INSTITUTO TECNOLÓGICO SUPERIOR SUPERIOR DE ALV ALVARADO ARADO – INGENIERÍA INDUSTRIAL MATERIA: TEMAS SELECTOS DE INGENIERIA
SEMESTRE – GRUPO – SISTEMA: 8 SEME – GRUPO MI – SEMI-ESCORALIZADO
PRODUCTO ACADÉMICO INVESTIGACION
TEMA: UNIDAD 1. MANUFACTURA INTEGRADA POR COMPUTADORA DOCENTE. ING. ALBINO SOTO FUENTES
PRESENTA: CRISTINA ELENA RUIZ ABRAHAM No. CONTROL 136Z06!
INDICE
INTRODUCCIÓN_________________________________________________________________4 MANUFACTURA INTEGRADA POR COMPUTADORA (CIM)_____________________5 1.1
Conep!os "#s$os en s$s!emas de manu%a!u&a.'''''''''''''''''''''''''''(
Manufactura._______________________________________________________________________________5 Integración.________________________________________________________________________________5 Tecnología computacional.__________________________________________________________________5 Ingeniería de Manufactura._________________________________________________________________5
1.) M*!odos a+an,ados de manu%a!u&a.''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''Ingeniería concurrente._____________________________________________________________________6 Elaboración rápida de prototipos.___________________________________________________________7 Estereolitograa.___________________________________________________________________________7 interi!ado selecti"o con láser._____________________________________________________________7 Modelado por deposición fundida.__________________________________________________________#
1. Con!&ol num*&$o''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''/ $ontrol num%rico en la ingeniería industrial_________________________________________________&
1.0 Ro"!$a''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''2 Impacto 'uturo de los (obots Industriales.__________________________________________________&
1.( S$s!emas $n!e3&ales de manu%a!u&a'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''11 istema de manufactura__________________________________________________________________)* +ntecedentes._____________________________________________________________________________)* Indicadores , parámetros básicos_________________________________________________________)-
CONCLUSIÓN__________________________________________________________________15 BIBLIOGRAFÍA_________________________________________________________________16
INTRODUCCIÓN L" #$o%&'()* #* %"+ #,#+"+ / %o+ '",(o+ #'*o%)2('o+ &# 'o* #%%" $(*(#o* 4"* "5o ,#7o"+ #* %o+ o'#+o+ o&'($o+ 'o* #% (#,o #o "% '#" +o%&'(o*#+ o ,#(o # %" #'*o%o25" 4"* *"'(o ",(9* *&#$"+ *#'#+("#+ &# '&( #+"+ +&2#* # %" '&(o+(" 4&,"*" o +"# 4"+" )*# &##* ,#7o" &*" "#" o ,#'"*(+,o. E* ,&'4"+ #,#+"+ %" "&o,"("'()* # '(#o+ o'#+o+ o'"+(o*" &# 9+o+ +# "*+;o,#* #* <(+%"+< +(* 'o*#=()* #$(#*# 'o* %o+ oo+ o'#+o+ &# +# #7#'&"* #* %" ;>('". E+o +# ## " %" ;"%" # &* 'o*'#o (*#2"o o"o / #+>*"? "% "%o 'o+o # 'o," / &#+" #* ,"'4"? / " %" 'o,%#7(" #% '",(o #* %" #+&'&" o2"*("($". L" "&o,"("'()* 4" %%#2"o " +# "# # %o+ *&#$o+ (#,o+ #* #% >#" # %" (*&+(" # *o +# "+5 *o o5",o+ o#*# %o+ #+&%"o+ #* %" o&''()* #* ,"+" # ,&'4o+ # %o+ (,%#,#*o+ &# &+",o+ ("(",#*#. Po %"+ *#'#+("#+ /" ,#*'(o*""+ 4#,o+ %%#2"o "% &*o o*# #*" %" ,"*&;"'&" (*#2"" o 'o,&"o" @CIM o +&+ +(2%"+ #* (*2%9+ %" '&"% %o2" "&o,"(" / o(,(" o ,#(o # 'o,&"o"+ #+o+ o'#+o+ 'o*'#o &# ##+#*" #+" (*$#+(2"'()* / &# ",%("9 " ;(* # #*#*# %#*",#*# +& ($#+(" # '""'#5+('"+ / &(%("#+.
