Disciplina:MANAGEMENTCOMPARAT Lecia1-a:NOIUNIFUNDAMENTALEŞICONCEPTEPRINCIPALEUTILIZATE ÎNMANAGEMENTULCOMPARAT 1.1.CONCEPTULDEMANAGEMENTCOMPARAT Potri Potrivi vit t opin opinie iei i lui lui Wili Wiliam am Newm Newman an „manag „manageme ement ntul ul comp compar arat at se ocup ocupă de stud studiu iul l similarităilordinpracticamanagerialălocalădindiferiteări”. RaghuNat Nath,ca carecon consideră că „înmodlargmanagemen „înmodlargmanagementul tul comparat comparat seconcentre seconcentreaz ază asuprasimilităilor şideosebirilordintresistemeledemanagementşieconomicedindiferite contexte”. Definiia lui R. Nath are merit ritul că exti extind nde e sfer sfera a de abor aborda dare re a ma mana nage geme ment ntul ului ui compa compara rat t în afara afara pract practic icii ii.. Prezi Prezint ntă însă şi câtev câteva a insuf insufic icie ienne de nat natură defi defini niională, loca locali liza zate te în dome domeni niul ul obie obiect ctul ului ui compar comparaaiei: iei: nu se ine ine seama seama de conte contexte xtele le cultu cultura rale le naionalediferiteşinusereferălatoatetipuriledeorganizaii(economice,ştiinifice,tehnice, educaionaleşidealtănatură). O definiiemaicuprinzătoare şimaiclar ă,mai ştiinifică şimaiexactăneoferăEdwin Mill Miller er, , care care arat arată că: „m „man anag agem emen entu tul l comp compar araat se ocup ocupă cu studiul diul fenomenelor de managementpeobazămultinaională,axându-seasupradetectării,identificării,clasificării, măsurării şi inte interpr rpret etării simila similarit rităilor şi deos deoseb ebir iril ilor or priv privit itoa oare re la elem elemen ente te cum cum ar fi procesele,concepteleşitehniciledemanagement”. Pornind de la definiiile iile de ma mai i sus, sus, profe profeso sorul rul Ov Ovid idiu iu Nico Nicole lesc scu u consi conside derră că: „Manage „Management mentul ul compara comparatt este ştiina care care studi studiaz ază procese procesele le şi rela relaiile iile manage manageria riale le din organizaii ce funcionează în cont contex extu turi ri cult cultur ural ale e naiona ionale le dife diferi rite te,, axându axându-se -se asupr asupra a identificării şi anali analizzării rii asem asemănărilor şi deose deosebir biril ilor or ma manag nager eria iale le,, în veder vederea ea favori favorizzării transferuluiinterna ionaldeknow-howmanagerialşiacreşteriifuncionalităii,eficacit ăii şi eficieneiorganizaiilor”. Etapele de cristalizare şi dezv dezvol olta tare re teor teoret etic ică şi prag pragma mati ticcă a ma mana nage geme ment ntul ului ui comparat: etapadeavântamanagementuluicomparatcuprinsăîntre1965şi1972; etapaderelativăstagnareîntre1973–1980,caracterizatăprindiminuareainteresului univ univer ersi sita tari rilo lor r faă de managementul comparat şi orientarea acestora către proble problemat matica ica managem managementu entului lui general general şi de spec specia iallitat itatee incl inclus use e în plan planur uriile de învăământaleşcolilordeafaceri,carecapătăolargăextindereînaceastăperioadă; etapa a unu unui i nou nou avân avânt t al preo preocu cuppărilor rilor de manage management ment compara comparat, t, datând datând dupăanul etap 1980.
1.2.ORIZONTULDESTUDIUALPRINCIPALELOR ŞCOLIŞIMODELEDE MANAGEMENTCOMPARAT Ph.Shayîmparte şcoliledemanagementcomparatîn şaptegrupe(şcoalaprocesului de management, management, şcoalaempiri coala empiriccă, şcoalacomporta coala comportamentul mentului ui uman, şcoalasistem coala sistemului ului social, social, şcoalateorieideciziilor,şcoalamatematică şişcoaladinamicilor) H. Koontz şi C. O’Donn O’Donnell ell identi identific fică şase şcoli coli de ma mana nage geme ment nt comp compara arat t (şcoala procesuală, şcoalaempirică, şcoalacomportamentuluiuman,şcoalasistemuluisocial, şcoala teorieideciziei,şcoalamatematică).
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Tipologia şcolilordemanagementcomparatapar inândluiRaghuNath,susinută şi deOvidiuNicolescuşiEugenBurduş,delimiteazăcinci şcoli(şcoaladezvoltăriieconomice, şcoala mediului, mediului, şcoala comportamenti comportamentist stă sau beha behavi viori orist stă, şcoala coala sisteme sistemelor lor deschise deschise şi şcoalaroluluiprincipalalculturiiînmanagement. coaladezvolt ă Ş coaladezvolt ăriieconomice riieconomice,cuurmătoarelesublinieri: sebazeazăpeprimelestudiiteoretice şicercetăriempiricedemanagementcomparat realizatîntre1950şi1960; seconsideră căteoria şipracticamanagementuluisuntuniversalvalabile,putândfi aplicateînoriceorganizaie,indiferentdeculturaîncadrulcăreiafuncionează; analize izele le compa comparat rativ ive e vize vizeaz ază mai mult performanele ele econo economi mice ce şi mai puin anal managementulpracticatînărilesupuseanalizei; prezintă două merite deosebite; în primul rând, pune în evidenă rolul ăii şi de adân manag ma nagem emen entu tulu lui i comp compara arat t în proce procesu sul l de dezvo dezvolt ltar are e a soci societ etă adânci cire re a divizi diviziuni uniii intern internaaionale a muncii; în al doilea rând, dă un impuls dezvol zvolttării managementului,subliniindu-irolulînprocesuldedezvoltareasocietăiiomeneşti; îisuntpropriiurmătoarelelimite:trateaz ăînmodunilateralmanagementul,insistând în în mo mod d exag exager eraat asup asupra ra rol rolului ului fact factor oril ilor or econ econom omic ici; i; neg neglije lijeaz ază în totalitate manage managemen mentul tul la nivelul nivelul firmei firmei,, atât atât de import important ant pentru pentru dezvolt dezvoltare area a economi economiccă a oricărei ări;ocoleşteaspectelemicrosocialeşiaplicăînmică măsurăcunoştinelede managementcomparat. coalamediuluisauenvironmentalist ă Ş coalamediuluisauenvironmentalist ă , avândurmătoarelecaracteristici: devinedominantăîntre1960şi1970; reprezentaniideseamăcareaucontribuitlaconstituirea şidezvoltareaacestei şcoli suntRichardFarmerşiBarryRichman; iile,rea realiza lizate tela laniv nivel elmacr macroec oeconom onomic, ic, susincăeficienamanagementului investigaiile, reprezintă o funcie a fact factor oril ilor or de me medi diu u exte extern rn de natu naturră cult cultur ural ală, econom economic ică, politică şieducaională; meritull deosebi deosebitt al aceste acesteii şcoli coli const constăînfaptulc ă abordar abordarea ea mediul mediului ui asigur asigurăun meritu cadrudeanaliz ă şitratarecuprinz ătoareafenomenelordemanagementcomparatcare seimplică printr-un printr-un caracter caracter multidimensi multidimensional onal în tratarea tratarea economico-manag economico-managerial erială a ăşoarăînorganizaieşisocietate; proceselorcesedesf ăş calimiteprincipalealeacestei şcolireinem:supraestimarearoluluifactorilorexterni, în în daun dauna a ma mana nage geme ment ntul ului ui situ situat at pe o pozi poziie pasi pasivvă de rece recept ptar are e a infl influe uennelor factorilorexterni;neglijareacuantificărilorreferitoarelaintensitateacorelaieidintre mediuşimanagementîncadrulanalizelorteoreticeşiainvestigaiilorempirice. Ş coalacomportamentist ăsaubehaviorist ă , acăreitrăsăturisuntredateîncontinuare: coalacomportamentist ă saubehaviorist ă behavi viori orist stă, a relaiilo iilor r um uman ane e sau sau comp compor orta tame ment ntis isttă, este o şcoală denumită beha psihosociologicăcareî şifaceapariia şisedezvoltăîntre1965 şi1975,carăspunsla şcolileprecedentecareauneglijatfactoruluman; coli (care (care aparin,deregulă,cercuriloruniversitare)sunt:E. reprezentanii acestei şcoli Mayo,F.J.Roethlisberger,D.M.McGregor,M.J.Leavit,C.Argyris,H.Simon,R. Lickert,M.Gvişiani,Moreno,KurtLewin,M.Davis,D.Narain,Ghisseli,M.Porter
