UMHC 5
Ym`mrmbjkcs lmakslctkvcs
Lc lmy Fraãbkjc 3/9775, em Hmekecs em Wrftmjjkúb Wrftmj jkúb Kbtmarcl jfbtrc lc Pkflmbjkc em Aëbmrf4 prkbjkpkfs rmjtfrms, hmekecs em smbskiklkzcjkúb, prmvmbjkúb prmvmbjkúb y emtmjjkúb emtmjjkúb mb ml ãhiktf scbktcrkf4 emrmjnfs em lcs `ubjkfbcrkcs pÿilkjcs. pÿilk jcs. Lmy Fraãbkjc :/9771, pcrc lc kauclece m`mjtkvc m`mj tkvc em huomrms y nfhirms? fiomtf y ãhiktf em lc lmy4 lmy4 Kbtmarcjkúb eml prkbjkpkf em kauclece mb lc pflètkjc em sclue4 hfek`kjcjkfbms em lc Lmy Ambmrcl em Zcbkece Jfbstktujkúb Mspcóflc, em 91 em ekjkmhirm em 3;1>, juyc ÿltkhc hfek`kjcjkúb sm nc prfeujkef pfr Ym`frhc em 91 em smptkmhirm em 9733 Lmy Fraãbkjc 3/9775, em 9> em ekjkmhirm, em Hmekecs em Wrftmjjkúb Kbtmarcl jfbtrc lc Pkflmbjkc em Aëbmrf, juyc ÿltkhc hfek`kjcjkúb sm nc prfeujkef pfr Lmy 59/973=, em = em fjtuirm, em rm`frhc em lc Lmy 3/9777, em 1 em mbmrf, em Mboukjkchkmbtf Jkvkl Jkvkl Lmy Fraãbkjc :/9771, em 99 em hcrzf, pcrc lc kauclece m`mjtkvc em huomrms y nfhirms, juyc ÿltkhc hfek`kjcjkúb sm nc prfeujkef pfr Lmy ;/977;, em 0 em fjtuirm, em chplkcjkúb em lc eurcjkúb eml pmrhksf em pctmrbkece mb lfs jcsfs em bcjkhkmbtf bcjkhkmbtf,, cefpjkúb f cjfakec Lmy 35/3;>0, em 9= em cirkl, Ambmrcl em Zcbkece, juyc ÿltkhc hfek`kjcjkúb sm nc prfeujkef c Lmy Fraãbkjc 0/973=, em 39 em oubkf, em hfek`kjcjkúb em lc Lmy Fraãbkjc >/3;>7, em 99 em smptkmhirm, em `kbcbjkcjkú `kbcbjkcjkúb b em lcs Jfhubkece Jfhubkecems ms Cutúbfhcs y em lc Lmy Fraãbkjc 9/9739, em 91 em cirkl, em Mstciklkece Wrmsupumstcrkc y Zfstmbkiklkece @kbcbjkmrc
Fiomtkvfs
Mstuekcr mb prf`ubekece lc bfrhctkvc em rm`mrmbjkc mb hctmrkc em kauclece y prftmjjkúb jfbtrc lc vkflmbjkc em aëbmrf Jfbfjmr juãl ms ml fiomtkvf y juãlms sfb lfs prkbjkpkfs em lc Lmy pcrc lc kauclece m`mjtkvc em nfhirms y huomrms4 mb pcrtkjulcr mb hctmrkc scbktcrkc
mektfrkcl } jmp
3. LC LM[ FYA FYAÃBK ÃBKJC JC 3/9775, EM HME HMEKECZ KECZ EM WYF WYFUMJ UMJJKÚ JKÚB B KBUMAYCL JFBUYC LC PKFLMBJKC EM AËBMYF4 WYKBJKWKFZ YMJUFYMZ, HMEKECZ EM ZMBZKIKLK_CJKÚB, WYMPMBJKÚB WYMPMB JKÚB [ EMUMJJKÚB MB ML ÃHIKUF ZCBKUCYKF4 EMYMJNFZ EM LCZ @]BJKFBCYKCZ WßILKJCZ Lc Lmy Fraãbkjc 3/9775, em 9> em ekjkmhirm, em Hmekecs em Wrftmjjkúb Kbtmarcl jfbtrc lc Pkflmbjkc em Aëbmrf jfbstc em 19 crtèjulfs mstrujturcefs mb = Uètulfs. Jumbtc cemhãs jfb vmkbtm Ekspfskjkfbms Cekjkfbclms, efs Ekspfskjkfbms Urcbsktfrkcs, ubc Ekspfskjkúb Emrfactfrkc, skmtm Ekspfskjkfbms @kbclms y ub cbmxf jfb lc plcbtc em lfs Ouzacefs em Pkflmbjkc. Zu mstrujturc ms lc skaukmbtm?
LM[ FYAÃBKJC EM HMEKECZ EM WYFUMJJKÚB KBUMAYCL JFBUYC LC PKFLMBJKC EM AËBMYF UÈU]LF WYMLKHKBCY UÈU]LF K. Hmekecs em smbskiklkzcjkúb, prmvmbjkúb y emtmjjkúb UÈU]LF KK. Emrmjnfs em lcs huomrms vèjtkhcs em vkflmbjkc em aëbmrf - JCWÈU]LF K. Emrmjnf c lc kb`frhcjkúb, c lc cskstmbjkc sfjkcl kbtmarcl y c lc cskstmbjkc ourèekjc arctuktc - JCWÈU]LF KK. Emrmjnfs lcifrclms y prmstcjkfbms em lc Zmaurkece Zfjkcl Zfjkcl - JCWÈU]LF KKK. Emrmjnfs em lcs `ubjkfbcrkcs pÿilkjcs - JCWÈU]LF KP. Emrmjnfs mjfbúhkjfs UÈU]LF KKK. Uutmlc Kbstktujkfbcl UÈU]LF KP. Uutmlc Wmbcl UÈU]LF P. Uutmlc Ouekjkcl - JCWÈU]LF K. Em lfs Ouzacefs em Pkflmbjkc Pkflmbjkc sfirm lc Huomr - JCWÈU]LF KK. Bfrhcs prfjmsclms jkvklms - JCWÈU]LF KKK. Bfrhcs prfjmsclms pmbclms - JCWÈU]LF KP. Hmekecs ouekjkclms em prftmjjkúb y em smaurkece em lcs vèjtkhcs - JCWÈU]LF P. Eml @ksjcl jfbtrc jfbtrc lc Pkflmbjkc sfirm lc Huomr Huomr EKZWFZKJKFBMZ CEKJKFBCLMZ (97) EKZWFZKJKFBMZ UYCBZKUFYKCZ (9) EKZWFZKJKFBMZ EMYFACUFYKC ßBKJC EKZWFZKJKFBMZ @KBCLMZ (1) 3:>
Umhc 5
mektfrkcl } jmp
Lc Fracbkzcjkúb em Bcjkfbms ]bkecs, mb lc KP Jfb`mrmbjkc Hubekcl em 3;;=, rmjfbfjkú yc qum lc vkflmbjkc jfbtrc lcs huomrms ms ub fistãjulf pcrc lfarcr lfs fiomtkvfs em kauclece, emscrrfllf y pcz y vkflc y hmbfsjcic ml eks`rutm em lfs emrmjnfs nuhcbfs y lcs lkimrtcems `ubechmbtclms. Cemhãs lc em`kbm chplkchmbtm jfhf ubc hcbk`mstcjkúb em lcs rmlcjkfbms em pfemr nkstúrkjchmbtm emskauclms mbtrm huomrms y nfhirms. Lfs pfemrms pÿilkjfs bf pumemb smr combfs c lc vkflmbjkc em aëbmrf, qum jfbstktuym ubf em lfs ctcqums hãs `lcarcbtms c emrmjnfs `ubechmbtclms jfhf lc lkimrtce, lc kauclece, lc vkec, lc smaurkece y lc bf eksjrkhkbcjkúb prfjlchcefs mb bumstrc Jfbstktujkúb. Msfs hkshfs pfemrms pÿilkjfs tkmbmb, jfb`frhm c lf ekspumstf mb ml crtèjulf ;.9 em lc Jfbstktujkúb, lc filkacjkúb em cefptcr hmekecs em cjjkúb pfsktkvc pcrc ncjmr rmclms y m`mjtkvfs ekjnfs emrmjnfs, rmhfvkmbef lfs fistãjulfs qum khpkemb f ek`kjultcb su plmbktue. Ml ãhiktf em lc Lmy em Hmekecs em Wrftmjjkúb Kbtmarcl jfbtrc lc Pkflmbjkc em Aëbmrf cicrjc tcbtf lfs cspmjtfs prmvmbtkvfs, meujctkvfs, sfjkclms, cskstmbjkclms y em ctmbjkúb pfstmrkfr c lcs vèjtkhcs, jfhf lc bfrhctkvc jkvkl qum kbjkem mb ml ãhiktf `chklkcr f em jfbvkvmbjkc efbem prkbjkpclhmbtm sm prfeujmb lcs carmskfbms, csè jfhf ml prkbjkpkf em suiskekcrkmece mb lcs Cehkbkstrcjkfbms Wÿilkjcs. Kauclhmbtm sm cifrec jfb emjkskúb lc rmspumstc pubktkvc qum emimb rmjkikr tfecs lcs hcbk`mstcjkfbms em vkflmbjkc qum lc Lmy rmaulc. Ekjnc Lmy mstcilmjm hmekecs em smbskiklkzcjkúb m kbtmrvmbjkúb mb cl ãhiktf meujctkvf. Zm rm`umrzc, jfb rm`mrmbjkc jfbjrmtc cl ãhiktf em lc puilkjkece, ubc khcamb qum rmspmtm lc kauclece y lc ekabkece em lcs huomrms. Mb lc Meujcjkúb Zmjubecrkc sm kbjfrpfrc lc meujcjkúb sfirm lc kauclece mbtrm nfhirms y huomrms y jfbtrc lc vkflmbjkc em aëbmrf jfhf jfbtmbkef jurrkjulcr, kbjfrpfrcbef mb tfefs lfs Jfbsmofs Msjflcrms ub bumvf hkmhirf qum khpulsm hmekecs meujctkvcs c `cvfr em lc kauclece y jfbtrc lc vkflmbjkc sfirm lc huomr. Mb ml jchpf em lc puilkjkece, mstc ncirã em rmspmtcr lc ekabkece em lcs huomrms y su emrmjnf c ubc khcamb bf mstmrmftkpcec, bk eksjrkhkbctfrkc, tcbtf sk sm mxnkim mb lfs hmekfs em jfhubkjcjkúb pÿilkjfs jfhf mb lfs prkvcefs. Em ftrf lcef, sm hfek`kjc lc cjjkúb em jmscjkúb f rmjtk`kjcjkúb em lc puilkjkece lmaktkhcbef c lcs kbstktujkfbms y csfjkcjkfbms qum trcicocb c `cvfr em lc kauclece mbtrm nfhirms y huomrms pcrc su momrjkjkf.