MANUFACTURA INTEGRADA POR COMPUTADORA (CIM) 1.1 Concepo! "#!$co! en !$!e%&! 'e %&n&c*&. P"" #*#*# #% 'o*'#o # CIM +# #&(## o,(*" %o+ 'o*'#o+ #: M"*&;"'&". S(2*(;('" ;"('" o7#o+ #* ;o," ,"*&"% ,#'>*('" #* +& ;o," ,o#*" "%'"*" " %"+ "'($("#+ # "*+;o,"'()* # %" ,"#(" (," #* o&'o #,(*"o (*'%&/# "'($("#+ # (+#o / %" (*#2"'()* # +(+#,"+ # (*;o,"'()* "" +oo" #% o&'o. I*#2"'()*. T(#*# 'o,o o7#($o %" (*;o,"'()* # '"" &*" # %"+ >#"+ &# "('("* #* %" ,"*&;"'&" #% o&'o +& $#*" / +oo#. T#'*o%o25" 'o,&"'(o*" %. P"('("* #* %"+ "'($("#+ # "&o,"("'()* / #* %" (*#2"'()* # (*;o,"'()* #+o (*'%&/# 4""# +#*+o#+ ##+ +o;"# &# +# #+#*" #* '(*'o *($#%#+ "" %" ,"*&;"'&": Co*o% # M"&(*"+ @PLC+: ,('oo'#+"o &# 'o*o%" (#'",#*# %" ,"&(*". Co*o% # C#%"+: $"("+ ,"&(*"+ &# ""7"* #* 'o*7&*o. Co,&"o # A#": ,o*(o#" o#"'(o*#+ # &* >#" # %" %"*".@#7:%5*#" # #*+",%"o %5*#" # +o%"&"+#' Co,&"o # P%"*": '&,%# ;&*'(o*#+ #% (o ",(*(+"($"+ 2#+()* %"*(;('"'()* +&#$(+()* "&o("'()* / ($(+()* # "#+ #* %" %"*".
'o*o%
#
Co,&"o Coo"($o: #+(# %" "+# # "o+ / %o+ o2","+ ;(*"*'(#o+ / ",(*(+"($o+ # %" #,#+". I*2#*(#5" # M"*&;"'&". E+ %" '(#*'(" &# #+&(" %o+ o'#+o+ # 'o*;o,"o / ;"('"'()* # 'o,o*#*#+ ,#'>*('o+ 'o* %" "#'&"" #'(+()* (,#*+(o*"% "+5 'o,o # %" ,"&(*"(" 4#",(#*"+ / #,>+ #&(o+ *#'#+"(o+ "" %%#$" " '"o %" #"%("'()* ;5+('" # "%#+ o'#+o+ +& "&o,"("'()* %"*(;('"'()* / $#(;('"'()*.
L" I*2#*(#5" # M"*&;"'&" #+ &*" ;&*'()* &# %%#$" "'"o #% #+o*"% 9'*('o / #+> #%"'(o*"o 'o* %" %"*#"'()* # %o+ o'#+o+ # ,"*&;"'&" "" %" o&''()* #'o*),('" # o&'o+ # "%" '"%(". S& ;&*'()* (*'("% #+ #"" %" "*+('()* #% o&'o #+# %"+ #+#'(;('"'(o*#+ # (+#o 4"+" %" ,"*&;"'&" # &* o&'o ;5+('o. S& o)+(o 2#*#"% #+ o(,(" %" ,"*&;"'&" #*o # %" #,#+" ##,(*"". E% >,(o # %" (*2#*(#5" # ,"*&;"'&" (*'%&/# ,&'4"+ "'($("#+ / #+o*+"(%("#+ &# ##*#* #% (o # o#"'(o*#+ # o&''()* &# #"%(" %" o2"*("'()* "('&%". E*# %"+ "'($("#+ &+&"%#+ #+>* %"+ +(2&(#*#+: 1 P%"*#"'()* # %o+ o'#+o+ So%&'()* # o%#,"+ / ,#7o",(#*o 'o*(*&o. 3 D(+#o "" '""'(" # ,"*&;"'&". L" %"*#"'()* # o'#+o+ (,%('" ##,(*" %o+ o'#+o+ # ,"*&;"'&" ,>+ "#'&"o+ / #% o#* #* #% '&"% ##* #"%("+# "" o&'( &*" "# o o&'o ##,(*"o &# +# #+#'(;('"* #* %" (*2#*(#5" # (+#o. E% %"* # o'#+o+ ## #+"o%%"+# #*o # %"+ %(,("'(o*#+ (,&#+"+ o #% #&(o # o'#+",(#*o (+o*(%# / %" '""'(" o&'($" # %" ;>('".
