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INTRODUCTION
Small and Medium Enterprises are very popular and can be a great factor in an econo economy my espe especi cial ally ly in a devel develop opin ing g nati nation on (Rama (Ramakr kris ishna hnan, n, 201! 201!"" #ome #ome$$ (2010 (2010!! emphasi$ed the lack of training of neighborhood variety stores and the si$e of it to compete %ith other kinds of established business" &hile a study by &ilkie (2010! said that most stores have insufficient fund due to lack of investment and conscious price entrepreneur %ould like to buy goods at historical cost for them to gain at the same time" 'or this research, %e %ould like to concentrate to a retail business specifically called neighborhood variety store and the accounting practices applied by store o%ner of it, to find out if their age, se and educational attainment affect ho% they practice accounting in their business and to improve their kno%ledge regarding accounting practices" )he researchers conducted a study to kno% the accounting practices of variety store o%ners and ho% they may be able to use the information the researchers have gathered and if it really helped in the sustainability and survivability of the businesses through the years of operations"
Statement of the Problem
)his )his study study dete determ rmin ined ed the the accou account ntin ing g pract practic ices es of vari variety ety stor storee o%ne o%ners rs in *arangay +illamonte, *acolod ity" Specifically, this study aimed to ans%er the follo%ing -uestions. 1" &hat is is the profile profile of the neighbou neighbourhood rhood variety variety store store o%ners/ o%ners/
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2" &hat accounting practices are employed in terms of/ a" 'inancing b" urchasing c" Revenuegenerating activities " s there a significant relationship bet%een accounting practices and the follo%ing variables of the study/ a" Se b" 3ge c" ivil Status d" Educational 3ttainment e" 4umber of years in 5peration 6" &hat recommendations can be made to the sarisari store o%ners/ Research Hypothesis
)here is no significant association bet%een the accou nting practices of the respondents and their profile in terms of. a" b" c" d" e"
Se 3ge ivil Status Educational 3ttainment 4umber of years in 5peration
Conceptual Framewor
)his frame%ork merely elaborated the study of accounting practices among variety stores in *arangay +illamonte, *acolod ity" )he variables of this study %ere the variety store o%ner7s profiles %hich comprise the age, gender, civil status, educational attainment and number of years in operation" )he accounting practices may vary depending on different variables, one of them is the age of the variety store o%ners" Studies sho% that people tend to be more ethical as they gro% older" 8o%ever, some empirical studies find that younger people render stricter ethical 9udgments than older people (Ede et al", 2000: +itell et al", 200;!"
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Male and female have different perception about a business and they both have their %eaknesses and strengths %hen making a decision" 8uston (2016! said that multiple studies appear to have sho%n that men and %omen make decisions differently in times of stress, and ho% this seems to demonstrate distinctions in ho% men and %omen react to the hormone cortisol" 3lso, certain studies suggest that higher levels of education lead to better performance in entrepreneurial activities than %hen %orking as an employee (Evans and
=!" t is believed that %elltrained %orkers tend to be more productive and earn more money than %orkers %ith poorer training"
Owner’s Profle Age Sex Civil Status Educational Attainment Number o ears in o!eration
Accounting Practices "inancing $ecommendations to t#e sari&sari store owners Purc#asing $evenue %eneration
Fi!ure "# Conceptual Framewor showin! the $ariables of the stu%y
Scope an% &imitations
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)he scope of the study tackled the profile of the respondents and their corresponding accounting practices of the variety stores located in *arangay +illamonte, *acolod ity" )hese accounting practices %ill include the financing, purchasing, and revenue ? generating activities" Moreover, the study %ill be also limited to the chosen variables, namely age, se, civil status, educational attainment and number of years in operation" @ue to limited timeframe, the researchers decided to choose 100 variety stores through convenience sampling" )he researchers epected limited information due to its confidentiality"
Si!nificance of the Stu%y )his %ould be relevant to the business7 revenue generation" )his study %ould be
