1. BASIC PHRASES Goedemorgen khoo-duh-mawr-ghuh Good Morning
Goedemiddag khoo-duh-mih-dahkh Good Day
Goedenavond khoo-duh-nah-fohnt Good Evening
Goedenacht khoo-duh-nahkht Good Night
Hoi / Hallo / Daag / Doei hoy / hah-loh / dahk / dooee Hi / Bye
Tot ziens toht zeens Goodbye
Tot straks toht straks See you later (in the same day)
Tot zo toht zoh See you soon
Alstublieft / Alsjeblieft ahlst-ew-bleeft / ahl-shuhbleeft Please
Dank u wel / Dank je wel dahnk-ew-vehl / dahnkyuh-vehl Thank you
Hartelijk bedankt hahr-tuh-lik buh-dahnkt Thank you very much
Graag gedaan khrahkh khuh-dahn You're welcome (don't mention it)
Sorry saw-ree I'm sorry / Excuse me
Pardon, wat zei u? pahr-dohn, vat zay ew Pardon me (didn't understand)
Ja / Nee yah / nay Yes / No
Hoe gaat het met u? hoo khaht ut meht ew How are you? (formal)
Hoe gaat het? hoo khaht ut How are you? (informal)
Goed / Heel goed khoot / hayl khoot Fine / Very well
Het gaat / Slecht uht khaht / slehkht So so / Bad
Ik ben moe / ziek ik ben moo / zeek I'm tired / sick.
Ik heb honger / dorst ik heb hohng-ur / dohrst I'm hungry / thirsty.
Hoe heet u? hoo hayt ew What's your name? (formal)
Hoe heet je? hoo hayt yuh What's your name? (informal)
Ik heet... ik hayt... My name is (I'm called)...
Ik ben... ik ben I am...
Aangenaam (kennis te maken) ahn-guh-nahm (ken-nis tuh mah-kuh) Nice to meet you.
meneer / mevrouw / mejuffrouw muh-nayr / muh-frow / muh-yuh-frow Mister / Misses / Miss
Waar komt u vandaan? vahr kawmt ew fun-dahn Where are you from? (formal)
Waar kom je vandaan? vahr kawn yuh fun-dahn Where are you from? (informal)
Ik kom uit Nederland. ik kawm owt nay-der-lant I am from the Netherlands.
Waar woont u? vahr vohnt ew Where do you live? (formal)
Waar woon je? vahr vohn yuh Where do you live? (informal)
Ik woon in Amerika. ik vohn in ah-meh-ree-kah I live in America.
Hoe oud bent u? hoo owt bent ew How old are you? (formal)
Hoe oud ben je? hoo owt ben yuh How old are you? (informal)
Ik ben ... jaar (oud). ik ben ... yahr owt I am ____ years old.
Spreekt u Nederlands? spraykt ew nay-derlahnds Do you speak Dutch? (formal)
Spreek je Engels? sprayk yuh ehng-uhls Do you speak English? (informal)
Ik spreek [geen]... ik sprayk [khayn] [khayn] I [don't] speak...
Ik spreek niet zo goed... ik sprayk neet zoh khood I don't speak ... very well.
Ik begrijp het [niet.] ik buh-khraip ut neet I [don't] understand.
Ik weet het [niet.] ik vayt ut [neet] I [don't] know.
Wat kost het? vat kohst ut How much is it?
Ik wil graag... ik vil khrahk I'd like...
Proost! prohst Cheers!
Veel plezier! fayl pleh-zeer Have fun!
Veel succes! fayl suk-sehs Good luck!
Wees voorzichtig! vays fohr-zikh-tikh Be careful!
Dat is geweldig / vreselijk! dat is khuh-vehl-duhkh / fray-zuh-likh That is great / terrible!
Ik hou van je. ik how fahn yuh I love you. (informal)
Ik hou van jullie. ik how fahn juh-lee I love you (all).
Wat vreemd! vaht fraymt How funny / odd!
Wat jammer! vaht yah-mer What a pity!
Wat is dit / dat? vut iss dit / dut What is this / that?
In the pronunciations, kh denotes a uvular guttural sound. Meneer, mevrouw and mejuffrouw are all written with a small
letter when they precede a name. When W hen typing, de Heer is used instead of meneer and Dhr. is Dhr. is used on envelopes. Mevrouw and mejuffrouw are abbreviated as Mevr. and Mej. In addition, Mw. can be used as an equivalent of the English Ms.
2. PRONUNCIATION Dutch letters
English sound
ch sch g w v r j sj tj aa ee ie oo oe eu uu a e i o u ei / ij aai oei ooi ou / au eeuw ieuw uw ui
guttural sound, made at back of mouth s followed by guttural ch sound same as ch, guttural sound from back of mouth like v before r, otherwise like w but with bottom lip against top teeth like v, but sometimes closer to f either rolled or guttural y as in yes sh as in ship ch as in chip ah as in father, but longer ay as in hail, but shorter ee as in neat, but shorter oh as in boat oo as in pool, but shorter ur as in hurt, but with lips li ps rounded ew, but with lips rounded (sound not found in English) ah as in father, but shorter eh as in bed ih as in bit aw as in paw, with lips rounded ir as in dirt, but very short between the sounds in "light" and "late" combination of aa and ie combination of oe and ie combination of oo and ie like ow, as in house combination of ee and oe combination of ie and oe combination of uu and oe combination of a and uu The consonants s, f, h, b, d, z, l, m, n, and ng are pronounced the same way in Dutch as in English. P, t, and k are pronounced without the puff of air (called aspiration.) Sometimes the g is pronounced like zh in i n words borrowed from French. One last vowel sound is found in various Dutch spellings. It is pronounced like uh, as in along or sof a. For
example, this sound is found in de d e (the), een een (a), aardi aardig (nice), and vriendelij vriendelijk k (kind).
3. ALPHABET a ah
j
yay
s
ess
b bay
k
kah
t
tay
c say
l
ell
u
ew
d day
m emm v
fay
e ay
n
enn
w vay
f eff
o
oh
x
eeks
g khay p
pay
y
ee-grek
h hah
q
kew
z
zett
i
r
air
ee
4. NOUNS AND GENDER All nouns have a gender gender in Dutch, either common (de (de words) words) or neuter (het (het words). words). It is hard to guess which gender a noun is, so it is best to memorize the genders when memorizing vocabulary. vocabulary. However, two-thirds t wo-thirds of Dutch words are common gender (because the common gender has combined the former feminine and masculine genders.) So it may be easier to memorize which nouns are neuter, and then assign common gender to the rest. All diminutives (words ending in -je) and infinitives used as nouns, as well as colors, metals, compass directions, and all words that end in -um, -aat, -sel, -isme are neuter. Most nouns beginning with ge- and ending with -te are neuter, as are most nouns beginning with ge-, be-, and ver-. Common noun endings include: -aar, -ent, -er, -es, -eur, -heid, -ij, -ing, -teit, -tie.
5. ARTICLES & DEMONSTRATIVES common neuter Singular "the" Plural "the" Indefinite "a" or "an"
de
het de een
common neuter Singular this deze that die Plural these those
dit dat deze die
The definite article is used more in Dutch than in English. It is always used before the names of the seasons, street names and in an abstract sense. There are some idioms that should be memorized, however: in het Nederlands (in Nederlands (in Dutch), in de stad (in stad (in town), in het zwart (in zwart (in black), met black), met de auto (by auto (by car), met de tijd (in/with tijd (in/with time); op tafel (on tafel (on the table), in zee (in zee (in the sea), op kantoor (at the office), in bad (in the bath), op bath), op straat (in straat (in the street).
6. SUBJECT PRONOUNS ik
ik
I
wij (we)
vay
we
jij (je) u
yay ew
you (singular informal) you (formal)
jullie
yewlee
you (plural informal)
hij zij (ze) het
hay zay ut
he she it
zij (ze)
zay
they
Unstressed forms (shortened forms used mostly in the spoken language) are in parentheses. There are also unstressed forms of ik ('k ('k), ), hij (ie (ie)) and het ('t ('t)) but these are not written in the standard language. You will see them in informal writing, however (such as on internet forums or sometimes in film subtitles.)
7. TO BE & TO HAVE Present tense of zijn - to be (zayn) I am
ik ben
ik ben
we are
wij zijn
vay zayn
You are
jij / u bent
yay / ew bent
you are
jullie zijn
yew-lee zayn
He, she, it is
hij, zij, het is
hay, zay, ut they are is
zij zijn
zay zayn
Present tense of hebben - to have (heh-buhn) I have
ik heb
ik hep
we have
wij hebben
vay heh-buhn
You have jij / u hebt
yay / ew hept you have jullie hebben yew-lee heh-buhn
He, she, it hij, zij, het is heeft
hay, zay, ut hayft
they have zij hebben
zay heh-buhn
U heeft rather rather than u h e b t is is also possible.
Past tense of zijn - to be (zayn) I was
ik was
ik vas
we were
You were
jij / u was
yay / ew vas
you were jullie waren
yew-lee vahruhn
He, she, it was
hij, zij, het was
hay, zay, ut vas
they were zij waren
zay vah-ruhn
wij waren
vay vah-ruhn
Past tense of hebben - to have (heh-buhn) I had
ik had
ik haht
we had
wij hadden
vay hah-duhn
You had
jij / u had
yay / ew haht
you had
jullie hadden
yew-lee hahduhn
He, she, it had
hij, zij, het had
hay, zay, ut they had haht
zij hadden
zay hah-duhn
You must use the subject pronouns; however, I will leave them out of future conjugations since most verbs only have two forms for each conjugation. Expressions with zijn and hebben: Het/dat is jammer - It's/that's a pity jarig zijn zijn - to have a birthday kwijt zijn - to have lost op het punt staan staan - to be about to van plan zijn - to intend voor elkaar zijn - to be in order honger / dorst hebben - to be hungry / thirsty gelijk hebben hebben - to be right haast hebben - to be in a hurry - to talk about het hebben over het druk hebben hebben - to be busy het koud hebben / warm warm - to be cold / warm last hebben van van - to be bothered by nodig hebben hebben - to need slaap hebben hebben - to be sleepy zin hebben in in - to feel like
8. USEFUL WORDS sometimes
soms
always
altijd
never
nooit
often
vaak, dikwijls
usually
gewoonlijk
now
nu
and
en
but
maar
or
of
very
zeer, heel
here
hier
there
daar
also
ook
much
veel
another
een ander
already
al
perhaps
misschien
9. QUESTION WORDS who
wie wie
where
waar
what
wat
where to
waar... naartoe
why
waarom
where from
waar... vandaan
when
wanneer
which
welk / welke
how
hoe
Isn't it?, etc.
niet waar?