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ca insu insufi fici cien ene reinem, în primul rând, ignor norarea rea aspe spectelor de efi eficienă a întreprinderilor şi,înaldoilearând,neglijareaînplanmetodologicaactivit ăilorde adaptare şi vali valida dare re a inst instru rume ment ntel elor or inve invest stig igaaiona ionale le la sol solicit icitările rile cerc cercet etărilor transnaionale. coalasistemelordeschise,avândcaelementeconceptualeşidemanifestareurmătoarele: Ş coalasistemelordeschise se constit constituie uie şi se dezv dezvol olttă într între e 1970 1970 şi 198 1980, 0, peri perioa oaddă în care are are loc o largă proliferareaabordăriisistemicedinteoriaşipracticasocială; colii i sunt sunt valo valoro roşi expon exponen eni ai ma mana nage geme ment ntul ului ui comp compar arat at: : An Anan ant t reprezentanii şcoli Negandhi şi S. D. Prasa Prasad, d, Berna Bernard rd Esta Estafen fen,, Rosal Rosalie ie Tung Tung,, P. Druc Drucker ker,, C. Popov, Popov, Gutstein,R.M.Cyert,J.Forrester,J.Ansoffş.a.; studiileefectuatedecătrereprezentaniiacesteişcoli; cameriteale şcoliireinem:atâtînteoriecât şiînpractic ă,maialesînanalize şi,în concluzii zii, sun sunt luate în atenie nume numero roas ase e vari variab abil ile e ale ale me medi diul ului ui orga organi niza zaiei (furnizori,clieni,consumatori,guvern); ca limite ale şcoli coliii sist sistem emel elor or desc deschi hise se me mennionăm, în primul rân rând, tratarea aproximativă,f ărăprecizie şirigurozitateauneip ăriavariabileloravuteînvedere şi, în în al doil doilea ea rând rând,, insu insufi fici cien enta ta valo valoar are e pred predic icti tivvă a rezul zultatelor oferi feritte de către investigatori. care se carac caracte teri rizea zeazză, în Ş coal c oala a de mana manage geme ment nt comp compar arat at axat axat ă pe rolu rolul l „cul „cultu turi rii” i”, , care principal,prinurmătoarele: secontureazădupă1980,fiindultimaşcoalădemanagementcomparat; reprezentanii de seam eamă ai şcoli colii i sunt sunt: : Geer Geert t Ho Hofs fste tede de,, John John Chil Child, d, Lane Lane Kell Kelly, y, ReginaldWorthley,Triandis,F.Trompenaarsşialii; termenuldeculturănuestedefinitcurigurozitate; esena abor bordărilo rilor r priv privit itoa oare re la cult cultur ură se bazează pe trat tratar area ea ma mana nage geme ment ntul ului ui comparatînstrânsălegătură cu elemen elementele tele culturi culturii, i, ale căreidimensiunidiferiteîn plan plan teri eritori torial al sau sau soci social al expl explic ică diferenele ce se manifestă în sistemele de managementimplicate; G.Hofstedecaracterizeazăculturaprinpatrudimensiuni:individualism/colectivism, distana faă de putere mare/mică, cont contro rolu lul l ince incert rtiitudi tudini nii i inten ntens/ s/re redu dus s şi masculinitate/feminitate; F. Trom Trompe penaa naars rs susine ine că oric orice e cult cultur ură poate poate fi carac caracte teri riza zattă cu ajut ajutor orul ul a şapte dimens dimensiun iuni: i: univers universali alism/ sm/par partic ticula ularis rism, m, indivi individua dualis lism/ m/ colect colectivi ivism, sm, afecti afectiv/ne v/neutr utru, u, specific/difuz,statutcâştigat/atribuit,concepiaasupratimpuluisecvenială /sincronă şirelaiaomuluicunaturadestăpânireanaturii/dearmoniecunatura; cameritealeacestei şcolimenionăm:puneînrela iemanagementulîndiferite ăricu difereneleculturaledintreele;reinesemnifica iaefectelorsinergicealemediului,în specialaleculturilorspecificelui,asupramanagementuluipracticatpemapamond. Modelul Farmer – Richman, avândurmătoarelecaracteristici: autoriiî şielaboreazămodelulpepatrupunctedereferină: managementulorganizaiei,preocupatdecoordonarearesurselorumaneşimateriale; constrângerileexogene,reg ăsiteîncadrulvariabilelordeordineconomic,juridic,politic,
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managementcomparat,ceeacel-adeterminatpeH.Schollhammersă-lcaracterizeze cape„unmodelecologist,ocreaturăpasivăaconstrângerilorexterne” utilitateamodeluluiFarmer modeluluiFarmer– –Richma Richmanconst nconstăînfaptulc ăapusbazelemetodologice utilitatea alemanagementuluicomparatşiasensibilizatopiniapublicăcuprivirelasemnificaia deosebită a me medi diul ului ui în dezvol dezvolta tare rea a ma manag nagem ement entul ului ui şi în tran transfe sferu rul l cuno cunoştinelor managerialepemapamond. Modelul Negandhi – Prasad, creatastfel: sepleacădelavariabilelecuprinseînmodelulanterior şiseîncearc ăs ăsedepăşească limiteleapăruteînurmatratăriipasiveamanagementului; labazamodeluluiseaşeazătreipremisemetodologice; modelu elull susine semnif semnifica icaia filozof filozofiei iei managem management entulu uluii compara comparat, t, în princi principal pal,, în mod atitudineamanagerilorfaădepersonalulorganizaiei,furnizori,guvern; meritulmodeluluiconstăînaceeacăiaînconsideraremanagementulcaovariabilă independentă,cuputeredeinfluenăsimilarăcuafactorilordemediu. Modelul Tung, careporneştedelasublinierealimitelormajorealemodelelorelaborate decătrepredecesori(supralicitareaanumitorvariabileşineglijarearelaiilordintrediferitele variabile)şiaşeazălabazamodeluluisăupatrucategoriidevariabile: variabile ilele le de mediu mediu sau extraorg extraorgani aniza zaiona ionale le care care le infl influe uennează pe celel celelal alte te trei trei variab categorii; variabilele intraorganiza intraorganizaionale ionale se concret concretizea izeazză în stra strate tegi gii, i, struc structu turi ri,, obie obiect ctiv ive e şi variabilele tehnologii; variabilelepersonalesuntredatedeatributelepersonalealepersonaluluiorganizaiei nizaional (acesta sta din din urmă este influenat şi infl influe uennează şi de climatul organiza majoritateacelorlaltevariabile); variabilelederezultatedivizateînevaluărileeconomiceşievaluărileneeconomice. Modelul Harold Koontz, dinacăruiaccepiunereinem: ile firm firmei ei se divi divid d în ma mana nage geri rial ale e şi nonmanag nonmanageri eriale ale,, care influe influennează în activităile diferitemăsurieficienafirmei; fluenate de var variabil bile endog ndogeene şi exogene (ştiina activităile firmei sunt influ managementul managementului, ui, funciile iile firmei firmei,, resurse resursele le umane umane şi financ financiare iare,, constrâ constrânge ngeril rile e de mediu) generatădefactoriidemanagement şicea autoruldeosebeşteeficienaorganizaiei generat datoratăfactorilornonmanageriali. Modelul lu lui Jo John Ch Child, bazatpeoaprofundatăanalizăaliteraturiidemanagement comparatexistentăpânăînanul1981,secaracterizeazăprinurmătoarele: autorulaidentificatînlucrareasa,şaseproblemesemnificativeînabordareaculturii; în cadr cadrul ul mo model delul ului ui cultu cultura ra este este trata tratattă ca un ansa ansamb mblu lu de cond condiiii normati normative ve şi în prefereniale,lacaresepotadăugaşiinfluenelealtorvariabilenonculturale; pentru ru pune punere rea a în evid eviden enă a rolului culturii este necesar să fie fie iden identi tifi fica cate te pent caract caracteri eristi sticil cile e cultur culturale ale ale unei unei ări şi pe acea aceast stă cale să se expl explic ice e dife difere rennele organizaionaleşimanageriale; potriv ivit it auto autoru rulu lui, i, etap etapele ele cult cultur urii ii sunt sunt cele cele ma mai i puter puterni nice ce asupr asupra a organi organiza zaiilor şi potr
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utilizeazăconceptepropriideolargărecunoaştereînrândulspecialiştilor; autorul situeaz situează la baza baza conc concep epiei iei sale sale patr patru u dimen dimensi siuni uni,, cărora le atribui atribuie e caracte caracterist ristici ici concomitentcomplementareşidiverse.
