mananc inainte sa merg la scoala. I eat cereals in the morning. (vb tranzitiv) Mananc cereale dimineata.
La indicativ prezent, verbele primesc un "-s" numai la persoana a III-a singular, celelalte ramanand neschimbate.
Pentru verbele cu terminatia in "-ch", "-sh", "-ss", "-x" - la persoana a III-a singular, acestea primesc terminatia "-es". Exemple: to teach - teaches (a preda), to reach - reaches (a ajunge), to kiss - kisses (a saruta), to fix - fixes (a repara), to mix - mixes (a amesteca), to finish - finishes (a termina), to diminish - diminishes (a diminua), to distinguish - distinguishes (a deosebi), to launch launches (a lansa), to miss - misses (a lipsi), to dress - dresses (a se imbraca) Verbele cu terminatia in "-y" precedate de o consoana, la persoana a III-a singular, il vor modifica pe "y" in"i" si vor primi terminatia "-es" Exemple: to cry - cries (a plange), to try - tries (a incerca), to fly - flies (a zbura), to dry - dries (a se usca) Verbele cu terminatia in "-o" primesc terminatia "-es" la persoana a III-a singular. Exemple: to do - does (a face), to undo - undoes (a anula), to go - goes (a merge)
ATENTIE: Cu exceptia verbelor auxiliare "TO BE" si "TO HAVE", toate verbele din limba engleza se conjuga la formele simple interogative si negative cu ajutorul verbului auxiliar "TO DO".
Verbele principale (predicative) se mai impart in alte 2 grupe: verbe regulate si verbe neregulate.
Verbe regulate Cele mai multe verbe in limba engleza sunt regulate. Ele se conjuga astfel: Indicativ prezent - Forma afirmativa I ask You ask He / She / It asks We ask You ask They ask Indicativ prezent - Forma negativa I do not ask You do not ask He / She / It does not ask We do not ask You do not ask They do not ask Indicativ prezent - Forma interogativa Do I ask? / Don't I ask?
Do you ask? / Don't you ask? Does he / she / it ask? / Doesn?t he ask? Do we ask? / Don't we ask? Do you ask? / Don't you ask? Do they ask? / Don't they ask?
Verbe neregulate Verbele neregulate in limba engleza sunt acele verbe care nu se supun regulilor generale de conjugare. In limba engleza, orice verb are 3 forme; forma intai este intotdeauna infinitivul, si la verbele regulate si la cele neregulate. Pentru verbele regulate formele 2 si 3 se obtin usor din forma intai prin adaugarea unui "ed". Pentru verbele neregulate formele 2 si 3 pot fi foarte diferite de forma 1 si necesita a fi invatate. Ai mai jos niste exemple de verbe neregulate si formele lor. to fall - fell - fallen (a cadea) to be - was - been (a fi ) to bring - brought - brought (a aduce) to eat - ate - eaten (a manca) to do - did - done (a face)
Conjugarea verbului "TO BE" Forma afirmativa: I am (I'm) - Eu sunt You are (You're) - Tu esti He is (He's) - El este She is (She's) - Ea este It is (It's) - El/Ea este We are (We're) - Noi suntem You are (You're) - Voi sunteti They are (They're) - Ei/Ele sunt Forma interogativa: Am I? - Sunt eu? Are you? - Esti tu? Is he? - Este el? Is she? - Este ea? Is it? - Este el/ea? Are we? - Suntem noi? Are you? - Sunteti voi? Are they? - Sunt ei/ele? Forma negativa: I am not (I'm not) - Eu nu sunt You are not (You aren't) - Tu nu esti He is not (He isn't) - El nu este She is not (She isn't) - Ea nu este It is not (It isn't) - El/Ea nu este We are not (We aren't) - Noi nu suntem You are not (You aren't) - Voi nu sunteti They are not (They aren't) - Ei/Ele nu sunt
Conjugarea verbului "TO HAVE" Forma afirmativa: I have (I've) - Eu am You have (You've) - Tu ai He has (He's) - El are She has (She's) - Ea are It has (It's) - El/Ea are We have (We've) - Noi avem You have (You've) - Voi aveti They have (They've) - Ei/Ele au Forma interogativa: Have I? - Am eu? Have you? - Ai tu? Has he? - Are el? Has she? - Are ea? Has it? - Are el/ea? Have we? - Avem noi? Have you? - Aveti voi? Have they? - Au ei/ele? Forma negativa: I have not (I haven't) - Eu nu am You have not (You haven't) - Tu nu ai He has not (He hasn't) - El nu are She has not (She hasn't) - Ea nu are It has not (It hasn't) - El/Ea nu are We have not (We haven't) - Noi nu avem You have not (You haven't) - Voi nu aveti They have not (They haven't) - Ei/Ele nu au
MODURILE VERBALE Modul indicativ Este folosit pentru a face o afirmatie sau pentru a adresa o intrebare. Modul imperativ Este folosit pentru a da instructiuni, ordine, sugestii. Majoritatea propozitiilor imperative au ca subiect pronumele "you", deci subiectul la persoana a doua singular sau plural. Exemple: Get out of here! Iesi afara de aici! Go to the market! Mergi la piata! Modul subjonctiv Este folosit in propozitii subordonate pentru a exprima urmatoarele: o dorinta: I wish you were here. Mi-as dori sa fii aici. fraze conditionale care incep cu "if": If we were more efficient, we'd finished our homework on time. Daca am fi fost mai eficienti, ne-am fi terminat tema la timp. fraze introduse prin "as if" sau "as though": He acted as if he were guilty. A reactionat ca si cum ar fi fost vinovat.
fraze introduse prin "that": I asked that she be present at the trial. Am solicitat ca ea sa fie prezenta la proces.
TIMPURILE VERBELOR IN ENGLEZA Pentru verbul in engleza timpurile difera fundamental fata de cele ale limbii romane. De aceea nu trebuie cautate in permanenta echivalente exacte intre cele doua limbi. Asa cum ne asteptam exista 3 timpuri de desfasurare a unei actiuni: prezent(present), trecut(past)
si
viitor(future).
Verbul la aceste timpuri il voi numi deocamdata simplu. Mai jos se observa ca la randul lor aceste timpuri ale verbului in engleza (tenses) pot fi: propriu-zise sau propriu-zis perfecte. Dar si timpurile propriu-zise si propriu-zis perfecte pot fi propriu-zise sau continui. Explicatii generale pentru timpurile verbului in engleza Timp simplu - verbul reprezinta o actiune prezenta, trecuta sau viitoare nelimitata in
timp.
Timp continuu - verbul reprezinta o actiune in derulare la un moment dat prezent, trecut sau viitor care in momentul acela se petrece simultan cu o alta actiune.
