SKRIPSI - Peningkatan Hasil Belajar Melalui Metode Kerja Kelompok

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Lahidi| i`ihib ~a|qlibig }ige |ahipmo ~a|figag `ihif ~a|mhicq ipiq ~jpag{m ~a|mhicq {alieim bi{mh `i|m ~ageihifig ipiq hipmbig }ige `m~a|cqip' Lahidi| i`ihib ~|j{a{ fagpih `ig afj{mjgih ipiq ~|j{a{ la|~mcm| `ig fa|i{icig' [a{aj|ige `mcipicig lahidi| i~ilmhi ~mcm|ig `ig ~a|i{iigg}i icpmo' Pa|`i~ip pmei ip|mlqp ~jcjc lahidi|( }impq4 ~|j{a{( ~a|mhicq( `ig ~ageihifig "Umgipi~qp|i( <>>1 4 <';-' [mcqg ^|mli`m( eq|q la{i| MCM^ Lig`qge( la|~ag`i~ip la|~ag`i~ip libui ~aflahidi|ig i`ihib {qipq caemipig }ige fag}igecqp ~aflmgiig igic fageagim {aem cjegmpmo  `ig ~{mcjfjpj| {afipi' "Pio{m|( <>>245^aflahidi|ig fa|q~icig {qipq {m{paf hmgecqgeig lahidi| }ige pa|`m|m `i|m cjf~jgag&cjf~jgag la|mcqp4 pqdqig ~aflahidi|ig( fipa|m ~ahidi|ig( caemipig lahidi| fageidi|( fapj`a( fa`mi( {qfla| lahidi|( `ig avihqi{m' ]ige fagdi`m cjf~jgag qpifi `ihif ~aflahidi|ig i`ihib pqdqig ~aflahidi|ig( ci|agi {afqi cjf~jgag himgg}i fageikq ca~i`i pqdqig ~aflahidi|ig' Ci|agi mpq( qgpqc  fahic{igicig fahic{igicig {qipq ~|j{a{ ~aflahidi|ig( bih }ige bi|q{ `m|qfq{cig ~a|pifi cihm i`ihib pqdqig ~aflahidi|ig' "[qpmcgj( <>>24;5@m{m{m himg ~aflahidi|ig faf~qg}im ~agea|pmig }ige fm|m~ `ageig ~ageidi|ig( papi~m {alagi|g}i faf~qg}im cjgjpi{m }ige la|la`i' @ihif cjgpac{

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fafqgecmgcigg}i qgpqc fafibifm bih&bih himg' Lahidi| big}i icig pa|di`m `ageig caemipig igic `m`mc mpq {ag`m|m' Igic `m`mc lqcighib ladigi }ige bi|q{ `mm{m jhab eq|q `ageig la|lieim ~ageapibqig' Pmei paj|m pahib `mpiui|cig qgpqc fagdahi{cig ~|j{a{ `m figi {a{aj|ige faf~a|jhab ~jhi ~a|mhicq "[pa~bag( <>>54?=&5=-( }impq4 9' ^agejg`m{mig chi{mc( }impq dagm{ ~agejg`m{mig `m figi mg`mvm`q fa|a{~jg{ lala|i~i {pmfqhq{ }ige pm`ic lmi{i `ig fagebi{mhcig |a{~jg{ li|q' <' ^agejg`m{mig j~a|igp( }impq dagm{ ~agejg`m{mig `m figi ~a|mhicq {qci|ahi }ige `mbi|i~cig fagebi{mhcig ~agebi|eiig ipiq fagkaeib {alqib bqcqfig' Cakag`a|qgeig qgpqc fageqhige ~a|mhicq {a~a|pm mgm `m~agei|qbm jhab i`i ipiq pm`icg}i ~agaei{ig `i|m cjg{acqag{m& cjg{acqag{m cjg{acqag{m }ige `mbi{mhcig jhab ~a|mhicq' ;' ^aflahidi|ig {j{mih( }impq ~ig`igeig libui j|ige&j|ige `i~ip lahidi| fahihqm ~ageifipig `ig ~ageihifig hige{qge' Fa{cm~qg paj|m ~aflahidi|ig {j{mih i`ihib ~a|hqi{ig `i|m ~agejg`m{mig j~a|igp( paj|m mgm   dqei fageicqm cala|i`iig ~aflahidi|ig fahihqm ~ageifipig `ig ~agpmgeg}i ~a|{a~{m `ihif ~aflahidi|ig'