1.+ M,o'o! &-&n&'o! 'e %&n&c*&. I*2#*(#5" 'o*'&#*#. S# #;(## " &* #*;o&# "" #% (+#o # o&'o #* #% '&"% %"+ #,#+"+ (*#*"* #&'( #% (#,o &# +# #&(## "" %%#$" "'"o &* *&#$o o&'o "% ,#'"o. E* &*" 'o,"5" &# "'('" %" (*2#*(#5" 'o*'&#*# @o ",(9* 'o*o'(" 'o,o (*2. +(,&%>*#" %" %"*#"'()* # ,"*&;"'&" #,(#" '&"*o #% (+#o # o&'o +# #+> #+"o%%"*o. E% (+#o "" %" ,"*&;"'&" / #% #*+",%# #+ #% "+#'o ,>+ (,o"*# # %" (*2#*(#5" 'o*'&#*# #(o " &# (#*# #% ,"/o (,"'o #* %o+ 'o+o+ # o&''()* / #* #% (#,o # #+"o%%o #% o&'o. E%"o"'()* >(" # oo(o+.
S# #;(## " %" '""'(" "" (+#" / o&'( o&'o+ # "%" '"%(" #* #% (#,o ,5*(,o. E+ &*" ;",(%(" # o'#+o+ # ;"('"'()* +(*2&%"#+ #+"o%%"o+ "" 4"'# oo(o+ # (*2#*(#5" #* #% ,#*o (#,o o+(%#. M#*'(o*"# #+ 9'*('"+ o*# #%%"+ ##*#* # "o+ # (+#o 2#*#"o+ #* &* +(+#," 2";('o 'o,&"("o. H"%" # #+o (,%('" 4"%" # %" 2"* #'(+()* 'o* &# +# #"%("* %o+ "o+ 2"'("+ ,o#%o 2";('o 'o,&"("o # %" 2#o,#5" # "#+. 1.- ESTEREOLITOGRAFIA .- SINTERIZADO SELECTIVO CON LASER 3.- MODELADO POR DEPOSICION FUNDIDA.
E+##o%(o2";(". E+ &* o'#+o "" ;"('" &*" "# %>+('" +o%(" " "( # &* "'4($o # "o+. G#*#"o " "( # &* ,o#%o +o%(o ,#("*# &* +(+#," 2";('o 'o,&"("o # %" 2#o,#5" # "#+ 'o*o%" &* "/o %>+#. C"" '"" (#*# .00 " 0.000 &%2. E% %>+# +($# "" #*&#'# #% o%5,#o ;oo +#*+(%# #* o*# #% "/o o'" #% %5&(o ;o,"*o &*" '"" +o%(" # %>+('o &# +# "4(## " %" %"";o,". C&"*o #,(*" " %" '"" (*('("% +# "7" %" %"";o," &*" (+"*'(" (2&"% "% 2o+o # %" '"" "*#(o / +# ;o," &*" +#2&*" "+5 +&'#+($",#*# 4"+" #,(*" %" (#" 'o,%#".
S(*#("o +#%#'($o 'o* %>+#. E+# o'#+o #+ +(,(%" "% "*#(o *"" ,>+ &# #* %&2" # &(%(" &* o%5,#o %(&(o +# &(%("* o%$o+ / +# 'o,(,# o #% "/o %>+# 4"+" ;o," %"+ '""+ &# $"* " ;o," %" (#".
Mo#%"o o #o+('()* ;&*(".
E+# o'#+o +# "+" #* (%# "*o ;o," 'o* #% "/o %>+# "&* &*" (#" /" +#" # &* ,"#("% +(,(%" "% # %" '#".