1.3.ARGUMENTEŞIINFORMAIICUPRIVIRELAROLULŞIFUNCIILE MANAGEMENTULUICOMPARAT Richard Farmer a formulat premisa fundamentală prin prin bine bine cuno cunoscu scuta ta sa aser aseriune „managementulesteunuldinfactoriidebazăcareexplic ădeceoarăestebogatăsausăracă” misiun unea ea impe impera rati tivvă ce se detaşează în plan planul ul unui unui ma mana nage geme ment nt tran transn snaaiona ional l – şi cu misi ajungerealabogăie sepo se poat ate e real realiza iza numa numai i pe bazacuno bazacunoaaşterii managementul managementului ui din ările bogateşitranspunerearaionalăaelementelorsalefundamentalelaspecificulnaional. O premisă–cerinăformulatădeEdwinMillerareînvedereprevenireatendin elorde copi copiere ere din din parte partea a oameni oamenilo lor r de ştiină şi a ma manag nager eril ilor. or. Este Este necesa necesar r săsefacă apel apel la creativitate şiinovaiimanageriale,laaciunideconştientizare şiasumarearisculuigenerat desituaiimanagerialecomplexe. În plan definiional,conceptuldeknow-howîntrune şte„cunoştinecuunpronunat caracteraplicativ,utilizateînsolu ionareaproblemelordespecialitate şicaracterizateprintr-o pronunatăcomplexitate. Dime Dimens nsiu iuni nile lek kno noww-ho howw-ul ului uim man anag ager eria ial lpo por rfi fir red edat ate eîn înf fel elul ulu urm rmător: subaspectulconinutuluiincludeunansambludecunoştine şideexperieneprofund dinamice,complexeşimoderne; manageriideanumiteculturi,preiaucunoştineşiexperienedinalteculturişiapelând lacompeteneteoretico-metodologice,leadapteaz ăcondiiilorconcretealemodelului de care care apar parin. in. În felu felul l aces acesta ta,, ma mana nage geri rii i asig asigur ură legătura tura într între e surs sursel ele e de noi noi cunoştine şipractică,constituindu-seînfactorideaccelerareaprocesuluidetransfer decunoştineşiexperiene. Direciiledeaciuneînvedereatransferuluideknow-howmanagerial iuneînvedereatransferuluideknow-howmanagerialsuntprezentate suntprezentate încontinuare: cunoaştereacanalelordetransferşiasistemuluideinter-relaiicaresestabilescîntre furnizoriidecunoştineşibeneficiari; determinareaconinutuluiprocesuluidetransfer şianiveluluiacestuia(setransferă întregulmodelsaunumaioparte) realizare area a procesu procesului lui de transpu transpunere nere în practic practică prin prin mo mode dela larea rea unei unei conceperea şi realiz anumitemetodemanageriale; area cara caract cter erul ului ui evol evolut utiiv al sist sistem emel elor or şi prac practi tici cilo lor r cunoaşterea şi influenare manageriale. Dime Dimens nsiu iuni nile lek kno noww-ho howw-ul ului uim man anag ager eria ial lpo por rfi fir red edat ate eîn înf fel elul ulu urm rmător: subaspectulconinutuluiincludeunansambludecunoştine şideexperieneprofund dinamice,complexeşimoderne; manageriideanumiteculturi,preiaucunoştineşiexperienedinalteculturi şiapelând lacompeteneteoretico-metodologice,leadapteaz ăcondiiilorconcretealemodelului
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SUBIECTE: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.
Obiectuldestudiualmanagementuluicomparat(pg.9) Etapeledezvoltăriiteoreticeşipragmaticeamanagementuluicomparat(pg.13-14) Managementulcomparatcateorieşipractică(pg.15) ScopurisiobiectivespecificealemanagementuluicomparatinopinialuiWilliam Newman(pg.15) Tipologiaşcolilordemanagementcomparat–potrivitopinieiluiIonPetrescu(pg.18) Scoaladezvoltariieconomice-meritedeosebite(pg.19) Tipologiascolilordemanagementcomparatcares-auimpusinliteraturade specialitate(pg.19-20) Principalelecontributiialescoliicomportamentistesaubehavioriste(pg.20) GeertHofstedeinabordareamanagementuluicomparat–celepatrudimensiuni(pg. 22) AcinceadimensiuneadaugataulteriordeHofstedeimpreunacuMichaelBondin abordareamanagementuluicomparat(pg.26) ModelulFarmer-Richman-utilitate(pg.23) Modeleledemanagementcomparatintalniteinliteraturadespecialitate(pg.22-25) PremiselemetodologicespecificemodeluluiNegandhi-Prasad.(pg.23) Trasaturispecificedimensiuniideevitareaincertitudinii(pg.27) Premisafundamentalaamanagementuluicomparat-potrivitopinieiluiRichard Farmer(pg.28) Bariereinprocesuldetransferdecunostinte(pg.31) Dimensiunileknow–how-uluimanagerialeuropean(pg.31) Directiiledeactiuneinvedereatransferuluideknow–howmanagerialeuropean (pg.31)
NOT Ă : :
Pentru detaliere detaliere şi aprof aprofund undar are e pe lini linia a subie subiect ctelo elor r de ma mai i sus a se consul consulta ta bibl biblio iogr graf afia ia obligatorie: „ Managementcomparat”,IonPetrescu,Ed.FundaieiRomâniadeMâine,Bucureşti,2005
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Disciplina:MANAGEMENTCOMPARAT Leciaa-2-a:PROBLEMELEMETODOLOGICEALE MANAGEMENTULUICOMPARAT 2.1.OBIECTULŞIPARTICULARITĂILECERCETĂRIIŞTIINIFICEÎN MANAGEMENTULCOMPARAT Abordăriledemanagementcomparat,tratateinplantipologico-metodologicseîmpart indouămarigrupe:teoreticesiempirice. Studiile te teoretice vi vizeazăemitereaanumitoripoteze,pentrucaapoicuajutorulunor concepte,modele,structuriconceptualesautipologiis ăemită,verificesăcodificeinforma ii înmateriedemanagementcomparat. Abordărilemetodologiceempiricetrateazăinformaiilefapticesubformădeprocese de descri descriere, ere, analiz analiză şi evalua evaluare re a fenome fenomenelo nelor r manager managerial iale e intern internaaionale,oridintr-o ară (saumaimulteări)într-oopticătransnaională. Stud Studii iile lee emp mpir iric ice epo pot tfi fiu uni nidi dime mens nsio iona nale le( (se sea axe xeaz azăpeundomeniurestrânsşitratează un num număr redus redus de probl problem eme) e) şi multid multidime imensio nsional nale e (se axeaz axează pe ma mai i mu mult lte e dome domeni nii i şi problemeaflateîninterrelaie). Ansa An samb mblu lu de cuno cunoştine sistema sistematiz tizate ate şi veri verifi fica cate te de prac practi ticcă, ştiina presu presupun pune e studiereadiferitelorobiecte şifenomenedinnatur ă şisocietate,avânddreptscopculegerea şi sistematizareafaptelorşidatelor.Ştiinaurmăreştestudierealegilorcareguverneazăfapteleşi pebazacărorasepotelaborapreviziuniştiinifice. Metodologia cercetării ştiinificeînmanagementulcomparat,camodeldecercetarea realităiimanageriale,ocupăunlocimportantîncadrulştiineimanagementului. Înacestproces,teoriaştiinificăîndeplineştenumeroasefunciicarepotfisistematizateîn felulurmător: sintetizează şirezumăîntr-unlimbajpropriuunvastmaterialdeinformaie; capaci capacitat tatea ea de mijloc mijlocire ire a comunic comunicării cuno cunoştinelor, precum şideorganizare şide sistematizareaacestora; posibilitateadeaoferiexplica iipentruoserieextins ădeevenimentesaufenomene şi ăşurareafenomenelor; deaprevedeacăileşimodalităileconcretededesf ăş
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operaiunile iunile de proiec proiectare tare şi organi organizare zare a cercet cercetării de manage managemen mentt compara comparat, t, este este deos deosebi ebit t de comp comple lexxă şi difi difici cillă, ceea ce înscrie o altă caracte caracteris ristic tică şi anum anume e dificultateainvestigaiilordeacestgen.