3.3 Fiomtf em lc Lmy Lc Lmy Fraãbkjc 3/9775, em 9> em ekjkmhirm, tkmbm pfr fiomtf cjtucr jfbtrc lc vkflmbjkc qum, jfhf hcbk`mstcjkúb em lc eksjrkhkbcjkúb, lc sktucjkúb em emskauclece y lcs rmlcjkfbms em pfemr em lfs nfhirms sfirm lcs huomrms, sm momrjm sfirm mstcs pfr pcrtm em qukmbms smcb f ncycb skef sus júbyuams f em qukmbms mstëb f ncycb mstcef lkacefs c mllcs pfr rmlcjkfbms skhklcrms em c`mjtkvkece, cub skb jfbvkvmbjkc. Wfr mstc lmy sm mstcilmjmb hmekecs em prftmjjkúb kbtmarcl juyc `kbclkece ms prmvmbkr, scbjkfbcr y mrrcekjcr mstc vkflmbjkc y prmstcr cskstmbjkc c lcs huomrms, c sus nkofs hmbfrms y c lfs hmbfrms suomtfs c su tutmlc, f aucrec y justfekc, vèjtkhcs em mstc vkflmbjkc. Lc vkflmbjkc em aëbmrf c qum sm rm`kmrm lc Lmy Fraãbkjc 3/9775 jfhprmbem tfef cjtf em vkflmbjkc `èskjc y pskjflúakjc, kbjlukecs lcs carmskfbms c lc lkimrtce smxucl, lcs chmbczcs, lcs jfcjjkfbms f lc prkvcjkúb criktrcrkc em lkimrtce.
LF 3/9775. LF :/9771
3:;
mektfrkcl } jmp
3.9 Wrkbjkpkfs rmjtfrms C trcvës em mstc Lmy sm crtkjulc ub jfboubtf kbtmarcl em hmekecs mbjchkbcecs c cljcbzcr lfs skaukmbtms `kbms? c) @frtclmjmr lcs hmekecs em smbskiklkzcjkúb jkuececbc em prmvmbjkúb, eftcbef c lfs pfemrms pÿilkjfs em kbstruhmbtfs m`kjcjms mb ml ãhiktf meujctkvf, smrvkjkfs sfjkclms, scbktcrkf, puilkjktcrkf y hmekãtkjf. i) Jfbscarcr emrmjnfs em lcs huomrms vèjtkhcs em vkflmbjkc em aëbmrf, mxkakilms cbtm lcs Cehkbkstrcjkfbms Wÿilkjcs, y csè csmaurcr ub cjjmsf rãpkef, trcbspcrmbtm y m`kjcz c lfs smrvkjkfs mstcilmjkefs cl m`mjtf. j) Ym`frzcr ncstc lc jfbsmjujkúb em lfs hèbkhfs mxkakefs pfr lfs fiomtkvfs em lc lmy lfs smrvkjkfs sfjkclms em kb`frhcjkúb, em ctmbjkúb, em mhmrambjkc, em cpfyf y em rmjupmrcjkúb kbtmarcl, csè jfhf mstcilmjmr ub skstmhc pcrc lc hãs m`kjcz jffrekbcjkúb em lfs smrvkjkfs yc mxkstmbtms c bkvml hubkjkpcl y cutfbúhkjf. e) Acrcbtkzcr emrmjnfs mb ml ãhiktf lcifrcl y `ubjkfbcrkcl qum jfbjklkmb lfs rmqumrkhkmbtfs em lc rmlcjkúb lcifrcl y em mhplmf pÿilkjf jfb lcs jkrjubstcbjkcs em cqumllcs trcicocefrcs f `ubjkfbcrkcs qum su`rcb vkflmbjkc em aëbmrf. m) Acrcbtkzcr emrmjnfs mjfbúhkjfs pcrc lcs huomrms vèjtkhcs em vkflmbjkc em aëbmrf, jfb ml `kb em `cjklktcr su kbtmarcjkúb sfjkcl. `) Mstcilmjmr ub skstmhc kbtmarcl em tutmlc kbstktujkfbcl mb ml qum lc Cehkbkstrcjkúb Ambmrcl eml Mstcef, c trcvës em lc Emlmacjkúb Mspmjkcl eml Afikmrbf jfbtrc lc Pkflmbjkc sfirm lc Huomr, mb jflcifrcjkúb jfb ml Fismrvctfrkf Mstctcl em lc Pkflmbjkc sfirm lc Huomr, khpulsm lc jrmcjkúb em pflètkjcs pÿilkjcs ekrkakecs c f`rmjmr tutmlc c lcs vèjtkhcs em lc vkflmbjkc jfbtmhplcec mb lc lmy fraãbkjc 3/9775 a) @frtclmjmr ml hcrjf pmbcl y prfjmscl vkambtm pcrc csmaurcr ubc prftmjjkúb kbtmarcl, emsem lcs kbstcbjkcs ourksekjjkfbclms, c lcs vèjtkhcs em vkflmbjkc em aëbmrf. n) Jf frekbcr lfs rmjursfs m kbstruhmbtfs em tfef tkpf em lfs ekstkbtfs pfemrms pÿilkjfs pcrc csmaurcr lc prmvmbjkúb em lfs nmjnfs em vkflmbjkc em aëbmrf y, mb su jcsf, lc scbjkúb cemjucec c lfs julpcilms em lfs hkshfs. k) Wrfhfvmr lc jflcifrcjkúb y pcrtkjkpcjkúb em lcs mbtkecems, csfjkcjkfbms y fracbkzcjkfbm fracbkzcjkfbmss qum emsem lc sfjkmece jkvkl cjtÿcb jfbtrc lc vkflmbjkc em aëbmrf. o) @fhmbtcr lc mspmjkclkzcjkúb mspmjkclkzcjkúb em lfs jflmjtkvfs prf`mskfbclms prf`mskfbclms qum kbtmrvkmbmb mb ml prfjmsf em kb`frhcjkúb, ctmbjkúb y prftmjjkúb c lcs vèjtkhcs. d) Acrcbtkzcr ml prkbjkpkf em trcbsvmrsclkece em lcs hmekecs, em hcbmrc qum mb su cplkjcjkúb sm tmbacb mb jumbtc lcs bmjmskecems y emhcbecs mspmjè`kjcs em tfecs lcs huomrms vèjtkhcs em vkflmbjkc em aëbmrf.
357
Umhc 5
mektfrkcl } jmp
3.: Hmekecs em smbskiklkzcjkúb, prmvmbjkúb y emtmjjkúb C. Wlcbms em smbskiklkzcjkúb Emsem lc rmspfbsciklkece eml Afikmrbf eml Mstcef y em hcbmrc kbhmekctc c lc mbtrcec mb vkafr em mstc Lmy, jfb lc jfbskaukmbtm eftcjkúb prmsupumstcrkc, sm pfberã mb hcrjnc ub Wlcb Bcjkfbcl em Zmbskiklkzcjkúb y Wrmvmbjkúb em lc Pkflmbjkc em Aëbmrf qum jfhf hèbkhf rmjfoc lfs skaukmbtms mlmhmbtfs? -
Sum kbtrfeuzjc mb ml msjmbcrkf sfjkcl lcs bumvcs msjclcs em vclfrms icscecs mb ml rmspmtf em lfs emrmjnfs y lkimrtcems `ubechmbtclms y em lc kauclece mbtrm nfhirms y huomrms, csè jfhf mb ml momrjkjkf em lc tflmrcbjkc y em lc lkimrtce embtrf em lfs prkbjkpkfs emhfjrãtkjfs em jfbvkvmbjkc, tfef mllf emsem lc pmrspmjtkvc em lcs rmlcjkfbms em aëbmrf.
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Ekrkakef tcbtf c nfhirms jfhf c huomrms, emsem ub trcicof jfhubktcrkf m kbtmrjulturc kbtmrjulturcl. l.
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Sum jfbtmhplm ub chplkf prfarchc em `frhcjkúb jfhplmhmbtcrkc y em rmjkjlcom em lfs prf`mskfbclms qum kbtmrvkmbmb mb mstcs sktucjkfbms.
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Jfbtrflcef pfr ubc Jfhkskúb em chplkc pcrtkjkpcjkúb, qum sm jrmcrã mb ub plczf hãxkhf em ub hms, mb lc qum sm nc em csmaurcr lc prmsmbjkc em lfs c`mjtcefs, lcs kbstktujkfbms, lfs prf`mskfbclms y em pmrsfbcs em rmjfbfjkef prmstkakf sfjkcl rmlcjkfbcef jfb ml trctchkmbtf em mstfs tmhcs.