Welk is used before het words, and welke is used before de words and plural nouns. Niet waar is a tag question, and is added to the end of statements to make them questions. It can translate several ways into English: isn't it?, doesn't it?, isn't he?, doesn't he?, isn't she?, doesn't she?, aren't we?, don't we?, aren't they?, don't they?, aren't you?, don't you?, right?, yes?, etc.
10. NUMBERS 0
nul
1
een een
1st
eerste
2
twee twee
2nd
tweede
3
drie drie
3rd
drede
4
vier
4th
vierde
5
vijf
5th
vijfde
6
zes zes
6th
zesde
7
zeven zeven
7th
zevende
8
acht acht
8th
achtste
9
negen negen
9th
negende
10
tien tien
10th
tiende
11
elf
11th
elfde
12
twaalf
12th
twaalfde
13
dertien dertien
13th
dertiende
14
veertien veertien
14th
veertiende
15
vijftien vijftien
15th
vijftiende
16
zestien zestien
16th
zestiende
17
zeventien zeventien
17th
zeventiende
18
achttien achttien
18th
achttiende
19
negentien negentien
19th
negentiende
20
twintig twintig
20th
twintigste
21
eenentwintig eenentwintig
21st
eenentwintigste
22
tweeëntwintig tweeëntwintig
22nd
tweeëntwintigste
23
drieëntwintig drieëntwintig
23rd
drieentwintigste
30
dertig dertig
30th
dertigste
40
veertig veertig
40th
veertigste
50
vijftig vijftig
50th
vijftigste
60
zestig zestig
60th
zestigste
70
zeventig zeventig
70th
zeventigste
80
tachtig tachtig
80th
tachtigste
90
negentig negentig
90th
negentigste
100
honderd honderd
100th
honderdste
101
honderd en een een
101st
honderd en eerste
110
honderd tien tien
110th
honderd tiende
200
tweehonderd tweehonderd
200th
tweehonderdste
1,000
duizend duizend
1,000th
duizendste
1,001
duizend en een een
1,001st
duizend en eerste
million
een miljoen miljoen
millionth
miljoenste
billion
een miljard miljard
billionth
miljardste
de helft
half
een keer
once
een derde
one third
twee keer
twice
een kwart
one quarter drie keer
three times
In the word for twenty-two, twenty-two, the ë is necessary because there are three of the same vowels in a row, and the accent mark shows that the third one needs to be pronounced separately. The use of commas and decimals is reversed in Dutch. Also note that I speak American English, so billion means 1,000,000,000 and not the British counterpart.
11. DAYS OF THE WEEK Monday
maandag
Tuesday
dinsdag
Wednesday
woensdag
Thursday
donderdag
Friday
vrijdag
Saturday
zaterdag
Sunday
zondag
day
dag
morning
ochtend
afternoon
middag
evening
avond
night
nacht
today
vandaag
tomorrow
morgen
tonight
deze nacht
yesterday
gisteren
last night
(de) afgelopen nacht
day after tomorrow
overmorgen
day before yesterday
eergisteren
week
week
last week
afgelopen week
weekend
weekend
daily
dagelijks
weekly
wekelijks
12. MONTHS OF THE YEAR January
januari
February
februari
March
maart
April
april
May
mei
June
juni
July
juli
August
augustus
September
september
October
oktober
November
november
December
december
month
maand
year
jaar
last year
het afgelopen jaar
monthly
maandelijks
yearly
jaarlijks
13. SEASONS Winter
de winter
Spring
de lente / het voorjaar
Summer
de zomer
Autumn
de herfst / het najaar
14. DIRECTIONS Compass/Wind
Location/Movement
North
noord
noorden noorden
right
rechts
South
zuid
zuiden zuiden
left
links
East
oost
oosten oosten
straight
rechtdoor
West
west
westen
15. COLORS & SHAPES orange
oranje oranje
square
vierkant
pink
roze roze
circle
cirkel
purple
paars paars
triangle
driehoek
blue
blauw blauw
rectangle
rechthoek
yellow
geel geel
oval
ovaal
red
rood rood
box
vak
black
zwart zwart
sphere
bol
brown
bruin bruin
cube
kubus
gray
grijs grijs
pyramid
piramide
white
wit wit
cone
kegel
green
groen groen
cylinder
cilinder
silver
zilver
heart
hart
gold
goud goud
star
ster
beige
beige beige
diamond
diamant
light
licht licht
crescent
halvemaan
dark
donker Licht and Licht and donker are are added to the colors to mean light and dark: lichtbruin lichtbruin - light brown.
16. TIME What time is it?
Hoe laat is het?
It's 1:00
Het is een uur.
2:00
Het is twee uur.
3:30
Het is half vier.
5:45
Het is kwart voor zes.
7:03
Het is drie (minuten) over zeven.
at 9:30
om half tien
noon
twaalf uur 's middags
midnight
twaalf uur 's nachts / middernacht
In the morning
's ochtends
During the day
's middags
In the evening
's avonds
At night
's nachts Minuten can Minuten can be omitted, just as in English.
17. WEATHER How's the weather today?
Wat voor weer is het vandaag?
It's cold
Het is koud
beautiful
Het is mooi
hot
Het is heet
clear
Het is helder
icy
Het is ijzig
warm
Het is warm
windy
Het is windig
cloudy
Het is bewolkt
hazy
Het is mistig
muggy
Het is drukkend / benauwd
humid
Het is vochtig
foggy
Het is mistig
It's snowing
Het sneeuwt
It's raining
Het regent
It's freezing
Het vriest
18. FAMILY & PETS family
familie familie
sister-in-law
schoonzuster
parents
ouders ouders
brother-in-law
zwager
mother
moeder / mamma
godmother
meter
father
vader / papa
godfather
peetvader
child / children
kind / kinderen
boy
jongen
son
zoon zoon
girl
meisje (n)
daughter
dochter
child
kind
brother
broeder / broer
man, husband
man
Sister
zuster / zus
woman, wife
vrouw
grandparents
grootouder
friend (m)
vriend
grandfather
grootvader / opa
friend (f)
vriendin
grandmother
grootmoeder / oma oma adult
volwassene
grandchildren
kleinkinderen kleinkinderen
relative
bloedverwant
grandson
kleinzoon kleinzoon
siblings
broers en zusters
granddaughter
kleindochter
twin
tweeling
niece / cousin (f)
nicht nicht
birth
geboorte
nephew / cousin (m)
neef
death
dood
uncle
oom oom
marriage
huwelijk (n)
aunt
tante tante
divorce
echtscheiding
stepmother
stiefmoeder
stepfather
stiefvader
dog
hond
stepdaughter
stiefdochter
cat
poes
stepson
stiefzoon stiefzoon
bird
vogel
stepsister
stiefzuster
goldfish
goudvis
stepbrother
stiefbroeder
gerbil
woestijnrat
mother-in-law
schoonmoeder
hamster
hamster
father-in-law
schoonvader
ferret
fret
daughter-in-law
schoondochter
horse
paard
son-in-law
schoonzoon schoonzoon
pony
pony
In the vocabulary lists, (n) after the noun means that the gender is neuter and the definite article is het (rather than de.)
19. TO KNOW PEOPLE AND FACTS kennen - to know people
weten - to know facts
Present:
ken
ken
kennen
kennuh
weet
vayt weten
vay-tuh
Past:
kende
kenduh
kenden
kenduh
wist
vist
vist-uh
wisten
20. FORMATION OF PLURAL NOUNS Most plural nouns are formed by adding either eit her -en or -en or -s. -s. Remember that the definite article art icle is always de before de before plural nouns. 1. -en (the -en (the n is pronounced softly) is added to most nouns, with a few spelling changes boek - boeken book(s) boeken book(s) jas - jassen coat(s) jassen coat(s) haar - haren hair(s) haren hair(s) huis - huizen house(s) huizen house(s) Spelling changes: Words with long vowels (aa, ee, oo, and uu) drop the one vowel when another syllable is added. Words with the short vowels (a, e, i, o and u) double the following consonant to keep the vowels short. The letters f and s occur at the end of words or before consonants, while the letters v and z occur in the middle of words before vowels. (These spelling rules are also used for conjugating verbs, so it's best to memorize them as soon as possible.) 2. -s is -s is added to nouns ending in the unstressed syllables el, -em, -en, and -en, and -er (and (and -aar(d), -erd, -ier when referring to people), foreign words and to most nouns ending in an unstressed vowel tafel - tafels table(s) tafels table(s) jongen - jongens boy(s) jongens boy(s) tante - tantes aunt(s) tantes aunt(s) bakker - bakkers baker(s) bakkers baker(s) Nouns ending in the vowels -a, -o, and -u add an apostrophe before the s: foto's, paraplu's Irregular forms
3. Some nouns containing a short vowel do not double the following consonant in the plural before -en. The plural vowel is then pronounced as long. bad - baden bath(s) baden bath(s) dag - dagen day(s) dagen day(s) spel - spelen game(s) spelen game(s) (like the Olympics, smaller games are spellen) spellen) glas - glazen glass(es) glazen glass(es) weg - wegen road(s) wegen road(s) 4. A few neuter nouns take the ending -eren (or -deren if the noun ends in -n) blad - bladeren leaf bladeren leaf (leaves) kind - kinderen child(ren) kinderen child(ren) ei - eieren egg(s) eieren egg(s) been - beenderen bone(s) beenderen bone(s) [Note: been - benen leg(s)] benen leg(s)] lied - liederen song(s) liederen song(s) volk - volkeren nation(s), volkeren nation(s), people 5. Nouns ending in -heid have a plural in -heden. mogelijkheid - mogelijkheden possibility mogelijkheden possibility (possibilities) 6. Some other common irregular plurals are: stad - steden town(s) steden town(s) schip - schepen ship(s) schepen ship(s) lid - leden member(s) leden member(s) koe - koeien cow(s) koeien cow(s) 21. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES Singular mijn (m'n) jouw (je) uw zijn (z'n) haar zijn (z'n)
my your (informal) your (formal) his her its
Plural ons / onze jullie (je) uw
our your (informal) your (formal)
hun hun
their
Ons is Ons is used before singular neuter/het neuter/ het nouns, nouns, and onze is onze is used elsewhere (before singular common/de common/de nouns, nouns, and all plural nouns.) Je, Je, the unstressed form of jouw of jouw,, is commonly used in spoken and written Dutch, unless the t he speaker/writer wants to stress the pronoun. In the plural, jullie plural, jullie is is the norm, unless jullie has already been used in the t he sentence, then je then je is used to avoid the redundancy. redundancy. The other unstressed forms are not commonly written in the standard language, but are commonly spoken and written in informal communication. Like in English, Dutch possessive adjectives are used in front of a noun to show possession: mijn boek (my boek (my book). There are a few ways to express the -'s used in English too.