2.2.COMPLEXITATEAACTIVITĂIIŞIETAPIZAREASTUDIILORDE MANAGEMENTCOMPARAT Trăsăturaspecificădecomplexitateainvestiga iilordemanagementcomparatridică numeroaseproblemedecercetare.Printreacesteaunlocaparteîldeineetapizareastudiilor complexedemanagementcomparat. Etap Etapel ele eun unui uis stu tudi diu uco comp mple lex xde dem man anag agem emen ent tco comp mpar arat ata ast stfe fel: l: seîncepecustabilireascopurilorteoreticeşipragmaticealeinvestigaiei; înetapaadouasecontureazătematicastudiuluicaretrebuiesărespectemaimulte cerinededelimitare; etapaaIII-asereferălaeşantionareasubiecilorceurmeaz ăafiinvestigai şinecesită afisoluionatecâtevaproblememajore; traducerea rea materi materialel alelor or utiliz utilizate ate în cercet cercetare are reprezin reprezinttă obie obiect ctiv ivul ul cele celei i de a IV-a IV-a traduce etap etape, e, evid eviden eniate în asigura urarea echivalenei traducerilor, pe baza reflectării diferenelorculturaleimplicate; în etap etapa a a V-a V-a se proc proced edea eazză la măsurarea şi instrum instrument entali alizare zarea a fenomen fenomenelo elor r de în management; ăşurării investi ăşoară pe parc administrarea administrarea desf ăş investiga gaiei iei se desf desf ăş parcur ursu sul l cele celei i de a VI-a VI-a etape; înetapaaVII-aseprocedeaz ălaanaliza şiinterpretareainforma iilor,caretrebuie subo subord rdon onaate în perm perman aneenă realizării obi obiective ivelor urm urmărite prin desf ăşurarea investigaiei; şi,însfârşit,ceadeaVIII-aetapăsereferălaformulareaconcluziilorşivalorificarea rezultatelor.
2.3.REALIZAREASTUDIILORDEMANAGEMENTCOMPARAT PRINMETODEŞITEHNICIŞTIINIFICE Metodele itehnicile tiinificeconst ificeconstaudintraudintr-unmod unmodstr strict ict
cificde cificde dezvolt dezvolt i
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porn porniind de la semn semniifica ficaia impl implic icării celei lei de a doua culturi uri, acest tip de studii organizeazăiniialinvestigaiiîncadruluneiculturi,dec ătrecercetătoriice-iaparin, şile repetăînadouacultură; instrumentalizareaesteidentic ă,cuexcepia,limbiiutilizate,seapeleaz ălaacelaşisetde instruciunişiseîntrebuineazăaceleaşimetodepentruanaliză şiconcluzionare; suntconsideratecafiindprimelestudiidemanagementcomparat. Studiipolicentrice,desprecarevomreine: sunt sunt stud studii ii pe acee aceeaaşi temă desf desf ăşurat urate e de către tre echi echipe pe naiona ionale le de cerc cercet etători şi practicieni,peaceeaşitemăînmaimulteculturi; în plan plan teor teoret etic ic urm urmăresc resc să ident identif ific ice e o struc structu turră de rel relaii care care refl reflect ectă o anum anumit ită cultură; sepreconizeazăcaprinstudiulpolicentricsă segen se generez ereze/r e/recon econfir firmeteori meteoriicare icaresepot sepot aplicafiecăreiculturi; sub aspect aspect metodo metodolog logic ic se utilize utilizeaz ază metode metode induct inductive ive,, rezulta rezultatel tele e fiind fiind mai mult mult de naturădescriptivădecâtevaluativă; situ situea eazză în prim prim plan plan elem elemen ente tele le de spec specif ific ic şi difer diferen eniere şi, în fel felul aces acesta ta, , se manifestăocontrapondereastudiiloretnocentrice; evid eviden eniază spec specif ificu icul l naional şi, în felu felul l acest acesta, a, reprez reprezin inttă o compl complem ement entar arit itat ate e la prec preced eden ente tele le stud studii ii,, ofer oferin ind d cont contri ribu buii bene benefi fice ce asup asupra ra tran transf sfer erul ului ui inte intern rnaaional de management. Studiicomparative,acărorcaracteristicilevomprezentamaijos: utilizândechipedecercet ătoriplurinaionaleaucaobiectivs ăinvestighezefenomenele şi proceselemanagerialedinmaimulteări,contrapunândatâtsimilarităilecâtşideosebirile; vizeazăidentificareaelementelordeuniversalitate; delimiteazăcomportamentelespecificculturaledeceleuniversale; apeleazălaometodologiedemarecomplexitate; oferăsoluiideocalitatesubstanială. Studiigeocentricecareprezintăurmătoarelecaracteristici: corporaiilemultinaionalefigureazăcaariedeinvestigare; urmăresc resc să desco descoper pere e simi simila lari rittăile ile cult cultur uril ilor or în cadr cadrul ul cărora rora opere opereaz ază corp corpor oraaiile multinaionale; utilizeazăometodologieclasică. Studiisinergetice,avândurmătoareletră ături:
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SUBIECTE:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Studiileteoreticealemanagementuluicomparat–coninut(pg.34) Modurideabordareastudiilorempirice(pg.34) Teoriastiintificaamanagementuluicomparat–functii(pg.35) Managementulcomparat-conceptegenerale(pg.36) Obiectivulepistemologieimanageriale(pg.37) Particularitatilecercetarilordemanagementcomparat(pg.40) Etapel Etapele e unui studiucompl studiucomplet etdemanage demanagement ment compar comparat, at, inabordarealui inabordarealui NancyT.Adle NancyT.Adler r (pg.41-43) 8. StudiiledemanagementcomparatstabilitedeNancyT.Adler(pg.44-46) 9. Studiilepolicentrice–trasaturi(pg.45) 10. Studiilecomparative–caracteristici(pg.45) 11. Studiilegeocentrice–caracteristici(pg.46) 12. Trasaturilecaracteristicestudiilorsinergetice(pg.46) NOT Ă : :