Timp simplu perfect - verbul reprezinta o actiune inceputa anterioara unui moment dat prezent, trecut sau viitor
Timp continuu perfect - verbul reprezinta o actiune in curs pana la un moment dat prezent, trecut sau viitor si continuind sau nu in acel moment In limba engleza nu exista conjugari ca in limbile latine (romana, franceza etc) Verbul in engleza este fie regulat fie neregulat.
Totusi, pentru placerea exercitiului incerc mai jos sa fac o paralela intre timpurile verbelor in limba engleza si timpurile verbelor in limba romana: 1. Prezent: ma joc (verbul in romana) -> I play, I am playing (verbul in engleza) 2. Imperfect: ma jucam (verbul in romana) -> I was playing (verbul in engleza) 3. Perfectul compus: m-am jucat (verbul in romana) -> I played, I have played, I have been playing (verbul in engleza) 4. Perfectul simplu: ma jucai (verbul in romana) -> I played (verbul in engleza) 5. Mai mult ca perfectul:
ma jucasem (verbul in romana) -> I had played (verbul in engleza) 6. Viitor: ma voi juca (verbul in romana) -> I will play, I will be playing (verbul in engleza) 7. Viitorul perfect: ma voi fi jucat (verbul in romana) -> I will have played, I will have been playing (verbul in engleza) Dupa cum se vede in exemplul de mai sus, perfectul compus din limba romana poate avea drept corespondent mai multe timpuri in limba engleza. Dupa modul in care se formeaza timpurile verbelor in engleza, verbele in engleza se impart in verbe regulate si verbe neregulate. In cazul verbelor neregulate, in engleza trebuiesc stiute cele 3 forme ale verbului. In engleza, verbul to play = a (se) juca este verb regulat. Ca verb regulat: - formele continue primesc un "-ing" la sfarsit; - trecutul simplu al verbului (in engleza) primeste "-ed" la sfarsitul verbului; - participiul trecut al verbului se formeaza prin adaugarea lui "-ed" la sfarsitul verbului. Verbul in limba engleza formeaza timpurile (unele timpuri) cu ajutorul altor verbe (auxiliare). Verbele auxiliare in limba engleza sunt: to be (a fi) , to have (a avea). Si in Limba Romana se folosesc verbele auxiliare, dar nu in acelasi fel. Verbele in limba engleza au urmatoarele timpuri: Trecut 1. Trecutul simplu 2. Trecutul continuu 3. Trecutul perfect 4. Trecutul perfect continuu Prezent 1. Prezentul simplu 2. Prezentul continuu 3. Prezentul perfect 4. Prezentul perfect continuu Viitor 1. Viitorul simplu 2. Viitorul continuu
3. Viitorul perfect 4. Viitorul perfect continuu 5. "Viitorul in trecut" - un timp mai special in limba engleza
Simple Past Tense Trecutul simplu in engleza Afirmativ : S + verbul la forma a II a de pe lista verbelor iregulate We went to the zoo yesterday. – Am fost la zoo ieri. S + verb + ed – pentru cele regulate I phoned her. – I-am dat telefon. Negativ : S + aux DO la trecut (did) + not + verbul la infinitiv We did not finish the project in due time. – Noi nu am terminat proiectul la timp.
Interogativ : Did + S + verbul la infinitiv ? Did you eat all the chocolate? – Ai mancat toata ciocolata? Trecutul simplu (Simple Past Tense) se foloseste pentru a exprima :
A. Actiuni terminate in trecut la un timp stabilit o Cand locul si timpul unde se petrece actiunea ne sunt date Marta called me in the morning from the hospital. – Marta m-a sunat dimineata de la spital. o Cand se intreaba timpul When did you go to the Opera? – Cand ai fost la Opera?
o Cand timpul e definit ca rezultat al unei intrebari When did they find her? They found her 2 hours ago. – Cand au gasit-o? Ei au gasit-o acum 2 ore. B. Actiuni care s-au intamplat imediat una dupa alta in trecut They went into the house, brought food from the fridge and set the table in the yard. – Ei s-au dus in casa, au adus mancare din frigider si au pus masa in curte. C. Obiceiuri in trecut care acum sunt terminate I used to go to ballet 5 years ago. – Obisnuiam sa ma duc la cursuri de balet acum 5 ani.
Adverbe ce se folosesc cu Simple Past Tense : yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week, two weeks ago
Past Continuous Tense Trecutul continuu in engleza Past Continuous Tense : Forme Afirmativ : S + verbul To BE la past tense + verbul de conjugat + ING I was reading the lesson when the teacher came in. – Citeam lectia cand a intrat profesoara. Negativ : S + verbul To BE la past tense la forma negativa + verbul de conjugat + ING They weren’t looking for Susan; they were looking for her sister. – Ei nu o cautau pe Susan, ei o cautau pe sora ei. Interogativ : Verbul To BE la past tense + S + verbul de conjugat + ING Was he driving too fast when he had the accident? – Conducea el prea repede cand a avut accidentul? Trecutul simplu (Past Continuous Tense) se foloseste pentru a exprima :
• actiune care se afla in desfasurare la un moment dat in trecut.
