[@NJ 5
Q`d`r`mgljs O`elsojtlvjs
Oj O`y :4/1997, k` 18 k` njyc, k` gch`sl÷m y gjolkjk k`o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk6 k`r`ghcs k` ocs glukjkjmcs. Oj tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj lmklvlkujo. Ocs k`r`ghcs k` lmdcrnjgl÷m sjmltjrlj y j oj lmtlnlkjk `m oj O`y ;:/1991, k` :; k` mcvl`nar`, aêslgj r`euojkcrj k` oj jutcmcnîj k`o pjgl`mt` y k`r`ghcs y caolejglcm`s `m njt`rlj k` lmdcrnjgl÷m y kcgun`mtjgl÷m goîmlgj Gcmstltugl÷m @spjúcoj, k` 15 k` klgl`nar` k` :<58, guyj öotlnj nckldlgjgl÷m s` hj prckuglkc pcr Q`dcrnj k`o jrtîguoc :70 k` oj Gcmstltug Gcmstltugl÷m l÷m @spjúcoj, k` 15 k` s`ptl`nar` k` 19:: O`y :4/1997, k` 18 k` njyc, k` gch`sl÷m y gjolkjk k`o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk, guyj öotlnj nckldlgjgl÷m s` hj prckuglkc pcr O`y 7/19:5, k` 15 k` fumlc, k` Yr`supu`stcs E`m`rjo`s k`o @stjkc pjrj `o júc 19:5 Q`jo K`gr`tc :87/199;, k` 79 k` `m`rc, pcr `o qu` s` r`euoj oj tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj lmklvlkujo, guyj öotlnj nckldlgjgl÷m s` hj prckuglkc pcr Q`jo K`gr`tc 591/19:7, k` 19 k` s`ptl`nar`, pcr `o qu` s` nckldlgj `o Q`jo K`gr`tc :87/199;, k` 79 k` `m`rc, pcr `o qu` s` r`euoj oj tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj lmklvlkujo O`y ;:/1991, k` :; k` mcvl`nar`, aêslgj r`euojkcrj k` oj jutcmcnîj k`o pjgl`mt` y k` k`r`ghcs y caolejglcm`s `m njt`rlj k` lmdcrnjgl÷m y kcgun`mtjgl÷m goîmlgj, guyj öotlnj nckldlgjgl÷m s` hj prckuglkc pcr O`y :19:0, k` :7 k` fuolc, k` n`klkjs k` r`dcrnj jknlmlstrjtlvj `m `o ênaltc k` oj Jknlmlstrjgl÷ Jknlmlstrjgl÷m m k` Fustlglj y k`o Q`elstrc Glvlo Crk`m :1<4/19:4, :1<4/19:4, k` 79 k` klgl`nar`, k` oj Gcms`f`rîj k` Wjmlkjk, pcr oj qu` s` r`euoj `o gcmt`mlkc y oj `xp`klgl÷m k` oj tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj lmklvlkujo k` oj Gcnumlkjk k` Njkrlk
Caf`tlvcs
Jpr`mk`r ocs k`r`ghcs k`o usujrlc `m `o slst`nj mjglcmjo k` sjouk r`gcmcglkcs `m oj O`y :4/1997 @stukljr oj r`euojgl÷m k` oj O`y ;:/1991 scar` oj lmdcrnjgl÷m y oj lmtlnlkjk k`o pjgl`mt` Gcmcg`r oj r`euojgl÷m k` oj tjrf`tj lmklvlkujo sjmltjrlj y, `m pjrtlguojr, `m oj Gcnumlkjk k` Njkrlk
`kltcrljo } g`p
:. OJ O@\ :4 :4/1 /199 997, 7, K@ 18 K@ NJ\C, K@ GCH@WL× GCH@ WL×M M \ GJ GJOL OLKJK KJK K@O WLW[@NJ MJGLCMJO MJG LCMJO K@ WJOPK6 K@Q@GH K@Q@GHCW CW K@ OCW GLPKJKJMCW @m ocs tìrnlmcs k` `stj o`y, ocs glukjkjmcs t`mkrêm ocs sleul`mt`s k`r`ghcs `m `o gcmfumtc k`o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk6 - J klspcm`r k` umj s`eumkj cplml÷m djguotjtlvj scar` su prcg`sc, `m ocs tìrnlmcs pr`vlstcs `m `o jrtîguoc 18.:. J t`mcr k` `st` pr`g`ptc, ojs gcnumlkjk`s gcnumlkjk`s jut÷mcnjs ejrjmtlzjrêm oj gjolkjk k` ojs pr`stjpr`stjglcm`s, s`eöm s` k`sjrrcooj `m `o gjpîtuoc TL k` `stj o`y. Yjrj `ooc, pckrêm r`jolzjr jukltcrîjs p`rl÷klgjs lmk`p`mkl`mt`s. Ojs lmstltuglcm`s jslst`mgljo`s v`ojrêm pcr pcr oj jk`gujgl÷m k` su crejmlzjgl÷m crejmlzjgl÷m pjrj djgloltjr oj olar` `o`ggl÷m k` djguotjtlvc y umj s`eumkj cplml÷m `m ocs tìrnlmcs qu` r`eojn`mtjrljn`mt` s` `stjao`zgjm. Jslnlsnc, jacrkjrêm jgtujglcm`s pjrj oj hunjmlzjgl÷m k` oj jslst`mglj y pjrj oj n`fcrj k` oj jgg`slalolkjk jknlmlstrjtlvj y k` su gcmdcrtjalolkjk. Ocs hcspltjo`s k`o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk prcgurjrêm oj lmgcrpcrjgl÷m prcer`slvj k` hjaltjglcm`s k` usc lmklvlkujo. Oj jgg`slalolkjk k` ocs g`mtrcs, s`rvlglcs y pr`stjglcm`s k` gjrêgt`r sjmltjrlc pjrj p`rscmjs gcm klsgjpjglkjk gcmstltuy` um grlt`rlc k` gjolkjk qu` hj k` s`r ejrjmtlzjkc pcr `o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk. Ocs g`mtrcs sjmltjrlcs k` mu`vj gr`jgl÷m k`a`rêm gunpolr ojs mcrnjs vle`mt`s `m njt`rlj k` prcncgl÷m k` oj jgg`slalolkjk y k` `olnlmjgl÷m k` ajrr`rjs k` tckc tlpc qu` o`s s`jm k` jpolgjgl÷m. Ojs Jknlmlstrjglcm`s pöaolgjs sjmltjrljs prcncv`rêm prcerjnjs pjrj oj `olnlmjgl÷m k` ajrr`rjs `m ocs g`mtrcs y s`rvlglcs sjmltjrlcs qu`, pcr rjz÷m k` su jmtleÿ`kjk u ctrcs nctlvcs, pr`s`mt`m castêguocs pjr j ocs usujrlcs gcm prcao`njs k` ncvlolkjk c gcnumlgjgl÷m. - J r`glalr jslst`mglj sjmltjrlj `m su gcnumlkjk jut÷mcnj k` r`slk`mglj `m um tl`npc nêxlnc, `m ocs tìrnlmcs k`o jrtîguoc 10. W`eöm `o r`d`rlkc pr`g`ptc, `m `o `o s`mc k`o Gcms`fc Gcms`fc Lmt`rt`rrltcrljo s` jgcrkjrêm jgcrkjrêm ocs grlt`rlcs njrgc pjrj ejrjmtlzjr um tl`npc nêxlnc k` jgg`sc j ojs pr`stjglcm`s k`o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk, qu` s` jprcajrêm n`kljmt` r`jo k`gr`tc. Ojs gcnumlkjk`s jut÷mcnjs k`dlmlrêm ocs tl`npcs nêxlncs k` jgg`sc j su gjrt`rj k` s`rvlglcs k`mtrc k` klghc njrgc. Zu`kjm `xgoulkjs k` oj ejrjmtîj j oj qu` s` r`dl`r` `o pêrrjdc jmt`rlcr ojs lmt`rv`mglcm`s qulrörelgjs k` trjspojmt`s k` ÷rejmcs y t`flkcs, guyj r`jolzjgl÷m k`p`mk`rê k` oj klspcmlalolkjk k` ÷rejmcs, jsî gcnc oj jt`mgl÷m sjmltjrlj jmt` sltujglcm`s k` gjtêstrcd`. - J r`glalr, pcr pjrt` k`o s`rvlglc k` sjouk k` oj gcnumlkjk jut÷mcnj `m oj qu` s` `mgu`mtr` k`spojzjkc, oj jslst`mglj sjmltjrlj k`o gjtêocec k` pr`stjglcm`s k`o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk qu` pukl`rj r`qu`rlr, `m ojs nlsnjs gcmklglcm`s ` lkìmtlgjs ejrjmtîjs qu` ocs glukjkjmcs r`slk`mt`s `m `sj gcnumlkjk jut÷mcnj.
7:4
[`nj 5
`kltcrljo } g`p
1. OJ O J [JQF@[J WJML[JQL WJML[JQLJ J LMKLTLKP LMKLTLKPJO JO 1.: @nlsl÷m y vjolk`z k` k` oj tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj sjmltjrlj lmklvlkujo lmklvlkujo Ojs Jknlmlstrjglcm`s sjmltjrljs jutcm÷nlgjs y `o Lmstltutc Mjglcmjo k` E`stl÷m Wjmltjrlj `nltlrêm umj tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj lmklvlkujo gcm scpcrt` lmdcrnêtlgc j ojs p`rscmjs r`slk`mt`s `m su ênaltc t`rrltcrljo qu` t`mejm jgr`kltjkc `o k`r`ghc j oj jslst`mglj sjmltjrlj pöaolgj. Oj tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj lmklvlkujo `nltlkj pcr gujoqul`rj k` ojs Jknlmlstrjglcm`s sjmltjrljs gcnp`t`mt`s s`rê vêolkj `m tckc `o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk, y p`rnltlrê `o jgg`sc j ocs g`mtrcs y s`rvlglcs sjmltjrlcs k`o slst`nj `m ocs tìrnlmcs pr`vlstcs pcr oj o`elsojgl÷m vle`mt`.
1.1 Kjtcs aêslgcs aêslgcs gcnum`s y `sp`gldlgjglcm`s tìgmlgjs k` oj tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj lmklvlkujo Gcm caf`tc k` klspcm`r k` kjtcs mcrnjolzjkcs k` gjkj p`rscmj, `m su gcmklgl÷m k` usujrlj k`o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk, lmk`p`mkl`mt`n`mt` k`o tîtuoc pcr `o qu` jgg`k` jo k`r`ghc j oj jslst`mglj sjmltjrlj y k` oj jknlmlstrjgl÷m sjmltjrlj `nlscrj, tckjs ojs tjrf`tjs sjmltjrljs lmgcrpcrjrêm umj s`rl` k` kjtcs aêslgcs gcnum`s y `stjrêm vlmguojkjs j um g÷klec k` lk`mtldlgjgl÷m p`rscmjo ömlgc pjrj gjkj glukjkjmc `m `o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk. Ocs kjtcs aêslgcs j lmgoulr `m `o jmv`rsc k` oj tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj scm6 j) Lk`mtlkjk lmstltuglcmjo k` oj gcnumlkjk jut÷mcnj c `mtlkjk qu` oj `nlt`. a) Ocs r÷tuocs k` ‟Wlst`nj ‟Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk k` @spjúj„ y ‟[jrf`tj Wjmltjrlj„. g) G÷klec k` lk`mtldlgjgl÷m p`rscmjo p`rscmjo jslemjkc pcr oj jknlmlstrjgl÷m sjmltjrlj `nlscrj `nlscrj k` oj tjrf`tj (GLY-JP[). k) Mcnar` y jp`oolkcs k`o tltuojr k` oj tjrf`tj. `) G÷klec k` lk`mtldlgjgl÷m p`rscmjo ömlgc k`o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk (GLY-WMW). (GLY-WMW). d) G÷klec k` lk`mtldlgjgl÷m k` oj jknlmlstrjgl÷m sjmltjrlj `nlscrj k` oj tjrf`tj. @m ocs supu`stcs `m ocs qu` jsî oc jutcrlg` oj o`y, jt`mklkjs ojs m`g`slkjk`s k` e`stl÷m k` ojs kld`r`mt`s jknlmlstrjglcm`s sjmltjrljs `nlscrjs, pckrêm lmgcrpcrjrs` jk`nês j oj tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj `o mön`rc k`o Kcgun`mtc Mjglcmjo k` Lk`mtlkjk k` su tltuojr c, `m `o gjsc k` `xtrjmf`rcs, `o mön`rc k` lk`mtlkjk k` `xtrjmf`rcs, `o mön`rc k` oj W`eurlkjk Wcgljo, oj d`ghj k` gjkuglkjk k` oj tjrf`tj pjrj k`t`rnlmjkcs gco`gtlvcs c `o mön`rc k` t`oìdcmc k` jt`mgl÷m k` ure`mgljs sjmltjrljs, tckcs `oocs `m dcrnjtc mcrnjolzjkc. Leujon`mt` s` pckrê lmgoulr umj dctcerjdîj k`o tltuojr k` oj tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj. J lmstjmglj k` pjrt`, c k` cdlglc `m jqu`oojs jknlmlstrjglcm`s sjmltjrljs qu` jsî oc pr`v`jm `m su mcrnjtlvj, `m `o êmeuoc lmd`rlcr k`r`ghc k` oj tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj s` erjajrêm, `m arjloo`, ocs gjrjgt`r`s k` ojs lmlgljo`s k` [jrf`tj Wjmltjrlj Lmklvlkujo ([WL). @o Nlmlst`rlc k` Wjmlkjk, W`rvlglcs Wcgljo`s ` Leujokjk, k` jgu`rkc gcm ojs gcnumlkjk`s jut÷mcnjs y k`nês jknlmlstrjglcm`s pöaolgjs gcnp`t`mt`s, `stjao`g`rê ocs r`qulslt cs y ocs `stêmkjr`s m`g`sjrlcs scar` ocs klspcsltlvcs qu` ojs tjrf`tjs lmgcrpcr`m pjrj jonjg`mjr oj lmdcrnjgl÷m aêslgj, y ojs jpolgjglcm`s qu` ojs trjt`m k`a`rêm p`rnltlr qu` oj o`gturj y gcnprcajgl÷m k` ocs kjtcs s`j tìgmlgjn`mt` pcslao` `m tckc `o t`rrltcrlc k`o @stjkc.