Pentru detaliere detaliere şi aprof aprofund undar are e pe lini linia a subie subiect ctelo elor r de ma mai i sus a se consul consulta ta bibl biblio iogr graf afia ia obligat obligatori orie: e: „ Manage Petres escu cu, , Ed. Ed. Fund Fundaaiei iei Româ Români nia a de Mâin Mâine, e, Management ment comparat comparat”, Ion Petr Bucureşti,2005
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Disciplina:MANAGEMENTCOMPARAT Leciaa-3-a:CONVERGENELEMANAGERIALEÎN UNIUNEAEUROPEANĂ 3.1.AFACERILEEUROPENEŞIMANAGEMENTULPIEEIUNICE Deine ine o cinc cincim ime e din din volu volumul mul come comerrului ului mon mondi dial al,, este este pe locu locul l întâ întâi i în lume lume la exportuldebunuri şiservicii şireprezintăosursăimportantădeinvestiiistrăinedirecte.În plus,reprezintăprincipalapiaădeexportpentruunnumărdepeste130deăridinîntreaga lume. Se întinde pe o suprafaăde3978571Km2,cuprinde25demembricuopopulaiede 455milioaneşiunPIBdepeste9225miliardedeeuro. Nouaextinderesemanifestăcaoruptur ă ăcalitativ ă , caracterizatăprinurmătoarele: calitativă major major ă numărul rul ridi ridica cat t de noi noi cand candid idaai, cu semn semnif ific icaative tive prob probllem eme e de natu naturră poli politi ticcă şi instituională; apariiaunornoiproblemegeopolitice(enclavadinKaliningrad,divizareaCiprului); întârzierea întârzierea socioeconomic socioeconomică ma masi sivvă determ determina inattă de fapt faptul ul călaocreştere tere a supra suprafe feei Uniuniicu23%şiapopulaieicu20%,PIB-ulcreştedoarcu4,5%; niveluriledeexigen ăcalitativ ăsuntridicatecândseadreseaz ăunorstructurifragile,ceea cefacecastatelesălepunăînaplicarecupreulunortensiuniinternegreudesuportat. stagnareaeconomicăaUniuniiEuropeneridicăproblemePactuluieuropeandestabilitate şicreştereînsensulcădacăacestavafiaplicatadliteramzonaeuroarputeas ăcadăîn recesiune; în în dome domeni niul ul refo reforme rmei i polit politic ice e agric agricol ole e comu comuni nita tare re are loc loc o decupl decuplare are a ajut ajutoa oare relo lor r financiare,cuoplatăunicăcătreexploatări; seadoptăo„foaiededrum”înscopuldeaseamelioracoeziuneadintredreptulnaional şicelcomunitar; sepuneînfunciuneopoliticăeuropeanăalocurilordemuncăbazatăpeelaborareapână înanul2005aunorplanurideintegrarepentruto i şomeriiînaintedeapatralun ăde şomajşideasigurareaformăriiprofesionaleînaintedeadouăsprezecealună. ,cuurmătoareleproblemesemnificative: EuropaCentrală ş şideEst ,cuurm extindereaeuropeanăistoricăcu10noiăriducelacre ştereapopulaiei,sporireaponderii
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tendinaadoua,defragmentareacontine aadoua,defragmentareacontinentului ntului,ilustrat ,ilustratădeînsăşidezmembrareafostelor conglomerateUniuneaSovietic ă,Iugoslavia,Cehoslovacia.Separecăaceastătendinăa fostmaiputernică.ApreciereaesteilustratădeevenimenteledinEuropadeEst.Întimpce pehartacontinentuluiauap ărut14statenoi,înUniuneaEuropean ăauintratnumaitrei Fragmentarea area Europei Europei este este accentua accentuattă, în plus plus,, de tend tendin inele de autonom autonomizar izare, e, în ări. Fragment principalpecriteriietni principalpecriteriietnice,tendin ce,tendinămanifestatăînprincipalînestulcontinentului(Rusia, Iugoslavia,RepublicaMoldova),câtşiînvestulacestuia(Belgia,Spania,Italia). Obiectiveleintegr ă ăriieuropene riieuropene constauînmişcarealiberăamărfurilor,capitalurilor şi perso persoan anel elor or,, unifi unifica carea rea polit politic icil ilor or vama vamale le,, econo economi mice ce,, fina financi nciar ar-m -mone oneta tare re,, în veder vederea ea realizăriiuneiuniunieconomiceşipolitice. Cauzele principale ale integr ă riisunt riisunt :: apariia şi adân adânci cire rea a cont contra radi dicciei iei dint dintre re posi posibi bili littăile de sporire a produciei şi capacitatearestrânsădeabsorieapieelornaionale; necesitateavalorific ăriioptimeapotenialuluidecaredispunecapitalulprinasigurarea unuispaiuadecvatdeplasament; intere interesel sele e agen agenilor ilor econo economi mici ci dint dintrr-o o regiu regiune ne dat dată de a se apăra cu fore comu comune ne împotrivaameninărilorconcurenilorinternaionalimaiputernici; constituireacompaniilortransnaionale,caredetermin ăeforturideoptimizarelanivel superioradimensiunilordescară. Succesul in integră riidepindeînmarem riidepindeînmarem ă sur sur ă demanagementuleuropeancareseva ădemanagementuleuropean concepeşiaplica.Managementulvatrebuisădezvolterolulpieeidemecanismdestabilirea preurilor, urilor, micşorând orând locul locul şi rolu rolul l arma armate tei i de biro birocr craai care care calcu calcule leaz ază rate ratele le de schi schimb mb închipuiteastfelîncâtcompromisulîntregrupuriledeinfluenesăfiecâtmailarg.