While wou were having a bath, the phone rang. – In timp ce faceai baie a sunat telefonul. • actiune care continua de ceva vreme Yesterday I was jogging in the park. – Ieri, faceam jogging in park. • actiune care are loc in acelasi timp cu o alta actiune in trecut While I was reviewing the article my husband was watching his favourite tv show. – In timp ce eu revizuiam articolul sotul meu urmarea show-ul tv favorit. • un echivalent in trecut al prezentului continuu They told us they were spending the night at Select. – Ei ne-au spus ca o sa-si petreaca noaptea la Select. Adverbe folosite cu Past Continuous Tense: while, when , all morning, all night, as
Past Perfect Tense Trecutul perfect in engleza Past Perfect Tense : Forme Afirmativ : S + Past tense al verbului To HAVE + participiu trecut Atentie: La verbele regulate participiul trecut = verb + ed iar la cele neregulate este forma a 3a de pe lista verbelor iregulate. At last she showed me the dress she had bought. – Intr-un sfarsit, mi-a aratat rochia pe care si-o cumparase. Negativ : S + Past tense al verbului To HAVE + Not + participiu trecut They hadn’t gone to Mt. Omu, they had gone to another peak. – Ei nu au mers pe varful Omu, au mers pe alt varf. Interogativ : Past tense al verbului To HAVE + S + participiu trecut Hadn’t he loved you? – Nu te iubea? Past Perfect Tense se foloseste pentru a exprima :
- O actiune care a avut loc inaintea altei actiuni in trecut. By 12 o clock the cleaning lady had aired all the rooms in the hotel. – Pana la ora 12 camerista aerisise toate camerele din hotel. - Cauza unui efect trecut Why did the window break? Because he had thrown a stone at it. – De ce s-a spart geamul? Pentru ca el a aruncat o piatra in el. Adverbe care se folosesc cu Past Perfect Tense: just, already, by, hardly, scarcely
Past Perfect Continuous Tense Trecutul perfect continuu in engleza Past Perfect Continuous Tense : Forme Afirmativ : S+ had been + participiu prezent Participiu prezent = verb + ing I have been thinking of writing you a mail when you called me. – Eu ma gandisem sa iti scriu un mail cand tu m-ai sunat. Negativ : S + had + Not + been + present participle I hadn’t been waiting long in a queue when I heard a voice calling my name. – Nu stateam de mult la rand, cand au auzit o voce strigandu-mi numele. Interogativ: Had + S + been + present participle They hadn’t been doing their tasks so they didn’t get a bonus. – Ei nu si-au indeplinit din taskuri deci nu au primit un bonus. Past Perfect Continuous se foloseste pentru a exprima :
- O actiune in desfasurare la un moment dat in trecut, durata fiind precizata. They had been working for over an hour until the bus came. – Ei vorbisera timp de o ora pana a venit autobuzul. - Arata efectul unei actiuni intamplate in trecut. Marc was tired because he had been working for a project all night long – Marc era obosit pentru ca a lucrat pentru un proiect toata noaptea.
Adverbe care se folosesc cu Past Perfect Continuous Tense: by the time, since, for, before
Present Simple Tense Prezentul simplu in engleza Present Simple Tense: Forme Afirmativ : Subiect + Verbul la infinitiv Exceptie : La pers a III sg verbul se termina mereu in –s sau – es : The boy wants a toy car for Christmas. – Baiatul vrea o masina de jucarie pentru Craciun. Atentie: 1. Verbele care se termina in -y la pers a III sg, y se transforma in -ies: I cry – She cries. I play – He plays. 2. Verbele care se termina in –o, -ss, -x, -sh, -ch primesc la pers a III sg es My mother usually goes to the market in the morning. – Mama se duce de obicei in piata dimineata.
Negativ : Subiect+ do not/ does not + verb She does not sing in the school chorus. – Ea nu canta in corul scolii. Interogativ : do not/ does not + Subiect + verb Does she want to participate in the competition? - Vrea ea sa participle in competitie? Present Simple Tense se foloseste pentru a exprima :
- Adevaruri general valabile :
The earth has 2 emispheres - Pamantul are 2 emisfere. - Actiuni repetitive: She takes piano lessons each day at 5 o’clock. – Ea ia lectii de pian in fiecare zi la ora 5. - Actiuni de moment, terminate in momentul in care sunt savarsite : Mark gets out of bed, goes to the bathroom and washes his teeth. – Mark se da jos din pat, se duce la baie si se spala pe dinti. - Actiuni obisnuite : My grandfather and Iusually look at the starts when the sky is clear. – Bunicul meu si cu mine, noi ne uitam de obicei la stele cand e senin. - Actiuni planificate in viitor, obligatorii (cu verbe de miscare) : The year ends with the 31st of December. – Anul se termina cu 31 decembrie. Adverbe folosite cu Present Tense Simple : de obicei, des, mereu, in fiecare dimineata, cateodata, noaptea, dimineata.
Present Continuous Tense Prezentul continuu in engleza Present Continuous Tense: Forme Afirmativ : Subiect + Prezentul verbului “a fi” + ing : She is cutting the cake in slices. (Ea taie prajitura felii.) Negativ : Subiect + Prezentul verbului “a fi” + not + verb + ing : She is not talking at the moment, she is eating. (In acest moment ea nu vorbeste, mananca.) Interogativ : Prezentul verbului “a fi” + Subiect + verb + ing : Is she smiling ? (Ea zambeste ?)
Prezentul continuu se foloseste pentru a exprima :
- actiune care se intampla in momentul vorbirii Ex. The wind is blowing.- Vantul sufla. It is raining outside. - Ploua afara. - actiune care se extinde pe o perioada putin mai lunga de timp Ex. Julia is reading a novel by Dickens. - Iulia citeste un roman de Dickens.
- actiune temporara, limitata Ex. I live in Cluj but this year I am living in Bucuresti. – Traiesc in Cluj dar in acest an locuiesc in Bucuresti. - planuri imediate pentru viitorul apropiat Ex. The children are going camping today. – Copiii merg cu cortul astazi. - actiune frecvent repetata, suparatoare – se foloseste deseori cu adverbele always, forever, constantly Ex. Ann is always making plans without taking into consideration all the facts. – Ann isi face mereu planuri fara sa ia in considerare toate aspectele. - in propozitii subordonate Ex They will go jogging while the babies are sleeping. – Ei vor face jogging cat timp copii dorm. Exista o serie de verbe care nu se folosesc la Prezent Continuu. Ele se impart in urmatoarele categorii : Verbe de perceptie : feel, hear, see, smell, taste Verbe de opinie : assume, believe, consider, doubt, feel (= a crede), find (= a considera), suppose, think Verbe care se refera la perceptie mentala: forget, imagine, know, mean, notice, recognize, remember, understand Verbe care exprima emotii sau chiar dorinte : envy, fear, dislike, hate, hope, like, love, mind, prefer, regret, want, wish Verbe folosite pentru masurat : contain, cost, hold, measure, weigh Alte verbe : look (= a se asemana), seem, be (in majoritatea cazurilor), have = a poseda)
Unele verbe pot fi folosite la forma continua dar isi schimba sensul : Exemple: Verbul to see (a imagina) : I think you are seeing things, there is no one in the house. – Cred ca iti imaginezi lucruri, nu e nimeni in casa. Verbul to smell (a adulmeca, a mirosi) : She is smelling the roses.- Ea miroase trandafirii. Verbul to look (a se uita) : Tom is looking at Maria. Verbul to be (a se comporta) : She is being rude. – Ea se comporta nepoliticos. Expresii de timp folosite cu prezentul continuu : now, at the moment, at present, these days, still, nowadays, today, tonight.
Present Perfect Tense Prezentul perfect in engleza Present Perfect Tense: Forme Afirmativ : Subiectul + Auxiliarul HAVE la prezent + past participle al verbului de conjugat We are not going on holiday since the prices have rise. – Noi nu mai mergem in vacant deoarece preturile au crescut. Negativ : Subiectul + have/has not + past participle al verbului de conjugat I haven’t seen her this morning, she is probably sleeping. – Nu am vazut-o de dimineata, probabil doarme.