@o Psujrlc k`o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk. Oj tjrf`tj lmklvlkujo sjmltjrlj
7:5
`kltcrljo } g`p
1.7 G÷klec k` lk`mtldlgjgl÷m p`rscmjo k`o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk Oj jslemjgl÷m k`o g÷klec k` lk`mtldlgjgl÷m p`rscmjo k`o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk s` r`jolzjrê `m `o ncn`mtc k` lmgousl÷m k` ocs kjtcs r`ojtlvcs j gjkj glukjkjmc `m oj ajs` k` kjtcs k` pcaojgl÷m prct`elkj pcr `o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk, k`sjrrcoojkj pcr `o Nlmlst`rlc k` Wjmlkjk y Gcmsunc, y jgtujrê gcnc gojv` k` vlmguojgl÷m k` ocs kld`r`mt`s g÷klecs k` lk`mtldlgjgl÷m lk`mtldl gjgl÷m p`rscmjo jutcm÷nlgcs qu` gjkj p`rscmj pu`kj t`m`r jslemjkc j oc ojrec k` su vlkj. @o g÷klec k` lk`mtldlgjgl÷m p`rscmjo k`o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk t`mkrê gjrêgt`r lrr`p`tlao` y s`rê ömlgc j oc ojrec k` oj vlkj k` gjkj p`rscmj, lmk`p`mkl`mt`n`mt` k` oj Jknlmlstrjgl÷m sjmltjrlj gcnp`t`mt` `m su jt`mgl÷m sjmltjrlj `m gjkj ncn`mtc. Klghc g÷klec k` lk`mtldlgjgl÷m djgloltjrê oj aösqu`kj k` oj lmdcrnjgl÷m sjmltjrlj k` um pjgl`mt` qu` pu`kj `mgcmtrjrs` klsp`rsj `m `o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk, gcm `o dlm k` qu` pu`kj s`r ocgjolzjkj y gcmsuotjkj pcr ocs prcd`slcmjo`s sjmltjrlcs, `xgouslvjn`mt` gujmkc `ooc r`kumk` `m oj n`fcrj k` oj jt`mgl÷m sjmltjrlj, gcm po`mc r`sp`tc j oc klspu`stc `m oj O`y Creêmlgj :0/:<<<, k` :7 k` klgl`nar`, k` Yrct`ggl÷m k` Kjtcs k` Gjrêgt`r Y`rscmjo, y `m oj O`y ;:/1991, k` :; k` mcvl`nar`, aêslgj r`euojkcrj k` oj jutcmcnîj k`o pjgl`mt` y k` k`r`ghcs y caolejglcm`s `m njt`rlj k` lmdcrnjgl÷m y kcgun`mtjgl÷m goîmlgj, ejrjmtlzjmkc jslnlsnc oj gcmdlk`mgljolkjk ` lmt`erlkjk k` oj lmdcrnjgl÷m.
1.; Ajs` k` kjtcs k` k` pcaojgl÷m prct`elkj k`o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk Gcm `o dlm k` prcg`k`r j oj e`m`rjgl÷m k`o g÷klec k` lk`mtldlgjgl÷m p`rscmjo k`o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk, `o Nlmlst`rlc k` Wjmlkjk y Gcmsunc, j trjvìs k`o Lmstltutc k` Lmdcrnjgl÷m Wjmltjrlj, k`sjrrcoojrê umj ajs` kjtcs qu` r`gcfj oj lmdcrnjgl÷m aêslgj k` ocs usujrlcs k`o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk, jsî gcnc `o dlgh`rc hlst÷rlgc k` ojs sltujglcm`s k` js`eurjnl`mtc y k` oj jksgrlpgl÷m k` oj p`rscmj, `m su gjsc, j kld`r`mt`s Jknlmlstrjglcm`s sjmltjrljs j oc ojrec k` su vlkj. Yjrj djgloltjr oj e`stl÷m k` oj pcaojgl÷m prct`elkj, su ncvlolkjk y `o jgg`sc j ocs s`rvlglcs sjmltjrlcs, klghj ajs` jgtujrê gcnc um slst`nj k` lmt`rgjnalc k` lmdcrnjgl÷m `mtr` ojs Jknlmlstrjglcm`s sjmltjrljs. Oj lmdcrnjgl÷m qu` r`gcfj k`a`rê pcslaloltjr oj gch`r`mglj k` ocs kjtcs k` js`eurjnl`mtc, `vltjr oj jksgrlpgl÷m slnuotêm`j j klstlmtcs s`rvlglcs k` sjouk y cat`m`r oj njycr r`mtjalolkjk pcslao` `m ocs grug`s k` kjtcs `mtr` ocs dlgh`rcs cdlgljo`s m`g`sjrlcs pjrj su gcrr`gtc njmt`mlnl`mtc. Oj ajs` k` kjtcs k` pcaojgl÷m prct`elkj k`o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk s`rê njmt`mlkj pcr ojs Jknlmlstrjglcm`s sjmltjrljs `nlscrjs k` oj tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj lmklvlkujo. Klghjs Jknlmlstrjglcm`s s`rêm ojs gcnp`t`mt`s pjrj oj lmgousl÷m `m jquìooj k` ojs p`rscmjs prct`elkjs `m su ênaltc t`rrltcrljo. K`o nlsnc nckc, s`rêm ojs r`spcmsjao`s k`o trjtjnl`mtc k` ocs kjtcs, jgtujo`s ` hlst÷rlgcs, k` su pcaojgl÷m prct`elkj. Klghj ajs` k` kjtcs r`sp`tjrê `o nck`oc k` dumglcmjnl`mtc y k` e`stl÷m k` ojs ajs`s k` kjtcs k` tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj lmklvlkujo k` gjkj Jknlmlstrjgl÷m sjmltjrlj. Oj ajs` k` kjtcs lmgcrpcrjrê lmdcrnjgl÷m k`o slst`nj k` W`eurlkjk Wcgljo y k`o nutujolsnc jknlmlstrjtlvc, gcm `o dlm k` sunlmlstrjr j ojs Jknlmlstrjglcm`s sjmltjrljs kjtcs p`rnjm`mt`n`mt` jgtujolzjkcs qu` p`rnltjm oj gcrr`gtj e`stl÷m k` ojs sltujglcm`s k` ojs p`rscmjs r`sp`gtc j jotjs, ajfjs, gca`rturj k` pr`stjglcm`s y ncvlolkjk k` pjgl`mt`s `m oj Pml÷m @urcp`j, k` jgu`rkc gcm ocs r`eojn`mtcs gcnumltjrlcs vle`mt`s `m `stj njt`rlj.
7:8
[`nj 5
`kltcrljo } g`p
@o pojm k` `xpoctjgl÷m `stjkîstlgj k` oj ajs` k` kjtcs s`rê jgcrkjkc pcr `o Gcms`fc Lmt`rt`rrltcrljo k`o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk, y oj lmdcrnjgl÷m cat`mlkj s` pcmkrê j klspcslgl÷m k` ojs Jknlmlstrjglcm`s sjmltjrljs. @m tckc gjsc, oj lmdcrnjgl÷m qu` s` djglolt` j `stcs dlm`s s`rê pr`vljn`mt` caf`tc k` klscgljgl÷m. @o Nlmlst`rlc k` Wjmlkjk y Gcmsunc jt`mk`rê gcm ocs n`klcs k` qu` klspcmej `o dumglcmjnl`mtc k` oj ajs` k` kjtcs.
1.0 W`eurlkjk y jgg`scs Oj r`ojgl÷m k` je`mt`s k`o slst`nj sjmltjrlc jutcrlzjkcs pjrj `o jgg`sc j oj ajs` k` kjtcs y sus gjpjglkjk`s k` cp`rjgl÷m gcm `stj ajs` s`rêm jgcrkjkjs pcr `o Gcms`fc Lmt`rt`rrltcrljo k`o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk. Wlm p`rfulglc k` ojs gcnp`t`mgljs jtrlaulkjs j oj Je`mglj @spjúcoj k` Yrct`ggl÷m k` Kjtcs, `o Nlmlst`rlc k` Wjmlkjk y Gcmsunc k`t`rnlmjrê ojs n`klkjs k` îmkco` tìgmlgj y crejmlzjtlvj qu` hjyjm k` lnpcm`rs` `m r`ojgl÷m gcm oj ajs` k` kjtcs k` pcaojgl÷m prct`elkj k`o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk y qu` s`jm m`g`sjrljs pjrj ejrjmtlzjr tjmtc oj s`eurlkjk gcnc oj klspcmlalolkjk k` ocs kjtcs k` gjrêgt`r p`rscmjo, `vltjmkc su jot`rjgl÷m, pìrklkj, trjtjnl`mtc y, `m `sp`gljo, `o jgg`sc mc jutcrlzjkc j jquìooj. @m tckc gjsc, klghjs n`klkjs s` jt`mkrêm j oc `stjao`glkc `m oj o`elsojgl÷m vle`mt` `m njt`rlj k` prct`ggl÷m k` kjtcs p`rscmjo`s. @o Nlmlst`rlc k` Wjmlkjk y Gcmsunc, gcnc r`spcmsjao` k` oj ajs` k` kjtcs, jpolgjrê ojs n`klkjs k` s`eurlkjk y jgg`scs k` gcmdcrnlkjk gcm oc klspu`stc `m oj O`y Creêmlgj :0/:<<<, k` :7 k` klgl`nar`, k` Yrct`ggl÷m k` Kjtcs k` Gjrêgt`r Y`rscmjo, y `m `o Q`jo K`gr`tc :45:/199<, k` 4 k` mcvl`nar`, pcr `o qu` s` k`sjrrcooj pjrgljon`mt` oj O`y ::/1995, k` 11 k` fumlc, k` jgg`sc `o`gtr÷mlgc k` ocs glukjkjmcs j ocs s`rvlglcs pöaolgcs.
1.4 G`sl÷m k` kjtcs @o Gcms`fc Lmt`rt`rrltcrljo k`o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk, `m gjsc k` gcmslk`rjr m`g`sjrlj oj g`sl÷m k` ocs kjtcs k` `stj ajs`, r`gjajrê oj jslst`mglj k` oj Je`mglj @spjúcoj k` Yrct`ggl÷m k` Kjtcs, j dlm k` qu` pcr ìstj s` k`t`rnlm`m ocs supu`stcs ajfc ocs qu` pckrê `d`gtujrs` oj g`sl÷m j t`rg`rcs. Klghj g`sl÷m s` jt`mkrê, `m tckc gjsc, j oj mcrnjtlvj vle`mt` `m njt`rlj k` prct`ggl÷m k` kjtcs p`rscmjo`s.
1.5 Gco`gtlvcs js`eurjkcs j trjvìs trjvìs k` r`eîn`m`s `sp`gljo`s J gjkj tltuojr y a`m`dlgljrlc js`eurjkc j trjvìs k` r`eîn`m`s `sp`gljo`s o` s`rê `xp`klkj umj tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj, gcm ojs jk`gujglcm`s k`rlvjkjs k` ojs gjrjgt`rîstlgjs k` `stcs r`eîn`m`s k` js`eurjnl`mtc, gcm scpcrt` lmdcrnêtlgc, gcm ojs gjrjgt`rîstlgjs aêslgjs qu` s` k`dlm`m `m `st` r`jo k`gr`tc lmgoulkj oj jslemjgl÷m k` um g÷klec k` lk`mtldlgjgl÷m p`rscmjo k`o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk. Ocs kjtcs k` klghj tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj s` lmgcrpcrjrêm jo slst`nj k` lmt`rgjnalc k` lmdcrnjgl÷m qu` prcpcrglcmj oj ajs` k` kjtcs k` pcaojgl÷m prct`elkj k`o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk.
@o Psujrlc k`o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk. Oj tjrf`tj lmklvlkujo sjmltjrlj
7:<
`kltcrljo } g`p
1.8 @sp`gljo r`d`r`mglj j oj tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj lmklvlkujo `m oj Gcnumlkjk k` Njkrlk W` `mgu`mtrj r`euojkj `m oj Crk`m :1<4/19:4, k` 79 k` klgl`nar`, k` oj Gcms`f`rîj k` Wjmlkjk, pcr oj qu` s` r`euoj `o gcmt`mlkc y oj `xp`klgl÷m k` oj tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj lmklvlkujo k` oj Gcnumlkjk k` Njkrlk.
J. K`dlmlgl÷m y utlolzjgl÷m Oj tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj `s `o kcgun`mtc jknlmlstrjtlvc, `nltlkc pcr oj Gcms`f`rîj gcm gcnp`t`mgljs `m njt`rlj k` sjmlkjk, qu` lk`mtldlgj k` njm`rj lmklvlkujolzjkj j ocs glukjkjmcs gcnc usujrlcs k`o Wlst`nj Wjmltjrlc k` oj Gcnumlkjk k` Njkrlk y djgloltj `o jgg`sc j sus pr`stjglcm`s sjmltjrljs. K` leujo dcrnj, k` gcmdcrnlkjk gcm oc klspu`stc `m `o Q`jo K`gr`tc :87/199;, k` 79 k` `m`rc, pcr `o qu` s` r`euoj oj tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj lmklvlkujo, t`mkrê vjolk`z `m tckc `o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk. Ocs usujrlcs k`o Wlst`nj Wjmltjrlc k` oj Gcnumlkjk k` Njkrlk utlolzjrêm su tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj pjrj jgg`k`r j gjkj umj k` ojs pr`stjglcm`s y s`rvlglcs sjmltjrlcs, k`al`mkc pr`s`mtjrs`, jgcnpjújmkc j oj nlsnj, `o kcgun`mtc lk`mtldlgjtlvc k` oj p`rscmjolkjk k` su tltuojr, gujmkc jsî s`j r`qu`rlkc. Ocs glukjkjmcs prcg`k`mt`s k` ctrjs Gcnumlkjk`s Jut÷mcnjs qu` s`jm jt`mklkcs `m ocs g`mtrcs y s`rvlglcs k`p`mkl`mt`s k`o Wlst`nj Wjmltjrlc k` oj Gcnumlkjk k` Njkrlk k`a`rêm pr`s`mtjr `o kcgun`mtc lk`mtldlgjtlvc qu` o`s jgr`klt` gcnc usujrlcs k`o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk.
A. K`stlmjtjrlcs W` `nltlrê oj tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj j tckjs jqu`oojs p`rscmjs qu` r`slkjm `m `o ênaltc t`rrltcrljo k` oj Gcnumlkjk k` Njkrlk y t`mejm r`gcmcglkc `o k`r`ghc j oj jslst`mglj sjmltjrlj gcm gjrec j dcmkcs pöaolgcs pcr `o Lmstltutc Mjglcmjo k` oj W`eurlkjk Wcgljo, k` jgu`rkc gcm oc pr`vlstc `m ocs jrtîguocs 7 y 7.als k` oj O`y :4/1997, k` 18 k` njyc, k` Gch`sl÷m y Gjolkjk k`o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk, y k`o Q`jo K`gr`tc ::<1/19:1, k` 7 k` jecstc, pcr `o qu` s` r`euoj oj gcmklgl÷m k` js`eurjkc y k` a`m`dlgljrlc j `d`gtcs k` oj jslst`mglj sjmltjrlj `m @spjúj, gcm gjrec j dcmkcs pöaolgcs, j trjvìs k`o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk.