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3.2.DIMENSIUNILECULTURALE,SOCIAL–UMANE ŞI ETICEALEMANAGEMENTULUIEUROPEAN Prinprocesulmanagerialeuropean în elegem elegemactivitateasubiec ilormanagementului european european reunii într-o într-o anumit anumită struct structur ură spre spre atinger atingerea ea scopuril scopurilor or economie economieii europen europene e pe calearealiz ăriianumitorfuncii şicuutilizareaunormetodecorespunzătoare şiaprincipiilor managementuluieuropean. consttă în concre concretiza tizarea rea efortur eforturilor ilor umane umane Esen a a proces procesulu ului i manager managerial ial europe european an cons ăşoarăîntimpşispaiuşiserealizează pentrucoordonareamunciicomune.Acestefortsedesf ăş subformaunorcombinaiinecesare,determinatedediviziuneamunciimanageriale.. Cultur Cultura a organiza organizaională „rez rezidă în ansa ansamb mblu lul l valo valori rilo lor, r, cred credin ine-lo e-lor, r, aspi aspira raiilor, aşteptărilor şi comport comportame amente ntelor lorcon contur turate ate în decursul decursul timpul timpului ui înfie în fiecare care organiz organizaaie,care predomină în cadrul său şi-i condiionează direct şi indirect funcionalitatea şi performanele”. Rolul cu culturii ma manageriale creştepemăsurăceseavanseazăpedrumultranziieila economiadepiaă.Estenecesarsăre inem şioaltătrăsăturăaculturiimanagerialeşianume acee aceea a a leg legături turii i strâ strânse nse pe care care o stab stabil ileeşte cu prac practi tica ca,, ceea ceea ce îi ofer oferă capac capacit itat atea ea de concr concret etit itud udin ine, e, orie orient ntare area a preci precissă spre spre anum anumiite scop scopur uri, i, cara caract cter erul ul de gener eneral alit itat ate e şi continuitate. În pl plan de defini ional, cultur cultura a manage manageria riallă ne apar apare e ca un ansa ansamb mblu lu de post postul ulat ate e ional, despre despre ac iunea iunea colectiv colectivă , recunos recunoscut cute e de to i, i, fiind fiind exprim exprimate ate printr printr-un -un sistem sistem de valori valori,, ări credin e, e , aspi aspira ra ii, a ştept ă r i şi comp compor orta tame ment nte e ale ale mana manage geri rilo lor r dint dintrr-o o firm firmă şi car care se ă în tipu reflect ă tipuri rile le şi stilur stilurile ile de manage managemen ment t practi practicat cate e în cadrul cadrul firmei firmei,, influe influenn ând â nd în
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Sedoreştecaîntredimensiunileeconomice şisocialealemodeluluisocialeuropean să existeunechilibru existeunechilibru,încarescopseinsistăpeurmătoareleaciuni: inte integra grarea rea Carte Cartei i drept drepturi urilo lor r funda fundame ment ntal ale e a Uniuni Uniunii i Europ Europen ene e în viit viitor orul ul trat tratat at constituional,cuaccentperespectareadrepturilorcivileşisociale; consol olid idar area ea mo mode delu lulu lui i soci social al–e –eur urope opean, an, prin prin dive divers rsif ific icare area a servi servici ciil ilor or de inte intere res s cons generalşiaformelordeproteciesocială; accesulliberlaserviciilesocialereprezintăunuldindrepturiledebazăalcetăeanului; promovareasolidarităii,îngeneral şiînspecialcuacelepopoarealelumiicareau nevoiedesprijinulUniuniiEuropene; intensificareaprocesuluidecre ştere,dezvoltare şibunăstaresocialăprinintegrareaîn ceeacepriveşteproblemamediuluiînconjurător; creareauneieconomiidepia ăcaresăasigureprotec iaconsumatorilorşicoeziunea socială; extinderea rea bazei bazei legale legale pentru pentrudia dialog logul ul social, social, astfel astfel ca societ societate atea a civil civilă săaccepte extinde principaleleorientăridepoliticăsocială. Iniial, concept domeni nii i prec precum um conceptul ul de europe europeniz nizare are a fost utilizat în legătură cu dome comunicarea,culturaşieconomia.Ulteriors-aextinsşiladomeniulpolitic,militarşisocial. Problematica europenizăriiafostrelativrecentraportatălapoliticilesociale,lastatul bunăstării.Literaturadespecialitateanalizeaz ă europenizareaînsferapoliticilorsociale prin impa impact ctul ul proc proces esel elor or simi simila lare re din din econ econom omie ie şi poli politi ticcă asup asupra ra poli politi tici cilo lor r soci social ale e sub sub următoarel toarele e aspecte aspecte:: competi competiia europea europeannă a mod model elel elor or de polit politic ici i social sociale; e; europ europeni enizar zarea ea concept conceptelo elor r din politi politicil cile e sociale sociale;; europen europeniza izarea rea problem problemelo elor r econom economice ice şi soci social ale e şi a politicilorderezolvarealor. Î
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este invest investigar igarea ea şi solu soluionarea ionarea fenomene fenomenelor lor de Esen a a managementul managementului ui european european este managementîngranieleUniuniiEuropene. În bbaaza uunnei ab a bordări cultu cultural rale e de deta detali liu, u, Geert Geert Ho Hofst fsted ede e const constat ată că împărirea culturiimanagerialeînUniuneaEuropeanătrebuief ăcutăpe cincigrupeculturale: engleză ,, încareseincludMareaBritanie şiIrlanda, nordică încaresuntcuprinseSuedia,Da încaresuntcuprinseSuedia,Danemarca, nemarca, Finlanda, Finlanda, Olanda, germanică cu Germ German ania ia şi Austri Austria, a, latină ,, cupri cuprinzâ nzând nd Fran Frana, Belgia Belgia,, Luxemburg,Spania,Portugalia,Italia şi grupasud–estică încareintr încareintrăGrecia.Neaflămîn faa unui unui mo moza zaic ic de mo mode dele le naiona ionale le defin definit it de difer diferit ite e limba limbaje je de comun comunic icar are, e, tradi tradiii, obiceiuri,concep ii şinormedar şiperformaneeconomice–toatecucaracteristicispecifice moşteniteistoricşicaresedeosebescdelaonaiunelaalta. Problemafundamentalăcaresepuneesteca managementuleuropeansă devin devină pe pe Pentru ru acea aceast sta a este este nevo nevoiie să fie depl deplin in comp compet etit itiv iv cu model modelel ele e amer americ ican an şi japo japone nezz. Pent îndepl îndeplini inite te condi condiiile iile „unit „unităii în dive divers rsit itat ate” e”,, sing singur ura a solu soluie în am ampl plifi ifica carea rea capac capacit ităii competitivecuacestea. Specialiştii preocup preocupaai de defi defini nirea rea unu unui i mo mode del l dist distin inct ct de ma manag nagem ement ent europ european ean consideră că aces acesta ta se poat poate e dezv dezvol olta ta numa numai i dac dacă va avea vea la bază valo valori ri şi compone componente nte specificemoduluideviaăeuropean. Proceseledemanagementseintegreazătotmaimultîncontextuleuropean,resursele umanedevindinceîncemaimobileînspaiuleuropean Factorii fundamentali cu capacitate de influenare are pozit pozitiv ivă asup asupra ra proc proces esul ului ui de cons consti tittuire uire a Mode Modelu lulu lui i Euro Europe pean an de Mana Managgem emen ent t (si (sistem stemeele poli politi tice ce demo democr craatice tice,, consolidarea consolidarea culturii culturii europene, europene, sistemele sistemele educaionale ionale naionale, ionale, mediul juridic juridic comunitar, comunitar, modelele modelele naionale ionalede de manage managemen ment, t, mediul mediul economi economic c compet competiti itiv, v, contur conturarea area europen europeniz izării
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În firmele europene de prestigiu, fil filoz ozof ofia ia se cons consti titu tuie ie ca o teor teorie ie impl implic icit it ă ă a modulu uluide ideati atinge ngerea realor lor.Ea .Eacupr cuprind inde, e, organiza iei iei carepermitestabilireaobiectivelorşia mod deregulă,principiigenerale şicomportamentul icomportamentultuturorfacto tuturorfactorilorcetrebu rilorcetrebuies iesăseconformeze acestorprincipiipentruaseuniformizaaciunea. iei. Asigurarea rarea Elementele fi filozofieiseregăsesclanivelurilestrategicealeorganizaiei.Asigu competitivităii firmei firmei fiind fiind o activi activitat tate e transfu transfunc ncională şi la nive nivelu lul l ei se poat poate e defi defini ni o filozofie.