1./ Con*o0 n%,*$co E% 'o*o% *&,9('o @CN #+ &* +(+#," # "&o,"("'()* # ,>&(*"+ 4#",(#*" &# +o* o#""+ ,#("*# 'o,"*o+ o2","o+ #* &* ,#(o # "%,"'#*",(#*o #* 'o,""'()* 'o* #% ,"*o ,"*&"% ,#("*# $o%"*#+ o "%"*'"+. L"+ (,#"+ ,>&(*"+ # 'o*o% *&,9('o +# 'o*+&/#o* #* %o+ "o+ 10 / 10 "+""+ #* %"+ ,>&(*"+ #=(+#*#+ 'o* ,oo#+ ,o(;('"o+ '&/o+ ,"*o+ +# "''(o*""* "&o,>('",#*# +(2&(#*o %"+ (*+&''(o*#+ ""+ #* &* +(+#," # "7#" #;o"". E+o+ +#$o,#'"*(+,o+ (*('("%#+ +# #+"o%%"o* >(",#*# 'o* #&(o+ "*"%)2('o+ / (2("%#+. E% """",(#*o / ,(*("&("'()* # %o+ ,('oo'#+"o#+ 4" 2#*#"%("o %" #%#')*('" (2("% #* %"+ ,>&(*"+ 4#",(#*" %o &# (o %&2" " %" #*o,(*"'()* 'o*o% *&,9('o o 'o,&"o" 'o*o% *&,9('o o 'o,&"o o 'o*o% *&,9('o 'o,&"("o @CNC "" (;##*'("%"+ # %"+ ,>&(*"+ &# *o #*5"* 'o,&"o". E* %" "'&"%(" +# &+" #% 9,(*o 'o*o% *&,9('o "" #;#(+# " #+# (o # +(+#,"+ 'o* o +(* 'o,&"o". E% CNC &$o +& o(2#* " (*'((o+ # %o+ "o+ '(*'&#*" #* #% I*+(&o # T#'*o%o25" # M"++"'4&+#+ @MIT #* o*# +# "&o,"() o (,#" $# &*" 2"* ;#+"o". E* #+" 9o'" %"+ 'o,&"o"+ #+""* #* +&+ (*('(o+ / #"* "* 2"*#+ &# #% #+"'(o o'&"o o %" 'o,&"o" #" ,"/o &# #% # %" ,>&(*". Ho/ 5" %"+ 'o,&"o"+ +o* '"" $# ,>+ #&#"+ / #'o*),('"+ 'o* %o &# #% &+o #% CNC +# 4" #=#*(o " oo (o # ,"&(*"(": o*o+ #'(;('"o"+ #%#o#o+(o*"o"+ ,>&(*"+ # 'o+# #'. Co*o% *&,9('o #* %" (*2#*(#5" (*&+("%
D#;(*('()* 2#*#"%: S# 'o*+(#" 'o*o% *&,9('o " oo (+o+(($o '"" # ((2( o+('(o*",(#*o+ # &* )2"*o ,#'>*('o ,)$(% #* #% &# %"+ )#*#+ #%"($"+ " %o+ #+%"",(#*o+ #% ,)$(% +o* #%"o""+ #* ;o," o"%,#*# "&o,>('" " "( #
(*;o,"'(o*#+
*&,9('"+
#;(*("+
(#*
,"*&"%,#*# o o ,#(o # &* o2",". MBITO
DE
APLICACIN
DEL
CONTROL
NUMRICO: Co,o /" +# ,#*'(o*) %"+ '&"o $"("%#+ ;&*",#*"%#+ &# (*'(#* #* %" o*" # &* "&o,"(+,o +o*: o&'($(" "(# #'(+()* / $#%o'(". D# "'&#o 'o* #+"+ $"("%#+ $",o+ " "*"%(" &9 (o # "&o,"(+,o #+ #% ,>+ 'o*$#*(#*# # "'&#o "% *J,#o # (#"+ " ;"('". S#(#+ # ;"('"'()*: G"*#+ +#(#+: @,"/o " 10.000 (#"+ E+" o&''()* #+> '&(#" #* %" "'&"%(" o %"+ ,>&(*"+ "*+;# #"%(""+ o $"(o+ "&o,"(+,o+ ""7"*o +(,&%>*#",#*# #* ;o," +(*'o*("". S#(#+ ,#("+: @#*# 0 / 10.000.
1. Ro"2$c& E+ &*" 'o*#=()* (*#%(2#*# # #'#'()* " "''()*. S# #;(## " %" '""'(" "" (+#" / o&'( o&'o+ # "%" '"%(" #* #% (#,o ,5*(,o. E+ &*" ;",(%(" # o'#+o+ # ;"('"'()* +(*2&%"#+ #+"o%%"o+ "" 4"'# oo(o+ # (*2#*(#5" #* #% ,#*o (#,o o+(%#. I,"'o F&&o # %o+ Roo+ I*&+("%#+. L"+ ,>&(*"+ "&o,"(""+ "/&">* '"" $# ,>+ " %o+
+##+
#* %" ;"('"'()* # *&#$o+ o&'o+ #% ,"*#*(,(#*o #
%"+
(*;"#+&'&"+ / #% '&("o # 4o2"#+ / #,#+"+. Lo+ o>* 'o*+&( *&#$"+ "&o(+"+ ;"('" #+&'&"+ "'#o
""
#(;('(o+
%(,("
'o*+&''(o*#+
+&#>*#"+ o 'o" #% '9+#. D# 4#'4o /" #=(+#* oo(o+ &# #"%("* "%2&*"+ # #+"+ "#"+.