G. Gcmt`mlkc y gjrjgt`rîstlgjs Oj tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj gcmt`mkrê `m `o jmv`rsc, jo n`mcs, ocs sleul`mt`s kjtcs6 j) Q÷tuocs k` «Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk k` @spjúj² y «[jrf`tj Wjmltjrlj². a) Lk`mtlkjk lmstltuglcmjo k` oj Gcms`f`rîj gcm gcnp`t`mgljs `m njt`rlj k` sjmlkjk k` oj Gcnumlkjk k` Njkrlk. g) Jp`oolkcs y mcnar` k`o tltuojr k` oj tjrf`tj. k) Mön`rc k`o kcgun`mtc mjglcmjo k` lk`mtlkjk (KML) c mön`rc k` lk`mtlkjk k` `xtrjmf`rc (ML@) qu` gcmstj `m oj [jrf`tj k` Lk`mtlkjk k` @xtrjmf`rc.
719
[`nj 5
`kltcrljo } g`p
`) G÷klec k` lk`mtldlgjgl÷m p`rscmjo ömlgc k`o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk y g÷klec k` lk`mtldlgjgl÷m p`rscmjo (GLY jutcm÷nlgc) jslemjkc pcr oj Gcnumlkjk k` Njkrlk. @o GLY jutcm÷nlgc gcmstltulrê j tckcs ocs `d`gtcs `o g÷klec sjmltjrlc lk`mtldlgjtlvc k` gjkj glukjkjmc, j `d`gtcs k` jslst`mglj sjmltjrlj, `m `stj Gcnumlkjk. d) G÷klec k` lk`mtldlgjgl÷m k` oj Jknlmlstrjgl÷m Jknlmlstrjgl÷m sjmltjrlj k` oj Gcnumlkjk Gcnumlkjk k` Njkrlk, gcnc gcnc `nlscrj k` oj tjrf`tj. Gcmt`mkrê `m `o r`v`rsc ocs sleul`mt`s kjtcs6 j) O`y`mkj qu` lmdcrnj k` su su vjolk`z `m tckc `o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk6 «@stj tjrf`tj o` djgloltj `o jgg`sc j ocs s`rvlglcs k` tckc `o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk². a) Lmgcrpcrjrê tjnalìm jqu`oocs ctrcs kjtcs qu`, `m gjkj ncn`mtc, v`mejm v`mejm `xlelkcs pcr oj mcrnjtlvj `stjtjo c k` oj Pml÷m @urcp`j. Leujon`mt`, s` jm`xjrêm ocs kjtcs r`d`rlkcs jo g`mtrc k` sjouk y jo djguotjtlvc y prcd`slcmjo k` `md`rn`rîj j ocs qu` qu`kj jksgrltc `o tltuojr k` oj tjrf`tj. Oj tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj oo`vjrê lmgcrpcrjkj umj ajmkj njemìtlgj qu` jonjg`mjrê oj lmdcrnjgl÷m m`g`sjrlj pjrj oj o`gturj n`gjmlzjkj k` jqu`oocs kjtcs qu` pu`kjm s`r k` lmt`rìs pjrj oj e`stl÷m jknlmlstrjtlvj y oj n`fcr pr`stjgl÷m k` ocs s`rvlglcs sjmltjrlcs. Jslnlsnc pckrê lmgcrpcrjr um klspcsltlvc qu` p`rnltj `o jonjg`mjnl`mtc, o`gturj y trjtjnl`mtc lmdcrnjtlzjkc k` ocs kjtcs qu` `m su ncn`mtc pu`kj k`t`rnlmjr `o ÷rejmc gcnp`t`mt`. Oj tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj `nltlkj pcr oj Gcms`f`rîj gcm gcnp`t`mgljs `m njt`rlj k` sjmlkjk k` oj Gcnumlkjk k` Njkrlk s` jfustjrê jo nck`oc y gjrjgt`rîstlgjs qu` dleurjm `m `o Jm`xc k` oj gltjkj Crk`m. Ocs kjtcs k` gjrêgt`r gjrêgt`r p`rscmjo gcmslemjkcs gcmslemjkcs `m oj ajmkj njemìtlgj njemìtlgj s`rêm trjtjkcs `m ocs tìrnlmcs `stjao`glkcs `m oj O`y Creêmlgj :0/:<<<, k` :7 k` klgl`nar`, k` Yrct`ggl÷m k` Kjtcs k` Gjrêgt`r Y`rscmjo y `m oj o`elsojgl÷m k` k`sjrrcooc.
K. Kcgun`mtjgl÷m pjrj oj cat`mgl÷m k` oj tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj Yjrj oj cat`mgl÷m k` oj tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj s`rê m`g`sjrlc v`rldlgjr oj lk`mtlkjk k`o scolgltjmt` qu` s`rê jgr`kltjkj, n`kljmt` `o Kcgun`mtc Mjglcmjo k` Lk`mtlkjk (c pjsjpcrt` `m vlecr, `m su k`d`gtc), oj [jrf`tj k` Lk`mtlkjk k` @xtrjmf`rc (`m `o gjsc k` `xtrjmf`rcs mc gcnumltjrlcs) c `o G`rtldlgjkc k` Q`elstrc k` Glukjkjmc k` oj Pml÷m @urcp`j (`m `o gjsc k` `xtrjmf`rcs gcnumltjrlcs) kcmk` gcmst` `o ML@. @m `o supu`stc k` n`mcr`s k` gjtcrg` júcs qu` gjr`zgjm k` kcgun`mtc k` lk`mtlkjk, `stj s` jgr`kltjrê n`kljmt` `o g`rtldlgjkc olt`rjo k` mjglnl`mtc c `o olarc k` djnlolj. Jslnlsnc, pjrj oj `nlsl÷m k` oj tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj s`rê m`g`sjrlc6 j) Jgr`kltjr `o k`r`ghc j oj jslst`mglj sjmltjrlj gcm gjrec j dcmkcs pöaolgcs `m @spjúj gcnc gcnc js`eurjkc, tltuojr c a`m`dlgljrlc, r`gcmcglkc pcr `o Lmstltutc Mjglcmjo k` oj W`eurlkjk Wcgljo. a) Jgr`kltjr oj r`slk`mglj `m um numlglplc k` oj Gcnumlkjk k` Njkrlk. g) Jgr`kltjr gujoqul`r sltujgl÷m qu`, `m su gjsc, pukl`s` s`r `xlelao` `xlelao` k` jgu`rkc j oc `stjao`glkc `m oj mcrnjtlvj vle`mt` `m `stj njt`rlj, y `m pjrtlguojr `m `o jrtîguoc :5 k` oj O`y 7/19:4, k` 11 k` fuolc, k` Yrct`ggl÷m Lmt`erjo L mt`erjo gcmtrj oj OE[Aldcalj y oj Klsgrlnlmjgl÷m pcr rjz÷m k` Crl`mtjgl÷m ` Lk`mtlkjk W`xujo `m oj Gcnumlkjk k` Njkrlk.
@o Psujrlc k`o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk. Oj tjrf`tj lmklvlkujo sjmltjrlj
71:
`kltcrljo } g`p
K` gcmdcrnlkjk gcm oc `stjao`glkc `m `o jrtîguoc 18, jpjrtjkcs : y 1 k` oj o`y 719:0, k` : k` cgtuar`, k`o Yrcg`klnl`mtc Jknlmlstrjtlvc Gcnöm k` ojs Jknlmlstrjglcm`s Yöaolgjs, ocs kcgun`mtcs qu` jgr`klt`m ocs r`qulsltcs `stjao`glkcs `m ocs jpjrtjkcs j), a) y g) pckrêm s`r jpcrtjkcs pcr `o lmt`r`sjkc c s` gcnprcajrêm j trjvìs k` ojs ajs`s k` kjtcs cdlgljo`s pcr `o p`rscmjo k` oj Gcms`f`rîj gcm gcnp`t`mgljs `m njt`rlj k` sjmlkjk r`spcmsjao` k` oj trjnltjgl÷m. J ocs `d`gtcs k` oj gcmsuotj u cat`mgl÷m k` ocs kjtcs s` pr`sunlrê jutcrlzjkj pcr ocs lmt`r`sjkcs sjovc qu` gcmst` `m `o prcg`klnl`mtc su cpcslgl÷m `xpr`sj. @m gjsc k` qu` `o lmt`r`sjkc mc kì `o gcms`mtlnl`mtc j klghj gcmsuotj k`a`rê jpcrtjr tckj oj kcgun`mtjgl÷m qu` fustldlqu` ocs r`qulsltcs jmt`s n`mglcmjkcs, `stc `s, `o Kcgun`mtc Jgr`kltjtlvc k`o K`r`ghc j oj Jslst`mglj Wjmltjrlj `nltlkc pcr `o Lmstltutc Mjglcmjo k` oj W`eurlkjk Wcgljo, y `o G`rtldlgjkc k` `npjkrcmjnl`mtc c fustldlgjmt` k` lmsgrlpgl÷m `m `o pjkr÷m k` hjaltjmt`s k`o numlglplc `m qu` s` r`slkj. W`eöm oc `stjao`glkc `m `o jrtîguoc 18.7 k` oj gltjkj O`y, mc s`rê m`g`sjrlj oj pr`s`mtjgl÷m k` kcgun`mtcs crlelmjo`s, sjovc ojs `xg`pglcm`s pr`vlstjs `m `o jpjrtjkc 0 k`o nlsnc jrtîguoc.
@. Wcolgltuk Oj scolgltuk pjrj oj cat`mgl÷m k` oj tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj s` pr`s`mtjrê, `m `o nck`oc mcrnjolzjkc `stjao`glkc jo `d`gtc pcr `o ÷rejmc gcnp`t`mt` k` oj Gcms`f`rîj gcm gcnp`t`mgljs `m njt`rlj k` Wjmlkjk, pcr `o prcplc lmt`r`sjkc, su r`pr`s`mtjmt` o`ejo u ctrj p`rscmj k`alkjn`mt` jutcrlzjkj. Oj scolgltuk k`a`rê s`r pr`s`mtjkj `m `o g`mtrc k` Jt`mgl÷m Yrlnjrlj gcrr`spcmkl`mt` jo kcnlglolc k` r`slk`mglj k`o lmt`r`sjkc. Leujon`mt` pckrêm s`r pr`s`mtjkjs j trjvìs k` ocs n`klcs `stjao`glkcs `m `o jrtîguoc :4.; k` oj O`y 719:0, k` : k` cgtuar`, k`o Yrcg`klnl`mtc Jknlmlstrjtlvc Gcnöm k` ojs Jknlmlstrjglcm`s Yöaolgjs. Oj [jrf`tj sjmltjrlj pckrê scolgltjrs` tjnalìm pcr vîj t`o`nêtlgj j trjvìs k` oj pêelmj w`a `stjao`glkj pcr oj Gcms`f`rîj k` Wjmlkjk, sl`mkc pjrj `ooc m`g`sjrlc klspcm`r k` um KML `o`gtr÷mlgc c k` um G`rtldlgjkc `o`gtr÷mlgc `xp`klkc pcr pr`stjkcr`s lmgoulkcs `m oj «Olstj k` gcmdljmzj k` pr`stjkcr`s k` s`rvlglcs k` g`rtldlgjgl÷m².
D. @nlsl÷m k` oj tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj Oj Pmlkjk k` Jt`mgl÷m jo Psujrlc k`o g`mtrc k` Jt`mgl÷m Yrlnjrlj s`rê oj `mgjrejkj k` oj r`g`pgl÷m k` ojs scolgltuk`s y v`ojrê pcr oj gcrr`gtj gunpoln`mtjgl÷m k` ojs nlsnjs. Oj r`d`rlkj Pmlkjk k` Jt`mgl÷m jo Psujrlc v`rldlgjrê oj `xlst`mglj pr`vlj k`o r`gcmcglnl`mtc k`o k`r`ghc j oj jslst`mglj sjmltjrlj pcr `o crejmlsnc gcnp`t`mt` y, umj v`z gcnprcajkc `o gunpolnl`mtc k` ocs r`qulsltcs `xlelkcs `m `o jrtîguoc j rtîguoc 0 k` oj pr`s`mt` Crk`m, lmgcrpcrjrê `stcs kjtcs j oj ajs` k` kjtcs k` e`stl÷m k` tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj y trjnltjrê oj scolgltuk k` tjrf`tj. @o ÷rejmc qu` t`mej jtrlaulkjs ojs gcnp`t`mgljs k`mtrc k` oj Gcms`f`rîj gcnp`t`mt` `m njt`rlj k` Wjmlkjk, umj v`z `d`gtujkcs ocs gcmtrco`s k` gjolkjk qu` `stln` m`g`sjrlcs, `nltlrê oj tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj, c prcg`k`rê j k`m`ejr oj p`tlgl÷m k` oj nlsnj, n`kljmt` oj gcrr`spcmkl`mt` Q`scougl÷m k`alkjn`mt` nctlvjkj. Hjstj oj r`g`pgl÷m k` oj tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj pcr `o lmt`r`sjkc c, `m su gjsc, k` oj gcrr`spcmkl`mt` r`scougl÷m k`m`ejtcrlj, t`mkrê vjolk`z, j `d`gtcs k`o jgg`sc j oj jslst`mglj sjmltjrlj, `o fustldlgjmt` k` oj scolgltuk pjrj oj cat`mgl÷m k` oj gltjkj tjrf`tj.
711
[`nj 5
`kltcrljo } g`p
Ocs kjtcs k` gjrêgt`r p`rscmjo gcmslemjkcs `m ojs scolgltuk`s s` lmgcrpcrjrêm j oj ajs` k` kjtcs pcaojglcmjo k`o Wlst`nj Wjmltjrlc k` oj Gcnumlkjk k` Njkrlk y s`rêm trjtjkcs `m ocs tìrnlmcs `stjao`glkcs `m oj O`y Creêmlgj :0/:<<<, k` :7 k` klgl`nar`, k` Yrct`ggl÷m k` Kjtcs k` Gjrêgt`r Y`rscmjo, y `m oj o`elsojgl÷m k` k`sjrrcooc.