Lfs pfemrms pÿilkjfs, mb ml hcrjf em sus jfhpmtmbjkcs, khpulscrãb cemhãs jchpcócs em kb`frhcjkúb y smbskiklkzcjkúb mspmjè`kjcs jfb ml `kb em prmvmbkr lc vkflmbjkc em aëbmrf. Lcs jchpcócs em kb`frhcjkúb y smbskiklkzcjkúb jfbtrc mstc `frhc em vkflmbjkc sm rmclkzcrãb em hcbmrc qum sm acrcbtkjm ml cjjmsf c lcs hkshcs em lcs pmrsfbcs jfb eksjcpcjkece.
I. Mb ml ãhiktf scbktcrkf. Zmbskiklkzcjkúb y `frhcjkúb Lcs Cehkbkstrcjkfbms scbktcrkcs, mb ml smbf eml Jfbsmof Kbtmrtmrrktfrkcl eml Zkstmhc Bcjkfbcl em Zclue, prfhfvmrãb m khpulscrãb cjtucjkfbms em lfs prf`mskfbclms scbktcrkfs pcrc lc emtmjjkúb prmjfz em lc vkflmbjkc em aëbmrf y prfpfberãb lcs hmekecs qum mstkhmb bmjmscrkcs c `kb em fptkhkzcr lc jfbtrkiujkúb eml smjtfr scbktcrkf mb lc lujnc jfbtrc mstm tkpf em vkflmbjkc. Mb pcrtkjulcr, sm emscrrfllcrãb prfarchcs em smbskiklkzcjkúb y `frhcjkúb jfbtkbucec eml pmrsfbcl scbktcrkf jfb ml `kb em hmofrcr m khpulscr ml ekcabústkjf prmjfz, lc cskstmbjkc y lc rmnciklktcjkúb em lc huomr mb lcs sktucjkfbms em vkflmbjkc em aëbmrf c qum sm rm`kmrm mstc Lmy.
Lc ek`uskúb em kb`frhcjkfbms kb`frhcjkfbms rmlctkvcs c lc vkflmbjkc sfirm lc huomr huomr acrcbtkzcrã, jfb jfb lc jfrrmspfbekmbtm fiomtkvkece kb`frhctkvc, lc em`mbsc em lfs emrmjnfs nuhcbfs, lc lkimrtce y ekabkece em lcs huomrms huomrms vèjtkhcs em vkflmbjkc vkflmbjkc y em sus nkofs. nkofs. Mb pcrtkjulcr, pcrtkjulcr, sm tmberã tmberã mspmjkcl jukecef mb ml trctchkmbtf arã`kjf em lcs kb`frhcjkfbms. Lcs Cehkbkstrcjkfbms meujctkvcs jfhpmtmbtms csmaurcrãb qum mb lfs ãhiktfs jurrkjulcrms em lcs lkjmbjkcturcs y ekplfhcturcs, y mb lfs prfarchcs em mspmjkclkzcjkúb em lcs prf`mskfbms sfjkfscbktcrkcs, sm kbjfrpfrmb jfbtmbkefs ekrkakefs c lc jcpcjktcjkúb pcrc lc prmvmbjkúb, lc emtmjjkúb prmjfz, kbtmrvmbjkúb y cpfyf c lcs vèjtkhcs em mstc `frhc em vkflmbjkc.
LF 3/9775. LF :/9771
353
mektfrkcl } jmp
Mb lfs Wlcbms Bcjkfbclms em Zclue qum prfjmecb sm jfbtmhplcrã ub cpcrtcef em prmvmbjkúb m kbtmrvmbjkúb kbtmarcl mb vkflmbjkc em aëbmrf.
3.5 Jfbsmof Kbtmrtmrrktfrkcl eml Zkstmhc Bcjkfbcl em Zclue Mb ml smbf eml Jfbsmof Kbtmrtmrrktfrkcl eml Zkstmhc Bcjkfbcl em Zclue sm jfbstktukrã, mb ml plczf em ub cóf emsem lc mbtrcec mb vkafr em lc lmy fraãbkjc 3/9775, ubc Jfhkskúb jfbtrc lc Pkflmbjkc em Aëbmrf qum cpfym tëjbkjchmbtm y frkmbtm lc plcbk`kjcjkúb em lcs hmekecs scbktcrkcs jfbtmhplcecs, mvclÿm y prfpfbac lcs bmjmscrkcs pcrc lc cplkjcjkúb eml prftfjflf scbktcrkf y juclmsqukmrc ftrcs hmekecs qum sm mstkhmb prmjkscs pcrc qum ml smjtfr scbktcrkf jfbtrkiuyc c lc mrrcekjcjkúb em mstc `frhc em vkflmbjkc. Lc Jfhkskúb jfbtrc lc Pkflmbjkc em Aëbmrf eml Jfbsmof Kbtmrtmrrktfrkcl eml Zkstmhc Bcjkfbcl em Zclue mstcrã jfhpumstc pfr rmprmsmbtcbtms em tfecs lcs Jfhubkecems Cutúbfhcs jfb jfhpmtmbjkc mb lc hctmrkc. Lc Jfhkskúb mhktkrã ub kb`frhm cbucl qum smrã rmhktkef cl Fismrvctfrkf Mstctcl em lc Pkflmbjkc sfirm lc Huomr y cl Wlmbf eml Jfbsmof Kbtmrtmrrktfrkcl. Kbtmrtmrrktfrkcl.
3.= Emrmjnfs em lcs `ubjkfbcrkcs pÿilkjcs C. Ãhiktf em lfs emrmjnfs Lc `ubjkfbcrkc vèjtkhc em vkflmbjkc em aëbmrf tmberã emrmjnf c lc rmeujjkúb f c lc rmfrembcjkúb em su tkmhpf em trcicof, c lc hfvklkece amfarã`kjc em jmbtrf em trcicof y c lc mxjmembjkc mb lfs tërhkbfs qum sm emtmrhkbmb mb su lmakslcjkúb mspmjè`kjc.
I. Oustk`kjcjkúb em lcs `cltcs em cskstmbjkc Lcs cusmbjkcs tftclms f pcrjkclms cl trcicof hftkvcecs pfr lc sktucjkúb `èskjc f pskjflúakjc emrkvcec em lc vkflmbjkc em aëbmrf su`rkec pfr ubc huomr `ubjkfbcrkc sm jfbskemrcrãb oustk`kjcecs mb lfs tërhkbfs qum sm emtmrhkbm mb su lmakslcjkúb mspmjè`kjc.
J. Cjrmektcjkúb em lcs sktucjkfbms em vkflmbjkc em aëbmrf momrjkec sfirm lcs `ubjkfbcrkcs Lc cjrmektcjkúb em lcs jkrjubstcbjkcs qum ecb luacr cl rmjfbfjkhkmbtf em lfs emrmjnfs em hfvklkece amfarã`kjc em jmbtrf em trcicof, mxjmembjkc, y rmeujjkúb f rmfrembcjkúb eml tkmhpf em trcicof, sm rmclkzcrã jfb lc fremb em prftmjjkúb c `cvfr em lc vèjtkhc. Mxjmpjkfbclhmbtm, smrã tètulf em cjrmektcjkúb em mstc sktucjkúb, ml kb`frhm eml Hkbkstmrkf @ksjcl qum kbekqum lc mxkstmbjkc em kbekjkfs em qum lc emhcbecbtm ms vèjtkhc em vkflmbjkc em aëbmrf ncstc tcbtf sm ekjtm lc fremb em prftmjjkúb.
359
Umhc 5
mektfrkcl } jmp
9. LM[ FYA FYAÃBK ÃBKJC JC :/9771, WCY WCYC C LC KA]C KA]CLECE LECE M@M M@MJUK JUKPC PC EM H]OMYMZ [ NFHIYMZ? NFHIYM Z? FIOMUF [ ÃHIKUF EM LC LM[4 KBUMAYC KBUMAYCJKÚB JKÚB EML WYKBJKWKF EM KA]CLEC E MB LC WFLÈUKJC EM ZCL]E 4 HFEK@KJ HFEK@KJCJKFBM CJKFBMZ Z EM LC LM[ AMBMYCL EM ZCBKECE Lc Lmy Fraãbkjc :/9771, em 99 em hcrzf, pcrc lc kauclece m`mjtkvc em huomrms y nfhirms jfbstc em 1> crtèjulfs ekstrkiukefs mb ub Uètulf Wrmlkhkbcr y fjnf Uètulfs buhmrcefs. Cemhãs jumbtc jfb trmkbtc y ubc Ekspfskjkfbms Cekjkfbclms, fbjm Ekspfskjkfbms Urcbsktfrkcs, ubc Ekspfskjkúb Emrfactfrkc y fjnf Ekspfskjkfbms Ekspfskjkfb ms @kbclms. Zu mstrujturc ms lc skaukmbtm?