4&,"*o+ oo+ #
U*" #*#*'(" (,o"*# #+ #% #+"o%%o # +(+#,"+ ,('o #%#'o,#'>*('o+ '&/o ","o $" #+# '#*5,#o+ " ,(%5,#o+. E+o+ oo+ ,(*J+'&%o+ o5"* #,%#"+# "" "$"*" o $"+o+ +"*2&5*#o+ 'o* #% ;(* # +&,(*(+" ,#('",#*o+ o #%(,(*" %o&#o+ "#("%#+. T",(9* o5"* ""7" #* #% (*#(o # 2"*#+ ,>&(*"+ "" ("2*o+('" 'o* "*#%"'()* o+(%#+ o%#,"+ ,#'>*('o+. P&## &# %o+ '",(o+ ,>+ #+#'"'&%"#+ #* %o+ oo+ #% ;&&o o$#*2"* # +& '""'(" # "o*",(#*o '"" $# ,"/o. E% '",o # %" (*#%(2#*'(" "(;('("% #+> "+"*o >(",#*# # %o+ %"o"o(o+ &*($#+("(o+ " %" "%('"'()* >'('" # %" (*&+(" / +# #+>* #+"o%%"*o ,>&(*"+ '""'#+ # #"%(" "#"+ 'o2*(($"+ 'o,o %" %"*(;('"'()* #+"92('" o #% "#*("7# o #=#(#*'(". E% ("2*)+('o # ;"%%"+ #* "$(o*#+ o +"9%(#+ / #% 'o*o% # 2"*#+ ;>('"+ #+">* ,>+ / ,>+ ((2(o+ o 'o,&"o#+ (*#%(2#*#+. Lo+ ,"*(&%"o#+ oo("o+ 'o*(*&">* '#"*o o&'o+ ,"*&;"'&"o+ # ,"/o '"%(" / # ,#*o 'o+o. S(* #,"2o #+o ",(9* +#2&(> o&'(#*o %" 9(" # #,%#o+ # #+o*"+ *o '"%(;('""+ #+#'("%,#*# #* '"#*"+ # ,o*"7# (*&+("%#+. Po oo %"o +# +#2&(>* '#"*o *&#$o+ #,%#o+ #* %o+ +#'o#+ # +oo# %)2('o / #+"o%%o # +#*+o#+ #* %" (*+"%"'()* / ,"*#*(,(#*o # oo+ #* %" 'o*$#+()* # ;>('"+ "*(2&"+ / #% (+#o # ;>('"+ *&#$"+. P#o 'o,o 'o*""(" #+o+ *&#$o+ #,%#o+ #=(2#* ,"/o#+ *($#%#+ # '""'(" / # ;o,"'()*. L"+ +o'(#"#+ o(#*""+ 4"'(" #% #+"o%%o #'*o%)2('o ##* #*;#*"+# " %" "#" # $o%$# " ;o," " %o+ ""7"o#+ &# (##* +& #,%#o #(o " %" "&o,"("'()* / #*+#"%#+ *&#$"+ '""'("#+ "" &# &#"* #*# &* &#+o # ""7o #* %"+ (*&+("+ #% +(2%o KKII. A "( #% "o 00 %" $#*" # oo+ (*&+("%#+ 4" #*(o &* 2"* (*'#,#*o 2"'("+ " %" 2"* $#%o'(" # %o+ ,"*(&%"o#+ %" #'(+()* / %" ;"'(%(" # &+o #* %" ,"/o5" # %"+ "%('"'(o*#+. A'&"%,#*# %" ;%#=((%(" # %"+ '#%"+ # o&''()* oo(""+ +(2&# "&,#*"*o 2"'("+ " %" $(+()* "+(+(" o 'o,&"o. D# #+# ,oo +# (#*# #% "o / %" $(+()* +(* #,"2o %" "# #% oo &# "J* *o (#*# +&;('(#*# ;%#=((%(" #+ #% #;#'o #,(*"% / &# " ,"*&o #+> "''(o*"o o ,#(o # &* +(,%# "'&"o # (o
*#&,>('o &# *o %# #,(# " %" '#" oo("" ,"*#7" ;>'(%,#*# %"+ (;##*#+ "#+ #* ($#+"+ o(#*"'(o*#+. &*o 'o* #% "&,#*o # %"+ "%('"'(o*#+ # %" o2","'()* o;;-%(*# %" '"%("'()* #% oo #+> o,"*o ,"/o (,o"*'(" "% ,o,#*o # 2""*(" &*" &#*" #'(+()* #* #% o+('(o*",(#*o #% #;#'o #,(*"%. Oo+ #+"o%%o+ (*'%&/#* %" #&''()* #% ","o # %o+ ,"*(&%"o#+ "" #% &+o # %o+ 'o*+&,(o#+ #* %"+ ($#+"+ "%('"'(o*#+ / #% #,%#o # ,"*(&%"o#+ o"o+ # $#45'&%o+ "&o 2&("o # ,"*#" "% &# %" '"#*" # "&o,"("'()* +#" ,>+ / ,>+ ;%#=(%# "% ,o,#*o # o," / +o%" (#"+. Lo+ #'(o+ # oo+ (*&+("%#+ $"(">* # "'&#o "% (o "%('"'()* / " %" &"(%(". S# #+#" &# #+o+ #'(o+ +(2"* (+,(*&/#*o "&*&# "'&"%,#*# +&+ $"%o#+ +# #*'&#*"* "o=(,"",#*# #*# 0.000 USD "" &* ,o#%o 'o(#*# / # &*o+ 100.000 USD o ,>+ "" oo+ ,>+ #+(+#*#+ / # 2"* "%'"*'#. Po oo %"o "%2&*o+ (*$#+(2"o#+ '(#*5;('o+ +o+(#*#* &# "" #% "o 00 2"'("+ "% #,%#o # +&#'o,&"o#+ %o+ oo+ o>* #+" o"o+ # (*#%(2#*'(" 'o,""%# " %" 4&,"*" #* '(#o+ "+#'o+.
1.3 S$!e%&! $ne4*&0e! 'e %&n&c*& L" "%('"'()* # %o+ +(+#,"+ 'o,&"'(o*"%#+ "" #% (+#o / %" ,"*&;"'&" 4"* #*(o &* ",%(o
#+"o%%o
/
+#
4"*
#=#*(o " ($#+o+ +#'o#+ o&'($o+.
Co*o'##,o+
+&+
'o,o*#*#+ / %o &# (,%('" +& (,%#,#*"'()*
#*
#%
,#(o
(*&+("% "7o %" )('" # %"+ ,#("*"+ / #&#"+ #,#+"+ # ,"*&;"'&" 'o* "%o+ *($#%#+ # '"%(".
U*" 4#",(#*" o#o+" "" oo (o # (*&+(" #+ #% &+o # %" #'*o%o25" 'o,&"'(o*"% #* %"+ %"o#+ # (&7o / (+#o. S(+#," # ,"*&;"'&" I,%('" %" ;"('"'()* # o&'o+ &# +"(+;"2"* " %o+ '%(#*#+ #* %"+ ;#'4"+ / 9,(*o+ #+(&%"o+ 'o* %" '"%(" #&#(" / "7o (*'((o+ # "'(o*"%("'()* # ,(*(,("'()* # 'o+o+ / ,"=(,("'()* # &(%("#+. E+# 'o*'#o # ,"*&;"'&" #,(#" 'o* #% 'o*'#o # %" #*#2" #% o&'o (*'%&/# "'($("#+ # (+#o / #+#'(;('"'(o*#+ / +# #=(#*# 4"+" %" #*#2" / "'($("#+ # $#*"+ o %o "*o (*$o%&'" %" (*#2"'()* # oo+ %o+ +(+#,"+ # (*;o,"'()*. So* o'#+o+ (*#2"o+ # o&''()* o(#*"o+ "% %o2o # %" '"%(" "+"o+ #* %" o(,("'()* #% &+o # #'&+o+ / #* %o+ '&"%#+ %"+ #'(+(o*#+ +o# o&'o+ o'#+o+ o2"*("'()* # (*;o,"'()* (*#"'J"* / ";#'"* #% #+#,#o 2%o"% # %" #,#+". Lo+ +(+#,"+ ,o#*o+ # ,"*&;"'&" +o* (*>,('o+ / 2%o"%#+ / +# "+"* #* &*" o&''()* <%(2#"< @%#"* o&''()* #* %"+ ;"+#+ # o," # #'(+()* (+#o o/#'o #7#'&'()* / 'o*o% &# +&+(&/# " %" o&''()* <#+""< o 2&#+" @"% o&''()*. E+o+ +(+#,"+ 'o*+(&/#* &*" &&" 'o* %o+ (*'((o+ "/%o(+"+ / ;o(+"+ # o2"*("'()* #% o'#+o # ""7o @#+'"%" ;%#=((%(" #+#'("%("'()*. M"*&;"'&" / #% (*2#*(#o (*&+("% E% (*2#*(#o (*&+("% o+#$" " %" ,"*&;"'&" 'o,o &* ,#'"*(+,o "" %" "*+;o,"'()* # ,"#("%#+ #* "5'&%o+ J(%#+ "" %" +o'(#". T",(9* #+ 'o*+(#"" 'o,o %" #+&'&"'()* / o2"*("'()* # "''(o*#+ &# #,(#* " &* +(+#," %o2" &*" "#" ##,(*"". A* #'# #* # +. H" (o #$o%&'(o*"o 2"'("+ " %" #'*o%o25" / " %" (*#%(2#*'(" #% 4o,# #+# %" #4(+o(" 4"+" *&#+o+ (#,o+ ;&# #$o%&'(o*"*o #+# %" (*$#*'()* # %" ,>&(*" # $"o # "o+ ">+ 4"+" %o &# 4o/ #* 5" #*#,o+ o2","+ / #&(o+ # "%" #'*o%o25".