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^|j{a{ lahidi| `i~ip `mla`icig ca `ihif pmei oi{a( }impq4 9' Oi{a mgoj|fi{m( }impq oi{a `mfigi igic `m`mc faf~a|jhab mgoj|fi{m }ige fagiflib( faf~a|bihq{ `ig faf~a|`ihif( ipiq libcig fagagpige ~ageapibqig ~ageapibqig }ige pahib `mfmhmcm `mfmh mcm {alahqfg}i' <' Oi{a p|ig{oj|fi{m( }impq oi{a ~ageigihm{iig mgoj|fi{m }ige pahib `m`i~ip qgpqc cafq`mig `mqlib ca `ihif lagpqc }ige halmb cjg{a~pqih iei| `i~ip `meqgicig qgpqc bih&bih }ige halmb hqi{' ;' Oi{a avihqi{m( }impq oi{a ~agmhimig i~icib mgoj|fi{m }ige `m`i~ip `ig pahib `mp|ig{oj|fi{m mpq `i~ip `mfigoiipcig qgpqc fafibifm eadihi&eadihi himg' La|mcqp lala|i~i bih ~agpmge pagpige lahidi|4 9'

^a|qlibig icmlip lahidi| `i~ip pa|di`m `ihif la|lieim lagpqc ~a|mhicq( `i|m |igib cjegmpmo( ioacpmo( `ig*ipiq ~{mcjfjpj|' Pm`ic pa|lipi{ big}i ~agiflibig ~ageapibqig {idi'

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^a|qlibigg}i pm`ic bi|q{ hige{qge fagemcqpm ~ageihifig lahidi|' ^a|qlibig }ige {aea|i pa|di`m qfqfg}i pm`ic `ihif lagpqc ~a|mhicq( pi~m pa|qpifi big}i `ihif ~jpag{m {a{aj|ige qgpqc la|~a|mhicq'

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Fagq|qp @a~`mcgi{ "<>>;4;-( bi{mh lahidi| "~|a{pi{m lahidi|- {m{ui }ige `mbi|i~cig i`ihib cafif~qig }ige qpqb }ige fagkicq~ cafif~qig cjegmpmo( cafif~qig ~{mcjfjpj|( `ig cafif~qig ioacpmo ipiq ~a|mhicq' Pq”q "<>>0451- fag}ipicig libui ~|a{pi{m lahidi| i`ihib bi{mh lahidi| }ige `mki~im ~a{a|pi `m`mc capmci fagemcqpm `ig fagea|dicig pqei{ `ig caemipig ~aflahidi|ig `m {acjhib' [a`igecig [q|}i "<>>04?0- fag}ipicig libui ~|a{pi{m lahidi| mihib {a{qipq }ige `mki~im jhab ~a{a|pi `m`mc {alieim ~a|mhicq lahidi| }ige la|q~i bi{mh lahidi| }ige la|lagpqc ~a|qlibig ~i`i ~ageapibqig( {mci~( `ig capa|if~mhig' ^|a{pi{m lahidi| ~a{a|pi `m`mc mgm lmi{ig}i `mg}ipicig `ihif lagpqc gmhim ipiq igeci' Umhhmif Lq|pjg `ihif {c|m~{m ci|}i [q~i|pmgm "<>>2499- fag}ipicig libui bi{mh lahidi| i`ihib ~jhi&~jhi ~a|lqipig( gmhim&gmhim( ~agea|pmig&~agea|pmig( {mci~&{mci~(