Interogativ : Auxiliarul HAVE la prezent + Subiectul + past participle al verbului de conjugat Haven’t you eaten too much chocolate already? – Nu ai mancat deja destula
ciocolata? Present Perfect Tense se foloseste pentru a exprima :
- o actiune care incepe in trecut, continua in trecut si se termina in prezent sau foarte aproape de prezent. Tell me, what have you done? – Spune-mi, ce ai facut? - o actiune care s-a terminat recent al carei rezultat este vizibil si in prezent We have just finished redecorating our house. – Tocmai am terminat de redecorat casa noastra. Adverbe folosite cu Present Perfect Tense: since si for, already, yet, just, ever, how long, recently
Present Perfect Continuous Tense Prezentul perfect continuu in engleza Present Perfect Continuous Tense: Forme Afirmativ : Subiectul + prezentul perfect al verbului to be (have/has been)+ participul prezent al verbului de conjugat (baza + ing) They have been reading a lot of book lately. – Ei au citit o multime de carti in ultima vreme. Negativ : Subiectul + prezentul perfect al verbului to be (have/has been)+ NOT + participul prezent al verbului de conjugat They haven’t been watching TV this afternoon. – Ei nu s-au uitat la tv in acesta dupa-amiaza.
Interogativ : Prezentul perfect al verbului to be + Subiectul + participul prezent al verbului de conjugat
What have you been doing ? I have been working on a new project. – Ce ai mai facut? Am lucrat la un nou proiect. Present Perfect Continuous se foloseste pentru a exprima :
- o actiune care incepe in trecut, ajunge in prezent si are sanse de a continua in viitor. It has been snowing for 4 hours. – Ninge de 4 ore. - o actiune recenta ar carei rezultat poate fi vazut Why is you hair wet? Because I have been swimming. – De ce ai parul ud? Pentru ca am inotat. Adverbe folosite cu Present Perfect Continuous : for, since
Simple Future Tense Viitorul simplu in engleza Simple Future Tense: Forme Afirmativ : S + will + verbul la infinitiv You will feel better if you take this pill. - Tu o sa te simti mult mai bine daca iei acesta pastila. Negativ : S + will not (won’t) + verbul la infinitiv I won’t tell where she is. – Nu iti voi spune unde este ea. Interogativ: Will + S + verbul la infinitiv Will you love me in 10 years? – O sa ma iubesti si peste 10 ani? Future simple se foloseste pentru a exprima :
- Promisiuni, amenintari, cereri, sperante I will never tell you anything. – Nu o sa iti mai spun niciodata nimic.
- Actiuni care vor avea loc in viitor si peste care nu putem avea control Next year Easter will be on 15 of April. - Decizii luate pe moment, spontane I will buy this car, I love it. – Voi cumpara acesta masina, imi place. - Previziuni despre viitor I believe she will be a great politician one day. – Cred ca va fi un bun politician intr-o zi. Going To Future Se foloseste pentru a exprima : - Planuri, intentii pentru viitor I am going to travel to Spain one day. – Intentionez sa vizitez Spania intr-o zi.
- Predictii bazate pe ceea ce stim sau ce vedem Look at the sky. It is going to rain soon. – Uita-te la cer, va ploua in curand. - Actiuni la care ne-am hotarat deja sa le facem in viitorul apropiat We are going to visit our relatives in the weekend. – Noi vom merge sa ne vizitam rudele in acest weekend. Adverbe folosite cu Simple
Future Tense : tomorrow, the day after
tomorrow, soon, next week, in a week, month
Future Continuous Tense Viitorul continuu in engleza Future Continuous Tense: Forme Afirmativ : S + Will be + present participle The Health Organisation will be opening a new hospital in this city. – Organizatia de sanatate va deschide un nou spital in acest oras. Negativ :
S + will not (won’t) + present participle The train won’t be arriving any time soon; there was an accident on the road. – Trenul nu va ajunge prea curand, a avut loc un accident pe drum. Interogativ: Will + S + be + present participle Will you be shouting at me if I tell you the truth? – Vei tipa daca iti voi spune adevarul? Future Continuous Tense se foloseste pentru a exprima :
- Actiuni care se vor desfasura intr-un anumit punct din viitor By this time tomorrow I will be sailing on the Mediteranean Sea. - Actiuni care vor avea loc in viitor ca urmare a unei actiuni de rutina sau unui aranjament Do not interrupt her now. She will be signing a contract. – Nu o intrerupe acum. E pe cale de a semna un contract. Adverbe si locutiuni adverbiale folosite cu Future Continuous Tense : tomorrow, by this time tomorrow.
Future Perfect Tense Viitorul perfect in engleza Future Perfect Tense: Forme Afirmativ : S + will have + past participle al verbului de conjugat past participle = forma a III a verbului Tomorrow at 9 they will have left for Sibiu. – Maine la ora 9 ei vor fi plecat spre Sibiu. Negativ : S + will not have + past participle al verbului de conjugat When you phone Julie I will not have arrived at the station. – Cand o suni pe Julie eu nu voi fi ajuns in statie. Future perfect se foloseste pentru a exprima :
- O actiune vazuta din viitor dar care se intampla in trecut
They will have had dinner by the time their friend arrives. – Ei vor fi luat cina pana vor ajunge prietenii lor. Adverbe ce se folosesc cu Future Perfect Tense : by the time, after, unti, by
Future Perfect Continuous Tense Viitorul perfect continuu in engleza Future Perfect Continuous Tense: Forme Afirmativ : S + will have been + present participle al verbului de conjugat present participle = verbul + ing While Michael will have been writing his exercices, Maria will have been playing the violin. – Cat timp Mihai isi va fi scris exercitiile, Maria va fi cantat la vioara. Negativ : S + will not have been + present participle al verbului de conjugat You will not have been working here by this summer. – Tu nu vei fi lucrat aici pana in aceasta vara. Future Perfect Continuous se foloseste pentru a exprima : - O actiune in desfasurare la un moment dat in viitor, durata actiunii find precizata. Tomorrow at 7 I will have been sleeping for 10 hours. – Maine la ora 7 voi fi dormit de 10 ore. Adverbe ce se folosesc cu Future Perfect Continuous Tense : by…for
Future-in-the-Past Tense "Viitorul in trecut" in engleza Future-in-the-Past Tense: Forme Afirmativ : S + would + infinitivul verbului de conjugat She told me I would be in trouble – Ea mi-a spus ca voi intra in bucluc. Negativ : S + would not + infinitivul verbului de conjugat We never thought they would not win. – Noi nu ne-am gandit niciodata ca ei nu vor castiga.