Co,o ;o," # %" o&''()* '"("%(+" %" ,"*&;"'&" +&2() " ,#("o+ #% +(2%o KVI / #o,(*) #* #%%" 4"+" #% J%(,o #'(o #% +(2%o KVIII. Lo '""'#5+('o # %" (,#" ;o," # ,"*&;"'&" %" ,>+ +(,%# #+(" #* &# %o+ ""7"o#+ &# ""7"* #* +&+ '"+"+ +o* #=%o"o+ o #% '"("% 'o,#'("%. L" ;"+# +(2&(#*# # %" o&''()* ,"*&;"'&#" #+ %" ,"*&;"'&" '#*"%(""? 'o* #%%" %o+ o#o+ "+"%"("o+ #=%o"o+ o #% '"("% +# 'o*'#*"* #* &* %&2". L" ,"*&;"'&" +&2# o o+ '",(*o+: 1 #* #% "%%# o*# #+>* 'o*'#*"o+ o#o+ # #+#'("%("#+ (;##*#+ %o+ '&"%#+ #7#'&"* 4"+" #% ;(* oo #% o'#+o # o&''()* *#'#+"(o "" '#" &* ##,(*"o o&'o? #* #% "%%# o*# +# 'o*'#*"* "#+"*o+ # %" ,(+," #+#'("%(". L" %"o 4o,o29*#" +# #+'o,o*# #* ($#+"+ o#"'(o*#+ &# +# 'o*$(##* #* ;&*'()* #+#'("% # '"" o#o o +#""o. L" ,"*&;"'&" '"("%(+" '#) %"+ #,(+"+ "" %" 2"* o&''()* (*&+("% 'o*(&/) " %" &%#(o ($(+()* #% ""7o +(,%(;(') #* 2"* ,"*#" ,&'4"+ o#"'(o*#+ %"o"%#+ #;#''(o*) %o+ (*+&,#*o+ # ""7o #") o#o+ #+#'("%(+"+ "" "+" " %" o&''()* ,"&(*("" S# (#*+" &# %" ,"*&;"'&" ,o#*" +&2# "%##o # 1!80 'o* %" R#$o%&'()* (*&+("% (>*('" #="*(9*o+# " "( # #*o*'#+ " o" %" E&o" Co*(*#*"% %o " A,9('" #% No# / ;(*"%,#*# "% #+o #% ,&*o. L" ,"*&;"'&" +# 4" 'o*$#(o #* &*" o'()* (*,#*+" # %" #'o*o,5" #% ,&*o ,o#*o. S#2J* "%2&*o+ #'o*o,(+"+ %" ;"('"'()* #+ &* +#'o &# o&'# (&#" #* &*" #'o*o,5" ,(#*"+ &# #% +#'o +#$('(o+ (#*# " +# #% 'o*+&,o # %" (&#". I*('"o#+ / ">,#o+ >+('o+ •
E'o*),('". E7#,%o %" #*"(%(" #% %o'"%.
•
Co,#(($". E7#,%o #% +#$('(o "% '%(#*#
•
O#"($". E7#,%o #% (#,o o"% # o&''()*.
•
C"%(". E7#,%o #*#2" #% o&'o
•
S"(+;"''()* "% '%(#*#. E7#,%o "% #*" "% ,#'"o #% o&'o (#*# &# +# 'o,##*#.
•
T(#,o # '",(o+ # #&(o. E7#,%o " %" 4o" # o#" &* #&(o # ""7o.