3.4.ÎNTREPRINDEREAÎNCONTEXTMANAGERIALEUROPEAN reprezintăunitateaeconomic ădebază,principală,încadrul Întreprindereaeuropeană reprezint economieiUniuniiEuropene,undeaulocconducerea,organizareaşigestionareafactorilorde producie,învedereaobineriidebunurişiserviciinecesareexisteneiumane. Principalele tră să turi t uri ale ale într întrep epri rind nder erii ii euro europe pene ne, ca centru de organizare a afacerilor,sunt: existena patr patrim imon oniu iulu lui, i, care care perm permit ite e într întrep epri rind nder erii ii euro europe pene ne asum asumar area ea risc riscul ului ui produciei şiaunit ăiiei,însitua iaîncareîntreprindereaaremaimultecomponente cuautonomietehnică; realiz realizarea area profit profitulu uluii şi ma maxi xim mizare zarea a aces acestu tuia ia, , ca scop scop fund fundam ameental ntal al oric oricărei întreprinderieuropene; asigurareaautonomiei şiindependeneideplineîngestionareapatrimoniului,ceeace permiteîntreprinderiieuropenesăparticipelacircuituleconomicnaional,europeanşi mondialdevalorimaterialeşispirituale;
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de pers persona onal, l, orie orient ntat ată spre spre sele select ctar area ea,, înca încadr drar area ea,, prom promov ovar area ea,, perf perfec ecionarea şi salarizareapersonalului; deconducere,princareseurm ăreşteordonareaactivit ăilorîncadrulîntreprinderii,pe cale calea a deli delimi mittării şi sist sistem emat atiz izării acestora pe grupe de activităi om omog ogen ene e şi specializate. Întreprinderea europeană areurm areurmă toarelecaracteristici toarelecaracteristici: reunindmijloaceledeproducie şiforademuncăprinintermediulcărorarealizează produse produse,, lucr lucrări, servic servicii, ii, corespu corespunz nzător comenzi comenziii social sociale, e, întrepr întreprind inderea erea europea europeannă reprezintăunsistemsocio-economic; semanifestăcaunsistemdinamic,cuoanumit ătraiectoriedeevolu ie,careîiasigur ă şiviabilitatea; reprezentândoreuniunearticulatăprinnumeroaselegăturiadiferitelorcomponente (oam (oamen eni, i, mijl mijloa oace ce de mu munc ncă, obie obiect cte e ale ale mu munc ncii ii) ) care care acionează în inte interr rrel elaaii dete determ rmiinate nate de exist xisteena obie obiect ctiv ivel elor or prop propri rii i într întreg egul ului ui sist sistem em,, într întrep epri rind nder erea ea
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esteoformădeparteneriatpreferabilăaltoradatorită,pedeoparte,riscurilordemai micăanvergurăasumateşi,pedealtăparte,mariisalemobilităi; estepreferatînărileîncareprocentajuldeinutdefirmelestrăineestelimitatdelege; prin compar comparaaie cu inves investi tiiile iile străine directe directe,, prezint prezintă câte câteva va avant avantaj aje e deos deoseb ebit it de prin semnificative:1)unnivelscăzutalcosturilor şimaipuineriscuri;2)ob inereaunei sinergiiculturaleîncadrulechipeidelucru;3)creareademodalităimaiieftine,mai rapideşimaieficientedeaintrapenoipie e;4)reducereapunctelorslabeindividuale princompletareacupunctelefortealepartenerilor. Înorg orgaanizar zarear eareg egiiiloraut autoonom nomese seau auîn înve vedere dereu urrmătoarele criterii,dintrecarecele maiimportanteneaparurmătoarele: obiectuldeactivitatevizeaz ăactivităideproduciesauprestărideserviciicarenuse pot pot real realiz iza a în cond condiiii de efic eficiienă norm ormală dato datori rittă nece necesi sittăii unor unor tehn tehnol olog ogii ii specificesauaunorinvestiiidecapitalcucosturiridicate; regulă, cont contri ribu buie ie la prod produc ucer erea ea unor unor bunu bunuri ri sau sau pres presttări de serv servic icii ii esen eseniale de regul
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13. Conceptuldemanagementeuropean–definitie(pg.60) 14. Esentamanagementuluieuropean–definitie(pg.60) 15. Principaleledimensiunicaracteristicealeculturilormanagerialeeuropene(pg.61) 16. Dimensiunileeconomicesisocialealemodeluluisocialeuropean(pg.62) 17. Europenizareaînsferapoliticilorsociale(pg.62) 18. Caracteristicialeeuropenizariipoliticilorsociale(pg.62) 19. PrincipaleleinstitutiialeUniuniiEuropene(pg.63) 20. Conceptuldeeuropenizare-aspectenegative,problemeinsuficientsolutionate(pg.63) 21. Bazeleconstituiriieticiimanagementuluieuropean(pg.65) 22. Eticamanagementuluieuropean(pg.67) 23. ImpartireaculturiimanagerialeinUniuneaEuropeanadupaGeertHofstede(pg.70) 24. Dificultatiincreareaunuimodeldemanagementeuropean(pg.73) 25. Principiilelegatedemanagementuleuropean(pg.77) 26. Viziuneafirmeiprivitoarelacompetitivitate(pg.80)
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Disciplina:MANAGEMENTCOMPARAT Leciaa-3-a:CONVERGENELEMANAGERIALEÎN UNIUNEAEUROPEANĂ 3.1.AFACERILEEUROPENEŞIMANAGEMENTULPIEEIUNICE Deine ine o cinc cincim ime e din din volu volumul mul come comerrului ului mon mondi dial al,, este este pe locu locul l întâ întâi i în lume lume la exportuldebunuri şiservicii şireprezintăosursăimportantădeinvestiiistrăinedirecte.În plus,reprezintăprincipalapiaădeexportpentruunnumărdepeste130deăridinîntreaga lume. Se întinde pe o suprafaăde3978571Km2,cuprinde25demembricuopopulaiede 455milioaneşiunPIBdepeste9225miliardedeeuro. Nouaextinderesemanifestăcaoruptur ă ăcalitativ ă , caracterizatăprinurmătoarele: calitativă major major ă ă l ridi ă ridi de i ndid ndid i, ific ific ti obl obl de liti liti ă i
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tendinaadoua,defragmentareacontine aadoua,defragmentareacontinentului ntului,ilustrat ,ilustratădeînsăşidezmembrareafostelor conglomerateUniuneaSovietic ă,Iugoslavia,Cehoslovacia.Separecăaceastătendinăa fostmaiputernică.ApreciereaesteilustratădeevenimenteledinEuropadeEst.Întimpce pehartacontinentuluiauap ărut14statenoi,înUniuneaEuropean ăauintratnumaitrei Fragmentarea area Europei Europei este este accentua accentuattă, în plus plus,, de tend tendin inele de autonom autonomizar izare, e, în ări. Fragment principalpecriteriietni principalpecriteriietnice,tendin ce,tendinămanifestatăînprincipalînestulcontinentului(Rusia, Iugoslavia,RepublicaMoldova),câtşiînvestulacestuia(Belgia,Spania,Italia). Obiectiveleintegr ă ăriieuropene riieuropene constauînmişcarealiberăamărfurilor,capitalurilor şi perso persoan anel elor or,, unifi unifica carea rea polit politic icil ilor or vama vamale le,, econo economi mice ce,, fina financi nciar ar-m -mone oneta tare re,, în veder vederea ea realizăriiuneiuniunieconomiceşipolitice. Cauzele principale ale integr ă riisunt riisunt :: apariia şi adân adânci cire rea a cont contra radi dicciei iei dint dintre re posi posibi bili littăile de sporire a produciei şi capacitatearestrânsădeabsorieapieelornaionale; necesitateavalorific ăriioptimeapotenialuluidecaredispunecapitalulprinasigurarea
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3.2.DIMENSIUNILECULTURALE,SOCIAL–UMANE ŞI ETICEALEMANAGEMENTULUIEUROPEAN Prinprocesulmanagerialeuropean în elegem elegemactivitateasubiec ilormanagementului european european reunii într-o într-o anumit anumită struct structur ură spre spre atinger atingerea ea scopuril scopurilor or economie economieii europen europene e pe
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Sedoreştecaîntredimensiunileeconomice şisocialealemodeluluisocialeuropean să existeunechilibru existeunechilibru,încarescopseinsistăpeurmătoareleaciuni: inte integra grarea rea Carte Cartei i drept drepturi urilo lor r funda fundame ment ntal ale e a Uniuni Uniunii i Europ Europen ene e în viit viitor orul ul trat tratat at constituional,cuaccentperespectareadrepturilorcivileşisociale; consol olid idar area ea mo mode delu lulu lui i soci social al–e –eur urope opean, an, prin prin dive divers rsif ific icare area a servi servici ciil ilor or de inte intere res s cons
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este invest investigar igarea ea şi solu soluionarea ionarea fenomene fenomenelor lor de Esen a a managementul managementului ui european european este managementîngranieleUniuniiEuropene. În bbaaza uunnei ab a bordări cultu cultural rale e de deta detali liu, u, Geert Geert Ho Hofst fsted ede e const constat ată că împărirea culturiimanagerialeînUniuneaEuropeanătrebuief ăcutăpe cincigrupeculturale: engleză ,, încareseincludMareaBritanie şiIrlanda, nordică încaresuntcuprinseSuedia,Da încaresuntcuprinseSuedia,Danemarca, nemarca,
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În firmele europene de prestigiu, fil filoz ozof ofia ia se cons consti titu tuie ie ca o teor teorie ie impl implic icit it ă ă a modulu uluide ideati atinge ngerea realor lor.Ea .Eacupr cuprind inde, e, organiza iei iei carepermitestabilireaobiectivelorşia mod deregulă,principiigenerale şicomportamentul icomportamentultuturorfacto tuturorfactorilorcetrebu rilorcetrebuies iesăseconformeze acestorprincipiipentruaseuniformizaaciunea. iei. Asigurarea rarea Elementele fi filozofieiseregăsesclanivelurilestrategicealeorganizaiei.Asigu
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de pers persona onal, l, orie orient ntat ată spre spre sele select ctar area ea,, înca încadr drar area ea,, prom promov ovar area ea,, perf perfec ecionarea şi salarizareapersonalului; deconducere,princareseurm ăreşteordonareaactivit ăilorîncadrulîntreprinderii,pe cale calea a deli delimi mittării şi sist sistem emat atiz izării acestora pe grupe de activităi om omog ogen ene e şi specializate.