-s can be added to proper names and members of the family: Jans boek (John's boek (John's book) The preposition van can van can be used to mean of: het boek van Jan (the book of John = John's book) And in more colloquial speech, the unstressed forms in parentheses above (agreeing in gender and number) can be used in place of the -s: Jan z'n boek (John's book) To form the possessive pronouns, add -e to -e to the stressed forms (except for jullie) and use the correct article. The only way to show possession with jullie is to use van jou (literally jou (literally meaning "of you"), although all the others can be used with van too. de/het mijne, jouwe, uwe, zijne, hare, onze, hunne (mine, hunne (mine, yours, yours, his/its, hers, ours, theirs) 22. TO DO AND TO MAKE doen - to do doe doo
maken - to make
doen
doon
maak
mahk
maken
mah-kuh
doet doot doen
doon
maakt
mahkt
maken
mah-kuh
doet doot doen
doon
maakt
mahkt
maken
mah-kuh
Expressions with doen: doen alsof - to act as though doen denken aan aan - to remind of dichtdoen dichtdoen - to close opendoen opendoen - to open pijndoen - to hurt, cause pain 23. WORK male
female (if different from male)
actor
acteur
actrice
actor (stage)
toneelspeler
toneelspeelster
author/writer
schrijver
schrifster
baker
bakker
bakster
bookkeeper
boekhouder
boekhoudster
bookseller
boekhandelaar
boekhandelaarster
butcher
slager
cashier
kassajongen
dentist
tandarts
doctor
dokter
engineer
ingenieur
kassameisje
hairdresser
kapper
kapster
journalist
journalist
journaliste
judge
rechter
lawyer
advocaat
mail man
postbode
mechanic
monteur
musician
muzikant
muzikante
nurse
verpleger
verpleegster
office worker
kantoormedewerker kantoormedewerkster
officer
officier
painter
schilder
schilderes
photographer
fotograaf
fotografe
salesperson
verkoper
verkoopster
secretary
secretaris
secretaresse
singer
zanger
zangeres
soldier
soldaat
surgeon
chirurg
teacher
leraar
lerares
24. PREPOSITIONS about
over
in
in, over (used with time)
above / over
boven / over
in front of
voor
according to
volgens
inside / within binnen
after
na
in spite of
ondanks
against
tegen tegen
near
bij
along
langs
next to
naast
around
rond(om)
of
van
at
bij, om, aan
on top of / on op / aan
because of vanwege vanwege
opposite
tegenover
before
voor
out (of)
uit
behind
achter
since
sinds, sedert
between
tussen tussen
through
door
by
met, door
to
aan, naar(toe) (direction towards something)
during
gedurende, tijdens tijdens under
onder
except for
behalve voor
until
tot, totdat
for
voor
with
met
from
van, uit, vandaan vandaan
without
zonder
At translates translates as bij when bij when it's a personal location, such as ik ben bij Jan (I'm Jan (I'm at Johns place/I am with John). Om Om refers refers to time: om 12 uur (at (at noon); and aan refers aan refers to an impersonal location: aan tafel (at tafel (at the table). By is is met in met in the sense of ik doe het met de hand (I hand (I do it by hand) or ik ga met het vliegtuig (I vliegtuig (I go by plane). From is From is van when van when it refers to a person, een kado van jou (a gift from you); and uit when it is a location, ik kom uit Japan (I Japan (I come from Japan.) Vandaan indicates Vandaan indicates from where, where, as in waar kom jij vandaan (where are you from?) 25. COUNTRIES AND NATIONALITIES Country
Nationality (masc. / fem.)
Africa
Afrika
Afrikaan / Afrikaanse
America
Amerika
Amerikaan / Amerikaanse Amerikaanse
Argentina
Argentinië
Argentijn / Argentijnse
Asia
Azië
Aziaat
Austria
Oostenrijk
Oostenrijker / Oostenrijkse
Belgium
België
Belg / Belgische
Brazil
Brazili
Braziliaan / Braziliaanse
China
China
Chinees / Chinese
Denmark
Denemarken
Deen / Deense
England
Engeland
Engelsman / Engelse
Europe
Europa
Europeaan
France
Frankrijk
Fransman / Française
Germany
Duitsland
Duitser / Duitse
Great Britain
Groot Brittani
Brit / Britse
Greece
Griekenland
Griek / Griekse
Holland
Holland
Hollander / Hollandse
Hungary
Hongarije
Hongaar / Hongaarse
India
India
Indir / Indische
Ireland
Ierland
Ier / Ierse
Italy
Italië
Italiaan / Italiaanse
Japan
Japan
Japanner / Japanse
Netherlands
Nederland
Nederlander / Nederlandse
Norway
Noorwegen
Noor / Noorse
Poland
Polen
Pool / Poolse
Portugal
Portugal
Portugees / Portugese
Russia
Rusland
Rus / Russin
Spain
Spanje
Spanjaard / Spaanse
Sweden
Zweden
Zweed / Zweedse
Switzerland
Zwitserland
Zwitser / Zwitserse
Turkey
Turkije
Turk / Turkse
United States
Verenigde Staten
Amerikaan / Amerikaanse Amerikaanse
The feminine form of many occupations and nationalities is indicated by one of five endings. For most nationalities, -e is -e is added, as in Nederlandse Nederlandse (Dutch woman). The endings -in, es, -esse and -ster are also used to form female counterparts. -ster is added to verbs while -esse replaces the -is ending of some nouns. boer - boerin (farmer - female farmer/farmer's wife) leeuw - leeuwin (lion leeuwin (lion - lioness) koning - koningin (king koningin (king - queen) Rus - Russin (Russian Russin (Russian man Russian woman) leraar - lerares (male lerares (male teacher female teacher) prins - prinses (prince prinses (prince princess)
student - studente (male studente (male student female student) secretaris - secretaresse (male secretaresse (male secretary - female secretary) bibliothekaris - bibliothekaresse (male bibliothekaresse (male librarian - female librarian) schrijfer - scrijfster (write (write - female author) verpleeger - verpleegster (nurse (nurse female nurse)
26. NEGATIVE SENTENCES The word niet (not) niet (not) is used to negate sentences, and is generally placed at the end of the clause. However, niet precedes a preposition, an adjective that follows a noun, and the words binnen (inside), buiten (outside), buiten (outside), beneden (downstairs), boven (upstairs) boven (upstairs) and thuis (at thuis (at home). Een is usually not preceded by niet or any phrase ending with niet (ook (ook niet - not either, nog niet niet - not yet). Instead, geen, geen, ook geen and nog geen replace geen replace the article. Geen is Geen is translated by not a, not any or or no when no when followed by a noun in English. Geen also negates nouns that cannot be counted, such as water, bier and wijn. wijn. Jan leest niet. Jan niet. Jan does not read. Hij werkt volgende week ook niet. He niet. He is not working next week either. Ik wil geen kopje koffie. koffie. I don't want a cup of coffee. Zij hebben nog geen huis gevonden. They gevonden. They have not found a house yet.
27.TO COME AND TO GO komen - to come
gaan - to go
kom
kawm
komen
kohmuh
ga
gah
gaan
gahn
komt
kawmt
komen
kohmuh
gaat
gaht gaan
gahn
komt
kawmt
komen
kohmuh
gaat
gaht gaan
gahn
Expressions with komen and gaan: Hoe komt het dat.. ? How ? How is it that.. ? Hoe gaat het met u? How u? How are you? Het gaat goed met me. I me. I am fine. gaan zitten zitten - to sit down, be seated 28. TO AND FROM COUNTRIES AND CITIES to naar from uit Ik kom uit Nederland. I Nederland. I come from the Netherlands. Zij gaat naar New York. She's York. She's going to New York. 29. CONJUGATING REGULAR VERBS English has three ways of expressing the present tense, such as I run, I am running, I do run. All three of these tenses are translated as one tense in Dutch. Most verbs are regular in Dutch in the present tense, and it is formed by using the verb stem (the infinitive minus the -en), and adding these endings (Note that there is no ending for the first person singular form, and all the plural forms are identical to the infinitive): Verb drinken - to endings drink -en drink drinken drinken -t -en drinkt drinkt drinken drinken -t -en drinkt drinkt drinken drinken There is, however, an alternative present tense to express an action that is currently happening: use zijn aan het with het with the infinitive. Ik ben aan het koken would koken would translate as I am cooking (right now.) The perfect tense in English of expressions of "for," "since" and "how long?" are rendered by the present tense in Dutch: Ik woon hier al vijf jaar. I jaar. I have lived here for five years. Hij werkt sinds april met zijn broer. He broer. He has been working with his brother since April.