helpful in different kinds of business specifically small enterprises" n addition, this study %ould be beneficial to the follo%ing. Store Owners " )he result of the study %ould be primarily beneficial to the store o%ners and %ould improve their accounting practices" Future 'ntrepreneurs( )he result of the study %ould be advantageous to those %ho plan to start a business similar to a variety store" )ccountin! Or!ani*ations( )he result of the study %ould help accounting organi$ations implement programs and seminars for small to medium enterprises" The Researchers( )he result of the study %ould give kno%ledge to them as the researchers %ould %ant to have their o%n business and on ho% to properly account revenue and epenses" Other Researchers( )he result of the study %ould help other researcher on their future studies as reference"
Definition of terms
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)ccountin! Practices( )his refers to the normal, practical application of
accounting andAor auditing policies that occurs %ithin a business: in this study it is ho% variety stores kept track of their daily financial records" Financin! )cti$ities( onceptually, it is defined as methods an organi$ation uses
to obtain financial resources from financial markets and ho% it manages these resources (*allada, 201!" 5perationally, it is defined as the p ractices employed by the variety store o%ners to fund their business" +ariety store" More commonly kno%n as sarisari store, are small retail outlets
that can be found in almost all neighborhoods, sometimes even in every street corner in the hilippines: in this study they %ere the respondents" Profile " )his refers to a brief %ritten description that provides information about
someone or something: in this study this referred to personal identification of respondents that may affect the accounting practices applied corresponding to se, age, civil status, educational attainment and number of years in operation" Purchasin! )cti$ities( onceptually, it is defined as the activity of ac-uiring
goods or services to accomplish the goals of an organi$ation: operationally, it is defined as the practices variety stores employ %hen they purchase the goods or restock their inventory" Re$enue,-eneratin! )cti$ities( onceptually, it is defined as the process by
%hich a company markets and sells a product or service to produce income" 5perationally, it is ho% variety stores account and keep track of their sales or income"
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Re$iew of Relate% &iterature
)he importance of entrepreneurship in the development of the country had been undeniably significant" rivate sector development and entrepreneurship development are essential ingredients for achieving the Millennium @evelopment #oal of reducing poverty" &hile sound macroeconomic policies and providing market access are crucial, emerging markets need to nurture and develop entrepreneurs able to take advantage of opportunities created by globali$ation" 8istory sho%s that economic progress has been significantly advanced by pragmatic people %ho are entrepreneurial and innovative, able to eploit opportunities and %illing to take risks" )he great bulk of local enterprises are microbusinesses, making up to =1"=B, %ith small and medium enterprises comprising only ;">B of the total entrepreneurs"
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of arilla (200=!, emphasi$ed the link of management practices, entrepreneurial competencies and business success, ho%ever, there is still a limited literature to prove on the comparison of management practices of microbusiness o%ners and small business o%ners" t is in this contet that this study %as conceptuali$ed and it elicited information on the differences and similarities of management practices of microbusiness and small business o%ners" )his study benefited the businesses o%ners as this provided them information on the management practices for them to have benchmark" More recently, a study by oke (2002! on microfinance group lending finds that C percent of %omen borro%ers in the &estern +isayas region choose to invest in a sari sari store, even though group members are typically neighbors" Market research studies by 3 4ielsen report that the number of sarisari stores nation%ide gre% by an estimated >> percent bet%een 1==; and 2000 (*ethge, 200!, 16 percent in 2002 (*onnin, 2006. >0!, 1 percent in 200 (apistrano, 200C!, and ; percent in 2006 (3mo9elar, 200D!" )hese studies confirm the observation that the sarisari store has remained popular as a microenterprise, resulting in a gro%ing flo% of ne% entrants despite the oversaturation that already seems to eist" )he most recent study is by *onnin (2006!, %ho conducted a -ualitative survey of 0 %omen sarisari store o%ners in Metro Manila communities eperiencing insecure housing 3s for *en 8amadi et al" (2016!, they tried to determine to %hat etent the profile influence on the adoption of budgetary innovations in SME" )hey highlighted three profiles of )unisian leaders, the young managers %ho adopt more budgetary innovation than the accomplished adults %hereas the eperimented patriarches do not adopt it" So the profile of the )unisian actor influences the management accounting system of the SME"