Future-in-the-past se foloseste pentru a exprima :
- o actiune posterioara unei actiuni din trecut. They knew the boss would not call them back to work. – Ei stiau ca seful nu ii va chema inapoi la munca. Pentru ilustrarea timpurilor in engleza vom folosi un verb regulat Ca si in romana, verbul in engleza are 2 diateze: activa si pasiva
VERBUL IN ENGLEZA LA DIATEZA ACTIVA Actiunea e facuta de subiect De exemplu luam verbul to work (a munci). In engleza verbul to work e regulat: work worked - worked Iar verbul to fall(a cadea) e neregulat: fall - fell - fallen Desi doar Alice in tara minunilor poate cadea cu verbul la un timp continuu (pentru ca dureaza in timp), chiar si acest verb are timpuri continui pentru ca apare in diferite expresii: I am falling in love = Ma indragostesc My life is falling apart = Mi se duce viata de rapa Diferente intre timpurile verbelor regulate si neregulate nu exista. Ceea ce se poate observa la verbul neregulat este modul cum se folosesc cele trei cuvinte care definesc verbul adica: fall, fell si fallen. Pentru orice alt verb neregulat cele trei parti se inlocuiesc fiecare in parte cu cele trei parti ale verbului considerat.
To work = A munci (verb regulat) Present Tense I work You work He works She works We work You work They work Present Continuous I am working You are working He is working She is working We are working You are working
They are working Present Perfect I have worked You have worked He has worked She has worked We have worked You have worked They have worked Present Perfect Continuous I have been working You have been working He has been working She has been working We have been working You have been working They have been working Past Tense I worked You worked He worked She worked We worked You worked They worked Past Continuous I was working You were working He was working She was working We were working You were working They were working Past Perfect I had worked You had worked He had worked She had worked We had worked
You had worked They had worked Past Perfect Continuous I had been working You had been working He had been working She had been working We had been working You had been working They had been working Future Tense I will work You will work He will work She will work We will work You will work They will work Future Continuous I will be working You will be working He will be working She will be working We will be working You will be working They will be working Future Perfect I will have worked You will have worked He will have worked She will have worked We will have worked You will have worked They will have worked Future Perfect Continuous I will have been working You will have been working He will have been working She will have been working
We will have been working You will have been working They will have been working
Conjugarea pentru verbul neregulat to fall - a cadea e la lectia verbe neregulate. Oricum timpurile verbelor si cand se folosesc este aceeasi si la verbe regulate si la cele neregulate. Numai modul in care se conjuga difera.
1.1. I work - Present Tense - Timpul Present
Verbul exprima o actiune prezenta nelimitata in timp. 1. Situatii in care prezentul limbii romane este echivalent cu Present Tense din engleza
O actiune prezenta in derulare (mereu, cateodata sau niciodata) What do you do? I work at a bank.
Cu ce te ocupi? Lucrez la o banca
She never works so late
Ea niciodata nu lucreaza atat de tarziu
Un adevar absolut, chiar daca se desfasoara si in clipa asta
The earth spins around the sun.
Pamantul se invarteste in jurul soarelui.
Se poate folosi pe post de viitor
The store closes at 9:00pm
Magazinul se inchide la 9:00pm.
Viitorul din limba romana se traduce cu Present Tense in limba engleza dupa: after, before, when, as soon as, while etc daca exprima o actiune viitoare
Someday when I am big and strong.
Candva, cand voi fi mare si puternic
2. Situatii in care prezentul limbii romane NU este echivalent cu Present Tense din engleza
Atunci cand verbul descrie o actiune care se desfasoara acum (in clipa
dialogului) - atunci se foloseste Prezentul Continuu.
I am working in the garden
Lucrez in gradina
Folosind verbul in engleza la prezentul continuu indica faptul ca te referi la clipa asta. I work in the garden - inseamna ca asta e ocupatia ta. De exemplu ca esti gradinar.
Sus
1.2. I am working - Present Continuous - Prezent Continuu
Verbul exprima o actiune in derulare in prezent care se petrece simultan cu o alta actiune. Este legat de actiuni concrete. 1. Situatii in care timpul prezent din romana este echivalent cu Present Continuous din engleza
Verbul reprezinta o actiune ce se petrece in clipa asta (simultana cu momentul in care se vorbeste) I am working on my new book.
Lucrez la noua mea carte.
Verbul descrie o actiune generala dar simultana cu o alta actiune
By the time the alarm goes off I am already working.
Cand suna ceasul eu deja lucrez (am inceput lucrul)
2. Situatii in care prezentul limbii romane NU este echivalent cu Present Continuous din engleza
Vezi cazurile timpului prezent 1.1. I work
Sus
1.3. I have worked - Present Perfect - Prezent Perfect
Verbul reprezinta o actiune inceputa anterioara unui moment dat prezent
1. Situatii in care Perfectul Compus (am muncit) din limba romana este echivalent cu Present Perfect al limbii engleze
Daca actiunea a inceput inaintea momentului prezent si e inca in desfasurare
sau daca efectul ei se vede in prezent I have worked all my adult life.
Am muncit toata viata mea adulta (si inca mai muncesc).
Daca verbul e insotit de un adverb (mereu, cateodata, niciodata etc):
I have never worked so late before.
Niciodata nu am mai lucrat atat de tarziu (pana acum).
Atentie: Fata de 1.1. exista urmatoarea diferenta: I never work so late. inseamna: Nu lucrez atat de tarziu (ca si in romana) adica refuzi ideea pentru ca nu lucrezi niciodata atat de tarziu, pe cand I never have worked so late before inseamna ca desi nu ai mai lucrat atat de tarziu, acum lucrezi (atat de tarziu). 2. Situatii in care Perfectul Compus al limbii romana NU este echivalent cu Present Perfect din limba engleza
1. Cand se foloseste Present Perfect Continuous 1.4 I have been working
2. Cand se foloseste Past Tense 1.5 I worked
Sus
1.4. I have been working - Present Perfect Continuous - Prezent Perfect Continuu
O actiune care s-a desfasurat pana acum, si va continua probabil si in viitor. 1. Situatii in care Perfectul Compus (am muncit) din limba romana este echivalent cu Present Perfect Continuous din limba engleza
Verbul reprezinta o actiune inceputa in trecut, continuata in prezent, si care
poate continua si in viitor
I have been working on the railroad
Am muncit la calea ferata
All live long day
Cat e ziua de lunga
I've been working on the railroad
Am muncit la calea ferata
Just to while my time away.
Ca sa mai treaca timpul.