Graag is Graag is an adverb used with verbs to express "to like to.." instead of using the verb houden van, which literally means to like or love. To form questions, simply invert the subject and verb. For the second person singular form (jij), the -t ending of the conjugated verb is dropped. Dutch does not have an equivalent of the English "do" in questions, so Woon jij in Rotterdam? means Rotterdam? means Do you live in Rotterdam? although it literally is Live you in Rotterdam? 30. IRREGULARITIES IN REGULAR VERBS When you add the present tense endings, you must observe the regular spelling rules in Dutch. Words with long vowels (aa, ee, oo, and uu) drop the one vowel when another syllable is added. Words with the short vowels (a, e, i, o and u) double the following consonant to keep the vowels short. The letters f and s occur at the end of words or before consonants, while the letters v and z occur in the middle of words before vowels. Notice how the infinitive is still identical to the plural conjugations for wij, jullie, and zij, and the stem is identical to the ik form. Stem & ik form
Infinitive betalen blijven hopen raden geloven schrijven kiezen haten leven lezen praten rijden wassen gaan staan slaan
to pay to stay to hope to guess to believe to write to choose to hate to live to read to talk to ride to wash to go to stand to hit
betaal blijf hoop raad geloof schrijf kies haat leef lees praat rijd was ga sta sla
jij, hij, etc. betaalt blijft hoopt raadt gelooft schrijft kiest haat leeft leest praat rijdt wast gaat staat slaat
wij, jullie, etc. betalen blijven hopen raden geloven schrijven kiezen haten leven lezen praten rijden wassen gaan staan slaan
One verb that does not follow the spelling rule is komen. komen. The singular forms are all written and pronounced with the short o, while the plural forms are written and pronounced with the long o: kom, komt and komen. (According to the spelling rules, the singular forms should be the long o, but they are not.)
There are five verbs whose ending is only -n: gaan (to go), staan (to staan (to stand), slaan (to slaan (to hit), doen (to doen (to do) and zien (to zien (to see); the first three change according to the spelling rules. If a stem ends in -t, you do not add another -t for the second and third person singular forms. zitten zitten - to sit; hij zit zit - he sits Verb stems that end in -oud and -ijd drop the -d in the first person singular and in question forms of the second person singular form. The -d can be written, but it is not pronounced. rijden rijden - to ride; ik rij(d) rij(d) - I ride; rij(d) jij? jij? - do you ride? 31. MODAL VERBS In Dutch, there are four modals: kunnen kunnen - to be able to, can; moeten moeten - to have to, must; mogen mogen - to be allowed to, may; and willen willen - to want to. Modals can be used with other infinitives without the use of prepositions.
ik jij / u hij / zij / het wij jullie zij
kunnen
moeten
mogen
willen
kan kan / kunt kan kunnen kunnen kunnen
moet moet moet moeten moeten moeten
mag mag mag mogen mogen mogen
wil wil / wilt wil willen willen willen
The -t of kunt and wilt are dropped in inversions with jij, but not with moet. Kan and kunt are used interchangeably for the second person singular form of kunnen, so jij so jij kan and kan and jij jij kunt as kunt as well as jij as jij wil and wil and jij jij wilt are wilt are both possible. The main difference is that kan and wil are considered slightly more informal with jij than kunt or wilt. Common verbs, such as doen and doen and gaan, gaan, can be omitted in Dutch after modals, but not in the English translation. In addition, impersonal constructions with het/dat + modals are used. Dat kan. That's kan. That's possible/can be done. Het moet. It moet. It must be done. When modals are used with other verbs, the other verb is in the infinitive and placed at the end of the clause or sentence. 32. REFLEXIVE VERBS Reflexive verbs express an action that reciprocates back to the subject. In other words, whoever is speaking is doing an action to himself. Examples in English would be: I wash
myself, he hurts himself, we hate ourselves. The reflexive pronouns always follow the subject and verb. Reflexive Pronouns me ons je / u je zich zich The reflexive pronoun u is often replaced by zich to avoid the double occurrence of u. Verbs that are always reflexive: zich afvragen zich bevinden zich ergeren zich gedragen zich generen zich haasten zich herinneren zich herstellen zich schamen voor zich vergissen in zich verheugen op zich verslapen zich voorstellen
ask oneself find oneself get annoyed by behave be embarrassed hurry remember recover be ashamed of be mistaken about look forward to oversleep imagine, introduce oneself
Verbs that can be reflexive or used with other direct objects aankleden amuseren bewegen ergeren opwinden scheren snijden uitkleden verbazen verdedigen verkleden
get dressed enjoy oneself move make angry get excited shave (oneself) cut oneself undress (oneself) be amazed defend oneself change clothes
verontschuldigen excuse verschuilen oneself/apologize vervelen hide (oneself) voelen to be bored wassen feel wash (oneself) Emphatic Forms mezelf onszelf jezelf jezelf zichzelf zichzelf The emphatic forms of the reflexive pronouns can only be used with the verbs that can be reflexive or used with other direct objects, and never with verbs that are always reflexive. Elkaar is is used when there is a reciprocal meaning of "each other" in English. 33. VERBS FOLLOWED BY PREPOSITIONS afhangen van
depend on
bang zijn voor
be afraid of
deelnemen aan
take part in
denken aan
think of/about
feliciteren met
congratulate on
gebrek hebben aan
be short of
herinneren aan aan
remind
houden van
like, love (things or people)
huilen om
cry at/about
kijken naar
look at/watch
lachen om
laugh at
letten op
pay attention to
lijden aan
suffer from
luisteren naar
listen to
praten/spreken met
talk to
reageren op
react to
rekenen op
rely on
sterven aan
die of
trek/zin hebben in in
want
trouwen met met
marry
twijfelen aan aan
doubt
vragen om
ask for
weten van
know about
zeggen tegen
say to
zorgen voor
care for
34. SEPARABLE PREFIXES aan-
af-
achter- bij-
binnen- indoor-
na- onder- over-
mee- om- op-
toe- voor-
tegen- uit- -weg
When verbs with separable prefixes are conjugated, the prefixes go to the end of the clause or sentence. For example, uitgaan (to uitgaan (to go out) and weggaan (to weggaan (to go away): Gaan jullie Gaan jullie niet meer uit? uit? Don't you go out anymore? Hij gaat vandaag gaat vandaag weg. weg. He's going away today. 35. INSEPARABLE PREFIXES be-
ont-
ge-
her-
ver-
er-
These prefixes always remain always remain attached to their infinitives. The inseparable prefixes are unstressed syllables, as compared to the separable prefixes, of which most can stand alone as prepositions. -ann, -onder, -over, -door, -voor and om can also be inseparable prefixes if they are unstressed. 36. PRESENT PERFECT OR PAST INDEFINITE TENSE This tense is used more often than t han the simple past, especially in conversation, and is equivalent to I have asked or I I asked. Regular verbs use a form of hebben or zijn and a past participle. Past participles are made by adding ge- to ge- to the beginning of the verb stem and -t or -d to -d to the end. Verb stems are the infinitives minus the -en, with the appropriate spelling changes. The stems are identical to the first person singular present tense form. -t is -t is added to stems ending in t, k, f, s, ch, and p (note that if the stem ends in -t already, you do not double the consonant), while -d is -d is added to all other stems, except those already ending in -d. (If a stem ends in -f or -s, but the infinitive contained -v or -z, then still add a -d) Verbs with inseparable prefixes do not add ge- in this tense. Verbs with separable prefixes add the ge after ge after the prefix and before the stem (af gemaakt). gemaakt). Verb hopen
to hope
Stem hoop
Past Participle gehoopt
maken blaffen missen dromen bellen loven vrezen praten koken blaffen kuchen bouwen horen branden bedoelen bepraten geloven verhuizen afmaken
to make to bark to miss to dream to ring to praise to be afraid to talk to cook to bark to cough to build to hear to burn to mean to discuss to believe to move house to finish
maak blaf mis droom bel loof vrees praat kook blaf kuch bouw hoor brand bedoel bepraat geloof verhuis af...maak
gemaakt geblaft gemist gedroomd gebeld geloofd gevreesd gepraat gekookt geblaft gekucht gebouwd gehoord gebrand bedoeld bepraat geloofd verhuisd afgemaakt