LM[ FYAÃBKJC WCYC LC KA]CLECE M@MJUKPC EM H]OMYMZ [ NFHIYMZ UÈU]LF WYMLKHKBCY. Fiomtf y ãhiktf em lc Lmy UÈU]LF K. Ml prkbjkpkf em kauclece y lc tutmlc jfbtrc lc eksjrkhkbcjkúb UÈU]LF KK. Wflètkjcs pÿilkjcs pcrc lc kauclece JCWÈU]LF K. Wrkbjkpkfs ambmrclms JCWÈU]LF KK. Cjjkúb cehkbkstrctkvc pcrc lc kauclece UÈU]LF KKK. Kauclece y hmekfs em jfhubkjcjkúb UÈU]LF KP. Ml emrmjnf cl trcicof mb kauclece em fpfrtubkecems JCWÈU]LF K. Kauclece em trctf y em fpfrtubkecems mb ml ãhiktf lcifrcl JCWÈU]LF KK. Kauclece y jfbjklkcjkúb JCWÈU]LF KKK. Lfs plcbms em kauclece em lcs mhprmscs y ftrcs hmekecs em prfhfjkúb em lc kauclece JCWÈU]LF KP. Ekstkbtkvf mhprmscrkcl mb hctmrkc em kauclece UÈU]LF P. Ml prkbjkpkf em kauclece mb ml mhplmf pÿilkjf JCWÈU]LF K. Jrktmrkfs em cjtucjkúb em lcs Cehkbkstrcjkfbms pÿilkjcs JCWÈU]LF KK. Ml prkbjkpkf em prmsmbjkc mquklkircec mb lc Cehkbkstrcjkúb Ambmrcl eml Mstcef y mb lfs fracbkshfs pÿilkjfs vkbjulcefs f empmbekmbtms em mllc JCWÈU]LF KKK. Hmekecs em Kauclece mb ml mhplmf pcrc lc Cehkbkstrcjkúb Ambmrcl eml Mstcef y pcrc lfs fracbkshfs pÿilkjfs vkbjulcefs f empmbekmbtms em mllc
LF 3/9775. LF :/9771
35:
mektfrkcl } jmp
JCWÈU]LF KP. @umrzcs Crhcecs JCWÈU]LF P. @umrzcs y Jumrpfs em Zmaurkece eml Mstcef UÈU]LF PK. Kauclece em trctf mb ml cjjmsf c ikmbms y smrvkjkfs y su suhkbkstrf UÈU]LF PKK. Lc kauclece mb lc rmspfbsciklkece sfjkcl em lcs mhprmscs UÈU]LF PKKK. Ekspfskjkfbms fracbkzctkvcs Ekspfskjkfbms Cekjkfbclms (:3) Ekspfskjkfbms Urcbsktfrkcs (33) Ekspfskjkúb Emrfactfrkc ßbkjc Ekspfskjkfbms @kbclms (>)
9.3 Fiomtf y ãhiktf em lc Lmy C. Fiomtf em lc Lmy Lcs huomrms y lfs nfhirms sfb kauclms mb ekabkece nuhcbc, m kauclms mb emrmjnfs y emimrms. Mstc Lmy tkmbm pfr fiomtf ncjmr m`mjtkvf ml emrmjnf em kauclece em trctf y em fpfrtubkecems mbtrm huomrms y nfhirms, mb pcrtkjulcr hmekcbtm lc mlkhkbcjkúb em lc eksjrkhkbcjkúb em lc huomr, smc jucl `umrm su jkrjubstcbjkc f jfbekjkúb, mb juclmsqukmrc em lfs ãhiktfs em lc vkec y, skbaulcrhmbtm, mb lcs ms`mrcs pflètkjc, jkvkl, lcifrcl, mjfbúhkjc, sfjkcl y julturcl pcrc, mb ml emscrrfllf em lfs crtèjulfs ;.9 y 35 em lc Jfbstktujkúb, cljcbzcr ubc sfjkmece hãs emhfjrãtkjc, hãs oustc y hãs sflkecrkc. C mstfs m`mjtfs, lc Lmy mstcilmjm prkbjkpkfs em cjtucjkúb em lfs Wfemrms Wÿilkjfs, rmaulc emrmjnfs y emimrms em lcs pmrsfbcs `èskjcs y ourèekjcs, tcbtf pÿilkjcs jfhf prkvcecs, y prmvë hmekecs emstkbcecs c mlkhkbcr y jfrrmakr mb lfs smjtfrms pÿilkjf y prkvcef, tfec `frhc em eksjrkhkbcjkúb pfr rczúb em smxf.
I. Ãhiktf em cplkjcjkúb Ufecs lcs pmrsfbcs afzcrãb em lfs emrmjnfs emrkvcefs eml prkbjkpkf em kauclece em trctf y em lc prfnkikjkúb em eksjrkhkbcjkúb pfr rczúb em smxf. Lcs filkacjkfbms mstcilmjkecs mb lc Lmy Fraãbkjc :/9771 smrãb em cplkjcjkúb c tfec pmrsfbc, `èskjc f ourèekjc, qum sm mbjumbtrm f cjtÿm mb tmrrktfrkf mspcófl, juclqukmrc qum `umsm su bcjkfbclkece, efhkjklkf f rmskembjkc.
355
Umhc 5
mektfrkcl } jmp
9.9 Ml prkbjkpkf em kauclece y lc tutmlc jfbtrc jfbtrc lc eksjrkhkbcjkúb Bf jfbstktukrã eksjrkhkbcjkúb mb ml cjjmsf cl cl mhplmf, kbjlukec lc `frhcjkúb bmjmscrkc, ubc ek`mrmbjkc em trctf icscec mb ubc jcrcjtmrèstkjc rmlcjkfbcec jfb ml smxf jucbef, emikef c lc bcturclmzc em lcs cjtkvkecems prf`mskfbclms jfbjrmtcs f cl jfbtmxtf mb ml qum sm llmvmb c jcif, ekjnc jcrcjtmrèstkjc jfbstktuyc ub rmquksktf prf`mskfbcl msmbjkcl y emtmrhkbcbtm, skmhprm y jucbef ml fiomtkvf smc lmaètkhf y ml rmquksktf prfpfrjkfbcef.
C. Ml prkbjkpkf em kauclece em trctf mbtrm huomrms y nfhirms Ml prkbjkpkf em kauclece em trctf mbtrm huomrms y nfhirms supfbm lc cusmbjkc em tfec eksjrkhkbcjkúb, ekrmjtc f kbekrmjtc, pfr rczúb em smxf, y, mspmjkclhmbtm, lcs emrkvcecs em lc hctmrbkece, lc csubjkúb em filkacjkfbms `chklkcrms y ml mstcef jkvkl.
I. Kbtmarcjkúb eml prkbjkpkf em kauclece mb lc kbtmrprmtcjkúb y cplkjcjkúb em lcs bfrhcs Lc kauclece em trctf y em fpfrtubkecems mbtrm huomrms y nfhirms ms ub prkbjkpkf kb`frhcefr eml frembchkmbtf ourèekjf y, jfhf tcl, sm kbtmarcrã y fismrvcrã mb lc kbtmrprmtcjkúb y cplkjcjkúb em lcs bfrhcs ourèekjcs.
J. Kauclece em trctf y em fpfrtubkecems mb ml cjjmsf cl mhplmf, mb lc `frhcjkúb y mb lc prfhfjkúb prf`mskfbclms, y mb lcs jfbekjkfbms em trcicof Ml prkbjkpkf em kauclece em trctf y em fpfrtubkecems mbtrm huomrms y nfhirms, cplkjcilm mb ml ãhiktf eml mhplmf prkvcef y mb ml eml mhplmf pÿilkjf, sm acrcbtkzcrã, mb lfs tërhkbfs prmvkstfs mb lc bfrhctkvc cplkjcilm, mb ml cjjmsf cl mhplmf, kbjlusf cl trcicof pfr jumbtc prfpkc, mb lc `frhcjkúb prf`mskfbcl, mb lc prfhfjkúb prf`mskfbcl, mb lcs jfbekjkfbms em trcicof, kbjlukecs lcs rmtrkiutkvcs y lcs em emspkef, y mb lc c`klkcjkúb y pcrtkjkpcjkúb mb lcs fracbkzcjkfbms skbekjclms y mhprmscrkclms, f mb juclqukmr fracbkzcjkúb juyfs hkmhirfs momrzcb ubc prf`mskúb jfbjrmtc, kbjlukecs lcs prmstcjkfbms jfbjmekecs pfr lcs hkshcs.
E. Eksjrkhkbcjkúb ekrmjtc m kbekrmjtc Mb juclqukmr jcsf, sm jfbskemrc eksjrkhkbctfrkc eksjrkhkbctfrkc tfec fremb em em eksjrkhkbcr, ekrmjtc f kbekrmjtchmbtm, pfr rczúb em smxf. Zm jfbskemrc eksjrkhkbcjkúb ekrmjtc pfr rczúb em smxf lc sktucjkúb mb qum sm mbjumbtrc ubc pmrsfbc qum smc, ncyc skef f puekmrc smr trctcec, mb ctmbjkúb c su smxf, em hcbmrc hmbfs `cvfrcilm qum ftrc mb sktucjkúb jfhpcrcilm. Zm jfbskemrc eksjrkhkbcjkúb kbekrmjtc pfr rczúb em smxf lc sktucjkúb mb qum ubc ekspfskjkúb, jrktmrkf f prãjtkjc cpcrmbtmhmbtm bmutrfs pfbm c pmrsfbcs em ub smxf mb emsvmbtcoc pcrtkjulcr jfb rmspmjtf c pmrsfbcs eml ftrf, sclvf qum ekjnc ekspfskjkúb, jrktmrkf f prãjtkjc pumecb oustk`kjcrsm fiomtkvchmbtm
LF 3/9775. LF :/9771
35=
mektfrkcl } jmp
mb ctmbjkúb c ubc `kbclkece lmaètkhc y qum lfs hmekfs pcrc cljcbzcr ekjnc `kbclkece smcb bmjmscrkfs y cemjucef cemjucefs. s.
M. Cjfsf smxucl y cjfsf pfr rczúb em smxf Zkb pmroukjkf em lf mstcilmjkef mb ml Júekaf Wmbcl, c lfs m`mjtfs em lc Lmy Fraãbkjc :/9771 jfbstktuym cjfsf smxucl juclqukmr jfhpfrtchkmbtf, vmricl f `èskjf, em bcturclmzc smxucl qum tmbac ml prfpúsktf f prfeuzjc ml m`mjtf em ctmbtcr jfbtrc lc ekabkece em ubc pmrsfbc, mb pcrtkjulcr jucbef sm jrmc ub mbtfrbf kbtkhkectfrkf, emarcecbtm u f`mbskvf. Jfbstktuym cjfsf pfr rczúb em smxf juclqukmr jfhpfrtchkmbtf rmclkzcef mb `ubjkúb eml smxf em ubc pmrsfbc, jfb ml prfpúsktf f ml m`mjtf em ctmbtcr jfbtrc su ekabkece y em jrmcr ub mbtfrbf kbtkhkectfrkf, emarcecbtm u f`mbskvf. Zm jfbskemrcrãb mb tfef jcsf eksjrkhkbctfrkfs ml cjfsf smxucl y ml cjfsf pfr rczúb em smxf. Ml jfbekjkfbchkmbtf em ub emrmjnf f em ubc mxpmjtctkvc em emrmjnf c lc cjmptcjkúb em ubc sktucjkúb jfbstktutkvc em cjfsf smxucl f em cjfsf pfr rczúb em smxf sm jfbskemrcrã tchikëb cjtf em eksjrkhkbcjkúb pfr rczúb em smxf.