E un binecunoscut cantec englezesc. Am muncit la calea ferata toata ziua si o voi face probabil si in viitor. 2. Situatii in care Perfectul Compus (am muncit) din limba romana NU este echivalent cu Present Perfect Continuous din engleza
Vezi cazurile timpului Present Perfect 1.3. I have worked
Vezi cazurile timpului Past Tense 1.5. I worked
Sus
1.5. I worked - Past Tense - Timpul Trecut
Past Tense reprezinta actiunea care s-a desfasurat in trecut si s-a terminat.
1. Situatii in care Perfectul Compus (am muncit) din limba romana este echivalent cu Past Tense din engleza
Verbul reprezinta o actiune trecuta ce nu a fost intrerupta, nu e concomitenta cu
alta actiune, nu se continua in prezent. I worked till my hands hurt
Am muncit pana ma dureau palmele.
Asta e usor de inteles, Am muncit dar acum m-am oprit.
Deasemeni acest timp se foloseste foarte mult in povestiri (de exemplu vezi
poeziile de la Literatura)
2. Situatii in care Perfectul Compus (am muncit) din limba romana NU este echivalent cu Past Tense din engleza
Vezi cazurile timpului Present Perfect 1.3. I have worked
Vezi cazurile timpului Present Perfect Continuous 1.5. I have been working
Exista situatii in care Past Tense din limba engleza nu se traduce prin Perfectul Compus (am muncit) din limba romana. Ca exemplu vedeti primul caz de mai sus sau binecunoscutul cantec pentru copii de mai jos.
In jurul mesei cizmarului All around the cobbler's bench
Maimuta fugarea
The monkey chased the weasel
nevastuica
The monkey thought it was all in fun
Maimuta credea ca se
Pop! goes the weasel
joaca Bum! face nevastuica
Dupa cum vedeti verbul to chase cu Past Tense chased (e verb regulat la fel ca to work) se traduce prin fugarea (Imperfect) sau fugari (considerat timpul folosit in povestiri in romaneste) iar thought(Past Tense de la to think) se traduce tot prin Imperfect. Atentie: Daca aveti indoieli ce timp trecut al verbului sa folositi in propozitii alegeti acest timp - Past Tense. Va fi mai putin deranjanta greseala.
Sus
1.6. I was working - Past Continuous - Trecut Continuu
Past Continuous se refera la un eveniment in derulare la un moment in trecut care se petrece simultan cu un alt eveniment. 1. Situatii in care Imperfectul (munceam) din limba romana este echivalent cu Past Continuous din limba engleza
Verbul exprima o actiune in trecut care a fost intrerupta de alta actiune (ca si
"munceam" pe romaneste) I was working when the meteorite fell/the phone rang/you showed up.
Munceam cand meteoritul a cazut/a sunat telefonul/ai aparut tu.
I was walking in the park one day
Ma plimbam in parc intr-o zi
In the merry, merry month of May
In vesela, vesela luna Mai
I was taken by surprise
Am fost luat prin surprindere
By a pair of pearly eyes
De niste ochi perlati
In the merry, merry month of May
In vesela, vesela luna Mai
Atentie: In cantecul de mai sus was walking este Past Continuous dar was taken nu este Past Continuous. I was taken inseamna am fost luat (este la Diateza Pasiva). Daca vrei sa exprimi verbul la Past Continuous zici I was taking. 2. Situatii in care Imperfectul (munceam) din limba romana NU este echivalent cu Past Continuous din engleza
Verbul folosit nu are forma continua - atunci se foloseste deobicei Past Tense.
He wanted to come with us.
El vroia sa vina cu noi. (was wanting e gresit)
Actiunea e de durata, e o rutina pe care nu o mai practicam - atunci se
foloseste used to - obisnuiam sa/obisnuiai sa etc. As a boy, I used to wander through the woods
Fiind baiet, paduri cutreieram
Verbul exprima o actiune inceputa anterioara unui moment dat sau anterioara
unei alte actiuni tot in trecut - atunci se foloseste Past Perfect I had worked as a goldminer for a long time when I finally struck it rich.
Lucram de mult timp ca miner de aur cand in sfarsit am dat de bogatii.
Sus
1.7. I had worked - Past Perfect - Trecut Perfect
Verbul reprezinta o actiune inceputa anterioara unui moment trecut sau anterioara unei actiuni trecute. 1. Situatii in care mai mult ca perfectul (muncisem, lucrasem) din limba romana este echivalent cu Past Perfect din engleza
Verbul este o actiune ce s-a terminat in trecut fata de momentul/actiunea tot trecuta la care se raporteaza
Emily a spus (trecut) ca lucrase in gradina (si mai vechi) in dimineata aceea Emily said she had worked in her garden that morning.
Atentie: La fel ca in romaneste aceste timpuri nu sunt batute in cuie. Emily a spus ca a lucrat in gradina in dimineata aceea Emily a spus ca lucra in gradina in dimineata aceea Emily a spus ca lucrase in gradina in dimineata aceea Toate aceste forme sunt des folosite iar folosirea lor in romaneste depinde (oarecum) de context. Traducerea acestor propozitii: Emily said she worked in the garden that morning Emily said she was working in the garden that morning Emily said she had worked in the garden that morning Emily said she had been working in the garden that morning se folosesc deasemeni in limbajul curent in engleza depinzand si ele (oarecum) de context, dar fiind interschimbabile de multe ori.
Sus
1.8. I had been working - Past Perfect Continuous - Trecut Perfect Continuu
Verbul reprezinta o actiune in curs pana la un moment dat trecut cand a fost oprit de o alta actiune a carui urmari continua si azi. 1. Situatii in care imperfectul (munceam, lucram) limbii romane este echivalent cu Past Perfect Continuous din engleza
Verbul exprima o actiune trecuta, ce se afla inca in desfasurare, in momentul cand s-a produs o alta actiune tot din trecut. They had been working on the new house before the fire destroyed it
(Ei)lucrau la casa cea noua inainte sa fie distrusa de foc
He had been working slowly before hearing of the new deadline.
(El)muncea incet inainte sa afle de noul termen limita.
Situatii in care mai mult ca perfectul (muncisem, lucrasem) limbii romane este echivalent cu Past Perfect Continuous din engleza
They had been working on the new house for many months before the fire destroyed it
(Ei) lucrasera luni de zile la casa cea noua inainte sa fie distrusa de foc
Situatii in care mai mult ca perfectul si/sau imperfectul din limba romana NU este echivalent cu Past Perfect Continuous din engleza
Vezi cazurile timpului Present Perfect 1.6. I was working
Vezi cazurile timpului Past Continuous 1.7. I had worked
Sus
1.9. I will work - Future Tense (I am going to work) - Timpul Viitor
Verbul reprezinta o actiune viitoare nelimitata in timp. 1. Situatii in care verbul la viitor (voi munci) din limba romana este echivalent cu Future Tense din engleza
Daca verbul reprezinta o actiune in viitor si nu va fi intrerupta, nu e concomitenta cu alta actiune folositi Future Tense. I will work OK?