Hebben vs. Zijn Some verbs of motion can take either eit her hebben or zijn depending on whether it is the action that is stressed (hebben) or the destination/direction (zijn.) Verbs taking zijn are generally intransitive (they do not take direct objects) and denote a change in motion/position or change in state/condition. Most verbs derived from zijn verbs also take zijn in the perfect tense. Modals The past participles of the modals (kunnen: gekund; gekund; moeten: gemoeten; gemoeten; mogen: gemoogd, gemoogd, willen: gewild) gewild) are only used when the modal is used independently of another verb. Ik heb het gemoeten. gemoeten. I had to (do it). If the perfect tense of a modal is used with another verb, then the past participle of the modal is replaced by its infinitive. This double infinitive construction (infinitive of modal + other infinitive) is always placed at the end of the clause or sentence. Ik heb gisteren kunnen komen. komen. I was able to come yesterday. 37. IRREGULAR PAST PARTICIPLES P ARTICIPLES Infinitive
Past Participle
Infinitive
Past Participle
begin
beginnen begonnen begonnen
walk
lopen
gelopen
understand
begrijpen begrepen
must, have to
moeten
gemoeten
offer
bieden
geboden geboden
may
mogen
gemogen
remain
blijven
gebleven gebleven
call
roepen
geroepen
break
breken
gebroken gebroken
write
schrijven geschreven
bring
brengen gebracht gebracht
sleep
slapen
geslapen
think
denken
gedacht gedacht
hit
slaan
geslagen
do
doen
gedaan gedaan
stand
staan
gestaan
drink
drinken
gedronken gedronken
speak
spreken gesproken
eat
eten
gegeten gegeten
die
sterven
go
gaan
gegaan gegaan
forget
vergeten vergeten
give
geven
gegeven gegeven
lose
verliezen verloren
have
hebben
gehad gehad
find
vinden
gevonden
help
helpen
geholpen geholpen
ask
vragen
gevraagd
be called
heten
geheten geheten
know
weten
geweten
hold
houden
gehouden gehouden
show
wijzen
gewezen
look
kijken
gekeken gekeken
want
willen
gewild
come
komen
gekomen gekomen
become
worden
geworden
buy
kopen
gekocht gekocht
say
zeggen
gezegd
get
krijgen
gekregen gekregen
see
zien
gezien
can, be able to
kunnen
gekund
be
zijn
geweest
let
laten
gelaten gelaten
sing
zingen
gezongen
read
lezen
gelezen gelezen
sit
zitten
gezeten
lie
liggen
gelegen
look for
zoeken
gezocht
gestorven
38. ZIJN VERBS A few common verbs take zijn zijn instead of hebben in the present perfect tense: to stop to stay blijven stoppen/ophouden to to blijken verdwijnen disappear appear/seem gaan verschijnen to appear to go gebeuren worden to to happen komen zijn become to come to be 39. FOOD AND MEALS breakfast
ontbijt (n) (n)
bread
brood (n)
lunch
middagmaal (n), lunch
pepper
peper
dinner
avondeten (n) (n)
salt
zout (n)
glass
glas (n) (n)
ice
ijs
fork
vork vork
vinegar
azijn
spoon
lepel lepel
oil
olie
knife
mes (n) (n)
sugar
suiker
napkin
servet (n) (n)
butter
boter
plate
bord (n) (n)
table
tafel
silverware
bestek (n) (n)
dish
schotel
tea
thee thee
juice
sap
steak
biefstuk biefstuk
water
water
cake
taart / cake / koek koek
wine
wijn
ice cream
roomijs (n) (n)
beer
bier (n)
coffee
koffie koffie
beverage
drank
pie
vlaai vlaai
milk
melk
mustard
mosterd mosterd
egg
ei (n)
rice
rijst rijst
honey
honing
jam
jam jam
snack
snack, tussendoortje
soup
soep soep
cheese
kaas
salad
salade salade
cookies
koekje
40. FRUITS, VEGETABLES AND MEATS ME ATS fruit
vrucht vrucht
cabbage
kool
pineapple
ananas ananas
pumpkin
pompoen
apple
appel appel
olive
olijf
apricot
abrikoos abrikoos
radish
radijs
banana
banaan banaan
lettuce
sla
pear
peer
tomato
tomaat
strawberry
aardbei aardbei
onion
ui
raspberry
framboos framboos
meat
vlees (n)
cherry
kers kers
veal
kalfsvlees (n)
lime
limoen limoen
lamb
lam (n)
lemon
citroen citroen
beef
rundvlees (n)
orange
sinaasappel sinaasappel
ham
ham
peach
perzik perzik
pork
varkensvlees (n)
grapes
druif
bacon
bacon
vegetables
groente groente
sausage
worst
cauliflower
bloemkool bloemkool
poultry
pluimvee (n)
bean
boon boon
duck
eend
pea
erwt erwt
goose
gans
cucumber
komkommer
chicken
kip
carrot
wortel, peen peen
turkey
kalkoen
potato
aardappel aardappel
fish
vis
The National Anthem of the Netherlands: Wilhelmus van Nassouwe By Marnix van St. Aldegonde (2 stanzas out of 15) Wilhelmus van Nassouwe ben ik van Duitsen bloed den vaderland getrouwe blijf ik tot in den dood. Een Prinse van Oranje ben ik, vrij onverveerd, den Koning van Hispanje heb ik altijd geëerd. Mijn schild ende betrouwen zijt Gij, o God mijn Heer, op U zo wil ik bouwen, verlaat mij nimmermeer. Dat ik doch vroom mag blijven, uw dienaar t'aller stond, de tirannie verdrijven die mij mijn hert doorwondt. William of Nassau am I, of Dutch blood; True to the fatherland I remain until death. Prince of Orange am I, free and fearless. To the King of Spain I have always given honour. You, my God and Lord, are my shield, on You I rely. On You I will build; never leave me, So that I may remain pious, your servant at all moments, Dispelling the tyranny that wounds my heart. The National Anthem of Belgium: De Brabançonne By Alexandre Dechet, 1830 O dierbaar België O heilig land der vaad'ren Onze ziel en ons hart zijn u gewijd. Aanvaard ons hart en het bloed van onze adren, Wees ons doel in arbeid en in strijd. Bloei, o land, in eendracht niet te breken; Wees immer u zelf en ongeknecht, Het woord getrouw, dat ge onbevreesd moogt spreken: Voor Vorst, voor Vrijheid en voor Recht. (x3) O beloved Belgium, sacred land of our fathers, Our heart and soul are dedicated to you. Our strength and the blood of our veins we offer, Be our goal, in work and battle. Prosper, O country, in unbreakable unity, Always be yourself and and free. Trust in the word that, undaunted, you can speak: For King, for Freedom and for Law. (x3) 41. WORD ORDER
Dutch word order requires Time - Manner - Place. English generally uses place before time, but Dutch cannot. Hij gaat morgen met de trein naar Londen. He's Londen. He's going to London tomorrow by train. (Literally: he's going tomorrow by train to London.) The verb must always be in the second position in a Dutch sentence. This not does not mean that it must always be the second word , however. (Inversion of subject and verb to form questions is an exception.) In de winter gaat hij met de trein naar Londen. In Londen. In the winter he's going to London by train. (Literally: In the winter goes he by train to London.) Separable prefixes, past participles and infinitive always go to the end of the clause or sentence. The double infinitive construction always goes to the end of the clause or sentence as well. 42. COMMANDS The stem with the appropriate spelling changes is most commonly used as the command form. When being polite, the u form is used (with u following the verb.) If a verb has a separable prefix, it is sent to the end of the clause. The "let's" form plus a verb is rendered in Dutch by laten we + infinitive. When the command is general and no one in particular is being addressed, the infinitive i s used, especially on signs. Kijk! Look! Kijk! Look! Laat mij het doen! Let doen! Let me do it! Blijft u zitten. Please zitten. Please remain seated. Kijk uit! Look uit! Look out! Laten we gaan. Let's gaan. Let's go. Niet roken. No roken. No smoking. Trekken / Duwen. Pull Duwen. Pull / Push. Note that zijn has an irregular imperative form: wees (and wees (and the polite form: weest u) u) 43. COORDINATING AND SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS Coordinating conjunctions join two sentences together. Word order is not affected by coordinating conjunctions. Examples are en (and), en (and), dus (so, dus (so, thus), maar (but), of (or) (or) and want (for, because). Subordinating conjunctions are used to connect an independent and dependent clause together, and they do affect word order. An independent (or main) clause contains a subject and verb and can stand alone as its own sentence.
A dependent (or subordinate) subordinate) clause also contains a subject and verb, but is introduced with a subordinating conjunction and cannot stand alone as its own sentence. Mijn zoon was ziek, toen hij toen hij klein was. was. My son was sick when he was little. Ik weet dat jij dat jij mij leuk vindt . I know that you like me. When a subordinating conjunction introduces a clause, the next clause must begin with a verb. Hoewel hij Hoewel hij jong is, is, is hij is hij erg rijk. Although he is young, he is very rich. Zodra ik Zodra ik klaar ben, ben, kom ik kom ik even langs. As soon as I'm ready, I'll come over. Subordinating Conjunctions if/when as if except that that although to the extent that now whether because after since
als alsof behalve dat dat hoewel inzover(re) dat nu(dat) of omdat na(dat) sinds
unless while when (in past) until when before just so that as long as without as far as
tenzij terwijl toen tot(dat) wanneer voor(dat) zoals zodat zolang zonder dat zover
44. HOLIDAY PHRASES Happy New Year Happy Easter Merry Christmas Happy Birthday
Gelukkig nieuwjaar Zalig pasen / Vrolijk Pasen Zalig kerstfeest Hartelijk gefeliciteerd (met je verjaardag)
Zalig is the word traditionally used by Catholics (the Pope uses it) when saying something in Dutch at Christmas. Protestants say Prettige kerstdagen (nice), kerstdagen (nice), Gelukkig kerstfeest (happy), kerstfeest (happy), or Vrolijk kerstfeest (cheerful); kerstfeest (cheerful); a lot of variation is possible. 45. BLIJVEN AND LATEN Blijven (to remain) can be used with an infinitive to express a continuous or repeated action. Blijven acts like a modal verb in the sentence; blijven is conjugated and the other verb remains in the infinitive and goes to the end of the sentence.