@. Eksjrkhkbcjkúb pfr mhicrczf f hctmrbkece Jfbstktuym eksjrkhkbcjkúb ekrmjtc pfr rczúb em smxf tfef trctf ems`cvfrcilm c lcs huomrms rmlcjkfbcef jfb ml mhicrczf f lc hctmrbkece.
A. Kbemhbkece `rmbtm c rmprmsclkcs Uchikëb sm jfbskemrcrã eksjrkhkbcjkúb pfr rczúb em smxf juclqukmr trctf cevmrsf f m`mjtf bmactkvf qum sm prfeuzjc mb ubc pmrsfbc jfhf jfbsmjumbjkc em lc prmsmbtcjkúb pfr su pcrtm em qumoc, rmjlchcjkúb, embubjkc, emhcbec f rmjursf, em juclqukmr tkpf, emstkbcefs c khpmekr su eksjrkhkbcjkúb y c mxkakr ml juhplkhkmbtf m`mjtkvf eml prkbjkpkf em kauclece em trctf mbtrm huomrms y nfhirms.
N. Jfbsmjumbjkcs ourèekjcs em lcs jfbeujtcs eksjrkhkbctfrkcs Lfs cjtfs y lcs jlãusulcs em lfs bmafjkfs ourèekjfs qum jfbstktuycb f jcusmb eksjrkhkbcjkúb pfr rczúb em smxf sm jfbskemrcrãb bulfs y skb m`mjtf, y ecrãb luacr c rmspfbsciklkece c trcvës em ub skstmhc em rmpcrcjkfbms f kbemhbkzcjkfbms qum smcb rmclms, m`mjtkvcs y prfpfrjkfbcecs cl pmroukjkf su`rkef, csè jfhf, mb su jcsf, c trcvës em ub skstmhc m`kjcz y eksucsfrkf em scbjkfbms qum prmvmbac lc rmclkzcjkúb em jfbeujtcs eksjrkhkbctfrkcs.
K. Cjjkfbms pfsktk pfsktkvcs vcs Jfb ml `kb em ncjmr m`mjtkvf ml emrmjnf jfbstktujkfbcl em lc kauclece, lfs Wfemrms Wÿilkjfs cefptcrãb hmekecs mspmjè`kjcs mb `cvfr em lcs huomrms pcrc jfrrmakr sktucjkfbms pctmbtms em emskauclece em nmjnf rmspmjtf em lfs nfhirms. Uclms hmekecs, qum smrãb cplkjcilms mb tcbtf suiskstcb ekjncs sktucjkfbms, ncirãb em smr rczfbcilms y prfpfrjkfbcecs mb rmlcjkúb jfb ml fiomtkvf pmrsmaukef mb jcec jcsf.
350
Umhc 5
mektfrkcl } jmp
Uchikëb lcs pmrsfbcs `èskjcs y ourèekjcs prkvcecs pferãb cefptcr mstm tkpf em hmekecs mb lfs tërhkbfs mstcilmjkefs mb lc Lmy Fraãbkjc :/9771.
O. Uutmlc ouekjkcl m`mjtkvc Juclqukmr pmrsfbc pferã rmjcicr em lfs trkiubclms lc tutmlc eml emrmjnf c lc kauclece mbtrm huomrms y nfhirms, em cjumref jfb lf mstcilmjkef mb ml crtèjulf =:.9 em lc Jfbstktujkúb, kbjlusf trcs lc tmrhkbcjkúb em lc rmlcjkúb mb lc qum supumstchmbtm sm nc prfeujkef lc eksjrkhkbcjkúb. Lc jcpcjkece y lmaktkhcjkúb pcrc kbtmrvmbkr mb lfs prfjmsfs jkvklms, sfjkclms y jfbtmbjkfsf-cehkbkstrctkvfs qum vmrsmb sfirm lc em`mbsc em mstm emrmjnf jfrrmspfbemb c lcs pmrsfbcs `èskjcs y ourèekjcs jfb kbtmrës lmaètkhf, emtmrhkbcecs mb lcs Lmyms rmaulcefrcs em mstfs prfjmsfs. Lc pmrsfbc cjfscec smrã lc ÿbkjc lmaktkhcec mb lfs lktkakfs sfirm cjfsf smxucl y cjfsf pfr rczúb em smxf.
Crt. =:.9 JM 9. Juclqukmr jkuececbf pferã rmjcicr lc tutmlc em lcs lkimrtcems y emrmjnfs rmjfbfjkefs mb ml crtèjulf 35 y lc Zmjjkúb prkhmrc eml Jcpètulf smaubef cbtm lfs Urkiubclms frekbcrkfs pfr ub prfjmekhkmbtf icscef mb lfs prkbjkpkfs em prm`mrmbjkc y suhcrkmece y, mb su jcsf, c trcvës eml rmjursf em chpcrf cbtm ml Urkiubcl Jfbstktujkfbcl. Mstm ÿltkhf rmjursf smrã cplkjcilm c lc fiomjkúb em jfbjkmbjkc rmjfbfjkec mb ml crtèjulf :7.
D. Wrumic Em cjumref jfb lcs Lmyms prfjmsclms, mb cqumllfs prfjmekhkmbtfs mb lfs qum lcs clmacjkfbms em lc pcrtm cjtfrc sm `ubechmbtmb mb cjtucjkfbms eksjrkhkbctfrkcs, pfr rczúb em smxf, jfrrmspfbemrã c lc pmrsfbc emhcbecec prficr lc cusmbjkc em eksjrkhkbcjkúb mb lcs hmekecs cefptcecs y su prfpfrjkfbclkece. C lfs m`mjtfs em lf ekspumstf mb ml pãrrc`f cbtmrkfr, ml úracbf ouekjkcl, c kbstcbjkc em pcrtm, pferã rmjcicr, sk lf mstkhcsm ÿtkl y pmrtkbmbtm, kb`frhm f ekjtchmb em lfs fracbkshfs pÿilkjfs jfhpmtmbtms. Lf mstcilmjkef cbtmrkfrhmbtm bf smrã em cplkjcjkúb c lfs prfjmsfs pmbclms.
9.: Wflètkjcs pÿilkjcs pcrc lc kauclece C. Wrkbjkpkfs ambmrclms c. Jrktmrkfs ambmrclms em cjtucjkúb em lfs Wfemrms Wÿilkjfs C lfs `kbms em lc Lmy Fraãbkjc :/9771, smrãb jrktmrkfs ambmrclms em cjtucjkúb em lfs Wfemrms Wÿilkjfs? 3) Ml jfhprfhksf jfb lc m`mjtkvkece eml emrmjnf jfbstktujkfbcl em kauclece mbtrm huomrms y nfhirms.
LF 3/9775. LF :/9771
351
mektfrkcl } jmp
9) Lc kbtmarcjkúb eml prkbjkpkf em kauclece em trctf y em fpfrtubkecems mb ml jfboubtf em lcs pflètkjcs mjfbúhkjc, lcifrcl, sfjkcl, julturcl y crtèstkjc, jfb ml `kb em mvktcr lc smarmacjkúb lcifrcl y mlkhkbcr lcs ek`mrmbjkcs rmtrkiutkvcs, csè jfhf pftmbjkcr ml jrmjkhkmbtf eml mhprmscrkcef `mhmbkbf mb tfefs lfs ãhiktfs qum cicrqum ml jfboubtf em pflètkjcs y ml vclfr eml trcicof em lcs huomrms, kbjlukef ml efhëstkjf. :) Lc jflcifrcjkúb y jffpmrcjkú jffpmrcjkúb b mbtrm lcs ekstkbtcs Cehkbkstrcjkfbms pÿilkjcs mb lc cplkjcjkúb eml prkbjkpkf em kauclece em trctf y em fpfrtubkecems. 5) Lc pcrtkjkpcjkúb mquklkircec em huomrms y nfhirms mb lcs jcbekecturcs mlmjtfrclms y mb lc tfhc em emjkskfbms. =) Lc cefpjkúb em lcs hmekecs bmjmscrkcs pcrc lc mrrcekjcjkúb em lc vkflmbjkc em aëbmrf, lc vkflmbjkc `chklkcr y tfecs lcs `frhcs em cjfsf smxucl y cjfsf pfr rczúb em smxf. 0) Lc jfbskemrcjkúb em lcs skbaulcrms ek`kjultcems mb qum sm mbjumbtrcb lcs huomrms em jflmjtkvfs em mspmjkcl vulbmrciklkece jfhf sfb lcs qum pmrtmbmjmb c hkbfrècs, lcs huomrms hkarcbtms, lcs bkócs, lcs huomrms jfb eksjcpcjkece, lcs huomrms hcyfrms, lcs huomrms vkuecs y lcs huomrms vèjtkhcs em vkflmbjkc em aëbmrf, pcrc lcs juclms lfs pfemrms pÿilkjfs pferãb cefptcr, kauclhmbtm, hmekecs em cjjkúb pfsktkvc. 1) Lc prftmjjkúb em lc hctmrbkece, jfb mspmjkcl ctmbjkúb c lc csubjkúb pfr lc sfjkmece em lfs m`mjtfs emrkvcefs eml mhicrczf, pcrtf y lcjtcbjkc. >) Ml mstcilmjkhkmbtf em hmekecs qum csmaurmb lc jfbjklkcjkúb eml trcicof y em lc vkec pmrsfbcl y `chklkcr em lcs huomrms y lfs nfhirms, csè jfhf ml `fhmbtf em lc jfrrmspfbsciklkece mb lcs lcifrms efhëstkjcs y mb lc ctmbjkúb c lc `chklkc. ;) Ml `fhmbtf em kbstruhmbtfs em jflcifrcjkúb mbtrm lcs ekstkbtcs Cehkbkstrcjkfbms Cehkbkstrcjkfbm s pÿilkjcs y lfs cambtms sfjkclms, lcs csfjkcjkfbms em huomrms y ftrcs mbtkecems prkvcecs. 37) Ml `fhmbtf em lc m`mjtkvkece eml prkbjkpkf em kauclece mbtrm huomrms y nfhirms mb lcs rmlcjkfbms mbtrm pcrtkjulc pcrtkjulcrms. rms. 33) Lc khplcbtcjkúb em ub lmbaucom bf smxkstc sm xkstc mb ml ãhiktf ãhikt f cehkbkstrctkvf y su `fhmbtf mb lc tftclkece em lcs rmlcjkfbms sfjkclms, julturclms y crtèstkjcs. 39) Ufefs lfs pubtfs pubtf s jfbskemrcefs sm prfhfvmrãb prfhfvmr ãb m kbtmarcrãb em kaucl hcbmrc mb lc pflètkjc pfl ètkjc mspcóflc em jffpmrcjkúb kbtmrbcjkfbcl pcrc ml emscrrfllf.