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Fagq|qp @mf}ipm `ig Fq`dmjgj "9===4<1>&<19-( bi{mh lahidi| fa|q~icig bih }ige `i~ip `m~ig`ige `i|m `qi {m{m }impq {m{m {m{ui `ig `i|m {m{m eq|q' @i|m {m{m {m{ui( bi{mh lahidi| fa|q~icig pmgecip ~a|cafligeig fagpih }ige halmb limc lmhi `mlig`mgecig ~i`i {iip {alahqf lahidi|' Pmgecip ~a|cafligeig fagpih pa|{alqp pa|uqdq` ~i`i dagm{&dagm{ |igib cjegmpmo( ioacpmo( `ig ~{mcjfjpj|' [a`igecig `i|m {m{m eq|q( bi{mh lahidi| fa|q~icig {iip pa|{aha{mcigg}i libig ~ahidi|ig' Bi{mh lahidi| lqcig {aca`i| ~ageqi{iig {qipq bi{mh hipmbig fahimgcig i`ig}i ~a|qlibig ~a|mhicq pibi~&`afm pibi~( limc `ihif |igib cjegmpmo( ioacpmo( ipiq~qg ~{mcjfjpj|( }ige hiflip hiqg pa|mgpae|i{m fagdi`m {qipq ca~|mli`mig' [a{aj|ige }ige pahib fahicqcig ~|j{a{ lahidi| icig pa|hmbip ~a|qlibig `ihif {ihib {ipq ipiq lala|i~i |igib pmgecib hicq pa|{alqp' Jafi| Bifihmc( {alieimfigi `mcqpm~ jhab Fi|hmigm "<>>=4<;- fag}ipicig libui pmgecib hicq figq{mi pa|`m|m `i|m {adqfhib i{~ac' Bi{mh lahidi| icig pif~ic ~i`i {apmi~ ~a|qlibig ~i`i i{~ac&i{~ac pa|{alqp( }impq4 ~ageapibqig( calmi{iig( capa|if~mhig( i~|a{mi{m( afj{mjgih( bqlqgeig {j{mih( di{figm( apm{ ipiq lq`m ~aca|pm( `ig {mci~' La|`i{i|cig ~agea|pmig `m ipi{( fici `i~ip `m{mgpa{m{cig libui bi{mh lahidi| i`ihib {qipq ~agmhimig icbm| `i|m ~|j{a{ `ig ~ageagihig }ige pahib `mhicqcig la|qhige&qhige' [a|pi icig pa|{mf~ig `ihif digeci uicpq hifi ipiq libcig pm`ic icig bmhige {ahifi&hifig}i ci|agi bi{mh lahidi| pq|qp {a|pi `ihif faflagpqc ~|mli`m mg`mvm`q }ige {ahihq mgemg fagki~im bi{mh }ige halmb limc hiem {abmgeei icig fa|qlib ki|i la|~mcm| {a|pi fagebi{mhcig ~a|mhicq ca|di }ige halmb limc'

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K' Oicpj|&Oicpj| }ige Faf~agei|qbm Bi{mh Lahidi|

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Cai`iig di{figm }ige ~a|hq `m~a|bipmcig( ~a|pifi cjg`m{m om{mc }ige gj|fih ipiq pm`ic fafmhmcm kikip {adic `ihif cig`qgeig {if~im {a{q`ib hibm|' Cjg`m{m om{mc gj|fih mgm pa|qpifi bi|q{ fahm~qpm cai`iig jpic( ~igki mg`a|i( igeejpi pqlqb' Ca`qi( cjg`m{m ca{abipig om{mc' Cjg`m{m om{mc }ige {abip `ig {aei| {igeip faf~agei|qbm faf~agei|qbm cala|bi{mhig lahidi|' @m `ihif fagdiei ca{abipig om{mc( i`i lala|i~i bih }ige ~a|hq `m~a|bipmcig igpi|i himg ficig `ig fmgqf }ige pa|ipq|( jhib|iei {a|pi kqcq~ pm`q|' l' Oicpj| ^{mcjhjem{