Am sa muncesc, BINE?
Someday when I am big and strong
Intr-o zi cand voi fi mare si puternic
I will walk that road and sing a song
Voi merge pe acel drum si voi canta un cantec
I will sing of roads so green and wide
Voi canta despre drumuri verzi si late
That turn and bend from side to side
Care se indoaie si serpuiesc dintr-o parte in alta
I will sing of roads that turn and bend
Voi canta despre drumuri serpuitoare
That go from town to rainbow's end
Care merg din oras pana la capatul curcubeului
Atentie: vezi (1.1 I work) pentru primul vers din poezia de mai sus Situatii in care verbul la viitor (voi munci) din limba romana NU este echivalent cu Future Tense din engleza Cand verbul reprezinta o actiune in derulare la un moment dat in viitor - atunci se foloseste Future Continuous 1.10. I will be working
I will be working in Paris next year
Voi lucra la Paris la anul
Un alt mod de a exprima viitorul e folosind to be going to - intentionez sa
I am going to wait for him at the station
Il voi astepta la gara.
Sus
1.10. I will be working - Future Conntinuous - Viitor Continuu
Verbul reprezinta o actiune in derulare la un moment dat in viitor
She will be coming round the mountain when she comes
Cand vine, (ea) va veni in jurul muntelui
Sus
1.11. I will have worked - Future Perfect - Viitor Perfect
Echivalentul lui voi fi lucrat I will have worked for 20 years next month. Luna viitoare eu o sa fi lucrat de 20 de ani.
Sus
1.12. I will have been working - Future Perfect Continuous - Viitor Perfect Continuu
Acest timp nu prea se foloseste, pune mai mult accentul pe perioada lunga de timp decat 1.11 Future Continuous Se traduce tot prin voi fi lucrat, si ca toate formele de timpuri continue implica o actiune in derulare
By 2015 he will have been working for 40 years
In 2015 el va fi lucrat de 40 de ani
Sus
VERBUL IN ENGLEZA LA DIATEZA PASIVA Actiunea e suportata de subiect. Diateza pasiva exista si in limba romana
De exemplu verbul to wash - a spala (verb regulat: wash - washed - washed) Eu spal rufele saptamanal (Diateza Activa) devine Rufele sunt spalate saptamanal (de mine) 2.1 I wash the laundry weekly - The laundry is washed weekly (by me). 2.2 I am washing laundry now - The laundry is being washed now (by me). 2.3 I have washed the laundry - The laundry has been washed (by me). 2.4 I have been washing the laundry - The laundry has been washed (by me). 2.5 I washed the laundry yesterday - The laundry was washed yesterday (by me). 2.6 I was washing the laundry - The laundry was being washed (by me). 2.7 I had washed the laundry- The laundry had been washed (by me). 2.8 I had been washing the laundry - The laundry had been washed (by me).
2.9 I will wash the laundry- The laundry will be washed (by me). 2.10 I will be washing the laundry - The laundry will be washed (by me). 2.11 I will have washed the laundry - The laundry will have been washed (by me). 2.12 I will have been washing the laundry - The laundry will have been washed (by me).
Verbele neregulate în limba engleză Infinitiv
Trecut
Participiu Trecut
Traducere
to abide
abode / abided
abode / abided / abidden
(a se supune)
to alight
alit / alighted
alit / alighted
(a aprinde)
to arise
arose
arisen
(a se ridica)
to awake
awoke
awoken
(a se trezi)
to be
was/were
been
(a fi)
to bear
bore
born / borne
(a naşte)
to beat
beat
beaten
(a bate)
to become
became
become
(a deveni)
to begin
began
begun
(a începe)
to behold
beheld
beheld
(a zări)
to bend
bent
bent
(a îndoi)
to bet
bet
bet
(a paria)
to bid
bade
bidden
(a licita)
to bid
bid
bid
(a invita/pofti)
to bind
bound
bound
(a lega)
to bite
bit
bitten
(a muşca)
to bleed
bled
bled
(a sângera)
to blow
blew
blown
(a sufla)
to break
broke
broken
(a sparge)
to breed
bred
bred
(a creşte)
to bring
brought
brought
(a aduce)
to broadcast
broadcast / broadcasted broadcast / broadcasted
(a difuza)
to build
built
built
(a construi)
to burn
burnt / burned
burnt / burned
(a arde)
to burst
burst
burst
(a izbucni)
to bust
bust
bust
(a da buzna)
to buy
bought
bought
(a cumpăra)
to cast
cast
cast
(a arunca)
to catch
caught
caught
(a prinde)
to choose
chose
chosen
(a alege)
to clap
clapped / clapt
clapped / clapt
(a aplauda)
to cling
clung
clung
(a se agăţa)
to clothe
clad / clothed
clad / clothed
(a îmbrăca)
to come
came
come
(a veni)
to cost
cost
cost
(a costa)
to creep
crept
crept
(a se furişa)
to cut
cut
cut
(a tăia)
to dare
dared / durst
dared
(a îndrăzni)
to deal
dealt
dealt
(a împărţi)
to dig
dug
dug
(a săpa)
to dive
dived / dove
dived
(a se scufunda)
to do
did
done
(a face)
to draw
drew
drawn
(a desena)
to dream
dreamt / dreamed
dreamt / dreamed
(a visa)
to drink
drank
drunk
(a bea)
to drive
drove
driven
(a conduce)
to dwell
dwelt
dwelt
(a locui)
to eat
ate
eaten
(a mânca)
to fall
fell
fallen
(a cădea)
to feed
fed
fed
(a hrăni)
to feel
felt
felt
(a simţi)
to fight
fought
fought
(a lupta)
to find
found
found
(a găsi)
to fit
fit / fitted
fit / fitted
(a potrivi)
to flee
fled
fled
(a fugi)
to fling
flung
flung
(a arunca)
to fly
flew
flown
(a zbura)
to forbid
forbade / forbad
forbidden
(a interzice)
to forecast
forecast / forecasted
forecast / forecasted
(a prezice)
to foresee
foresaw
foreseen
(a prevedea)