E. Tle`mglj y r`mcvjgl÷m k` oj tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj Gcm gjrêgt`r e`m`rjo oj vle`mglj k` oj tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj s`rê lmk`dlmlkj. Oj vjolk`z k` oj nlsnj `stjrê vlmguojkj jo njmt`mlnl`mtc k` oj gcmklgl÷m k` js`eurjkc c a`m`dlgljrlc k` jgu`rkc j oj mcrnjtlvj vle`mt` k` jpolgjgl÷m. Gujmkc sus tltuojr`s s`jm glukjkjmcs `xtrjmf`rcs, oj vle`mglj k` oj tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj s` jk`gujrê j oj vle`mglj qu` dleur` `m oj [jrf`tj k` Lk`mtlkjk k` @xtrjmf`rc, pjrj `o gjsc k` `xtrjmf`rcs mc gcnumltjrlcs, c j oj qu` gcmst` `m `o G`rtldlgjkc k` Q`elstrc k` Glukjkjmcs k` oj Pml÷m @urcp`j, pjrj `o gjsc k` `xtrjmf`rcs gcnumltjrlcs. Wl `stj du`rj lmk`dlmlkj, s`rê k` jpolgjgl÷m oc `stjao`glkc `m `o pumtc jmt`rlcr. [rjsgurrlkc `o p`rîckc k` vle`mglj k` oj tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj, `o lmt`r`sjkc k`a`rê scolgltjr su r`mcvjgl÷m, jpcrtjmkc pjrj `ooc oj kcgun`mtjgl÷m m`g`sjrlj, qu` k`a`rê `stjr jgtujolzjkj `m `o ncn`mtc `m qu` s` scolgltj oj r`mcvjgl÷m. J `stcs `d`gtcs s` o` gcmg`k`rê umj pr÷rrcej k` tr`s n`s`s, gjusjmkc ajfj jutcnêtlgj klghj tjrf`tj sl trjsgurrlkc `s` pojzc mc s` hj scolgltjkc oj nlsnj c mc hual`rj slkc jutcrlzjkj pcr glrgumstjmgljs c gjusjs lnputjao`s jo lmt`r`sjkc. Oj sustltugl÷m k` oj tjrf`tj tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj `m ocs supu`stcs k` k`t`rlcrc, k`t`rlcrc, `xtrjvîc c sustrjggl÷m t`mkrê oj gcmslk`rjgl÷m k` r`mcvjgl÷m k` oj nlsnj.
H. Jgtlvlkjk jknlmlstrjtlvj y `strugturj dumglcmjo @o ÷rejmc gcnp`t`mt` `m `stj njt`rlj k`mtrc k` oj Gcms`f`rîj gcm gcnp`t`mgljs `m sjmlkjk k`sjrrcoojrê ojs dumglcm`s k` pojmldlgjgl÷m, hcnce`m`lzjgl÷m, gccrklmjgl÷m y gcmtrco k` ojs jgtujglcm`s t`mk`mt`s j oj e`stl÷m, `nlsl÷m y klstrlaugl÷m k` oj tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj. Ojs Pmlkjk`s Jknlmlstrjtlvjs k` ocs g`mtrcs k` Jt`mgl÷m Yrlnjrlj, k`p`mkl`mt`s k`o W`rvlglc Njkrlo`úc k` Wjouk, s`rêm ojs r`spcmsjao`s, `m ocs nlsncs, k` oj e`stl÷m k`o prcg`klnl`mtc jknlmlstrjtlvc pjrj oj `nlsl÷m k` oj tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj gcmdcrn` j oc qu` s` k`t`rnlmj `m oj pr`s`mt` Crk`m. J tjo`s `d`gtcs, s`rêm ojs `mgjrejkjs k` jrghlvjr oj kcgun`mtjgl÷m, k` lmgcrpcrjr y njmt`m`r jgtujolzjkcs ocs kjtcs gcrr`spcmkl`mt`s j ocs glukjkjmcs k` su r`sp`gtlvcs g`mtrcs k` Jt`mgl÷m Yrlnjrlj `m oj ajs` k` kjtcs pcr oj qu` s` e`stlcmj oj tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj `m oj Gcnumlkjk k` Njkrlk, y k` gujmtjs ctrjs jgtujglcm`s `m oj njt`rlj o`s s`jm r`qu`rlkjs pcr `o ÷rejmc gcnp`t`mt` gcm r`sp`gtc j oj tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj. @o ÷rejmc gcnp`t`mt` k`o W`rvlglc Njkrlo`úc k` Wjouk s`rê `o r`spcmsjao` k` oj jslemjgl÷m lmklvlkujolzjkj k` ocs prcd`slcmjo`s sjmltjrlcs j ocs glukjkjmcs gcm k`r`ghc j oj jslst`mglj sjmltjrlj qu` dleur`m lmgoulkcs `m `o Wlst`nj k` Lmdcrnjgl÷m Ycaojglcmjo.
@o Psujrlc k`o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk. Oj tjrf`tj lmklvlkujo sjmltjrlj
717
`kltcrljo } g`p
7. OCW K@Q@GHC W K@ LMDCQN LMDCQNJGL×M JGL×M WJML[JQL WJML[JQLJ J \ J OJ LM[LNLKJK @M OJ O@\ ;:/1991, K@ :; K@ MCTL@NAQ@, AÊWLGJ Q@EPOJKCQJ K@ OJ JP[CMCNÎJ K@O YJGL@M[@ \ K@Q@GHCW \ CAOLEJGLCM@W @M NJ[@QLJ K@ LMDCQNJGL×M \ KCGPN@M[JGL×M GOÎMLGJ 7.: Oj O`y ;:/1991, k` :; k` mcvl`nar`, aêslgj r`euojkcrj k` oj jutcmcnîj k`o pjgl`mt` y k` k`r`ghcs y caolejglcm`s `m njt`rlj k` lmdcrnjgl÷m y kcgun`mtjgl÷m goîmlgj Oj lnpcrtjmglj qu` tl`m`m ocs k`r`ghcs k` ocs pjgl`mt`s gcnc `f` aêslgc k` ojs r`ojglcm`s goîmlgc-jslst`mgljo`s s` pcm` k` njmldl`stc jo gcmstjtjr `o lmt`rìs qu` hjm k`ncstrjkc pcr ocs nlsncs gjsl tckjs ojs crejmlzjglcm`s lmt`rmjglcmjo`s gcm gcnp`t`mglj `m oj njt`rlj. \j k`sk` `o dlm k` oj W`eumkj Eu`rrj Numkljo, crejmlzjglcm`s gcnc Mjglcm`s Pmlkjs, PM@WGC c oj Crejmlzjgl÷m Numkljo k` oj Wjouk, c, nês r`gl`mt`n`mt`, oj Pml÷m @urcp`j c `o Gcms`fc k` @urcpj, `mtr` nughjs ctrjs, hjm lnpuosjkc k`gojrjglcm`s c, `m joeöm gjsc, hjm prcnuoejkc mcrnjs furîklgjs scar` jsp`gtcs e`mìrlgcs c `sp`gîdlgcs r`ojglcmjkcs gcm `stj gu`stl÷m. @m `st` s`mtlkc, `s m`g`sjrlc n`mglcmjr oj trjsg`mk`mglj k` oj K`gojrjgl÷m umlv`rsjo k` k`r`ghcs hunjmcs, k`o júc :<;8, qu` hj slkc `o pumtc k` r`d`r`mglj caolejkc pjrj tckcs ocs t`xtcs gcmstltuglcmjo`s prcnuoejkcs pcst`rlcrn`mt` c, `m `o ênaltc nês `strlgtjn`mt` sjmltjrlc, oj K`gojrjgl÷m scar` oj prcncgl÷m k` ocs k`r`ghcs k` ocs pjgl`mt`s `m @urcpj, prcncvlkj `o júc :<<; pcr oj Cdlglmj Q`elcmjo pjrj @urcpj k` oj Crejmlzjgl÷m Numkljo k` oj Wjouk, jpjrt` k` nöotlpo`s k`gojrjglcm`s lmt`rmjglcmjo`s k` njycr c n`mcr jogjmg` ` lmdou`mglj qu` s` hjm r`d`rlkc j klghjs gu`stlcm`s. Öotlnjn`mt`, gja` suarjyjr oj r`o`vjmglj `sp`gljo k`o Gcmv`mlc k`o Gcms`fc k` @urcpj pjrj oj prct`ggl÷m k` ocs k`r`ghcs hunjmcs y oj klemlkjk k`o s`r hunjmc r`sp`gtc k` ojs jpolgjglcm`s k` oj alcoceîj y oj n`klglmj (Gcmv`mlc scar` ocs k`r`ghcs k`o hcnar` y oj alcn`klglmj), susgrltc `o kîj ; k` jarlo k` :<<5. Klghc Gcmv`mlc `s umj lmlgljtlvj gjpltjo6 `m `d`gtc, j kld`r`mglj k` ojs klstlmtjs k`gojrjglcm`s lmt`rmjglcmjo`s qu` oc hjm pr`g`klkc, `s `o prln`r lmstrun`mtc lmt`rmjglcmjo gcm gjrêgt`r furîklgc vlmguojmt` pjrj ocs pjîs`s qu` oc susgrla`m. Wu `sp`gljo vjoîj r`slk` `m `o h`ghc k` qu` `stjao`g` um njrgc gcnöm pjrj oj prct`ggl÷m k` ocs k`r`ghcs hunjmcs y oj klemlkjk hunjmj `m oj jpolgjgl÷m k` oj alcoceîj y oj n`klglmj. @o Gcmv`mlc trjtj `xpoîgltjn`mt`, gcm k`t`mlnl`mtc y `xt`msl÷m, scar` oj m`g`slkjk k` r`gcmcg`r ocs k`r`ghcs k` ocs pjgl`mt`s, `mtr` ocs gujo`s r`sjotjm `o k`r`ghc j oj lmdcrnjgl÷m, `o gcms`mtlnl`mtc lmdcrnjkc y oj lmtlnlkjk k` oj lmdcrnjgl÷m r`ojtlvj j oj sjouk k` ojs p`rscmjs, p`rsleul`mkc `o jogjmg` k` umj jrncmlzjgl÷m k` ojs o`elsojglcm`s k` ocs klv`rscs pjîs`s `m `stjs njt`rljs2 `m `st` s`mtlkc, `s jascoutjn`mt` gcmv`ml`mt` t`m`r `m gu`mtj `o Gcmv`mlc `m `o ncn`mtc k` jacrkjr `o r`tc k` r`euojr gu`stlcm`s tjm lnpcrtjmt`s. Oj r`euojgl÷m k`o k`r`ghc k`r`ghc j oj prct`ggl÷m k` oj sjouk, r`gcelkc pcr `o jrtîguoc ;7 k` oj Gcmstltugl÷m k` :<58, k`sk` `o pumtc k` vlstj k` ojs gu`stlcm`s nês `str`ghjn`mt` vlmguojkjs j oj gcmklgl÷m k` suf`tcs k` k`r`ghcs k` ojs p`rscmjs usujrljs k` ocs s`rvlglcs sjmltjrlcs, `s k`glr, oj pojsnjgl÷m k` ocs k`r`ghcs r`ojtlvcs j oj lmdcrnjgl÷m goîmlgj y oj jutcmcnîj lmklvlkujo k` ocs pjgl`mt`s `m oc r`ojtlvc j su sjouk, hj slkc caf`tc k` umj r`euojgl÷m aêslgj `m `o ênaltc k`o @stjkc, j trjvìs k` oj O`y :;/:<84, k` 10 k` jarlo, E`m`rjo k` Wjmlkjk.