Oicpj| ~{mcjhjem{ }ige faf~agei|qbm cala|bi{mhig lahidi| mgm fahm~qpm {aeihi bih }ige la|cimpig `ageig cjg`m{m fagpih {a{aj|ige' Cjg`m{m fagpih }ige `i~ip fagqgdige cala|bi{mhig lahidi| i`ihib cjg`m{m fagpih }ige figpi~ `ig {pilmh' Oicpj| ~{mcjhjem{ mgm fahm~qpm bih&bih la|mcqp' ^a|pifi( mgpahaeag{m' Mgpahaeag{m ipiq pmgecip caka|`i{ig `i{i| {a{aj|ige fafige la|~agei|qb la{i| pa|bi`i~ cala|bi{mhig lahidi| {a{aj|ige' Ca`qi( cafiqig' Cafiqig `i~ip `mcipicig oicpj| qpifi ~agagpq cala|bi{mhig lahidi| {a{aj|ige' Capmei( licip' Licip mgm lqcig fagagpqcig fif~q ipiq pm`icg}i {a{aj|ige `ihif {qipq lm`ige( fahimgcig halmb lig}ic fagagpqcig pmgeem |ag`ibg}i cafif~qig {a{aj|ige `ihif {qipq lm`ige'

95

<' Oicpj| Ac{pa|gih i' Oicpj| hmgecqgeig cahqi|ei Oicpj| hmgecqgeig |qfib ipiq cahqi|ei mgm m gm fa|q~icig hmgecqgeig ~a|pifi `ig qpifi ~qhi `ihif fagagpqcig cala|bi{mhig lahidi| {a{aj|ige' [qi{igi hmgecqgeig |qfib }ige kqcq~ pagige( i`ig}i ~a|bipmig j|igepqi pa|bi`i~ ~a|cafligeig ~|j{a{ lahidi| `ig ~ag`m`mcig igic&igicg}i fici icig faf~agei|qbm faf~agei|qbm cala|bi{mhig lahidi|g}i' l' Oicpj| hmgecqgeig {acjhib Hmgecqgeig {acjhib {igeip `m~a|hqcig qgpqc fagagpqcig cala|bi{mhig lahidi| {m{ui' Bih }ige ~ihmge faf~agei|qbm cala|bi{mhig lahidi| ~i|i {m{ui `m{acjhib fagkicq~ fapj`a fageidi|( fageidi|( cq|mcqhqf( |ahi{m eq|q `ageig {m{ui( |ahi{m {m{ui `ageig {m{ui( ~ahidi|ig( uicpq {acjhib( pipi pa|pml ipiq `m{m~hmg }ige `mpaeiccig {aki|i cjg{acqag `ig cjg{m{pag' k'

Oicpj| hmgecqgeig fi{}i|icip [aj|ige {m{ui bag`icg}i `i~ip fafmhmb hmgecqgeig fi{}i|icip }ige