De kat blijft naar de muis kijken. The cat keeps looking at the mouse. Blijft u maar zitten! Please zitten! Please remain seated! Laten (to Laten (to let, leave) can also behave like a modal verb when used with another verb. It corresponds to "to let" or "to have something done (by someone else)." In the perfect tense, laten also behaves like a modal because the infinitive is used instead of the past participle when it occurs with another verb. Laten we naar huis gaan. Let's gaan. Let's go home. Zij laat haar kamer verven. She's verven. She's having her room painted. Hij heeft zijn auto laten wassen. He's wassen. He's had his car washed. 46. PLACES airport
luchthaven
lane (town)
steeg
bakery
bakkerij bakkerij
library
bibliotheek
bank
bank bank
market
markt
barn
schuur
monument
gedenkteken (n)
barracks
kazerne kazerne
museum
museum
bridge
brug brug
palace
paleis
bookstore boekwinkel boekwinkel
path
pad (n)
building
gebouw (n) (n)
pavement
trottoir (n)
castle
slot (n) (n)
pharmacy
apotheek
cathedral kathedraal
police station politiebureau (n)
cemetery kerkhof (n) (n)
port
haven
church
kerk kerk
prison
gevangenis
cinema
bioscoop bioscoop
restaurant
restaurant
consulate consulaat (n)
road (highway)
landweg
corner
school
school
drugstore apotheek apotheek
square
plein (n)
embassy
ambassade ambassade
stadium
stadium
factory
fabriek fabriek
store
winkel
farm
boerderij boerderij
street
straat
fountain
fontein fontein
suburb
voorstad
garage
garage garage
theater
theater / schouwburg
hospital
ziekenhuis (n)
tower
toren
hotel
hotel hotel
town
stad
straathoek straathoek
house
huis (n)
town hall
stadhuis (n)
hut
hut hut
university
universiteit
inn
herberg herberg
village
dorp
47. TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION bus
(auto)bus
train
trein
airplane
vliegtuig
ship
schip
boat
boot
motorcycle
motorfiets
automobile
automobiel
streetcar
tram
moped
bromfiets
bicycle
fiets
car
auto(mobiel) 48. SIMPLE PAST TENSE The simple past tense in Dutch corresponds to the simple past tense in English. It is not a compound tense like the perfect tense, and some verbs have vowel changes, as in English. Generally, the simple past tense is indicated in English by adding -ed to the verb (for regular verbs, at least.) This tense is used for actions that happened in the past and that are completely done. To form the past tense, add -te (or -de) to the stem for the singular persons and -ten (or -den) to the stem for the plural persons. If the verb stem ends in p, t, k, f, s, or ch, add -te or -ten; for all other endings, add -de or -den. Verbs that have either v or z as the final consonant of the stem change them to f or s first and then add -de and den.
wonen - to live geloven - to believe praten - to talk spelen - to play trouwen - to marry werken - to work fietsen - to cycle
ik, jij, u, hij, zij woonde geloofde praatte speelde trouwde werkte fietste
wij, jullie, zij woonden geloofden praatten speelden trouwden werkten fietsten
49. IRREGULAR IRREGULAR STEMS IN SIMPLE PAST TENSE For some verbs, the internal vowel of the stem changes in the past tense. The stem with the changed vowel then acts as the past tense for all persons of the singular, while the plural adds -en to the changed stem. In addition, there are some irregular verbs that change more than the vowel, but still add nothing for the singular and -en for the plural. ik, jij, u, hij, zij was had ging wist dacht bleef dronk at brak beet goot
zijn - to be hebben - to have gaan - to go weten - to know denken - to think blijven - to stay drinken - to drink eten - to eat breken - to break bijten - to bite gieten - to pour 50. HOUSE AND FURNITURE alarm wekker desk clock
wij, jullie, zij waren hadden gingen wisten dachten bleven dronken aten braken beten goten
bureau bureau
painting
schilderij (n)
armchair leunstoel leunstoel
door
deur
pillow
kussen (n)
ashtray
asbak (n) (n)
drawer
lade
pipe (water)
pijpleiding
balcony
balkon (n) (n)
dresser
ladenkast ladenkast
radio
radio
basement kelder
fire
vuur (n) (n)
refrigerator koelkast
basket
korf
flame
vlam vlam
roof
dak (n)
bathroom
badkamer (n)
flat apartement apartement (apartment)
room
kamer
bed
bed (n) (n)
floor
vloer
sheet
laken (n)
bedroom slaapkamer flower
bloem bloem
shovel
schop
(door)bell (deur)bel (deur)bel
furniture
meubelen (pl.) (pl.)
shower
douche
blanket
deken deken
garden
tuin tuin
smoke
rook
blinds
rolgordijn (n)
ground floor
benedenverdieping benedenverdieping sofa
(zit)bank
box
kist kist
hearth
haard haard
stairs
trap
broom
bezem bezem
house
huis (n)
floor (of building)
verdieping
bucket
emmer
iron (flat)
strijkijzer (n) (n)
stove
kachel
candle
kaars kaars
kerosene
petroleum petroleum
table
tafel
carpet
tapijt (n) (n)
key
sleutel
tap (faucet)
kraan
ceiling
plafond (n) (n) kitchen
keuken keuken
television
televisie
chair
stoel stoel
ladder
toilet (WC) wc / toilet
chimney
schoorsteen schoorsteen lamp
lamp lamp
towel
handdoek
closet
kast kast
lock
slot (n)
vacuum cleaner
stofzuiger
computer computer
mattress
matras matras
vase
vaas
corner
mirror
spiegel
wall (house)
muur
cupboard kast kast
oven
oven
wall (room)
wand
curtain
gordijn (n) (n)
pantry
provisiekast provisiekast
window
raam (n)
cushion
kussen (n)
paper basket
prullenmand prullenmand
yard
(achter)tuin
hoek hoek
ladder
51. STAAN, LIGGEN AND ZITTEN These verbs are all translated as "to be" in certain cases. When an object is in an upright position, staan is staan is used. When an object is lying down, liggen is liggen is used. When an object is inside of something else, zitten is zitten is used. De auto staat voor het huis. The huis. The car is in front of the t he house. De krant ligt op de grond. The grond. The newspaper is on the floor. De pen zit in de tas. The tas. The pen is in the bag. 52. CLOTHING & ACCESSORIES belt
riem
pants (trousers)
broek
boot
laars laars
pin
speld
braces
bretels (pl.) (pl.)
pipe
pijp
brush
borstel borstel
pocket
zak
button
knoop knoop
shirt
overhemd (n)
cigar
sigaar
shoe
schoen
cigarette
sigaret sigaret
shoelace
schoenveter
clothes
kleren kleren
silk
zijde
coat
jas jas
skirt
rok
collar
boord boord
sleeve
mouw
comb
kam kam
soap
zeep
cotton
katoen (n) (n)
sock
sok
dress
jurk jurk
stick
stok
fashion
mode mode
stocking
kous
glasses
bril (sing.) (sing.)
tie
stropdas
glove
handschoen handschoen
toothbrush
tandenborstel
handkerchief
zakdoek zakdoek
toothpaste
tandpasta
hat
hoed hoed
umbrella
paraplu
jeans
spijkerbroek spijkerbroek
underwear
onderbroek
match
lucifer
waistcoat
vest (n)
needle
naald naald
watch
horloge (n)
overcoat
overjas overjas
wool
wol
53. FUTURE TENSE The future tense consists of a conjugated form of zullen and zullen and an infinitive placed at the end of the sentence. Except for the word order, this is similar to English will + an infinitive. The future tense can also be used to express probability. When it does, wel is wel is added to the sentence. ik zal
wij zullen
jij, u zult / zal
jullie zullen
hij, zij het zal
zij zullen
Like the modals, either zult or zal can be used with jij and u. Both are considered correct. De reis zal twee uur duren. The trip will last two hours. Wij zullen het wel weten. We will probably know it. The regular present tense can also express a future f uture event with the use of time expressions. This is common in English too. Morgen gaan zij naar Rotterdam. They're Rotterdam. They're going to Rotterdam tomorrow. Gaan and Gaan and an infinitive at the end of the sentence can also be used to express the future. This is equivalent to the English construction "going to + verb." Ik ga een brief schrijven. I'm going to write a letter. Future Perfect Tense The future perfect expresses "will have + past participle" and is as uncommon in Dutch as it is in English. Zullen is still used at the conjugated verb, but the past participle and infinitive of hebben (or zijn) are put at the end of t he sentence.