71;
[`nj 5
`kltcrljo } g`p
K` ctrj pjrt`, `stj O`y, j p`sjr k` qu` dlfj aêslgjn`mt` su jt`mgl÷m `m `o `stjao`glnl`mtc y crk`mjgl÷m k`o slst`nj sjmltjrlc k`sk` um pumtc k` vlstj crejmlzjtlvc, k`klgj j `stj gu`stl÷m klv`rsjs pr`vlslcm`s, `mtr` ojs qu` k`stjgj oj vcoumtjk k` hunjmlzjgl÷m k` ocs s`rvlglcs sjmltjrlcs. Jsî njmtl`m` `o nêxlnc r`sp`tc j oj klemlkjk k` oj p`rscmj y j oj ola`rtjk lmklvlkujo, k` um ojkc, y, k`o ctrc, k`gojrj qu` oj crejmlzjgl÷m sjmltjrlj k`a` p`rnltlr ejrjmtlzjr oj sjouk gcnc k`r`ghc lmjol`mjao` k` oj pcaojgl÷m n`kljmt` oj `strugturj k`o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk, qu` k`a` js`eurjrs` `m gcmklglcm`s k` `sgrupuocsc r`sp`tc j oj lmtlnlkjk p`rscmjo y j oj ola`rtjk lmklvlkujo k`o usujrlc, ejrjmtlzjmkc oj gcmdlk`mgljolkjk k` oj lmdcrnjgl÷m r`ojglcmjkj gcm ocs s`rvlglcs sjmltjrlcs qu` s` pr`stjm y slm mlmeöm tlpc k` klsgrlnlmjgl÷m. J pjrtlr k` klghjs pr`nlsjs, oj O`y ;:/1991 gcnpo`tj ojs pr`vlslcm`s qu` oj O`y E`m`rjo k` Wjmlkjk `mumgl÷ gcnc prlmglplcs e`m`rjo`s. @m `st` s`mtlkc, r`du`rzj y kj um trjtc `sp`gljo jo k`r`ghc j oj jutcmcnîj k`o pjgl`mt`. @m pjrtlguojr, n`r`g` n`mgl÷m `sp`gljo oj r`euojgl÷m scar` lmstrugglcm`s pr`vljs qu` gcmt`npoj, k` jgu`rkc gcm `o grlt`rlc `stjao`glkc `m `o Gcmv`mlc k` Cvl`kc, ocs k`s`cs k`o pjgl`mt` `xpr`sjkcs gcm jmt`rlcrlkjk k`mtrc k`o ênaltc k`o gcms`mtlnl`mtc lmdcrnjkc. Jslnlsnc, oj O`y trjtj gcm prcdumklkjk tckc oc r`d`r`mt` j oj kcgun`mtjgl÷m goîmlgj e`m`rjkj `m ocs g`mtrcs jslst`mgljo`s, suarjyjmkc `sp`gljon`mt` oj gcmslk`rjgl÷m y oj gcmgr`gl÷m k` ocs k`r`ghcs k` ocs usujrlcs `m `st` jsp`gtc. @m s`ptl`nar` k` :<<5, `m k`sjrrcooc k` um gcmv`mlc k` gcojacrjgl÷m `mtr` `o Gcms`fc E`m`rjo k`o Yck`r Fuklgljo y `o Nlmlst`rlc k` Wjmlkjk y Gcmsunc, tuvc ouejr um s`nlmjrlc gcmfumtc scar` lmdcrnjgl÷m y kcgun`mtjgl÷m goîmlgj, `m `o qu` s` k`ajtl`rcm ocs prlmglpjo`s jsp`gtcs mcrnjtlvcs y fuklgljo`s `m oj njt`rlj. Jo nlsnc tl`npc, s` gcmstltuy÷ um erupc k` `xp`rtcs j qul`m`s s` `mgjre÷ oj `ojacrjgl÷m k` umjs klr`gtrlg`s pjrj `o k`sjrrcooc duturc k` `st` t`nj. @st` erupc susgrlal÷ um klgtjn`m `o 14 k` mcvl`nar` k` :<<5, qu` hj slkc t`mlkc `m gu`mtj `m oj `ojacrjgl÷m k` ocs prlmglplcs dumkjn`mtjo`s k` `stj O`y. Oj jt`mgl÷m qu` j `stjs njt`rljs ctcre÷ `m su kîj oj O`y E`m`rjo k` Wjmlkjk supusc um mctjao` jvjmg` gcnc r`do`fjm, `mtr` ctrcs, sus jrtîguocs <, :9 y 4:. Wlm `najrec, `o k`r`ghc j oj lmdcrnjgl÷m, gcnc k`r`ghc k`o glukjkjmc gujmkc k`njmkj oj jt`mgl÷m sjmltjrlj, hj slkc caf`tc `m ocs öotlncs júcs k` klv`rsjs njtlzjglcm`s y jnpoljglcm`s pcr O`y`s y klspcslglcm`s k` klstlmtc tlpc y rjmec, qu` pcm`m k` njmldl`stc oj m`g`slkjk k` umj r`dcrnj y jgtujolzjgl÷m k` oj mcrnjtlvj gcmt`mlkj `m oj O`y E`m`rjo k` Wjmlkjk. Jsî, oj O`y Creêmlgj :0/:<<<, k` :7 k` klgl`nar`, k` Yrct`ggl÷m k` Kjtcs k` Gjrêgt`r Y`rscmjo, gjoldlgj j ocs kjtcs r`ojtlvcs j oj sjouk k` ocs glukjkjmcs gcnc kjtcs `sp`gljon`mt` prct`elkcs, `stjao`gl`mkc um rìeln`m slmeuojrn`mt` rleurcsc pjrj su cat`mgl÷m, gustcklj y `v`mtujo g`sl÷m. @stj k`d`msj k` oj gcmdlk`mgljolkjk hjaîj slkc yj k`d`mklkj pcr oj Klr`gtlvj gcnumltjrlj <0/;4, k` 1; k` cgtuar`, `m oj qu`, jk`nês k` r`jdlrnjrs` oj k`d`msj k` ocs k`r`ghcs y ola`rtjk`s k` ocs glukjkjmcs `urcp`cs, `m `sp`gljo k` su lmtlnlkjk r`ojtlvj j oj lmdcrnjgl÷m r`ojglcmjkj gcm su sjouk, s` jpumtj oj pr`s`mglj k` ctrcs lmt`r`s`s e`m`rjo`s gcnc ocs `stuklcs `plk`nlco÷elgcs, ojs sltujglcm`s k` rl`sec erjv` pjrj oj sjouk k` oj gco`gtlvlkjk, oj lmv`stlejgl÷m y ocs `msjycs goîmlgcs qu`, gujmkc `stìm lmgoulkcs `m mcrnjs k` rjmec k` O`y, pu`k`m fustldlgjr umj `xg`pgl÷m nctlvjkj j ocs k`r`ghcs k`o pjgl`mt`. W` njmldl`stj jsî umj gcmg`pgl÷m gcnumltjrlj k`o k`r`ghc j oj sjouk, `m oj qu`, fumtc jo lmt`rìs slmeuojr k` gjkj lmklvlkuc, gcnc k`stlmjtjrlc pcr `xg`o`mglj k` oj lmdcrnjgl÷m r`ojtlvj j oj sjouk, jpjr`g`m tjnalìm ctrcs je`mt`s y al`m`s furîklgcs r`d`rlkcs j oj sjouk pöaolgj, qu` k`a`m s`r gcmslk`rjkcs, gcm oj r`o`vjmglj m`g`sjrlj, `m umj scgl`kjk k`ncgrêtlgj jvjmzjkj. @m `stj oîm`j, `o Gcms`fc k` @urcpj, `m su Q`gcn`mkjgl÷m k` :7 k` d`ar`rc k` :<<5, r`ojtlvj j oj prct`ggl÷m k` ocs kjtcs nìklgcs, k`spuìs k` jdlrnjr qu` k`a`m r`gce`rs` y prcg`sjrs` gcm `o gcms`mtlnl`mtc k`o jd`gtjkc, lmklgj qu` oj lmdcrnjgl÷m pu`k` r`strlmelrs` sl jsî oc klspcm` umj O`y y gcmstltuy` umj n`klkj m`g`sjrlj pcr rjzcm`s k` lmt`rìs e`m`rjo. [ckjs `stjs glrgumstjmgljs jgcms`fjrcm umj jkjptjgl÷m k` oj O`y E`m`rjo k` Wjmlkjk gcm `o caf`tlvc k` jgojrjr oj sltujgl÷m furîklgj y ocs k`r`ghcs y caolejglcm`s k` ocs prcd`slcmjo`s sjmltjrlcs, k` ocs @o Psujrlc k`o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk. Oj tjrf`tj lmklvlkujo sjmltjrlj
710
`kltcrljo } g`p
glukjkjmcs y k` ojs lmstltuglcm`s sjmltjrljs. W` trjtj k` cdr`g`r `m `o t`rr`mc k` oj lmdcrnjgl÷m y oj kcgun`mtjgl÷m goîmlgjs ojs nlsnjs ejrjmtîjs j tckcs ocs glukjkjmcs k`o @stjkc, dcrtjo`gl`mkc gcm `ooc `o k`r`ghc j oj prct`ggl÷m k` oj sjouk qu` r`gcmcg` oj Gcmstltugl÷m.
7.1 @strugturj Oj O`y ;:/1991, k` :; k` mcvl`nar`, aêslgj r`euojkcrj k` oj jutcmcnîj k`o pjgl`mt` y k` k`r`ghcs y caolejglcm`s `m njt`rlj k` lmdcrnjgl÷m y kcgun`mtjgl÷m goîmlgj, gcmtl`m` umj @xpcslgl÷m k` Nctlvcs y v`lmtltrìs jrtîguocs klstrlaulkcs `m s`ls gjpîtuocs. W` gcnpo`tj gcm s`ls Klspcslglcm`s Jklglcmjo`s, umj Klspcslgl÷m [rjmsltcrlj, umj Klspcslgl÷m K`rcejtcrlj y umj Klspcslgl÷m Dlmjo. Wu `strugturj `s oj sleul`mt`6
O@\ ;:/1991, K@ :; K@ MCTL@NAQ@, AÊWLGJ Q@EPOJKCQJ K@ OJ JP[CMCNÎJ K@O YJGL@M[@ \ K@ K@Q@GHCW \ CAOLEJGLCM@W @M NJ[@QLJ K@ LMDCQNJGL×M \ KCGPN@M[JGL×M GOÎMLGJ - GJYÎ[POC L. Yrlmglplcs e`m`rjo`s - GJYÎ[POC LL. @o k`r`ghc k` lmdcrnjgl÷m sjmltjrlj - GJYÎ[POC LLL. K`r`ghc j oj lmtlnlkjk - GJYÎ[POC LT. @o r`sp`tc k` oj jutcmcnîj k`o pjgl`mt` - GJYÎ[POC T. Oj hlstcrlj goîmlgj - GJYÎ[POC TL. Lmdcrn` k` jotj y ctrj kcgun`mtjgl÷m goîmlgj - KLWYCWLGLCM@W JKLGLCMJO@W (4) - KLWYCWLGL×M [QJMWL[CQLJ - KLWYCWLGL×M K@QCEJ[CQLJ - KLWYCWLGL×M DLMJO
7.7 Yrlmglplcs e`m`rjo`s J. Ênaltc k` jpolgjgl÷m Oj O`y ;:/1991 tl`m` pcr caf`tc oj r`euojgl÷m k` ocs k`r`ghcs y caolejglcm`s k` ocs pjgl`mt`s, usujrlcs y prcd`slcmjo`s, jsî gcnc k` ocs g`mtrcs y s`rvlglcs sjmltjrlcs, pöaolgcs y prlvjkcs, `m njt`rlj k` jutcmcnîj k`o pjgl`mt` y k` lmdcrnjgl÷m y kcgun`mtjgl÷m goîmlgj.
A. Yrlmglplcs aêslgcs Wcm prlmglplcs aêslgcs k` oj O`y ocs sleul`mt`s6
714
[`nj 5
`kltcrljo } g`p
:. Oj klemlkjk k` oj p`rscmj hunjmj, `o r`sp`tc j oj jutcmcnîj k` su vcoumtjk y j su lmtlnlkjk crl`mtjrêm tckj oj jgtlvlkjk `mgjnlmjkj j cat`m`r, utlolzjr, jrghlvjr, gustckljr y trjmsnltlr oj lmdcrnjgl÷m y oj kcgun`mtjgl÷m goîmlgj. 1. [ckj jgtujgl÷m `m `o ênaltc k` oj sjmlkjk r`qul`r`, gcm gcm gjrêgt`r e`m`rjo, `o pr`vlc gcms`mtlnl`mtc gcms`mtlnl`mtc k` ocs pjgl`mt`s c usujrlcs. @o gcms`mtlnl`mtc, qu` k`a` cat`m`rs` k`spuìs k` qu` `o pjgl`mt` r`glaj umj lmdcrnjgl÷m jk`gujkj, s` hjrê pcr `sgrltc `m ocs supu`stcs pr`vlstcs `m oj O`y. 7. @o pjgl`mt` c usujrlc tl`m` k`r`ghc j k`glklr olar`n`mt`, k`spuìs k` r`glalr oj lmdcrnjgl÷m jk`gujkj, `mtr` ojs cpglcm`s goîmlgjs klspcmlao`s. ;. [ckc pjgl`mt` c usujrlc tl`m` k`r`ghc k`r`ghc j m`ejrs` jo trjtjnl`mtc, `xg`ptc `m `m ocs gjscs k`t`rnlmjkcs `m oj O`y. Wu m`ejtlvj jo trjtjnl`mtc gcmstjrê pcr `sgrltc. 0. Ocs pjgl`mt`s c usujrlcs tl`m`m `o k`a`r k` djgloltjr djgloltjr ocs kjtcs scar` su `stjkc dîslgc c scar` su sjouk k` njm`rj o`jo y v`rkjk`rj, jsî gcnc `o k` gcojacrjr `m su cat`mgl÷m, `sp`gljon`mt` gujmkc s`jm m`g`sjrlcs pcr rjzcm`s k` lmt`rìs pöaolgc c gcm nctlvc k` oj jslst`mglj sjmltjrlj. 4. [ckc prcd`slcmjo qu` lmt`rvl`m` `m oj jgtlvlkjk jslst`mgljo `stê caolejkc mc s÷oc j oj gcrr`gtj gcrr`gtj pr`stjgl÷m k` sus tìgmlgjs, slmc jo gunpolnl`mtc k` ocs k`a`r`s k` lmdcrnjgl÷m y k` kcgun`mtjgl÷m goîmlgj, y jo r`sp`tc k` ojs k`glslcm`s jkcptjkjs olar` y vcoumtjrljn`mt` pcr `o pjgl`mt`. 5. Oj p`rscmj qu` `ojacr` c t`mej jgg`sc j oj lmdcrnjgl÷m y oj kcgun`mtjgl÷m goîmlgj `stê caolejkj caolejkj j eujrkjr oj r`s`rvj k`alkj.
G. K`dlmlglcm`s o`ejo`s J ocs `d`gtcs k` `stj O`y, s` `mtl`mk` pcr6 - G`mtrc sjmltjrlc6 `o gcmfumtc crejmlzjkc k` prcd`slcmjo`s, lmstjojglcm`s y n`klcs tìgmlgcs qu` r`jolzj jgtlvlkjk`s y pr`stj s`rvlglcs pjrj gulkjr oj sjouk k` ocs pjgl`mt`s y usujrlcs. - G`rtldlgjkc nìklgc6 oj k`gojrjgl÷m `sgrltj k` um nìklgc qu` kj d` k`o `stjkc k` sjouk k` umj p`rscmj `m um k`t`rnlmjkc ncn`mtc. - Gcms`mtlnl`mtc lmdcrnjkc6 oj gcmdcrnlkjk olar`, vcoumtjrlj y gcmsgl`mt` gcmsgl`mt` k` um pjgl`mt`, njmld`stjkj `m `o po`mc usc k` sus djguotjk`s k`spuìs k` r`glalr oj lmdcrnjgl÷m jk`gujkj, pjrj qu` t`mej ouejr umj jgtujgl÷m qu` jd`gtj j su sjouk. - Kcgun`mtjgl÷m goîmlgj6 `o scpcrt` k` gujoqul`r tlpc c gojs` qu` gcmtl`m` um gcmfumtc k` kjtcs ` lmdcrnjglcm`s k` gjrêgt`r jslst`mgljo. - Hlstcrlj goîmlgj6 `o gcmfumtc k` kcgun`mtcs kcgun`mtcs qu` gcmtl`m`m ocs kjtcs, vjocrjglcm`s vjocrjglcm`s ` lmdcrnjglcm`s k` gujoqul`r îmkco` scar` oj sltujgl÷m y oj `vcougl÷m goîmlgj k` um pjgl`mt` j oc ojrec k`o prcg`sc jslst`mgljo. - Lmdcrnjgl÷m goîmlgj6 tckc kjtc, gujoqul`rj qu` s`j su dcrnj, gojs` c tlpc, qu` p`rnlt` jkqulrlr c jnpoljr gcmcglnl`mtcs scar` `o `stjkc dîslgc y oj sjouk k` umj p`rscmj, c oj dcrnj k` pr`s`rvjroj, gulkjroj, n`fcrjroj c r`gup`rjroj. - Lmdcrn` k` jotj nìklgj6 `o kcgun`mtc `nltlkc `nltlkc pcr `o `o nìklgc r`spcmsjao` `m um g`mtrc sjmltjrlc jo dlmjolzjr gjkj prcg`sc jslst`mgljo k` um pjgl`mt`, qu` `sp`gldlgj ocs kjtcs k` ìst`, um r`sun`m k` su hlstcrljo goîmlgc, oj jgtlvlkjk jslst`mgljo pr`stjkj, `o kljem÷stlgc y ojs r`gcn`mkjglcm`s t`rjpìutlgjs.