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Managementul interfuncional a apărut din necesitatea de a înlătura tura bari bariere erele le comunicăriiinterdepartamentale. În managementul japonez conceptul de „politică” desc descri rie e obie obiect ctiv ive e sau sau orie orient ntări anuale,precumşipetermenmediusaularg. Desfăş urareapoliticiiînoricefirmăjaponezăsederuleazăîntreobiective şimăsuri, începândcuconducereadelavârfînjoscătresupraveghetorişimuncitoriidinatelier. Acionând ca un factor de legătură într între e ma mana nage geme ment ntul ul de proc proces es ori orient entat şi rezultatele rezultatele orientate, orientate, desf ăş urarea politi politicii cii ofer oferă prilej prilejul ul unor dezbate dezbateri ri semnif semnifica icativ tive e între între ăşurarea manageriideladiferiteniveluri şiasigurăcondiiilenecesarecafiecaremanagersăîn eleagă clarobiectivelece-irevinşitrebuiesăfieîndeplinite.
14.3.KAIZENŞIREZOLVAREAPROBLEMELORMANAGERIALE Kaizen începe cu o problemăsaumaipreciscurecunoaştereacăexistăoproblemă. Esenialpentrumanagemen ialpentrumanagementuljapone tuljaponezestefaptul zestefaptulc căapariiaproblemei şiconstatarea efecteloreinu-ideranjeazănicipemanagerişinicipesalariai. Punctul de plecare spre perfecionareîlreprezintăidentificareaproblemei. Înainte de de pr problemăaparesituaiaproblematică,definit ăînliteraturadespecialitate japoneză ca o stru strucctur tură generat generativ ivă de probl problem eme, e, când când ma manag nager erul ul const constat ată că procede procedeele ele obişnuite,uzualenusuntsuficientepentruaacoperianumiteinsufucien edingândireasa.De regulă,situaiaproblematicăsemanifestăcaoneconcordanăîntremijloace şiscopuri,între cerinelesituaiei,pedeoparte,şiposibilităilemanagerului,pedealtăparte. Pentru ca ca oo si situaiemanagerială sădevină problematic problematicăestenecesarcaprocedeele uzualesănufiesuficientepentrurezolvareaei,sausitua iarespectivăs ăgenerezeunconflict conceptual şi de stări de frus frustr traaie, ie, stări spec specif ific ice e care care disp dispar ar numa numai i ca urma urmare re a găsirii soluieioptimedecătremanageri. Prin Prin prob proble lema mati tiza zare re se înelege o opera peraie intele intelectu ctual ală de sesi sesiza zare re, , indu induce cere re şi formulareaproblemelormanageriale,iarprinproblem ă–osituaieîncare,fiinddateanumite ipoteze,seceresăsedeterminealtedatecuajutorulmetodelorspecificemanageriale. Realitatea niponăpuneproblemedepatrucategorii: problemeîncareraionamentulestefoartesimpluşiprinaceastaneatractivdinpunct devederealproblematicii,însine; problemecarenusuntdepurăgândire,darînleg ăturăcufaptulcădatelesuntmai comp comple lexe xe,, iar iar fiec fiecar are e în part parte e neri nerigu guro ros s defi defini nite te,, apar apare e nece necesa sar r ca ma mana nage geru rul l să apelezelaraionamentullogicpecaresă-lîmpleteasc ăcuraionamentulprobabilistic şichiarcuintuiia; problemecaresuntdecompetenagândiriicreatoaredetipmanagerial; problemedeperspicacitatemanagerială.
14.4.KAIZENŞISCHIMBAREAMENTALITĂII În Kaizen, satisfaciaclientuluiestem ăsuratăcuindicatoricaprogramare,calitate şi
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În Japonia, îmbunătăirearelaiilorcufurnizoriiadevenitunadinpriorit ăiledevârf alemanagementuluiorientatpeKaizen. În te teoria şi prac practi tica ca manag managem emen entu tulu lui i japon japonez ez al aprov aproviz izio ionnării, rii, una una din din func funciile agenilor ilor de cump cumpărare rare const constă în dezvo dezvolt ltar area ea crite criteri riul ului ui de verif verific icare are a pute puteri rii i rela relati tive ve a furni furnizor zorul ului ui sub aspec aspectu tul l preului, ului, cooper cooperării, rii, cali calittăii, ii, livr livrării, tehnologiei tehnologiei şi comp compet etiiiei generale. Firmele japoneze acordă şipremiispecialepentrufurnizorişidistribuitoriprinluarea înconsiderareapoliticiloracestora şiasistemuluilordemanagement,precum şiaaccentului pus pus pe asig asigur urar area ea calit alităii, ii, cost costul ul cont contro rolu lulu lui i livr livrări, ri, dezvo dezvolt ltar area ea tehno tehnolo logi giei ei,, educa educaia, siguranaşicontrolulmediului. Se obişnuieştecaproducătoriişifurnizoriijaponezis ăformezeechipecomunecaresă lucrezeasupradezvoltăriidenoiproduse,economisireamaterialelorşiconservareaenergiei. Relaiile iile cu furn furniz izor orii ii vize vizeaz ază, în prin princi cipa pal, l, sist sistem emul ul „exa „exact ct la timp timp”, ”, deoa deoare rece ce comenzilenuconstaunumaiîncalitate,darşiînlivrăripunctuale. SUBIECTE:
1. Componentesemnificativealemanagementuluiinconceptiamanagerialanipona(pg. 325-326) 2. „Spiralacalitatii”inKaizen(pg.329) 3. CartelulcalitatiitotaleinJaponia(pg.332) 4. ManagementulcalitatiitotaleinJaponia(pg.332) 5. Gandireamanagerial–japoneza(pg.335) 6. Viziuneajaponezaprivitoarelaproblematizaresiproblematica(pg.345) 7. ManagementulinKaizen–satisfactiaclientului(pg.348) 8. Kaizen-indicatoridemasurareaisatisfactieiclientului(pg.348) 9. Imbunatairearelaiilorcufurnizoriiadevenitunadinprioritatiledevârfale managementuluiorientatpeKaizen(pg.349-350) 10. DefinitiaconceptuluiKaizen(pg.323) 11. ExplicatiiledatedecatreoccidentalicuprivirelainvestitiilerealizateinJaponia (pg.349-350)
NOT Ă : :
Pentru detaliere detaliere şi aprof aprofund undar are e pe lini linia a subie subiect ctelo elor r de ma mai i sus a se consul consulta ta bibl biblio iogr graf afia ia obligat obligatori orie: e: „ Manage Petres escu cu, , Ed. Ed. Fund Fundaaiei iei Româ Români nia a de Mâin Mâine, e, Management ment comparat comparat”, Ion Petr Bucureşti,2005