Hij zal de krant gelezen hebben. He hebben. He will have read the newspaper. 54. VERB MEANINGS Some verbs in English are expressed in D utch as two different verbs and vice versa. The most common are: kennen: to kennen: to know a person or a place; to be acquainted with (general familiarity) weten: to weten: to know facts (specific knowledge) leven: to leven: to be alive, to exist, to subsist wonen: to wonen: to reside, to dwell betekenen: to betekenen: to signify bedoelen: to bedoelen: to intend noemen: to noemen: to call, name heten: to heten: to be called, be named lenen aan: to aan: to lend to lenen van: to van: to borrow from leren: to leren: to teach (someone something) leren (van): to (van): to learn (from someone) 55. INFLECTIONS OF ADJECTIVES When adjectives are placed before nouns, and not after, they add the ending -e. -e. The spelling rules that affect pluralization of nouns and verb conjugations also apply when inflecting adjectives. However, the -e is not added when the adjective occurs before a neuter singular noun without an article (warm water) or a neuter singular noun preceded by een, geen, elk (each), ieder (each), (each), m e n i g (many a), veel (much), w e l k (which) or (which) or zo'n (such (such a). a). Adjectives that end in -en, as well as the adjectives linker (left) and rechter (right), do not add -e either. het grote huis huis - the large house de lange muur - the long wall mijn mooie tuin - my beautiful garden snelle treinen treinen - fast trains een oud huis huis - an old house vers brood brood - fresh bread de houten trap trap - the wooden staircase zijn rechter oog oog - his right eye When an adjective is placed directly after iets iets (something), niet (nothing), niet (nothing), veel (much), weinig (little), weinig (little), and wat (something), (something), it adds the ending -s. -s. iets moois moois - something beautiful niets nieuws nieuws - nothing new
If the noun following the adjective has been mentioned before, it may be omitted. In English, "one" is used in its place, but there is no equivalent word in Dutch. Dutch simply uses the article and adjective, with the -e inflection, if it is required. Koop je een jurk? Ja, ik neem de blauwe. Are blauwe. Are you buying a dress? Yes, I'll take the blue (one.) 56. ADJECTIVES short
kort kort
high
hoog hoog
light
licht
long, tall
lang lang
wide
wijd wijd
dark
donker
loud
luid
fat, thick
vet, dik dik
terrible
vreselijk
quiet
stil stil
thin
dun dun
sweet
zoet
cute
lief, schattig schattig narrow
nauw
in love
verliefd
perfect
perfekt perfekt
weak
zwak zwak
serious
serieus
sad
triest, droevig
strong
sterk sterk
clean
proper, net
happy
blij, gelukkig gelukkig deep
diep diep
dirty
vuil
dear
beste beste
lazy
lui lui
shy
verlegen
famous
bekend, beroemd
cheap
goedkoop goedkoop
nervous
nerveus, zenuwachtig
different
verschillend, dumb ander
dom dom
comfortable comfortabel
easy
gemakkelijk gemakkelijk early
vroeg vroeg
worried
bezorgd
difficult
moeilijk moeilijk
near
nabij, dichtbij
right
juist
pretty
mooi mooi
nice
mooi, aardig aardig wrong
ugly
lelijk lelijk
inexpensive goedkoop goedkoop
jealous
jaloers
small
klein klein
expensive
duur
drunk
dronken, zat
large
groot groot
crazy
gek gek
popular
populair
good
goed goed
far
ver(af) ver(af)
excellent
excellent
bad
slecht slecht
beautiful
mooi mooi
valuable
kostbaar
new
nieuw nieuw
curious
nieuwsgierig nieuwsgierig alone
alleen
tired
vermoeid, moe
old
oud oud
important
belangrijk
angry
kwaad, boos boos young
jong jong
busy
bezig, bezet
annoying
vervelend, irritant
interesting
interessant interessant
sick
ziek, misselijk
fantastic
fantastisch fantastisch
ready
klaar
wonderful wonderlijk wonderlijk
verkeerd
57. COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE Comparisons of equality use the expression even + adjective + als and als and it translates to "as + adjective + as." In addition, you can use net zo + adjective + als to als to mean "as + adjective + as," but it is more emphatic. dit hotel is even duur als de andere andere - this hotel is as expensive as the others But note: zo veel mogelijk mogelijk - as soon as possible / zo vlug mogelijk mogelijk - as fast as possible When comparing two things, the comparative form of the adjective is used. It is formed in Dutch by adding -er to to the adjective (or -der if the adjective ends in -r). This is used for all adjectives; there is no "more + adjective" construction as there is for some adjectives in English. Comparative adjectives add the -e ending for the inflection according to the requirements above; however, adjectives with three or more syllables do not. When W hen using comparative adjectives, dan translates dan translates as "than." leuk leuk - nice leuker - nicer vriendelijk vriendelijk - friendly vriendelijker - friendlier When expressing the highest degree of a quality or characteristic, the superlative form of the t he adjective is used. Most adjectives add -st (or -st (or just -t if the adjective already ends in -s). Since the -st ending does not add a syllable to the adjective, the spelling rules do not apply. All superlatives are inflected like regular adjectives. However, if the superlative adjective is a predicate adjective (follows "to be" and does not precede a noun), then het precedes it and the e is optional. With the superlative, van translates as "in" or "of." In contrast to English, Dutch does use the superlative to compare two or more things. leuk - nice - nice leukst - nicest bi ggest house het grootste huis huis - the biggest de duurste kleren kleren - the most expensive clothes Hij is de oudste van de twee. twee. He is the older (literally: oldest) of the two. For ease of pronunciation, adjectives ending in -st and -sch do not add -st to form the superlative, but use meest (most) meest (most) before. meest juist juist - most just meest logisch logisch - most logical Don't forget the spelling changes when dealing with long and short vowels:
groot, groter, grootst grootst - big, bigger, biggest laat, later, laatst laatst - late, later, latest Some of the most common adjectives have irregular forms: adjective comparative superlative
good better best
goed goed bad beter worse best best worst
erg erg much veel veel little weinig erger more meer less minder ergst ergst most meest meest least minst
58. SPORTS golf
golf
soccer
voetbal
volleyball
volleybal
football
rugby, American football
basketball
basketbal
baseball
honkbal
hockey
hockey
tennis
tennis
bowling
bowlen, bowling
sailing
zeilen
horseback riding
paardrijden
boxing
boksen
roller-skating
rolschaatsen
ice-skating
schaatsen
skiing
skien
bicycle racing
wielrennen
riding a bicycle
fietsen
swimming
zwemmen 59. NATURE
air
lucht lucht
grass
gras (n) (n)
rock
rots
bank
oever
hail
hagel hagel
sand
zand (n)
bay
baai baai
hay
hooi (n) (n)
sea
zee
beach
strand (n) (n)
heath
heide heide
shadow
schaduw
bridge
brug
high tide vloed vloed
sky
lucht
bush
struik struik
hill
heuvel heuvel
snow
sneeuw
cave
grot grot
ice
ijs (n)
spring (water)
bron
city
stad stad
island
eiland (n) (n)
star
ster
cloud
wolk wolk
lake
meer (n) (n)
storm
storm
coast
kust kust
leaf
blad blad
stream
beek
country
land (n) (n)
light
licht (n) (n)
street
straat
country(side)
platteland (n)
lightning bliksem bliksem
sun
zon
current
stroom
low tide
thaw
(ont)dooi
darkness
duisternis duisternis
meadow weide weide
thunder
donder
desert
woestijn woestijn
moon
tree
boom
dew
dauw dauw
mountain berg berg
valley
vallei
dust
stof (n) (n)
mud
modder
view
uitzicht (n)
earth
aarde aarde
nature
natuur
water
water (n)
farm
boerderij boerderij
peninsula
schiereiland (n)
fresh water
zoet water (n)
field
veld (n) (n)
plain
vlakte
salt water
zout water (n)
flower
bloem bloem
plant
plant plant
waterfall
waterval
foam
schuim (n) (n) pond
vijver
wave
golf
fog
mist mist
rain
regen regen
weather
weer (n)
forest
bos (n) (n)
rainbow
regenboog regenboog
wind
wind
frost
vorst vorst
river
rivier
world
wereld
eb eb maan maan
60. OBJECT PRONOUNS Subject
Objects
I
ik ('k)
me
mij (me)
you (fam.)
jij (je) (je)
you
jou (je)
you (form.)
u
you
u
he
hij hij
him
hem ('m)
she
zij (ze) (ze)
her
haar (ze)
it
hij / het
it
het ('t)
we
wij (we)
us
ons
you (pl.)
jullie jullie
you
jullie (je)
you (form.)
u
you
u
they
zij (ze) (ze)
them
hen (ze) / hun (ze)
Direct and indirect object pronouns are the same in Dutch, except for "them." Hen is used if it is a direct object, and hun is used if it is an indirect object. Generally, indirect objects are preceded by "to" or "from" in English, and direct objects are not preceded by any prepositions. Additionally, these object pronouns are used in prepositional phrases. An alternative way of showing showing possession without using the possessive pronouns is to use van + van + object pronoun. In fact,
this is the only way to show possession with the jullie form, as there is no possessive pronoun for it. This construction corresponds to "of + object" and occurs often in sentences with the verb "to be." Is deze pen van jou? Is jou? Is this your pen? Die schoenen zijn niet van mij. Those shoes are not mine. If the noun is not present in the clause, then die or dat + van + object pronoun is used. Mijn huis is klein; dat van hem is erg groot. My groot. My house is small; his is very large. 61. PARTS OF THE BODY ankle
enkel enkel
finger
vinger
nail
nagel
arm
arm arm
flesh
vlees (n) (n)
neck
hals / nek
back
rug rug
foot
voet voet
nerve
zenuw
beard
baard baard
forehead
voorhoofd (n) (n) pain
pijn
belly
buik buik
gum
tandvlees (n) (n) nose
neus
bladder
blaas blaas
hair
haar (n) (n)
palm
handpalm
blood
bloed (n) (n)
hand
hand hand
rib
rib
body
lichaam (n) (n)
head
hoofd (n) (n)
shin
scheen
bone
bot / been (n) (n) headache
hoofdpijn hoofdpijn
shoulder schouder
brain
hersenen (pl.)
health
gezondheid gezondheid
skeleton
skelet / geraamte
breath
adem adem
heart
hart (n) (n)
skin
huid
calf
kuit kuit
heel
hiel hiel
skull
schedel
cheek
wang wang
hip
heup heup
sole
voetzool
chest
borst borst
intestines
ingewanden (pl.)