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@' Avihqi{m Bi{mh Lahidi|

Bi{mh lahidi| igic `m`mc `i~ip `mhmbip `ageig fahicqcig caemipig avihqi{m' Avihqi{m la|eqgi qgpqc fageapibqm {if~im figi ~agki~imig {m{ui pa|bi`i~ {qipq pqdqig ~aflahidi|ig }ige pahib `mpagpqcig' @ageig avihqi{m ~ag`m`mc dqei `i~ip faf~a|jhab pmflih lihmc }ige cafq`mig `meqgicig qgpqc faf~a|limcm {a|pi fageafligecig ~|j{a{ ~aflahidi|ig la|mcqpg}i' ‖Avihqi{m la|i| pm pm ~agmhimig pa|bi`i~ pmgecip cala|bi{mhig {m{ui fagki~im pqdqig }ige pahib `mpapi~cig `ihif {alqib ~|je|if' ^i`igig cipi avihqi{m i`ihib i{{a{{fagp  }ige la|i|pm ~|j{a{ ~agmhimig qgpqc fageeifli|cig ~|a{pi{m }ige `mki~im {aj|ige {m{ui {a{qim `ageig c|mpa|mi }ige pahib `mpapi~cig'‖ "[}ib( <>>24909La|`i{i|cig QQ [m{`mcgi{ Gj' <> pibqg <>>; ~i{ih 12 i}ip 9( ‖avihqi{m bi{mh lahidi| {m{ui `mhicqcig qgpqc fafigpiq ~|j{a{( cafidqig( `ig ~a|limcig bi{mh lahidi| {m{ui {aki|i la|ca{mgiflqgeig'‖ Lqcig big}i {a~a|pm `m cipicig `m ipi{ {idi ~agea|pmig avihqi{m( papi~m i`i lala|i~i m{pmhib }ige {a|q~i `ageig avihqi{m mpq( }ige mgpmg}i fi{mb fagkicq~ avihqi{m( }impq `m igpi|ig}i4 9'  Fai{q|afagp   *~ageqcq|ig( `mi|pmcig {alieim ~|j{a{ caemipig qgpqc  fagagpqcig hqi{ ipiq cqigpmpi{ {a{qipq qgpqc fag`i~ipcig mgoj|fi{m ipiq `ipi la|q~i {cj| fageagim ~|a{pi{m }ige pahib `mki~im {m{ui ~i`i ~a|mj`a pa|pagpq `ageig fageeqgicig la|lieim pacbgmc `ig ihip qcq| }ige |ahavig' <' Pa{( {aki|i bi|omib `mi|pmcig {qipq ihip qcq| la|q~i {a`a|apig ~a|pig}iig ipiq hipmbig }ige `meqgicig qgpqc fageqcq| cafif~qig( pmgecib hicq( ~jpag{m( ~|a{pi{m {alieim bi{mh ~aflahidi|ig'

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A' Fapj`a ^aflahidi|ig

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<9

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O' Fapj`a Ca|di Cahjf~jc

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<1

<' [aem ca|di cahjf~jc' i' ^afmg~mg cahjf~jc ci`ige&ci`ige {qci| qgpqc fafmg~mg igeejpi( {qhmp qgpqc fagdahi{cig `ig fagei`icig ~afliemig ~afliemig ca|di' l' Igeejpi ci`ige&ci`ige pm`ic fafipqbm pqei{&pqei{ }ige `mla|mcig jhab ~afmg~mg cahjf~jc' k' @ihif lahidi| la|{ifi&{ifi pm`ic pa|cag`ihm {abmgeei ~ag}mf~igeig `i|m |agkigi }ige la|hi|qp&hi|qp' Cahafibig fapj`a ca|di cahjf~jc fagq|qp Fjadjgj "[qfigp|m `ig ^a|figi( 9==<490=-' 9' Ca|di cahjf~jc {a|mge big}i fahmlipcig {m{ui }ige fif~q( {alil fa|aci kici~ fafmf~mg `ig fagei|ibcig fa|aci }ige cq|ige' <' [p|ipaem mgm ci`ige&ci`ige fagqgpqp ~ageipq|ig paf~ip `q`qc }ige la|la`i&la`i' ;' Cala|bi{mhig fapj`a ca|di cahjf~jc la|eigpqge ca~i`i cafif~qig {m{ui fafmf~mg cahjf~jc cahjf~jc ipiq laca|di laca|di {ag`m|m' Pa|`i~ip lala|i~i ki|i fageipi{m cahafibig&cahafibig fapj`a ca|di cahjf~jc( {alieimfigi `mqgeci~cig `mqgeci~cig Fig{}q| "9==?49>2"9 ==?49>2- igpi|i himg i`ihib4 9' Eq|q bi|q{ la|q{ibi fafmhmcm ~ageapibqig pagpige ki|i ~ag}q{qgig cahjf~jc' <' ^ageqf~qhig `ipi {m{ui qgpqc fagqgdige pqei{&pqei{ eq|q' ;' I`icig pa{ {j{mjfap|m `ig lqiphib {j{mje|if `i|m cahi{ la|{igecqpig qgpqc fageapibqm ~a{a|pi `m`mc }ige pa|m{jhi{m' 0' Lmflmgeig pa|bi`i~ cahjf~jc bi|q{ `mhicqcig pa|q{ faga|q{' 1' Q{ibicig iei| dqfhib cahjf~jc mpq pm`ic pa|hihq la{i| `ig igeejpig}i `ihif uicpq pa|pagpq la|eigpm&eigpm' ?' @ihif fafla|mcig fjpmvi{m bi|q{ fagqdq ca~i`i cjf~apm{m }ige {abip'