i. Urcbsv Urcbsvmrsclkece mrsclkece eml prkbjkpkf em kauclece em trctf mbtrm huomrms y nfhirms Ml prkbjkpkf em kauclece em trctf y fpfrtubkecems mbtrm huomrms y nfhirms kb`frhcrã, jfb jcrãjtmr trcbsvmrscl, lc cjtucjkúb em tfefs lfs Wfemrms Wÿilkjfs. Lcs Cehkbkstrcjkfbms Cehkbkstrcjkfbms pÿilkjcs lf kbtmarcrãb, em `frhc cjtkvc, mb lc cefpjkúb y momjujkúb em sus ekspfskjkfbms bfrhctkvcs, mb lc em`kbkjkúb y prmsupumstcjkúb em pflètkjcs pÿilkjcs mb tfefs lfs ãhiktfs y mb ml emscrrfllf eml jfboubtf em tfecs sus cjtkvkecems.
j. Bfhirchkmbtfs rmclkzcefs pfr lfs Wfemrms Wÿilkjfs Lfs Wfemrms Wÿilkjfs prfjurcrãb ctmbemr cl prkbjkpkf em prmsmbjkc mquklkircec em huomrms y nfhirms mb lfs bfhirchkmbtfs y emskabcjkfbms em lfs jcrafs em rmspfbsciklkece qum lms jfrrmspfbecb.
35>
Umhc 5
mektfrkcl } jmp
e. Wlcb Mstrctëakjf em Kauclece em Fpfrtubkecems Ml Afikmrbf, mb lcs hctmrkcs qum smcb em lc jfhpmtmbjkc eml Mstcef, cprficrã pmrkúekjchmbtm ub Wlcb Mstrctëakjf em Kauclece em Fpfrtubkecems, qum kbjlukrã hmekecs pcrc cljcbzcr ml fiomtkvf em kauclece mbtrm huomrms y nfhirms y mlkhkbcr lc eksjrkhkbcjkúb pfr rczúb em smxf.
m. Kb`frhm pmrkúekjf Mb lfs tërhkbfs qum rmalchmbtcrkchmbtm sm emtmrhkbmb, ml Afikmrbf mlcifrcrã ub kb`frhm pmrkúekjf sfirm ml jfboubtf em sus cjtucjkfbms mb rmlcjkúb jfb lc m`mjtkvkece eml prkbjkpkf em kauclece mbtrm huomrms y nfhirms. Em mstm kb`frhm sm ecrã jumbtc c lcs Jfrtms Ambmrclms.
`. Kb`frhms em khpcjtf em aëbmrf Lfs prfymjtfs em ekspfskjkfbms em jcrãjtmr ambmrcl y lfs plcbms em mspmjkcl rmlmvcbjkc mjfbúhkjc, sfjkcl, julturcl y crtèstkjc qum sm sfhmtcb c lc cprficjkúb eml Jfbsmof em Hkbkstrfs emimrãb kbjfrpfrcr ub kb`frhm sfirm su khpcjtf pfr rczúb em aëbmrf.
a. Cemjucjkúb em lcs mstceèstkjcs y mstuekfs Cl fiomtf em ncjmr m`mjtkvcs lcs ekspfskjkfbms jfbtmbkecs mb lc Lmy Fraãbkjc :/9771 y qum sm acrcbtkjm lc kbtmarcjkúb em hfef m`mjtkvf em lc pmrspmjtkvc em aëbmrf mb su cjtkvkece frekbcrkc, lfs pfemrms pÿilkjfs, mb lc mlcifrcjkúb em sus mstuekfs y mstceèstkjcs, emimrãb? c) Kbjlukr skstmhãtkjchmbtm skstmhãtkjchmbt m lc vcrkcilm em smxf mb lcs mstceèstkjcs, mbjumstcs y rmjfakec em ectfs qum llmvmb c jcif. i) Mstcilmjmr m kbjlukr mb lcs fpmrcjkfbms mstceèstkjcs bumvfs kbekjcefrms qum pfskiklktmb ub hmofr jfbfjkhkmbtf em lcs ek`mrmbjkcs mb lfs vclfrms, rflms, sktucjkfbms, jfbekjkfbms, cspkrcjkfbms y bmjmskecems em huomrms y nfhirms, su hcbk`mstcjkúb m kbtmrcjjkúb mb lc rmclkece qum sm vcyc c cbclkzcr. j) Eksmócr m kbtrfeujkr lfs kbekjcefrms y hmjcbkshfs bmjmscrkfs qum pmrhktcb ml jfbfjkhkmbtf em lc kbjkembjkc em ftrcs vcrkcilms juyc jfbjurrmbjkc rmsultc ambmrcefrc em sktucjkfbms em eksjrkhkbcjkúb hÿltkplm mb lfs ek`mrmbtms ãhiktfs em kbtmrvmbjkúb. e) Ymclkzcr humstrcs lf su`kjkmbtmhmbtm chplkcs jfhf pcrc qum lcs ekvmrscs vcrkcilms kbjlukecs pumecb smr mxplftcecs y cbclkzcecs mb `ubjkúb em lc vcrkcilm em smxf. m) Mxplftcr lfs ectfs em qum ekspfbmb em hfef qum sm pumecb jfbfjmr lcs ek`mrmbtms sktucjkfbms, sktucjkfb ms, jfbekjkfbms, cspkrcjkfbms y bmjmskecems em huomrms y nfhirms mb lfs ek`mrmbtms ãhiktfs em kbtmrvmbjkúb. `) Ymvkscr y, mb su jcsf, cemjucr cemjucr lcs em`kbkjkfbms mstceèstkjcs mstceèstkjcs mxkstmbtms jfb fiomtf em jfbtrkiukr cl rmjfbfjkhkmbtf y vclfrcjkúb eml trcicof em lcs huomrms y mvktcr lc mstmrmftkpcjkúb bmactkvc em emtmrhkbcefs jflmjtkvfs em huomrms. Zflf mxjmpjkfbclhmbtm, y hmekcbtm kb`frhm hftkvcef y cprficef pfr ml úracbf jfhpmtmbtm, pferã oustk`kjcrsm ml kbjuhplkhkmbtf kbjuhplkhkmbtf em em claubc em em lcs filkacjkfbms filkacjkfbms cbtmrkfrhmbtm cbtmrkfrhmbtm mspmjk`kjcec mspmjk`kjcecs. s.
LF 3/9775. LF :/9771
35;
mektfrkcl } jmp
n. Jflcifrcjkúb mbtrm lcs Cehkbkstrcjkfbms Wÿilkjcs Lc Cehkbkstrcjkúb Ambmrcl eml Mstcef y lcs Cehkbkstrcjkfbms em lcs Jfhubkecems Cutúbfhcs jffpmrcrãb pcrc kbtmarcr ml emrmjnf em kauclece mbtrm huomrms y nfhirms mb ml momrjkjkf em sus rmspmjtkvcs jfhpmtmbjkcs y, mb mspmjkcl, mb sus cjtucjkfbms em plcbk`kjcjkúb. Mb ml smbf em lc Jfb`mrmbjkc Zmjtfrkcl em lc Huomr pferãb cefptcrsm plcbms y prfarchcs jfboubtfs em cjtucjkúb jfb mstc `kbclkece. Lcs Mbtkecems Lfjclms kbtmarcrãb ml emrmjnf em kauclece mb ml momrjkjkf em sus jfhpmtmbjkcs y jflcifrcrãb, c tcl m`mjtf, jfb ml rmstf em lcs Cehkbkstrcjkfbms pÿilkjcs.
k. Cjjkfbms em plcbk`kjcjkúb mquktctkvc em lfs tkmhpfs Jfb ml `kb em cvcbzcr ncjkc ub rmpcrtf mquktctkvf em lfs tkmhpfs mbtrm huomrms y nfhirms, lcs jfrpfrcjkfbms lfjclms pferãb mstcilmjmr Wlcbms Hubkjkpclms em fracbkzcjkúb eml tkmhpf em lc jkuece. Zkb pmroukjkf em lcs jfhpmtmbjkcs em lcs Jfhubkecems Cutúbfhcs, ml Mstcef pferã prmstcr cskstmbjkc tëjbkjc pcrc lc mlcifrcjkúb em mstfs plcbms.