to foretell
foretold
foretold
(a prevesti)
to forget
forgot
forgotten
(a uita)
to forgive
forgave
forgiven
(a ierta)
to forsake
forsook
forsaken
(a abandona)
to freeze
froze
frozen
(a îngheţa)
to frostbite
frostbit
frostbitten
(a degera)
to get
got
got/gotten
(a lua)
to give
gave
given
(a da)
to go
went
gone/been
(a merge)
to grind
ground
ground
(a măcina)
to grow
grew
grown
(a creşte)
to handwrite
handwrote
handwritten
(a scrie cu mâna)
to hang
hung/hanged
hung/hanged
(a spânzura)
to have
had
had
(a avea)
to hear
heard
heard
(a auzi)
to hide
hid
hidden
(a ascunde)
to hit
hit
hit
(a lovi)
to hold
held
held
(a ţine)
to hurt
hurt
hurt
(a durea)
to input
input / inputted
input / inputted
(a introduce)
to keep
kept
kept
(a ţine)
to kneel
knelt / kneeled
knelt / kneeled
(a îngenunchea)
to knit
knit / knitted
knit / knitted
(a tricota)
to know
knew
known
(a şti)
to lay
laid
laid
(a aşeza)
to lead
led
led
(a conduce)
to lean
leant / leaned
leant / leaned
(a sprijini)
to leap
leapt / leaped
leapt / leaped
(a sări)
to learn
learnt / learned
learnt / learned
(a învăţa)
to leave
left
left
(a pleca)
to lend
lent
lent
(a împrumuta)
to let
let
let
(a lăsa)
to lie
lay
lain
(a minţi)
to light
lit
lit
(a aprinde)
to lose
lost
lost
(a pierde)
to make
made
made
(a face)
to mean
meant
meant
(a însemna)
to meet
met
met
(a întâlni)
to melt
melted
molten / melted
(a topi)
to mislead
misled
misled
(a induce în eroare)
to mistake
mistook
mistaken
(a greşi)
to misunderstand
misunderstood
misunderstood
(a înţelege greşit)
to mow
mowed
mown
(a cosi)
to overdraw
overdrew
overdrawn
(a descoperi contul)
to overhear
overheard
overheard
(a auzi fără să vrea)
to overtake
overtook
overtaken
(a depăşi)
to pay
paid
paid
(a plăti)
to prove
proved
proven/proved
(a dovedi)
to put
put
put
(a pune)
to quit
quit
quit
(a renunţa)
to read
read
read
(a citi)
to rid
rid / ridded
rid / ridded
(a scăpa)
to ride
rode
ridden
(a călări)
to ring
rang
rung
(a suna)
to rise
rose
risen
(a se ridica)
to rive
rived
riven / rived
(a se despica)
to run
ran
run
(a alerga)
to saw
sawed
sawn / sawed
(a tăia cu ferăstrăul)
to say
said
said
(a spune)
to see
saw
seen
(a vedea)
to seek
sought
sought
(a căuta)
to sell
sold
sold
(a vinde)
to send
sent
sent
(a trimite)
to set
set
set
(a pune)
to sew
sewed
sewn / sewed
(a coase)
to shake
shook
shaken
(a scutura)
to shave
shaved
shaven / shaved
(a bărbieri)
to shear
shore / sheared
shorn / sheared
(a tunde)
to shed
shed
shed
(a vărsa)
to shine
shone
shone
(a străluci)
to shoe
shod
shod
(a încălţa)
to shoot
shot
shot
(a împuşca)
to show
showed
shown
(a arăta)
to shrink
shrank
shrunk
(a micşora)
to shut
shut
shut
(a închide)
to sing
sang
sung
(a cânta)
to sink
sank
sunk
(a scufunda)
to sit
sat
sat
(a sta)
to slay
slew
slain
(a ucide)
to sleep
slept
slept
(a dormi)
to slide
slid
slid / slidden
(a aluneca)
to sling
slung
slung
(a arunca)
to slink
slunk
slunk
(a se furişa)
to slit
slit
slit
(a despica)
to smell
smelt / smelled
smelt / smelled
(a mirosi)
to sneak
sneaked / snuck
sneaked / snuck
(a se furişa)
to sow
sowed
sown
(a semăna)
to speak
spoke
spoken
(a vorbi)
to speed
sped / speeded
sped / speeded
(a se grăbi)
to spell
spelt / spelled
spelt / spelled
(a silabisi)
to spend
spent
spent
(a cheltui)
to spill
spilt / spilled
spilt / spilled
(a vărsa)
to spin
span / spun
spun
(a învârti)
to spit
spat / spit
spat / spit
(a scuipa)
to split
split
split
(a împărţi)
to spoil
spoilt / spoiled
spoilt / spoiled
(a răsfăţa)
to spread
spread
spread
(a împrăştia)
to spring
sprang
sprung
(a izvorî)
to stand
stood
stood
(a sta în picioare)
to steal
stole
stolen
(a fura)
to stick
stuck
stuck
(a înfige)
to sting
stung
stung
(a înţepa)
to stink
stank
stunk
(a puţi)
to stride
strode / strided
stridden
(a umbla)
to strike
struck
struck / stricken
(a lovi)
to string
strung
strung
(a lega cu sfoară)
to strip
stript / stripped
stript / stripped
(a dezbrăca)
to strive
strove
striven
(a se strădui)
to swear
swore
sworn
(a înjura)
to sweat
sweat / sweated
sweat / sweated
(a transpira)
to sweep
swept / sweeped
swept / sweeped
(a mătura)
to swell
swelled
swollen
(a se umfla)
to swim
swam
swum
(a înota)
to swing
swung
swung
(a se legăna)
to take
took
taken
(a lua)
to teach
taught
taught
(a preda)
to tear
tore
torn
(a rupe)
to tell
told
told
(a spune)
to think
thought
thought
(a gândi)
to thrive
throve / thrived
thriven / thrived
(a prospera)
to throw
threw
thrown
(a arunca)
to thrust
thrust
thrust
(a izbi)
to tread
trod
trodden
(a călca)
to undergo
underwent
undergone
(a îndura)
to understand
understood
understood
(a înţelege)
to undertake
undertook
undertaken
(a prelua)
to upset
upset
upset
(a supăra)
to vex
vext / vexed
vext / vexed
(a necăji)
to wake
woke
woken
(a trezi)
to wear
wore
worn
(a purta)
to weave
wove
woven
(a ţese)
to wed
wed / wedded
wed / wedded
(a căsători)
to weep
wept
wept
(a plânge)
to wend
wended / went
wended / went
(a se îndrepta)
to wet
wet / wetted
wet / wetted
(a uda)
to win
won
won
(a câştiga)
to wind
wound
wound
(a întoarce)
to withdraw
withdrew
withdrawn
(a retrage)
to withhold
withheld
withheld
(a reţine)
to withstand
withstood
withstood
(a rezista)
to wring
wrung
wrung
(a răsuci)
to write
wrote
written
(a scrie)