E' Fipi ^ahidi|ig Mhfq ^ageapibqig [j{mih `m [@

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<5

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<2

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Pacgmc ~ageqf~qhig `ipi( ipiq pacgmc ~agahmpmig( fa|q~icig ki|i }ige `m~icim qgpqc fageqf~qhcig `ipi' [a`igecig mg{p|qfag ~agahmpmig fa|q~icig ihip ~agahmpmig*ihip ligpq }ige `meqgicig `ihif fageqf~qhcig `ipi pa|{alqp' "[q|}igi( <>>24915Lala|i~i fapj`a `ig dagm{ mg{p|qfag ~agahmpmig }ige `mliem jhab [qbi|{mfm I|mcqgpj "<>>?490=-( i`ihib {alieim la|mcqp4 9' Mg{p|qfag qgpqc fapj`a pa{ mihib pa{*{jih pa{' <' Mg{p|qfag qgpqc fapj`a igecap mihib m ihib igecap*cqa{mjga|' kbakc&hm{p ' ;' Mg{p|qfag qgpqc fapj`a jl{a|vi{m mihib `iopi| kac* kbakc&hm{p 

0' Mg{p|qfag qgpqc fapj`a `jcqfagpi{m i`ihib ~a`jfig `jcqfagpi{m( ipiq `i~ip dqei kbakc&hm{p ' @ihif ~agahmpmig mgm( ~agqhm{ fageeqgicig fapj`a jl{a|vi{m `ig pa{ `ihif fageqf~qhcig `ipi' ‘Jl{a|vi{m i`ihib {qipq q{ibi {i`i| qgpqc fageqf~qhcig `ipi }ige `mhicqcig {aki|i {m{pafipm{ `ageig ~|j{a`q| }ige pa|{p|ig`i|'‖ "I|mcqgpj( <>>?4<<<‖Pa{ i`ihib {a|agpapig ~a|pig}iig ipiq hipmbig {a|pi ihip himg }ige `meqgicig qgpqc fageqcq| capa|if~mhig( ~ageapibqig( mgpahaeag{m( cafif~qig( ipiq licip }ige `mfmhmcm {aki|i mg`mvm`q fiq~qg cahjf~jc'

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;5

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;2

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19

~a|gib lahidi| pagpige Cagif~icig Umhi}ib Ihif `m Mg`jga{mi: Kjli {alqpcig kjgpjb&kjgpjb kjgpjb&kjgpjb cagif~icig ihif umhi}ib Mg`jga{mi)‖ [m{ui fagdiuil f agdiuil {a|af~ic( ‘kiei| ‘kiei| ihif( {qgeim( eqgqge( `igiq'‖ `igiq' ‖ ‘Lapqh)‖ Lapqh)‖ cipi eq|q' [ahigdqpg}i eq|q fafliem {m{ui fagdi`m agif cahjf~jc' ^afmhmbig cahjf~jc `m{q{qg jhab eq|q la|`i{i|cig pmgecip caka|`i{ig {m{ui' [m{ui gif~ic  la|{afigeip' Eq|q fafla|mcig HC[ ~i`i {apmi~ cahjf~jc( {a|pi fafla|mcig ~agdahi{ig }ige bi|q{ `mca|dicig `ihif HC[' [apahib HC[ `mliemcig( {m{ui fqhim fafliki cafq`mig fagem{m la|{ifi cahjf~jcg}i fi{mge&fi{mge' [apmi~ {m{ui pa|hmbip igpq{mi{( {qi{igi {a`mcmp |mlqp( ci|agi i`ig}i ~a|`alipig ~i`i pmi~&pmi~ igeejpi cahjf~jc' Eq|q cafq`mig fagagigecig `ig {qi{igi lahidi| caflihm pagige' [apahib lala|i~i fagmp( i`i lala|i~i {m{ui }ige cahmbipig fqhim pm`ic  la|{afigeip( la|{afigeip( cafq`mig eq|q fagei|ibcig f agei|ibcig caflihm iei| {apmi~ igeejpi cahjf~jc  icpmo' ^i`i caemipig icbm|( eq|q faflmflmge {m{ui qgpqc fag}mf~qhcig bi{mh ca|di cahjf~jc {a{qim `ageig fipa|m ~aflahidi|ig' Caemipig `mhicqcig `ageig fafla|mcig pa{ icbm| {aki|i mg`mvm`q `ig ~agmhimig ~|j{a{ {aki|i la|cahjf~jc'