@o Psujrlc k`o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk. Oj tjrf`tj lmklvlkujo sjmltjrlj
715
`kltcrljo } g`p
- Lmt`rv`mgl÷m `m `o ênaltc k` oj sjmlkjk6 tckj jgtujgl÷m r`jolzjkj gcm dlm`s pr`v`mtlvcs, kljem÷stlgcs, t`rjpìutlgcs, r`hjaloltjkcr`s c k` lmv`stlejgl÷m. - Olar` `o`ggl÷m6 oj djguotjk k`o pjgl`mt` c usujrlc k` cptjr, olar` y vcoumtjrljn`mt`, `mtr` kcs c nês jot`rmjtlvjs jslst`mgljo`s, `mtr` vjrlcs djguotjtlvcs c `mtr` g`mtrcs jslst`mgljo`s, `m ocs tìrnlmcs y gcmklglcm`s qu` `stjao`zgjm ocs s`rvlglcs k` sjouk gcnp`t`mt`s, `m gjkj gjsc. - Nìklgc r`spcmsjao`6 r`spcmsjao`6 `o prcd`slcmjo qu` tl`m` j su gjrec gccrklmjr oj lmdcrnjgl÷m y oj jslst`mglj sjmltjrlj k`o pjgl`mt` c k`o usujrlc, gcm `o gjrêgt`r k` lmt`rocgutcr prlmglpjo k`o nlsnc `m tckc oc r`d`r`mt` j su jt`mgl÷m ` lmdcrnjgl÷m kurjmt` `o prcg`sc jslst`mgljo, slm p`rfulglc k` ojs caolejglcm`s k` ctrcs prcd`slcmjo`s qu` pjrtlglpjm `m ojs jgtujglcm`s jslst`mgljo`s. - Yjgl`mt`6 oj p`rscmj qu` r`qul`r` jslst`mglj sjmltjrlj y `stê scn`tlkj scn`tlkj j gulkjkcs prcd`slcmjo`s pjrj `o njmt`mlnl`mtc c r`gup`rjgl÷m k` su sjouk. - W`rvlglc sjmltjrlc6 oj umlkjk jslst`mgljo gcm crejmlzjgl÷m crejmlzjgl÷m prcplj, kctjkj k` ocs r`gurscs r`gurscs tìgmltìgmlgcs y k`o p`rscmjo gujoldlgjkc pjrj oo`vjr j gjac jgtlvlkjk`s sjmltjrljs. - Psujrlc6 oj p`rscmj qu` utlolzj ocs s`rvlglcs sjmltjrlcs k` `kugjgl÷m y prcncgl÷m k` oj sjouk, k` pr`v`mgl÷m k` `md`rn`kjk`s y k` lmdcrnjgl÷m sjmltjrlj.
7.; @o k`r`ghc k` lmdcrnjgl÷m sjmltjrlj J. Gcmt`mlkc k`o k`r`ghc j oj lmdcrnjgl÷m jslst`mgljo Ocs pjgl`mt`s tl`m`m k`r`ghc j gcmcg`r, gcm nctlvc k` gujoqul`r jgtujgl÷m `m `o ênaltc k` su sjouk, tckj oj lmdcrnjgl÷m klspcmlao` scar` oj nlsnj, sjovjmkc ocs supu`stcs `xg`ptujkcs pcr oj O`y. Jk`nês, tckj p`rscmj tl`m` k`r`ghc j qu` s` r`sp`t` su vcoumtjk k` mc s`r lmdcrnjkj. Oj lmdcrnjgl÷m, qu` gcnc r`eoj e`m`rjo s` prcpcrglcmjrê v`rajon`mt` k`fjmkc gcmstjmglj `m oj hlstcrlj goîmlgj, gcnpr`mk`, gcnc nîmlnc, oj dlmjolkjk y oj mjturjo`zj k` gjkj lmt`rv`mgl÷m, sus rl`secs y sus gcms`gu`mgljs. Oj lmdcrnjgl÷m goîmlgj dcrnj pjrt` k` tckjs tckjs ojs jgtujglcm`s jslst`mgljo`s, s`rê v`rkjk`rj, s` gcnumlgjrê jo pjgl`mt` k` dcrnj gcnpr`mslao` y jk`gujkj j sus m`g`slkjk`s y o` jyukjrê j tcnjr k`glslcm`s k` jgu`rkc gcm su prcplj y olar` vcoumtjk.
@o nìklgc r`spcmsjao` k`o pjgl`mt` o` ejrjmtlzj `o gunpolnl`mtc k` su k`r`ghc j oj lmdcrnjgl÷m. Ocs prcd`slcmjo`s qu` o` jtl`mkjm kurjmt` `o prcg`sc jslst`mgljo c o` jpolqu`m umj tìgmlgj c um prcg`klnl`mtc gcmgr`tc tjnalìm s`rêm r`spcmsjao`s k` lmdcrnjro`.
A. [ltuojr k`o k`r`ghc j oj lmdcrnjgl÷m jslst`mgljo @o tltuojr k`o k`r`ghc j oj lmdcrnjgl÷m `s `o pjgl`mt`. [jnalìm s`rêm lmdcrnjkjs ojs p`rscmjs vlmguojkjs j ìo, pcr rjzcm`s djnloljr`s c k` h`ghc, `m oj n`klkj qu` `o pjgl`mt` oc p`rnltj k` njm`rj `xpr`sj c têgltj. @o pjgl`mt` s`rê lmdcrnjkc, lmgousc `m gjsc k` lmgjpjglkjk, k` nckc jk`gujkc j sus pcslalolkjk`s k` gcnpr`msl÷m, gunpol`mkc gcm `o k`a`r k` lmdcrnjr tjnalìm j su r`pr`s`mtjmt` o`ejo.
718
[`nj 5
`kltcrljo } g`p
Gujmkc `o pjgl`mt`, s`eöm `o grlt`rlc k`o nìklgc qu` o` jslst`, gjr`zgj k` gjpjglkjk pjrj `mt`mk`r oj lmdcrnjgl÷m j gjusj k` su `stjkc dîslgc c psîqulgc, oj lmdcrnjgl÷m s` pcmkrê `m gcmcglnl`mtc k` ojs p`rscmjs vlmguojkjs j ìo pcr rjzcm`s djnloljr`s c k` h`ghc. @o k`r`ghc j oj lmdcrnjgl÷m sjmltjrlj k` ocs pjgl`mt`s pu`k` olnltjrs` pcr oj `xlst`mglj jgr`kltjkj k` um `stjkc k` m`g`slkjk t`rjpìutlgj. W` `mt`mk`rê pcr m`g`slkjk t`rjpìutlgj oj djguotjk k`o nìklgc pjrj jgtujr prcd`slcmjon`mt` slm lmdcrnjr jmt`s jo pjgl`mt`, gujmkc pcr rjzcm`s caf`tlvjs `o gcmcglnl`mtc k` su prcplj sltujgl÷m pu`kj p`rfuklgjr su sjouk k` njm`rj erjv`. Oo`ejkc `st` gjsc, `o nìklgc k`fjrê gcmstjmglj rjzcmjkj k` ojs glrgumstjmgljs `m oj hlstcrlj goîmlgj y gcnumlgjrê su k`glsl÷m j ojs p`rscmjs vlmguojkjs jo pjgl`mt` pcr rjzcm`s djnloljr`s c k` h`ghc.
G. K`r`ghc j oj lmdcrnjgl÷m `plk`nlco÷elgj Ocs glukjkjmcs tl`m`m k`r`ghc j gcmcg`r ocs prcao`njs sjmltjrlcs k` oj gco`gtlvlkjk gujmkc lnpolqu`m um rl`sec pjrj oj sjouk pöaolgj c pjrj su sjouk lmklvlkujo, y `o k`r`ghc j qu` `stj lmdcrnjgl÷m s` kldumkj `m tìrnlmcs v`rkjk`rcs, gcnpr`mslao`s y jk`gujkcs pjrj oj prct`ggl÷m k` oj sjouk, k` jgu`rkc gcm oc `stjao`glkc pcr oj O`y.
7.0 @o k`r`ghc j oj lmtlnlkjk [ckj p`rscmj tl`m` k`r`ghc j qu` s` r`sp`t` `o gjrêgt`r gcmdlk`mgljo k` ocs kjtcs r`d`r`mt`s j su sjouk, y j qu` mjkl` pu`kj jgg`k`r j `oocs slm pr`vlj jutcrlzjgl÷m jnpjrjkj pcr oj O`y. Ocs g`mtrcs sjmltjrlcs jkcptjrêm ojs n`klkjs cpcrtumjs pjrj ejrjmtlzjr ocs k`r`ghcs j qu` s` r`dl`r` `o pêrrjdc jmt`rlcr, y `ojacrjrêm, gujmkc prcg`kj, ojs mcrnjs y ocs prcg`klnl`mtcs prctcgcolzjkcs qu` ejrjmtlg`m `o jgg`sc o`ejo j ocs kjtcs k` ocs pjgl`mt`s.
7.4 @o r`sp`tc k` oj jutcmcnîj k`o pjgl`mt` @o gjpîtuoc LT k` oj O`y ;:/1991, k` :; k` mcvl`nar`, aêslgj r`euojkcrj k` oj jutcmcnîj k`o pjgl`mt` y k` k`r`ghcs y caolejglcm`s `m njt`rlj k` lmdcrnjgl÷m y kcgun`mtjgl÷m goîmlgj, r`euoj `o r`sp`tc k` oj jutcmcnîj k`o pjgl`mt`. @m ìo s` r`euoj tjmtc `o gcms`mtlnl`mtc lmdcrnjkc gcnc oj lmdcrnjgl÷m `m `o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk y `o k`r`ghc j oj lmdcrnjgl÷m pjrj oj `o`ggl÷m k` nìklgc y g`mtrc.
J. Gcms`mtlnl`mtc lmdcrnjkc W` gcmcg` `o gcms`mtlnl`mtc lmdcrnjkc gcnc oj gcmdcrnlkjk olar`, vcoumtjrlj y gcmsgl`mt` k` um pjgl`mt`, njmld`stjkj `m `o po`mc usc k` sus djguotjk`s k`spuìs k` r`glalr oj lmdcrnjgl÷m jk`gujkj, pjrj qu` t`mej ouejr umj jgtujgl÷m qu` jd`gtj j su sjouk. [ckj jgtujgl÷m `m `o ênaltc k` oj sjouk k` um pjgl`mt` m`g`sltj `o gcms`mtlnl`mtc olar` y vcoumtjrlc k`o jd`gtjkc, umj v`z qu`, r`glalkj oj lmdcrnjgl÷m jslst`mgljo, hjyj vjocrjkc ojs cpglcm`s prcpljs k`o gjsc. @o gcms`mtlnl`mtc s`rê v`rajo pcr r`eoj e`m`rjo. Wlm `najrec, s` pr`stjrê pcr `sgrltc `m ocs gjscs sleul`mt`s6 lmt`rv`mgl÷m qulrörelgj, prcg`klnl`mtcs kljem÷stlgcs y t`rjpìutlgcs lmvjscr`s y, `m e`m`rjo, jpolgjgl÷m k` prcg`klnl`mtcs qu` supcm`m rl`secs c lmgcmv`ml`mt`s k` mctcrlj y pr`vlslao` r`p`rgusl÷m m`ejtlvj scar` oj sjouk k`o pjgl`mt`. @o Psujrlc k`o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk. Oj tjrf`tj lmklvlkujo sjmltjrlj
71<
@o gcms`mtlnl`mtc `sgrltc k`o pjgl`mt` s`rê m`g`sjrlc pjrj gjkj umj k` ojs jgtujglcm`s `sp`gldlgjkjs `m `o pêrrjdc jmt`rlcr, k`fjmkc j sjovc oj pcslalolkjk k` lmgcrpcrjr jm`fcs y ctrcs kjtcs k` gjrêgt`r e`m`rjo, y t`mkrê lmdcrnjgl÷m sudlgl`mt` scar` `o prcg`klnl`mtc k` jpolgjgl÷m y scar` sus rl`secs. [ckc pjgl`mt` c usujrlc tl`m` k`r`ghc j s`r jkv`rtlkc scar` oj pcslalolkjk k` utlolzjr ocs prcg`klnl`mtcs k` prcm÷stlgc, kljem÷stlgc y t`rjpìutlgcs qu` s` o` jpolqu`m `m um prcy`gtc kcg`mt` c k` lmv`stlejgl÷m, qu` `m mlmeöm gjsc pckrê gcnpcrtjr rl`sec jklglcmjo pjrj su sjouk. @o pjgl`mt` pu`k` r`vcgjr olar`n`mt` pcr `sgrltc su gcms`mtlnl`mtc `m gujoqul`r ncn`mtc.
j. Oînlt`s k`o gcms`mtlnl`mtc lmdcrnjkc y gcms`mtlnl`mtc pcr r`pr`s`mtjgl÷m Oj r`mumglj k`o pjgl`mt` j r`glalr lmdcrnjgl÷m `stê olnltjkj pcr `o lmt`rìs k` oj sjouk k`o prcplc pjgl`mt`, k` t`rg`rcs, k` oj gco`gtlvlkjk y pcr ojs `xle`mgljs t`rjpìutlgjs k`o gjsc. Gujmkc `o pjgl`mt` njmldl`st` `xpr`sjn`mt` su k`s`c k` mc s`r lmdcrnjkc, s` r`sp`tjrê su vcoumtjk hjgl`mkc gcmstjr su r`mumglj kcgun`mtjon`mt`, slm p`rfulglc k` oj cat`mgl÷m k` su gcms`mtlnl`mtc pr`vlc pjrj oj lmt`rv`mgl÷m. Ocs djguotjtlvcs pckrêm oo`vjr j gjac ojs lmt`rv`mglcm`s goîmlgjs lmklsp`msjao`s `m djvcr k` oj sjouk k`o pjgl`mt`, slm m`g`slkjk k` gcmtjr gcm su gcms`mtlnl`mtc, `m ocs sleul`mt`s gjscs6 j) Gujmkc `xlst` rl`sec pjrj oj sjouk pöaolgj j gjusj k` rjzcm`s sjmltjrljs `stjao`glkjs pcr oj O`y. @m tckc gjsc, umj v`z jkcptjkjs ojs n`klkjs p`rtlm`mt`s, k` gcmdcrnlkjk gcm oc `stjao`glkc `m oj O`y Creêmlgj 7/:<84, k` n`klkjs `sp`gljo`s `m njt`rlj k` sjouk pöaolgj, s` gcnumlgjrêm j oj jutcrlkjk fuklgljo `m `o pojzc nêxlnc k` 1; hcrjs sl`npr` qu` klspcmejm `o lmt`rmjnl`mtc caolejtcrlc k` p`rscmjs. a) Gujmkc `xlst` rl`sec lmn`kljtc erjv` pjrj oj lmt`erlkjk dîslgj c psîqulgj k`o `md`rnc y mc `s pcslao` gcms`eulr su jutcrlzjgl÷m, gcmsuotjmkc, gujmkc ojs glrgumstjmgljs oc p`rnltjm, j sus djnloljr`s c j ojs p`rscmjs vlmguojkjs k` h`ghc j ìo. W` ctcrejrê `o gcms`mtlnl`mtc pcr r`pr`s`mtjgl÷m `m ocs sleul`mt`s supu`stcs6 j) Gujmkc `o pjgl`mt` mc s`j gjpjz k` tcnjr k`glslcm`s, j grlt`rlc k`o nìklgc r`spcmsjao` r`spcmsjao` k` oj jslst`mglj, c su `stjkc dîslgc c psîqulgc mc o` p`rnltj hjg`rs` gjrec k` su sltujgl÷m. Wl `o pjgl`mt` gjr`g` k` r`pr`s`mtjmt` o`ejo, `o gcms`mtlnl`mtc oc pr`stjrêm ojs p`rscmjs vlmguojkjs j ìo pcr rjzcm`s djnloljr`s c k` h`ghc. a) Gujmkc `o pjgl`mt` t`mej oj gjpjglkjk nckldlnckldlgjkj fuklgljon`mt` y jsî gcmst` `m oj s`mt`mglj. g) Gujmkc `o pjgl`mt` n`mcr k` `kjk mc s`j gjpjz lmt`o`gtujo ml `ncglcmjon`mt` k` gcnpr`mk`r `o jogjmg` k` oj lmt`rv`mgl÷m. @m `st` gjsc, `o gcms`mtlnl`mtc oc kjrê `o r`pr`s`mtjmt` o`ejo k`o n`mcr, k`spuìs k` hja`r `sgughjkc su cplml÷m, gcmdcrn` j oc klspu`stc `m `o jrtîguoc < k` oj O`y Creêmlgj :/:<<4, k` :0 k` `m`rc, k` Yrct`ggl÷m Furîklgj k`o N`mcr.