I. Kbtmarcjkúb eml prkbjkpkf em kauclece mb lc pflètkjc em sclue Lcs pflètkjcs, mstrctmakcs y prfarchcs em sclue kbtmarcrãb, mb su `frhulcjkúb, emscrrfllf y mvclucjkúb, lcs ekstkbtcs bmjmskecems em huomrms y nfhirms y lcs hmekecs bmjmscrkcs pcrc cifrecrlcs cemjucechmbtm. Lcs Cehkbkstrcjkfbms pÿilkjcs acrcbtkzcrãb ub kaucl emrmjnf c lc sclue em lcs huomrms y nfhirms, c trcvës em lc kbtmarcjkúb cjtkvc, mb lfs fiomtkvfs y mb lcs cjtucjkfbms em lc pflètkjc em sclue, eml prkbjkpkf em kauclece em trctf, mvktcbef qum pfr sus ek`mrmbjkcs ikflúakjcs f pfr lfs mstmrmftkpfs sfjkclms csfjkcefs, sm prfeuzjcb eksjrkhkbcjkfbms mbtrm ubcs y ftrfs. Lcs Cehkbkstrcjkfbms pÿilkjcs, c trcvës em sus Zmrvkjkfs em Zclue y em lfs úracbfs jfhpmtmbtms mb jcec jcsf, emscrrfllcrãb, em cjumref jfb ml prkbjkpkf em kauclece em fpfrtubkecems, lcs skaukmbtms cjtucjkfbms? c) Lc cefpjkúb skstmhãtkjc, embtrf em lcs cjjkfbms em meujcjkúb scbktcrkc, em kbkjkctkvcs emstkbcecs c `cvfrmjmr lc prfhfjkúb mspmjè`kjc em lc sclue em lcs huomrms, csè jfhf c prmvmbkr su eksjrkhkbcjkúb. i) Ml `fhmbtf em lc kbvmstkacjkúb jkmbtè`kjc qum ctkmbec lcs ek`mrmbjkcs mbtrm huomrms y nfhirms mb rmlcjkúb jfb lc prftmjjkúb em su sclue, mspmjkclhmbtm mb lf rm`mrkef c lc cjjmskiklkece y ml ms`umrzf ekcabústkjf y tmrcpëutkjf, tcbtf mb sus cspmjtfs em mbscyfs jlèbkjfs jfhf cskstmbjkclms. j) Lc jfbskemrcjkúb, embtrf em lc prftmjjkúb, prfhfjkúb y hmofrc em lc sclue lcifrcl, eml cjfsf smxucl y ml cjfsf pfr rczúb em smxf. e) Lc kbtmarcjkúb eml prkbjkpkf em kauclece mb lc `frhcjkúb eml pmrsfbcl cl smrvkjkf em lcs fracbkzcjkfbms scbktcrkcs, acrcbtkzcbef mb mspmjkcl su jcpcjkece pcrc emtmjtcr y ctmbemr lcs sktucjkfbms em vkflmbjkc em aëbmrf. m) Lc prmsmbjkc mquklkircec em huomrms y nfhirms mb lfs pumstfs ekrmjtkvfs y em rmspfbsciklkece prf`mskfbcl eml jfboubtf eml Zkstmhc Bcjkfbcl em Zclue. `) Lc fitmbjkúb y ml trctchkmbtf emscarmacefs pfr smxf, skmhprm qum smc pfskilm, em lfs ectfs jfbtmbkefs mb rmakstrfs, mbjumstcs, mstceèstkjcs u ftrfs skstmhcs em kb`frhcjkúb hëekjc y scbktcrkc.
3=7
Umhc 5
mektfrkcl } jmp
9.5 Hfek`kjcjkfbms em lc Lmy Ambmrcl em Zcbkece Mb lc Ekspfskjkúb cekjkfbcl fjtcvc em lc Lmy Fraãbkjc :/9771, pcrc lc kauclece m`mjtkvc em huomrms y nfhirms sm kbtrfeuomrfb ubc smrkm em hfek`kjcjkfbms mb lc Lmy 35/3;>0, em 9= em cirkl, Ambmrcl em Zcbkece qum c`mjtcrfb c lfs skaukmbtms crtèjulfs em lc hkshc? :.5, 0.9, 3> 3, 5, ;, 35, 3= y 31, y 93.34 skmbef ml jfbtmbkef vkambtm em lc rm`frhc em tclms crtèjulfs ml skaukmbtm? -
Crt. :.5? “Lcs pflètkjcs, mstrctmakcs y prfarchcs em sclue kbtmarcrãb cjtkvchmbtm mb sus fiomtkvfs y cjtucjkfbms ml prkbjkpkf em kauclece mbtrm huomrms y nfhirms, mvktcbef qum, pfr sus ek`mrmbjkcs `èskjcs f pfr lfs mstmrmftkpfs sfjkclms csfjkcefs, sm prfeuzjcb eksjrkhkbcjkfbms mbtrm mllfs mb lfs fiomtkvfs y cjtucjkfbms scbktcrkcs‘.
-
Crt. 0.9? “Mb lc momjujkúb em lf prmvkstf mb ml cpcrtcef cbtmrkfr, lcs Cehkbkstrcjkfbm Cehkbkstrcjkfbmss pÿilkjcs scbktcrkcs csmaurcrãb lc kbtmarcjkúb eml prkbjkpkf em kauclece mbtrm huomrms y nfhirms, acrcbtkzcbef su kaucl emrmjnf c lc sclue‘.
-
Crt. 3>?
-
±
3. Cefpjkúb skstmhãtkjc em em cjjkfbms pcrc lc meujcjkúb scbktcrkc scbktcrkc jfhf mlmhmbtf prkhfrekcl prkhfrekcl pcrc lc hmofrc em lc sclue kbekvkeucl y jfhubktcrkc, jfhprmbekmbef lc meujcjkúb ek`mrmbjkcec sfirm lfs rkmsafs, jcrcjtmrèstkjcs y bmjmskecems em huomrms y nfhirms, y lc `frhcjkúb jfbtrc lc eksjrkhkbcjkúb em lcs huomrms.
±
5. Lc prmstcjkúb em lfs prfeujtfs tmrcpëutkjfs prmjksfs, ctmbekmbef c lcs bmjmskecems ek`mrmbjkcecs em huomrms y nfhirms.
±
;. Lc prftmjjkúb, prfhfjkúb y hmofrc em lc sclue lcifrcl, jfb mspmjkcl ctmbjkúb cl cjfsf smxucl y cl cjfsf pfr rczúb em smxf.
±
35. Lc hmofrc y cemjucjkúb em lcs bmjmskecems em `frhcjkúb eml pmrsfbcl cl smrvkjkf em lc fracbkzcjkúb scbktcrkc, kbjluymbef cjtucjkfbms `frhctkvcs ekrkakecs c acrcbtkzcr su jcpcjkece pcrc emtmjtcr, prmvmbkr y trctcr lc vkflmbjkc em aëbmrf.
±
3=. Ml `fhmbtf em lc kbvmstkacjkúb jkmbtè`kjc mb ml jchpf mspmjè`kjf em lfs prfilmhcs em sclue, ctmbekmbef c lcs ek`mrmbjkcs mbtrm huomrms y nfhirms.
±
31. Ml trctchkmbtf em lfs ectfs jfbtmbkefs mb rmakstrfs, mbjumstcs, mstceèstkjcs u ftrfs skstmhcs em kb`frhcjkúb hëekjc pcrc pmrhktkr ml cbãlksks em aëbmrf, kbjluymbef, skmhprm qum smc pfskilm, su emscarmacjkúb pfr smxf.
Crt. 93.3? Ml jfbtmbkef em mstm crtèjulf crtèjulf `um emrfacef pfr pfr lc Lmy ::/9733, ::/9733, em 5 em fjtuirm, fjtuirm, Ambmrcl em Zclue Wÿilkjc
LF 3/9775. LF :/9771
3=3
Msqumhc 5
LC LM[ LM [ FYAÃBKJC FYAÃ BKJC 3/97 3/9775 75,, EM HMEK H MEKECZ ECZ EM WYFUMJJKÚB KBUMAYCL JFBUYC LC PKFLMBJKC EM AËBMYF4 WYKBJKWKFZ YMJUFYMZ, HMEKECZ EM ZMBZKIKLK_CJKÚB, WYMPMBJKÚB [ EMUMJJKÚB MB ML ÃHIKUF ZCBKUCYKF4 EMYMJNFZ EM LCZ @]BJKFBCYKCZ WßILKJCZ Lc Lmy Fraãbkjc 3/9775, em 9> em ekjkmhirm, em Hmekecs em Wrftmjjkúb Kbtmarcl jfbtrc lc Pkflmbjkc em Aëbmrf jfbstc em 19 crtèjulfs mstrujturcefs mb = Uètulfs. Jumbtc cemhãs jfb vmkbtm Ekspfskjkfbms Cekjkfbclms, efs Ekspfskjkfbms Urcbsktfrkcs, ubc Ekspfskjkúb Emrfactfrkc, skmtm Ekspfskjkfbms @kbclms y ub cbmxf jfb lc plcbtc em lfs Ouzacefs em Pkflmbjkc.
Fiomtf em lc Lmy Lc Lmy Fraãbkjc 3/9775, em 9> em ekjkmhirm, tkmbm pfr fiomtf cjtucr jfbtrc lc vkflmbjkc qum, jfhf hcbk`mstcjkúb em lc eksjrkhkbcjkúb, lc sktucjkúb em emskauclece y lcs rmlcjkfbms em pfemr em lfs nfhirms sfirm lcs huomrms, sm momrjm sfirm mstcs pfr pcrtm em qukmbms smcb f ncycb skef sus júbyuams f em qukmbms mstëb f ncycb mstcef lkacefs c mllcs pfr rmlcjkfbms skhklcrms em c`mjtkvkece, cub skb jfbvkvmbjkc.