spine
ruggengraat
chin
kin kin
jaw
kaak kaak
stomach maag
cold
verkoudheid verkoudheid kidney
nier
tear
traan
cough
hoest hoest
knee
knie knie
thigh
dij
ear
oor (n) (n)
leg
been (n) (n)
throat
keel
elbow
elleboog elleboog
lip
lip lip
thumb
duim
eye
oog (n) (n)
liver
lever
toe
teen
eyebrow
wenkbrauw wenkbrauw
lung
long long
tongue
tong
eyelid
ooglid (n) (n)
moustache snor
tooth
tand
face
gezicht (n) (n)
mouth
mond mond
wound
wond
fever
koorts koorts
muscle
spier
wrist
pols
62. RELATIVE PRONOUNS Relative clauses begin with relative pronouns - words that correspond to who, whom, that and and which in which in English. These may be omitted in English, but must be included in Dutch. The relative pronoun is put into the correct gender
depending on the noun it refers to. The conjugated verb goes to the end of the sentence as well as with subordinate clauses. Die and Die and dat are dat are the relative pronouns in Dutch; die refers to people, singular common nouns and all plural nouns, whereas dat refers dat refers to singular neuter nouns. Kent u de man die daar op de hoek staat? Do staat? Do you know the man who is standing there on the corner? Dat is het boek dat ik las. That las. That is the book (that) I read. Hier is de jurk die ik gisteren gekocht heb. Here heb. Here is the dress (which) I bought yesterday. Die is Die is replaced by wie when wie when the clause refers to people and is preceded by a preposition. In addition, whoever is is translated as wie. wie. De jongen met wie ik praatte heet Piet. The Piet. The boy with whom I spoke is called Peter. No relative pronoun is used when the clause refers to things and is preceded by a preposition. In this case, waar- and the preposition are used instead. In some cases, waar- and waar- and a preposition can also replace the relative pronoun when referring to people. Dat zijn mensen waarop je rekenen kunt. They are people upon whom you can count. (They are people you can count on.) Wat replaces dat when dat when the pronoun refers to the words alles (everything), iets (something), niets (nothing); niets (nothing); to the superlative form of an adjective used as a noun; to the whole preceding clause. It is also used when there is no antecedent (no preceding noun/pronoun to refer to.) Dat is alles wat ik heb. That heb. That is everything that I have. Zij komt altijd te laat, wat mij ergert. She ergert. She always comes late, which annoys me. 63. USES OF ER 1. Personal pronouns are used after prepositions when referring to people. However, when you need to refer to a thing, a compound using er- plus the preposition (either written as one word, or separated by adverbial expression) is used. Daar (that) (that) and hier (this) (this) can also replace er when it is not written as one word. De kinderen spelen er vaak mee. The mee. The children often play with it. De kinderen spelen daar/hier vaak mee. The mee. The children often play with that/this. 2. Er is used when talking about a quantity or an amount. It is translated as "of it" or "of them," though these expressions are not always used in English.
Ik heb er genoeg gehad. I've gehad. I've had enough (of it.) Hoeveel poesjes heb je? Ik heb er twee. How twee. How many kittens do you have? I have two (of them.) 3. In an unstressed position, er means there (an adverb of place). It is replaced by daar in in stressed positions (such as the beginning of a sentence.) 4. Er can introduce intr oduce sentences with an indefinite subject. In this case, er functions as there as there as a subject, as in "there is/are." 64. ANIMALS animal ant badger bat beak bear bee beetle bird blackbird bull butterfly calf carp cat caterpillar chicken chimpanzee claw cockroach cod cow crab crayfish crow deer dog donkey duck eagle eel
dier (n) (n) mier das das vleermuis vleermuis bek bek beer bij bij tor vogel vogel merel merel stier vlinder kalf (n) (n) karper kat / poes poes rups rups kip chimpansee chimpansee klauw klauw kakkerlak kakkerlak kabeljauw kabeljauw koe koe krab krab rivierkreeft rivierkreeft kraai kraai hert hert hond hond ezel ezel eend arend arend aal aal
horse insect kitten lamb lion lobster louse mackerel mole monkey mosquito moth mouse octopus ostrich owl ox oyster parrot partridge paw pig pigeon rabbit rat rooster salmon scale (sea) gull seal shark
paard (n) insekt katje / poesje (n) lam (n) leeuw kreeft luis makreel mol aap muskiet mot muis octopus struisvogel uil os oester papegaai patrijs poot varken duif konijn (n) rat haan zalm schub (zee)meeuw zeehond haai
elephant feather fin fish flea fly fox frog fur gill giraffe goat goose gorilla grasshopper hare hen heron herring hoof horn
olifant olifant veer vin vin vis vis vlo vlo vlieg vlieg vos vos kikker vacht / pels pels kieuw kieuw giraffe giraffe geit geit gans gans gorilla gorilla sprinkhaan sprinkhaan haas haas kip / hen hen reiger haring haring hoef hoorn hoorn
sheep shrimp snail snake sparrow spider squirrel stork swallow tail tiger toad trout turkey wasp weasel whale wing wolf worm zebra
schaap (n) garnaal slak slang mus spin eekhoorn ooievaar zwaluw staart tijger pad forel kalkoen wesp wezel walvis vleugel wolf worm zebra
65. INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTIONS Some verbs require a preposition before an infinitive in Dutch, while others do not. This is true in English as well; e.g. I want to leave vs. I can read. Verbs that do not require te before an infinitive include: modal verbs, blijven, laten, zullen, zien (to see), see), horen (to hear), hear), voelen (to voelen (to feel), feel), komen, gaan, vinden (to find), find), leren (to teach), teach), and helpen. Ik kan komen. I komen. I can come. Het zal morgen regenen. It will rain tomorrow. Zij gaat iedere dag zwemmen. She goes swimming everyday. The preposition used in Dutch is te, te, although the om... te construction can also be used. Verbs that use only te before an infinitive include: zitten, include: zitten, staan, liggen, lopen (to walk), walk), beginnen, proberen (to try), try), durven (to dare), hoeven dare), hoeven (to need), weten. After weten. After these prepositions, te is used before an infinitive: zonder (without), (without), in plaats van (instead van (instead of), of), and door (by.) When using om...te, om...te, all adjectives, adverbs, objects, and expressions of time, manner and place are placed between om and te. Om... te is always used when the
infinitive occurs at the beginning of the sentence, and when the infinitive refers to a preceding noun. Hij stond op de bus te wachten. He wachten. He stood waiting for the bus. Het begint te regenen. It's regenen. It's beginning to rain. Ik zei het zonder te denken. I denken. I said it without thinking. Het is erg moeilijk om te doen. It doen. It is very difficult to do. Hoeveel kost het om hier te parkeren? How parkeren? How much is it to park here? Het is een interessant programma om naar te kijken. It kijken. It is an interesting program to watch. English infinitives that follow an object are translated into clauses using conjunctions in Dutch. Zij verwacht dat ik kom. She kom. She is expecting me to come. (Literally: She expects that I come.) 66. PAST PERFECT TENSE The past perfect tense corresponds to the perfect tense, but the action occurred in the past before another action occurred in the past. In English, it translates to "had" instead of "have" before the past participle. To form this tense, simply use the simple past of hebben or zijn (whichever auxiliary the verb used in the t he present perfect tense) and the past participle. Zij had de boeken niet gevonden. She gevonden. She had not found the books. Jullie hadden in Paris gestudeerd. You gestudeerd. You had studied in Paris. 67. CONDITIONAL The conditional mood expresses doubt or uncertainty. In English, "would + infinitive" is used for the present conditional and "would have + past participle" is used for the past conditional. In Dutch, zou/zouden + infinitive is used for the present conditional, and zou/zouden + zou/zouden + past participle + infinitive of hebben or zijn is used for the past conditional. (Zou and zouden are the singular and plural past tense forms of zullen.) Ik zou graag thuis blijven. I blijven. I would like to stay home. Als ik jou was, zou ik dat huis niet kopen. If kopen. If I were you, I would not buy that house. Ik zou graag thuis gebleven zijn. I zijn. I would have liked to stay home. 68. DIMINUTIVES
Diminutives are forms of a word that show smallness or endearment and are much more common in Dutch (especially spoken Dutch) than in English. All diminutives in Dutch are formed by adding -je adding -je to to the noun, and all are neuter nouns and form the plural by adding -s. kindje little kindje little child neusje little neusje little nose schaapje little schaapje little sheep Nouns endings in a vowel, y, w or j; nouns that contain a long vowel or diphthong followed by r, l, or n; and nouns ending in unstressed -er, -el, and -en add -tje to -tje to form the diminutive. eitje little eitje little egg beentje little beentje little leg dekentje little dekentje little blanket Nouns containing a short vowel followed by r, l, n, m, or ng add -etje. balletje little balletje little ball stemmetje little stemmetje little voice Nouns ending in unstressed -ing drop the final -g and add kje. verrassinkje little verrassinkje little surprise Nouns ending in -m add -pje (unless m is preceded by short stressed vowel.) bezempje little bezempje little broom 69. PRESENT PARTICIPLE The present participle is made by adding -d (or -d (or sometimes de) de) to the infinitive of a Dutch verb. Present participles are not used as frequently in Dutch as in English. They are used mainly when another action takes action takes place within the specific period of time we are talking about. So, every example sentence is about two actions that take place at the same time. zingen to zingen to sing Ze liep zingend naar huis. She huis. She walked home singing. lopen to lopen to walk Kun jij lopend lezen? Can lezen? Can you read while walking? fluisteren to fluisteren to whisper Hij zei fluisterend dat hij eerder weg wilde. He wilde. He said whispering that he wanted to leave earlier.
Most of the time an English present participle is not translated by a Dutch present participle. Usually, the Dutch simple present tense is used instead. Ze leest een boek. She boek. She is reading a book. 70. PASSIVE VOICE When the subject of the sentence does something, the sentence is in the active voice. voice. If something happens to that person, we use the passive the passive voice. voice. Replacing the auxiliary verb hebben ( hebben (to to have) have) by zijn ( zijn (to to be) be) or worden ( worden (to to become, become, to be from this moment on), on), very often results in the passive the passive voice. voice. The verb vinden (to find) is in the active voice: Ik heb gevonden. I gevonden. I have found. Ik had gevonden. I gevonden. I had found. And in the passive voice: voice: Ik ben gevonden. I gevonden. I am found Ik ben gevonden. I gevonden. I have been found. Ik was gevonden. I gevonden. I was found. Ik was gevonden. I gevonden. I had been found. Ik word gevonden. I gevonden. I am found (right now). Suppose that Peter finds you. Ik ben door Peter gevonden. I gevonden. I am found by Peter. Ik was door Peter gevonden. I gevonden. I was found by Peter. Ik word door Peter gevonden. I gevonden. I am found by Peter (right now). Ik word door Peter gevonden. I gevonden. I will be found by Peter. "Ik word door Peter gevonden." in gevonden." in the present the present perfect has has about the same meaning as "Peter vindt mij." in mij." in the simple present .