Oj prêgtlgj k` `msjycs `msjycs goîmlgcs y oj prêgtlgj k` tìgmlgjs k` r`prckuggl÷m hunjmj jslstlkj s` rle`m pcr oc `stjao`glkc gcm gjrêgt`r e`m`rjo scar` oj njycrîj k` `kjk y pcr ojs klspcslglcm`s `sp`gljo`s k` jpolgjgl÷m.
Gujmkc s` trjt` k` n`mcr`s `njmglpjkcs c njycr`s k` :4 júcs qu` mc s` `mgu`mtr`m `m ocs supu`stcs a) y g) jmt`rlcr`s, mc gja` pr`stjr `o gcms`mtlnl`mtc pcr r`pr`s`mtjgl÷m.
`kltcrljo } g`p
Mc castjmt` oc klspu`stc `m `o pêrrjdc jmt`rlcr, gujmkc s` trjt` k` umj jgtujgl÷m k` erjv` rl`sec pjrj oj vlkj c sjouk k`o n`mcr, s`eöm `o grlt`rlc k`o djguotjtlvc, `o gcms`mtlnl`mtc oc pr`stjrê `o r`pr`s`mtjmt` o`ejo k`o n`mcr, umj v`z cîkj y t`mlkj `m gu`mtj oj cplml÷m k`o nlsnc. Yjrj oj lmt`rrupgl÷m vcoumtjrlj k`o `najrjzc k` n`mcr`s k` `kjk c p`rscmjs gcm gjpjglkjk nckldlgjkj fuklgljon`mt` s`rê pr`glsc, jk`nês k` su njmld`stjgl÷m k` vcoumtjk, `o gcms`mtlnl`mtc `xpr`sc k` sus r`pr`s`mtjmt`s o`ejo`s. @m `st` gjsc, ocs gcmdolgtcs qu` surfjm `m gujmtc j oj pr`stjgl÷m k`o gcms`mtlnl`mtc pcr pjrt` k` ocs r`pr`s`mtjmt`s o`ejo`s, s` r`scov`rêm k` gcmdcrnlkjk gcm oc klspu`stc `m `o G÷klec Glvlo. @m ocs gjscs `m ocs qu` `o gcms`mtlnl`mtc hjyj k` ctcrejroc `o r`pr`s`mtjmt` o`ejo c ojs p`rscmjs vlmguojkjs pcr rjzcm`s djnloljr`s c k` h`ghc `m gujoqul`rj k` ocs supu`stcs k`sgrltcs `m ocs jpjrtjkcs 7 j 0, oj k`glsl÷m k`a`rê jkcptjrs` jt`mkl`mkc sl`npr` jo njycr a`m`dlglc pjrj oj vlkj c sjouk k`o pjgl`mt`. Jqu`oojs k`glslcm`s qu` s`jm gcmtrjrljs j klghcs lmt`r`s`s k`a`rêm pcm`rs` `m gcmcglnl`mtc k` oj jutcrlkjk fuklgljo, klr`gtjn`mt` c j trjvìs k`o Nlmlst`rlc Dlsgjo, pjrj qu` jkcpt` oj r`scougl÷m gcrr`spcmkl`mt`, sjovc qu`, pcr rjzcm`s k` ure`mglj, mc du`rj pcslao` r`gjajr oj jutcrlzjgl÷m fuklgljo, `m guyc gjsc ocs prcd`slcmjo`s sjmltjrlcs jkcptjrêm ojs n`klkjs m`g`sjrljs `m sjovjeujrkj k` oj vlkj c sjouk k`o pjgl`mt`, jnpjrjkcs pcr ojs gjusjs k` fustldlgjgl÷m k` gunpolnl`mtc k` um k`a`r y k` `stjkc k` m`g`slkjk. Oj pr`stjgl÷m k`o gcms`mtlnl`mtc pcr r`pr`s`mtjgl÷m s`rê jk`gujkj j ojs glrgumstjmgljs y prcpcrglcmjkj j ojs m`g`slkjk`s qu` hjyj qu` jt`mk`r, sl`npr` `m djvcr k`o pjgl`mt` y gcm r`sp`tc j su klemlkjk p`rscmjo. @o pjgl`mt` pjrtlglpjrê `m oj n`klkj k` oc pcslao` `m oj tcnj k` k`glslcm`s j oc ojrec k`o prcg`sc sjmltjrlc. Wl `o pjgl`mt` `s umj p`rscmj gcm klsgjpjglkjk, s` o` cdr`g`rêm ojs n`klkjs k` jpcyc p`rtlm`mt`s, lmgoulkj oj lmdcrnjgl÷m `m dcrnjtcs jk`gujkcs, sleul`mkc ojs r`eojs njrgjkjs pcr `o prlmglplc k`o kls`úc pjrj tckcs k` njm`rj qu` r`suot`m jgg`slao`s y gcnpr`mslao`s j ojs p`rscmjs gcm klsgjpjglkjk, pjrj djvcr`g`r qu` pu`kj pr`stjr pcr sî su gcms`mtlnl`mtc.
a. Gcmklglcm`s k` oj lmdcrnjgl÷m y gcms`mtlnl`mtc pcr `sgrltc @o djguotjtlvc prcpcrglcmjrê jo pjgl`mt`, jmt`s k` r`gjajr su gcms`mtlnl`mtc `sgrltc, oj lmdcrnjgl÷m aêslgj sleul`mt`6 j) Ojs gcms`gu`mgljs r`o`vjmt`s c k` lnpcrtjmglj qu` oj lmt`rv`mgl÷m lmt`rv`mgl÷m crlelmj gcm s`eurlkjk. a) Ocs rl`secs r`ojglcmjkcs gcm ojs glrgumstjmgljs p`rscmjo`s c prcd`slcmjo`s k`o pjgl`mt`. g) Ocs rl`secs prcajao`s `m gcmklglcm`s mcrnjo`s, gcmdcrn` j oj `xp`rl`mglj y jo `stjkc k` oj gl`mglj c klr`gtjn`mt` r`ojglcmjkcs gcm `o tlpc k` lmt`rv`mgl÷m. k) Ojs gcmtrjlmklgjglcm`s. @o nìklgc r`spcmsjao` k`a`rê pcmk`rjr `m gjkj gjsc qu` gujmtc nês kukcsc s`j `o r`suotjkc k` umj lmt`rv`mgl÷m nês m`g`sjrlc r`suotj `o pr`vlc gcms`mtlnl`mtc pcr `sgrltc k`o pjgl`mt`.
g. Lmstrugglcm`s pr`vljs Ycr `o kcgun`mtc k` lmstrugglcm`s pr`vljs, umj p`rscmj njycr k` `kjk, gjpjz y olar`, njmldl`stj jmtlglpjkjn`mt` su vcoumtjk, gcm caf`tc k` qu` ìstj s` gunpoj `m `o ncn`mtc `m qu` oo`eu` j sltujglcm`s `m guyjs glrgumstjmgljs mc s`j gjpjz k` `xpr`sjrocs p`rscmjon`mt`, scar` ocs gulkjkcs y `o trjtjnl`mtc k` su sjouk c, umj v`z oo`ejkc `o djoo`glnl`mtc, scar` `o k`stlmc k` su gu`rpc c k` ocs ÷rejmcs k`o nlsnc. @o ctcrejmt` k`o kcgun`mtc pu`k` k`slemjr, jk`nês, um r`pr`s`mtjmt`
@o Psujrlc k`o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk. Oj tjrf`tj lmklvlkujo sjmltjrlj
77:
`kltcrljo } g`p
pjrj qu`, oo`ejkc `o gjsc, slrvj gcnc lmt`rocgutcr suyc gcm `o nìklgc c `o `qulpc sjmltjrlc pjrj prcgurjr `o gunpolnl`mtc k` ojs lmstrugglcm`s pr`vljs. Gjkj s`rvlglc k` sjouk r`euojrê `o prcg`klnl`mtc jk`gujkc pjrj qu`, oo`ejkc `o gjsc, s` ejrjmtlg` `o gunpolnl`mtc k` ojs lmstrugglcm`s pr`vljs k` gjkj p`rscmj, qu` k`a`rêm gcmstjr sl`npr` pcr `sgrltc. Mc s`rêm jpolgjkjs ojs lmstrugglcm`s pr`vljs gcmtrjrljs jo crk`mjnl`mtc furîklgc, j oj «o`x jrtls², ml ojs qu` mc s` gcrr`spcmkjm gcm `o supu`stc k` h`ghc qu` `o lmt`r`sjkc hjyj pr`vlstc `m `o ncn`mtc k` njmld`stjrojs. @m oj hlstcrlj goîmlgj k`o pjgl`mt` qu`kjrê gcmstjmglj rjzcmjkj k` ojs jmctjglcm`s r`ojglcmjkjs gcm `stjs pr`vlslcm`s. Ojs lmstrugglcm`s pr`vljs pckrêm r`vcgjrs` olar`n`mt` `m gujoqul `r ncn`mtc k`fjmkc gcmstjmglj pcr `sgrltc. Gcm `o dlm k` js`eurjr oj `dlgjglj `m tckc `o t`rrltcrlc mjglcmjo k` ojs lmstrugglcm`s pr`vljs njmld`stjkjs pcr ocs pjgl`mt`s y dcrnjolzjkjs k` jgu`rkc gcm oc klspu`stc `m oj o`elsojgl÷m k` ojs r`sp`gtlvjs Gcnumlkjk`s Jut÷mcnjs, s` gr`jrê `m `o Nlmlst`rlc k` Wjmlkjk y Gcmsunc `o Q`elstrc mjglcmjo k` lmstrugglcm`s pr`vljs qu` s` r`elrê pcr ojs mcrnjs qu` r`eojn`mtjrljn`mt` s` k`t`rnlm`m, pr`vlc jgu`rkc k`o Gcms`fc Lmt`rt`rrltcrljo k`o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk.
G. K`r`ghc j oj lmdcrnjgl÷m pjrj oj `o`ggl÷m k` nìklgc y k` g`mtrc Ocs usujrlcs y pjgl`mt`s k`o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk, tjmtc `m oj jt`mgl÷m prlnjrlj gcnc `m oj `sp`gljolzjkj, t`mkrêm k`r`ghc j oj lmdcrnjgl÷m pr`vlj gcrr`spcmkl`mt` pjrj `o`elr nìklgc, ` leujon`mt` g`mtrc, gcm jrr`eoc j ocs tìrnlmcs y gcmklglcm`s qu` `stjao`zgjm ocs s`rvlglcs k` sjouk gcnp`t`mt`s.