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@ageig fahmbip pilah `mipi{( cahjf~jc }ige `mg}ipicig hqhq{ {alig}ic  af~ip cahjf~jc "15!- `ig pmei cahjf~jc {m{ig}i "0;!- fi{mb `mg}ipicig lahqf hqhq{' k' Igihm{m{( \aohac{m `ig \avm{m ^ahic{igiig ^ahic{igiig Pmg`icig ^a|pifi @i|m bi{mh ~ageifipig pa|bi`i~ ~ahic{igiig pmg`icig ~a|pifi mgm( ~|j{a{ ~aflahidi|ig fahihqm ~aga|i~ig fapj`a ca|di cahjf~jc fi{mb fafmhmcm la|lieim cacq|igeig cacq|igeig `ihif ~aga|i~ig' ^ageahjhiig uicpq fi{mb lahqf aoacpmo( `ageig i`ig}i cahalmbig ~ageeqgiig uicpq `i|m ihjci{m }ige pahib `mpagpqcig( `m igpi|ig}i `ihif fafla|mcig i~~a|{a~{m i~~a|{a~{m }ige pa|hihq fahqi{' Icpmvmpi{ {m{ui {ahifi la|hige{qgeg}i ca|di cahjf~jc lahqf j~pmfih' Icpmvmpi{ cahjf~jc {aliemig la{i| `m`jfmgi{m jhab capqi cahjf~jc `ig lala|i~i {idi( {aliemig {m{ui lahqf fafmhmcm pigeeqge diuil `ig ca|di{ifi `ihif cahjf~jcg}i'

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@i|m {aem bi{mh i`i ~agmgecipig( gifqg fi{mb lahqf fagki~im dqfhib fic{mfih' @i|m dqfhib {m{ui {alig}ic ;> j|ige( li|q 90 j|ige {idi }ige `mg}ipicig hqhq{' La|`i{i|cig igihm{m{ `ig |aohac{m pa|bi`i~ dihigg}i ~|j{a{ ~aflahidi|ig ~i`i pmg`icig ~a|pifi mgm( fici ~a|hq fagei`icig ~a|limcig liem ~aflahidi|ig la|mcqpg}i( }impq4 9- @ihif ~|j{a{ ~aflahidi|ig( bag`icg}i eq|q bi|q{ {agigpmi{i fageikq ~i`i |agkigi ~aflahidi|ig' ^afliemig uicpq bi|q{ aoacpmo {a{qim ~afliemig `ihif higecib&higecib }ige pahib `mpagpqcig( {abmgeei caemipig ~aflahidi|ig pm`ic fag}mpi uicpq fipi ~ahidi|ig la|mcqpg}i' <- @ihif fafla|mcig ~apqgdqc ~ahic{igiig caemipig ca~i`i {m{ui bi|q{   dahi{ `ig fagei|ibcig caflihm ~i`i ipq|ig pipi pa|pml lahidi|' [aj|ige eq|q bi|q{ fif~q fagqflqbcig `m{m~hmg ~i`i `m|m ~a{a|pi `m`mc( pa|qpifi `m{m~hmg `m|m }ige `i~ip fafligpq ~a{a|pi `m`mc fageafligecig ~jhi ~a|mhicq }ige limc pa|qpifi la|pigeeqge diuil `ihif fagea|dicig pqei{ }ige `mla|mcig' ;- @ihif ~|j{a{ ~aflahidi|ig( eq|q bi|q{ fag}m{m~cig ~agigifig lq`m ~aca|pm iei| {m{ui {ahimg fafmhcm {mci~ fagkmgpim `ig fageicqm cala{i|ig Pqbig ]ige Fibi A{i `ageig fagqflqbcig camfigig `ig capiyuiig'