Wrkbjkpkfs rmjtfrms Hmekecs em smbskiklkzcjkúb, prmvmbjkúb y emtmjjkúb Wlcbms em smbskiklkzcjkúb Mb ml ãhiktf scbktcrkf. Zmbskiklkzcjkúb y `frhcjkúb Lcs Cehkbkstrcjkfbms scbktcrkcs, mb ml smbf eml Jfbsmof Kbtmrtmrrktfrkcl eml Zkstmhc Bcjkfbcl em Zclue, prfhfvmrãb m khpulscrãb cjtucjkfbms em lfs prf`mskfbclms scbktcrkfs pcrc lc emtmjjkúb prmjfz em lc vkflmbjkc em aëbmrf y prfpfberãb lcs hmekecs qum mstkhmb bmjmscrkcs c `kb em fptkhkzcr lc jfbtrkiujkúb eml smjtfr scbktcrkf mb lc lujnc jfbtrc mstm tkpf em vkflmbjkc. Mb lfs Wlcbms Bcjkfbclms em Zclue qum prfjmecb sm jfbtmhplcrã ub cpcrtcef em prmvmbjkúb m kbtmrvmbjkúb kbtmarcl mb vkflmbjkc em aëbmrf.
Jfbsmof Kbtmrtmrrktfrkcl eml Zkstmhc Bcjkfbcl em Zclue Mb ml smbf eml Jfbsmof Kbtmrtmrrktfrkcl eml Zkstmhc Bcjkfbcl em Zclue sm jfbstktukrã, mb ml plczf em ub cóf emsem lc mbtrcec mb vkafr em lc lmy fraãbkjc 3/9775, ubc Jfhkskúb jfbtrc lc Pkflmbjkc em Aëbmrf qum cpfym tëjbkjchmbtm y frkmbtm lc plcbk`kjcjkúb em lcs hmekecs scbktcrkcs jfbtmhplcecs, mvclÿm y prfpfbac lcs bmjmscrkcs pcrc lc cplkjcjkúb eml prftfjflf scbktcrkf y juclmsqukmrc ftrcs hmekecs qum sm mstkhmb prmjkscs pcrc qum ml smjtfr scbktcrkf jfbtrkiuyc c lc mrrcekjcjkúb em mstc `frhc em vkflmbjkc.
LF 3/9775. LF :/9771
3=:
LM[ FYAÃBKJC :/9771, WCYC LC KA]CLECE M@MJUKPC EM H]OMYMZ [ NFHIYMZ? FIOMUF [ ÃHIKUF EM LC LM[4 KBUMAYCJKÚB EML WYKBJKWKF EM KA]CLECE MB LC WFLÈUKJC EM ZCL]E 4 HFEK@KJCJKFBMZ EM LC LM[ AMBMYCL EM ZCBKECE Lc Lmy Fraãbkjc :/9771, em 99 em hcrzf, pcrc lc kauclece m`mjtkvc em huomrms y nfhirms jfbstc em 1> crtèjulfs ekstrkiukefs mb ub Uètulf Wrmlkhkbcr y fjnf Uètulfs buhmrcefs. Cemhãs jumbtc jfb trmkbtc y ubc Ekspfskjkfbms Cekjkfbclms, fbjm Ekspfskjkfbms Urcbsktfrkcs, ubc Ekspfskjkúb Emrfactfrkc y fjnf Ekspfskjkfbms @kbclms.
Fiomtf y ãhiktf em lc Lmy Fiomtf em lc Lmy Ãhiktf em cplkjcjkúb Ufecs lcs pmrsfbcs afzcrãb em lfs emrmjnfs emrkvcefs eml prkbjkpkf em kauclece em trctf y em lc prfnkikjkúb em eksjrkhkbcjkúb pfr rczúb em smxf.
Ml prkbjkpkf em kauclece y lc tutmlc jfbtrc lc eksjrkhkbcjkúb Ml prkbjkpkf em kauclece em trctf mbtrm huomrms y nfhirms Kbtmarcjkúb eml prkbjkpkf em kauclece mb lc kbtmrprmtcjkúb y cplkjcjkúb em lcs bfrhcs Kauclece em trctf y em fpfrtubkecems mb ml cjjmsf cl mhplmf, mb lc `frhcjkúb y mb lc prfhfjkúb prf`mskfbclms, y mb lcs jfbekjkfbms em trcicof Eksjrkhkbcjkúb ekrmjtc m kbekrmjtc Zm jfbskemrc eksjrkhkbcjkúb ekrmjtc pfr rczúb em smxf lc sktucjkúb mb qum sm mbjumbtrc ubc pmrsfbc qum smc, ncyc skef f puekmrc smr trctcec, mb ctmbjkúb c su smxf, em hcbmrc hmbfs `cvfrcilm qum ftrc mb sktucjkúb jfhpcrcilm.
Cjfsf smxucl y cjfsf pfr rczúb em smxf Zkb pmroukjkf em lf mstcilmjkef mb ml Júekaf Wmbcl, c lfs m`mjtfs em lc Lmy Fraãbkjc :/9771 jfbstktuym cjfsf smxucl juclqukmr jfhpfrtchkmbtf, vmricl f `èskjf, em bcturclmzc smxucl qum tmbac ml prfpúsktf f prfeuzjc ml m`mjtf em ctmbtcr jfbtrc lc ekabkece em ubc pmrsfbc, mb pcrtkjulcr jucbef sm jrmc ub mbtfrbf kbtkhkectfrkf, emarcecbtm u f`mbskvf.
Eksjrkhkbcjkúb pfr mhicrczf f hctmrbkece Kbemhbkece `rmbtm c rmprmsclkcs Jfbsmjumbjkcs ourèekjcs em lcs jfbeujtcs eksjrkhkbctfrkcs Cjjkfbms pfsktkvcs Jfb ml `kb em ncjmr m`mjtkvf ml emrmjnf jfbstktujkfbcl em lc kauclece, lfs Wfemrms Wÿilkjfs cefptcrãb hmekecs mspmjè`kjcs mb `cvfr em lcs huomrms pcrc jfrrmakr sktucjkfbms pctmbtms em emskauclece em nmjnf rmspmjtf em lfs nfhirms. Uclms hmekecs, qum smrãb cplkjcilms mb tcbtf suiskstcb ekjncs sktucjkfbms, ncirãb em smr rczfbcilms y prfpfrjkfbcecs mb rmlcjkúb jfb ml fiomtkvf pmrsmaukef mb jcec jcsf.
3=5
Umhc 5
Uutmlc ouekjkcl m`mjtkvc Juclqukmr pmrsfbc pferã rmjcicr em lfs trkiubclms lc tutmlc eml emrmjnf c lc kauclece mbtrm huomrms y nfhirms, em cjumref jfb lf mstcilmjkef mb ml crtèjulf =:.9 em lc Jfbstktujkúb, kbjlusf trcs lc tmrhkbcjkúb em lc rmlcjkúb mb lc qum supumstchmbtm sm nc prfeujkef lc eksjrkhkbcjkúb. Wrumic Em cjumref jfb lcs Lmyms prfjmsclms, mb cqumllfs prfjmekhkmbtfs mb lfs qum lcs clmacjkfbms em lc pcrtm cjtfrc sm `ubechmbtmb mb cjtucjkfbms eksjrkhkbctfrkcs, pfr rczúb em smxf, jfrrmspfbemrã c lc pmrsfbc emhcbecec prficr lc cusmbjkc em eksjrkhkbcjkúb mb lcs hmekecs cefptcecs y su prfpfrjkfbclkece.
Wflètkjcs pÿilkjcs pcrc lc kauclece Wrkbjkpkfs ambmrclms Jrktmrkfs ambmrclms em cjtucjkúb em lfs Wfemrms Wÿilkjfs Urcbsvmrsclkece eml prkbjkpkf em kauclece em trctf mbtrm huomrms y nfhirms Bfhirchkmbtfs rmclkzcefs pfr lfs Wfemrms Wÿilkjfs Wlcb Mstrctëakjf em Kauclece em Fpfrtubkecems Kb`frhm pmrkúekjf Kb`frhms em khpcjtf em aëbmrf Cemjucjkúb em lcs mstceèstkjcs y mstuekfs Jflcifrcjkúb mbtrm lcs Cehkbkstrcjkfbms Wÿilkjcs Cjjkfbms em plcbk`kjcjkúb mquktctkvc em lfs tkmhpfs
Kbtmarcjkúb eml prkbjkpkf em kauclece mb lc pflètkjc em sclue Lcs pflètkjcs, mstrctmakcs y prfarchcs em sclue kbtmarcrãb, mb su `frhulcjkúb, emscrrfllf y mvclucjkúb, lcs ekstkbtcs bmjmskecems em huomrms y nfhirms y lcs hmekecs bmjmscrkcs pcrc cifrecrlcs cemjucechmbtm. Lcs Cehkbkstrcjkfbms pÿilkjcs acrcbtkzcrãb ub kaucl emrmjnf c lc sclue em lcs huomrms y nfhirms, c trcvës em lc kbtmarcjkúb cjtkvc, mb lfs fiomtkvfs y mb lcs cjtucjkfbms em lc pflètkjc em sclue, eml prkbjkpkf em kauclece em trctf, mvktcbef qum pfr sus ek`mrmbjkcs ikflúakjcs f pfr lfs mstmrmftkpfs sfjkclms csfjkcefs, sm prfeuzjcb eksjrkhkbcjkfbms mbtrm ubcs y ftrfs.
Hfek`kjcjkfbms em lc Lmy Ambmrcl em Zcbkece Mb lc Ekspfskjkúb cekjkfbcl fjtcvc em lc Lmy Fraãbkjc :/9771, pcrc lc kauclece m`mjtkvc em huomrms y nfhirms sm kbtrfeuomrfb ubc smrkm em hfek`kjcjkfbms mb lc Lmy 35/3;>0, em 9= em cirkl, Ambmrcl em Zcbkece qum c`mjtcrfb c lfs skaukmbtms crtèjulfs em lc hkshc? :.5, 0.9, 3> 3, 5, ;, 35, 3= y 31, y 93.3
LF 3/9775. LF :/9771
3==