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@avila (200C! found that the age of the entrepreneur is relevant to eplain the management accounting system" Solle and Roubey (200! eplain that the emergence of management tools is intimately linked to social relations" Moisdon (1==;! declares that to rationali$e the choice of management tools is a reductive vision and depends largely on sub9ective appreciations" &alley et al" (1==6! note that the factors %hich relate to the characteristics of the actors have a significant influence on the adoption of modern systems of costing" 4gongang (200;! found that both behavioral contingency factors of eperience and age of the manager had no significant effect on accountants practice" Similarly, in )unisian contet
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ability to apply relevant ethical standards, %hich produces more disapproving vie%s of ethical lapses" 82" 3s age increases, ethical 9udgments become stricter" 3nother influential biographic variable that might have bearing on 9ob satisfaction is marital status of the employees" 8o%ever, there are not enough studies to dra% any conclusion about the effect of marital status on 9ob satisfaction but the limited research conducted on this area consistently indicates that married employees are more satisfied %ith their 9obs than are their unmarried co%orkers (3ustrom et" al" 1=>>: 'ederico et" al" 1=;D: #arrison and Muchinsky 1=;;: &atson 1=>1!" )he reason may be marriage imposes increased responsibilities that may make a steady 9ob more valuable and important" 3nd 9ob satisfaction is re-uired to have a steady 9ob" Many, in such cases, strive to coup up or ad9ust them %ith the facets they are dissatisfied %ith" 3 separate stream of the literature has analy$ed the impact of marital status on financial choices (see, among others, &aite and #allagher, 2000 and ! point to the interaction bet%een gender and marital status in determining the allocation of assets in retirement savings plans, %ith single %omen ehibiting a more cautious attitude" Gianakoplos and *ernasek (1==>! find that single %omen ehibit relatively more risk aversion in financial decision making than single men" *arber and 5dean (2001! report that the differences in portfolio turnover and net return performance are larger bet%een the accounts of single men and single %omen than bet%een the accounts of married men and married %omen" Schmidt and Sevak (200D! document large differences in 3merican households %ealth accumulation by gender and marital status" Hissimopoulos et al" (200>! sho% that the large differences in %ealth accumulation
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bet%een single and married %omen cannot be eplained by observable characteristics" &hile the above studies focus on the Inited States, hristiansen et al" (200D! sho% that @anish single females have a lo%er propensity to invest in risky assets" #lobali$ation and international trade re-uires countries and their economies to compete
%ith
each
other"
Economically
successful
countries
%ill
hold competitive and comparative advantages over other economies, though a single country rarely speciali$es in a particular industry" )his means that the countrys economy %ill be made of various industries that %ill have different advantages and disadvantages in the global marketplace" )he education and training of a countrys %orkers is a ma9or factor in determining 9ust ho% %ell the countrys economy %ill do"
)he study of the economics of training and education involves an analysis of the economy as a %hole, of employers and of %orkers" )%o ma9or concepts that influence the %age rate are training and education" n general, %elltrained %orkers tend to be more productive and earn more money than %orkers %ith poorer training"
Johlberg (1=>1! theori$es that people %ho better understand comple and nuanced issues %ill display more sophisticated levels of moral reasoning" #rounded in this vie%, researchers fre-uently hypothesi$e positive relationships bet%een education and ethical 9udgment" Empirically, the evidence does not appear to support this vie%" Many studies fail to find a link bet%een education and ethical 9udgments (S%aidan et al", 200!, %hile others report negative relationships (hiu, 200!" 3lthough these empirical results might seem contrary to Johlbergs theory, they may actually support it" 8igher levels of education might encourage people to more fully consider alternate perspectives
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or etenuating circumstances rather than 9udging comple ethical issues in narro% absolute terms" f so, a negative relationship bet%een education and strictness of ethical 9udgments could be eplained under Johlberg"
nvestigating the relation bet%een firm age and performance %ould seem to be relevant for both theory and practice" 3n ans%er %ould tell us %hether firms are able to put in place the proper incentives and find the %ays to constantly rene% themselves, a feat that living organisms are unable to accomplish" f performance declines as firms gro% older, it could eplain %hy most of them are eventually taken over (