11

<' Pmg`icig Ca`qi i' ^a|agkigiig Pibi~ ~a|agkigiig ~i`i pmg`icig ca`qi( eq|q fagei`icig ~a|qlibig cahjf~jc `ageig papi~ faf~a|pmfligecig ca{amfligeig cahjf~jc `i|m pmgecip caka|`i{ig `ig caicpmoig {m{ui' Dqfhib igeejpi papi~ {ifi {a~a|pm ~i`i ~ahic{igiig pmg`icig {alahqfg}i' Caemipig {ahigdqpg}i i`ihib fa|qfq{cig fi{ihib' I`i~qg fi{ihib pa|{alqp4 9- Dahi{cig figoiip bqpig liem cabm`q~ig ficbhqc bm`q~) <- [alqpcig pmei kjgpjb ~afligeqgig cagif~icig cagif~icig lqipig) ;- Ig`imcig bqpig `m{acmpi| cmpi fq{gib "|q{ic icmlip `mpaligem-' I~i }ige icig pa|di`m ~i`i ihif mgm) l' ^ahic{igiig ^ahic{igiig Pmg`icig ^ahic{igiig ~|j{a{ ~aflahidi|ig `mfqhim `ageig caemipig faflqci ~ahidi|ig la|q~i i~~a|{a~{m `ageig fagei|ibcig {m{ui ~i`i ~jcjc libi{ig }impq Cagif~icig Cagif~icig Ihif Lqipig `m Mg`jga{mi' Eq|q dqei fageafqcicig pqdqig }ige icig `mki~im `i|m ~|j{a{ ~aflahidi|ig' Qgpqc fagqflqbcig {mci~ {j{mih `ig i`ig}i ca{amfligeig ca|di{ifi `ihif cahjf~jc( eq|q fageafqcicig ~a|qlibig cahjf~jc {a|pi faflikicig igeejpi `i|m pmi~&pmi~ cahjf~jc }ige pahib `m{q{qg ~i`i pibi~ ~a|agkigiig' @ihif fafqhim caemipig( eq|q fafla|mcig HC[ ~i`i pmi~&pmi~ cahjf~jc( cafq`mig fagdahi{cig i~i }ige bi|q{ `mca|dicig' Eq|q fagei|ibcig pmi~&pmi~

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15

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<' Bi{mh Lahidi| [m{ui @ageig fageeqgicig fageeqgicig ~ag`acipig ca|di cahjf~jc `m cahi{ _ [@ Gaea|m < Ki`i{{i|m( pa|lqcpm `i~ip fagdi`m fapj`a }ige aoacpmo `ihif ~|j{a{ lahidi| fageidi|' @ageig ~ag`acipig mgm( eq|q `i~ip fafla|mcig ~ageihifig li|q ca~i`i ~a{a|pi `m`mc pagpige cala|i`iig ~a{a|pi `m`mc `ihif cahjf~jc {a|pi fafla|mcig cj|ahi{m qgpqc lm`ige {pq`m himgg}i' [ahifi caemipig ~aflahidi|ig `ageig fageeqgicig fapj`a ca|di cahjf~jc `m liuib lmflmgeig eq|q( ~a{a|pi `m`mc pig~ic icpmo' Bi{mh ~aflahidi|ig }ige `mki~im `i|m pmg`icig ~aflahidip|ig ~a|pifi {if~im capmei fagqgdqcig ~agmgecipig' Bih mgm fagqgdqcig cala|bi{mhig ~aflahidi|ig M^[ `ageig fapj`a ca|di cahjf~jc' Ca{mf~qhig `i|m bi{mh ~agahmpmig fagqgdqcig libui {aficmg limc cmga|di eq|q( fici icig limc bi{mh lahidi| ~a{a|pi `m`mc'

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?2

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