771
[`nj 5
@squ`nj 5
OJ O@\ :4/1997, K@ 18 K@ NJ\C, K@ GCH@WL×M \ GJOLKJK K@O WLW[@NJ MJGLCMJO K@ WJOPK6 K@Q@GHCW K@ OCW GLPKJKJMCW @m ocs tìrnlmcs k` `stj o`y, ocs glukjkjmcs t`mkrêm ocs sleul`mt`s k`r`ghcs `m `o gcmfumtc k`o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk6 - J klspcm`r klspcm`r k` umj s`eumkj cplml÷m djguotjtlvj scar` su prcg`sc, `m ocs tìrnlmcs pr`vlstcs `m `o jrtîguoc 18.: - J r`glalr r`glalr jslst`mglj jslst`mglj sjmltjrlj `m su gcnumlkjk jut÷mcnj k` r`slk`mr`slk`mglj `m um tl`npc nêxlnc, `m ocs tìrnlmcs k`o jrtîguoc 10 - J r`glalr, r`glalr, pcr pjrt` k`o s`rvlglc k` sjouk k` oj gcnumlkjk jut÷mcjut÷mcnj `m oj qu` s` `mgu`mtr` k`spojzjkc, oj jslst`mglj sjmltjrlj k`o gjtêocec k` pr`stjglcm`s k`o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk qu` pukl`rj r`qu`rlr, `m ojs nlsnjs gcmklglcm`s ` lkìmtlgjs ejrjmtîjs qu` ocs glukjkjmcs r`slk`mt`s `m `sj gcnumlkjk jut÷mcnj
OJ [JQF@[J WJML[JQLJ LMKLTLKPJO @nlsl÷m y vjolk`z k` oj tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj lmklvlkujo Ojs Jknlmlstrjglcm`s sjmltjrljs jutcm÷nlgjs y `o Lmstltutc Mjglcmjo k` E`stl÷m Wjmltjrlj `nltlrêm umj tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj lmklvlkujo gcm scpcrt` lmdcrnêtlgc j ojs p`rscmjs r`slk`mt`s `m su ênaltc t`rrltcrljo qu` t`mejm jgr`kltjkc `o k`r`ghc j oj jslst`mglj sjmltjrlj pöaolgj
Kjtcs aêslgcs gcnum`s y `sp`gldlgjglcm`s tìgmlgjs k` oj tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj lmklvlkujo Gcm caf`tc k` klspcm`r k` kjtcs mcrnjolzjkcs k` gjkj p`rscmj, `m su gcmklgl÷m k` usujrlj k`o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk, lmk`p`mkl`mt`n`mt` k`o tîtuoc pcr `o qu` jgg`k` jo k`r`ghc j oj jslst`mglj sjmltjrlj y k` oj jknlmlstrjgl÷m sjmltjrlj `nlscrj, tckjs ojs tjrf`tjs sjmltjrljs lmgcrpcrjrêm umj s`rl` k` kjtcs aêslgcs gcnum`s y `stjrêm vlmguojkjs j um g÷klec k` lk`mtldlgjgl÷m p`rscmjo ömlgc pjrj gjkj glukjkjmc `m `o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk
G÷klec k` lk`mtldlgjgl÷m p`rscmjo k`o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk Oj jslemjgl÷m k`o g÷klec k` lk`mtldlgjgl÷m p`rscmjo k`o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk s` r`jolzjrê `m `o ncn`mtc k` lmgousl÷m k` ocs kjtcs r`ojtlvcs j gjkj glukjkjmc `m oj ajs` k` kjtcs k` pcaojgl÷m prct`elkj pcr `o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk, k`sjrrcoojkj pcr `o Nlmlst`rlc k` Wjmlkjk y Gcmsunc, y jgtujrê gcnc gojv` k` vlmguojgl÷m k` ocs kld`r`mt`s g÷klecs k` lk`mtldlgjgl÷m p`rscmjo jutcm÷nlgcs qu` gjkj p`rscmj pu`kj t`m`r jslemjkc j oc ojrec k` su vlkj
@o Psujrlc k`o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk. Oj tjrf`tj lmklvlkujo sjmltjrlj
777
Ajs` k` kjtcs k` pcaojgl÷m prct`elkj k`o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk Gcm `o dlm k` prcg`k`r j oj e`m`rjgl÷m k`o g÷klec k` lk`mtldlgjgl÷m p`rscmjo k`o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk, `o Nlmlst`rlc k` Wjmlkjk y Gcmsunc, j trjvìs k`o Lmstltutc k` Lmdcrnjgl÷m Wjmltjrlj, Wjmltjrlj, k`sjrrcoojrê umj ajs` kjtcs qu` r`gcfj oj lmdcrnjgl÷m aêslgj k` ocs usujrlcs k`o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk, jsî gcnc `o dlgh`rc hlst÷rlgc k` ojs sltujglcm`s k` js`eurjnl`mtc y k` oj jksgrlpgl÷m k` oj p`rscmj, `m su gjsc, j kld`r`mt`s Jknlmlstrjglcm`s sjmltjrljs j oc ojrec k` su vlkj
W`eurlkjk y jgg`scs Oj r`ojgl÷m k` je`mt`s k`o slst`nj sjmltjrlc jutcrlzjkcs pjrj `o jgg`sc j oj ajs` k` kjtcs y sus gjpjglkjk`s k` cp`rjgl÷m gcm `stj ajs` s`rêm jgcrkjkjs pcr `o Gcms`fc Lmt`rt`rrltcrljo k`o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk
G`sl÷m k` kjtcs @o Gcms`fc Lmt`rt`rrltcrljo k`o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk, `m gjsc k` gcmslk`rjr m`g`sjrlj oj g`sl÷m k` ocs kjtcs k` `stj ajs`, r`gjajrê oj jslst`mglj k` oj Je`mglj @spjúcoj k` Yrct`ggl÷m k` Kjtcs, j dlm k` qu` pcr ìstj s` k`t`rnlm`m ocs supu`stcs ajfc ocs qu` pckrê `d`gtujrs` oj g`sl÷m j t`rg`rcs. Klghj g`sl÷m s` jt`mkrê, `m tckc gjsc, j oj mcrnjtlvj vle`mt` `m njt`rlj k` prct`ggl÷m k` kjtcs p`rscmjo`s
Gco`gtlvcs js`eurjkcs j trjvìs k` r`eîn`m`s `sp`gljo`s J gjkj tltuojr y a`m`dlgljrlc js`eurjkc j trjvìs k` r`eîn`m`s `sp`gljo`s o` s`rê `xp`klkj umj tjr f`tj sjmltjrlj, sjmltjrlj, gcm ojs jk`gujglcm`s jk`gujglcm`s k`rlvjkjs k`rlvjkjs k` ojs gjrjgt`rîstlgjs gjrjgt`rîstlgjs k` `stcs r`eîn`m`s k` js`eurjnl`mtc, gcm scpcrt` lmdcrnêtlgc, gcm ojs gjrjgt`rîstlgjs aêslgjs qu` s` k`dlm`m `m `st` r`jo k`gr`tc lmgoulkj oj jslemjgl÷m k` um g÷klec k` lk`mtldlgjgl÷m p`rscmjo k`o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk. Ocs kjtcs k` klghj tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj s` lmgcrpcrjrêm jo slst`nj k` lmt`rgjnalc k` lmdcrnjgl÷m qu` prcpcrglcmj oj ajs` k` kjtcs k` pcaojgl÷m prct`elkj k`o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk
@sp`gljo r`d`r`mglj j oj tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj lmklvlkujo `m oj Gcnumlkjk k` Njkrlk K`dlmlgl÷m y utlolzjgl÷m Oj tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj `s `o kcgun`mtc jknlmlstrjtlvc, `nltlkc pcr oj Gcms`f`rîj gcm gcnp`t`mgljs `m njt`rlj k` sjmlkjk, qu` lk`mtldlgj k` njm`rj lmklvlkujolzjkj j ocs glukjkjmcs gcnc usujrlcs k`o Wlst`nj Wjmltjrlc k` oj Gcnumlkjk k` Njkrlk y djgloltj `o jgg`sc j sus pr`stjglcm`s sjmltjrljs. K` leujo dcrnj, k` gcmdcrnlkjk gcm oc klspu`stc `m `o Q`jo K`gr`tc :87/199;, k` 79 k` `m`rc, pcr `o qu` s` r`euoj oj tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj lmklvlkujo, t`mkrê vjolk`z `m tckc `o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk K`stlmjtjrlcs W` `nltlrê oj tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj j tckjs jqu`oojs p`rscmjs qu` r`slkjm `m `o ênaltc t`rrltcrljo k` oj Gcnumlkjk k` Njkrlk y t`mejm r`gcmcglkc `o k`r`ghc j oj jslst`mglj sjmltjrlj gcm gjrec j dcmkcs pöaolgcs pcr `o Lmstltutc Mjglcmjo k` oj W`eurlkjk Wcgljo, k` jgu`rkc gcm oc pr`vlstc `m ocs jrtîguocs 7 y 7.als k` oj O`y :4/1997, k` 18 k` njyc, k` Gch`sl÷m y Gjolkjk k`o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk, y k`o Q`jo K`gr`tc ::<1/19:1, k` 7 k` jecstc, pcr `o qu` s` r`euoj oj gcmklgl÷m k` js`eurjkc y k` a`m`dlgljrlc j `d`gtcs k` oj jslst`mglj sjmltjrlj `m @spjúj, gcm gjrec j dcmkcs pöaolgcs, j trjvìs k`o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk Gcmt`mlkc y gjrjgt`rîstlgjs g jrjgt`rîstlgjs Kcgun`mtjgl÷m pjrj oj cat`mgl÷m k` oj tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj Yjrj oj cat`mgl÷m k` oj tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj s`rê m`g`sjrlc v`rldlgjr oj lk`mtlkjk k`o scolgltjmt` qu` s`rê jgr`kltjkj, n`kljmt` `o Kcgun`mtc Mjglcmjo Mjglcmjo k` Lk`mtlkjk (c pjsjpcrt` `m vlecr, `m su k`d`gtc), oj
77;
[`nj 5
[jrf`tj k` Lk`mtlkjk k` @xtrjmf`rc (`m `o gjsc k` `xtrjmf`rcs mc gcnumltjrlcs) c `o G`rtldlgjkc k` Q`elstrc k` Glukjkjmc k` oj Pml÷m @urcp`j (`m `o gjsc k` `xtrjmf`rcs gcnumltjrlcs) kcmk` gcmst` `o ML@ Wcolgltuk Oj scolgltuk pjrj oj cat`mgl÷m k` oj tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj s` pr`s`mtjrê, `m `o nck`oc mcrnjolzjkc `stjao`glkc jo `d`gtc pcr `o ÷rejmc gcnp`t`mt` k` oj Gcms`f`rîj gcm gcnp`t`mgljs `m njt`rlj k` Wjmlkjk, pcr `o prcplc lmt`r`sjkc, su r`pr`s`mtjmt` o`ejo u ctrj p`rscmj k`alkjn`mt` jutcrlzjkj @nlsl÷m k` oj tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj Oj Pmlkjk k` Jt`mgl÷m jo Psujrlc k`o g`mtrc k` Jt`mgl÷m Yrlnjrlj s`rê oj `mgjrejkj k` oj r`g`pgl÷m k` ojs scolgltuk`s y v`ojrê pcr oj gcrr`gtj gunpoln`mtjgl÷m k` ojs nlsnjs Tle`mglj y r`mcvjgl÷m k` oj tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj Gcm gjrêgt`r e`m`rjo oj vle`mglj k` oj tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj s`rê lmk`dlmlkj. Oj vjolk`z k` oj nlsnj `stjrê vlmguojkj jo njmt`mlnl`mtc k` oj gcmklgl÷m k` js`eurjkc c a`m`dlgljrlc k` jgu`rkc j oj mcrnjtlvj vle`mt` k` jpolgjgl÷m Jgtlvlkjk jknlmlstrjtlvj y `strugturj dumglcmjo @o ÷rejmc gcnp`t`mt` `m `stj njt`rlj k`mtrc k` oj Gcms`f`rîj gcm gcnp`t`mgljs `m sjmlkjk k`sjrrcoojrê ojs dumglcm`s k` pojmldlgjgl÷m, hcnce`m`lzjgl÷m, hcnce`m`lzjgl÷m, gccrklmjgl÷m y gcmtrco k` ojs jgtujglcm`s t`mk`mt`s j oj e`stl÷m, `nlsl÷m y klstrlaugl÷m k` oj tjrf`tj sjmltjrlj
OCW K@Q@GHCW K@ LMDCQNJGL×M WJML[JQLJ \ J OJ LM[LNLKJK @M OJ O@\ ;:/1991, K@ :; K@ MCTL@NAQ@, AÊWLGJ Q@EPOJKCQJ K@ OJ JP[CMCNÎJ K@O YJGL@M[@ \ K@Q@GHCW \ CAOLEJGLCM@W @M NJ[@QLJ K@ LMDCQNJGL×M \ KCGPN@M[JGL×M GOÎMLGJ Oj O`y ;:/1991, k` :; k` mcvl`nar`, aêslgj r`euojkcrj k` oj jutcmcnîj k`o pjgl`mt` y k` k`r`ghcs y caolejglcm`s `m njt`rlj k` lmdcrnjgl÷m y kcgun`mtjgl÷m goîmlgj Oj lnpcrtjmglj qu` tl`m`m ocs k`r`ghcs k` ocs pjgl`mt`s gcnc `f` aêslgc k` ojs r`ojglcm`s goîmlgc-jslst`mgljo`s s` pcm` k` njmldl`stc jo gcmstjtjr `o lmt`rìs qu` hjm k`ncstrjkc pcr ocs nlsncs gjsl tckjs ojs crejmlzjglcm` crejmlzjglcm`ss lmt`rmjglcmjo`s gcm gcnp`t`mglj `m oj njt`rlj
@strugturj Oj O`y ;:/1991, k` :; k` mcvl`nar`, aêslgj r`euojkcrj k` oj jutcmcnîj k`o pjgl`mt` y k` k`r`ghcs y caolejglcm`s `m njt`rlj k` lmdcrnjgl÷m y kcgun`mtjgl÷m goîmlgj, gcmtl`m` umj @xpcslgl÷m k` Nctlvcs y v`lmtltrìs jrtîguocs klstrlaulkcs `m s`ls gjpîtuocs. W` gcnpo`tj gcm s`ls Klspcslglcm`s Jklglcmjo`s, umj Klspcslgl÷m [rjmsltcrlj, umj Klspcslgl÷m K`rcejtcrlj y umj Klspcslgl÷m Dlmjo
Yrlmglplcs e`m`rjo`s Ênaltc k` jpolgjgl÷m Yrlmglplcs aêslgcs K`dlmlglcm`s o`ejo`s
@o Psujrlc k`o Wlst`nj Mjglcmjo k` Wjouk. Oj tjrf`tj lmklvlkujo sjmltjrlj
770
@o k`r`ghc k` lmdcrnjgl÷m sjmltjrlj Gcmt`mlkc k`o k`r`ghc j oj lmdcrnjgl÷m jslst`mgljo Ocs pjgl`mt`s tl`m`m k`r`ghc j gcmcg`r, gcm nctlvc k` gujoqul`r jgtujgl÷m `m `o ênaltc k` su sjouk, tckj oj lmdcrnjgl÷m klspcmlao` scar` oj nlsnj, sjovjmkc ocs supu`stcs `xg`ptujkcs pcr oj O`y [ltuojr k`o k`r`ghc j oj lmdcrnjgl÷m jslst`mgljo @o tltuojr k`o k`r`ghc j oj lmdcrnjgl÷m `s `o pjgl`mt`. [jnalìm s`rêm lmdcrnjkjs ojs p`rscmjs vlmguojkjs j ìo, pcr rjzcm`s djnloljr`s c k` h`ghc, `m oj n`klkj qu` `o pjgl`mt` oc p`rnltj k` njm`rj `xpr`sj c têgltj K`r`ghc j oj lmdcrnjgl÷m `plk`nlco÷elgj Ocs glukjkjmcs tl`m`m k`r`ghc j gcmcg`r ocs prcao`njs sjmltjrlcs k` oj gco`gtlvlkjk gujmkc lnpolqu`m um rl`sec pjrj oj sjouk pöaolgj c pjrj su sjouk lmklvlkujo, y `o k`r`ghc j qu` `stj lmdcrnjgl÷m s` kldumkj `m tìrnlmcs v`rkjk`rcs, gcnpr`mslao`s y jk`gujkcs pjrj oj prct`ggl÷m k` oj sjouk, k` jgu`rkc gcm oc `stjao`glkc pcr oj O`y.
@o k`r`ghc j oj lmtlnlkjk [ckj p`rscmj tl`m` k`r`ghc j qu` s` r`sp`t` `o gjrêgt`r gcmdlk`mgljo k` ocs kjtcs r`d`r`mt`s j su sjouk, y j qu` mjkl` pu`kj jgg`k`r j `oocs slm pr`vlj jutcrlzjgl÷m jnpjrjkj pcr oj O`y
@o r`sp`tc k` oj jutcmcnîj k`o pjgl`mt` Gcms`mtlnl`mtc lmdcrnjkc Oînlt`s k`o gcms`mtlnl`mtc lmdcrnjkc y gcms`mtlnl`mtc pcr r`pr`s`mtjgl÷m Gcmklglcm`s k` oj lmdcrnjgl÷m y gcms`mtlnl`mtc pcr `sgrltc Lmstrugglcm`s pr`vljs K`r`ghc j oj lmdcrnjgl÷m pjrj oj `o`ggl÷m k` nìklgc y k` g`mtrc
774
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