•
Co+o+ &*("(o+ # o&''()*. E7#,%o %" 'o," # %" ,"#(" (,".
•
T(#,o o"% # o&''()*. E7#,%o %" #%"o"'()* #% o&'o.
•
Co*;o,(" 'o* %"+ #+#'(;('"'(o*#+. E7#,%o %" '#(;('"'()* # %" #,#+".
•
R"(# #* #% #+"o%%o # o&'o+. E7#,%o %"+ +#2J* %" '""'(" # %"+ ,>&(*"+ / #+o*"% '""'("o.
D&"*# "o+ o'"+ 'o,"5"+ #*+""* &# %"+ O#"'(o*#+ / +&+ Po'#+o+ o5"* +# &*" ;&#*# (,o"*# # $#*"7"+ 'o,#(($"+. A ,#(" &# %"+ #,#+"+ "o*#+"+ +# 'o*$((#o* #* 'o,#(o#+ 2%o"%#+ / o,(*"o* ",%(o+ +#'o#+ # %" o&''()* (*&+("%. @A&o,)$(%#+ #%#'oo,9+('o+ o&'o+ #%#')*('o+ #'. #* %"+ 9'""+ # %o+ +##*" / o'4#*" #+ &# %"+ #,#+"+ ",#('"*"+ #,(#"* " #+&(" %o+ ,o($o+ # #+o+ 9=(o+. Lo ,>+ (,o"*# &# #*'o*"o* #+ >'('",#*# #* o"+ %"+ #,#+"+ 7"o*#+"+ &*" "%" #;('(#*'(" / '"%(" #* %"+ o#"'(o*#+. A('(o*"%,#*# #+"+ #,#+"+ %o2""* %"*" / 'o*+o%(" *&#$o+ o&'o+ #* (#,o+ #=#,"",#*# 'oo+. L"+ #,#+"+ "*"%(""+ #+"%#'(#o* "o*#+ # #;##*'(" B#*'4,"(*2 # C%"+# M&*("% #* Po&'($(" Co+o C"%(" / E*#2".
CONCLUSIÓN L" "&o,"("'()* # "+o%&",#*# oo "# #+"'(o+ "" #*+" #* ;o,"+ # ;%#=((%(" &# *o +# &##* %o2" #* %" ,"*&;"'&" 'o*$#*'(o*"% / #+ 7&+o o #+o &# %"+ ;"('"+ "+""+ #* #% +(+#," CIM #+o*#* 'o* ,"/o "(# &# %"+ 'o*$#*'(o*"%#+ " %"+ '",("*#+ *#'#+("#+ #% ,#'"o. A#,>+ # %" (*;"#+&'&" %" ",(*(+"'()* # %" #,#+" ",(9* ## # #+" #*o #% +(+#," CIM /" &# ",(9* +# *#'#+(" &# %" #,#+" #* 2#*#"% '",(# #% &*o # $(+" "" &# %" ,"*&;"'&" (*#2"" o 'o,&"o"+ +#" "J* ,>+ #;#'($". Lo+ o'#+o+ 4"* '",("o / +#2&(>* '",("*o +(#,# #* $5"+ # ,#7o" %o+ 'o+o+ # o&''()* +(* ";#'" %" '"%(" # %o+ o&'o+ +(*o o #% 'o*"(o ,#7o"%". Lo+ ,9oo+ "'&"%#+ o"%#,#*# +($"* #* &* ;&&o +o%o 'o,o #;##*'(" "" %" '#"'()* # *&#$o+ +(+#,"+ # 'o*o% ,"*#7o / o&''()* %o+ '&"%#+ $"* +(#,# " ;"$o # &*" #+"(%(" #% ,#'"o o*# *o 4"/" o&'o+ #='##*#+ "" ,"*#*# &#*o+ #'(o+ # $#*"+ / o*# *o ;"%#* "" *o " #+"'(o " &# +&7"* +&%#,#*o+ &# &#"* #+%""%o+. E+ # +&," (,o"*'(" &# %"+ #,#+"+ &(%('#* %"+ ,"*&;"'&"+ (*#2""+ o 'o,&"o" /" &# %#+ "# 2"*# #*#;('(o+ 'o,o %o +o* %" ;%#=((%(" "" #+o*# " '&"%&(# '",(o #* %o+ $o%J,#*#+ o 'o,o+('()* # %o+ o&'o+ o o'#+o+ %" '"%(" o %" (*+#''()* "&o,>('" #&''(o*#+ #* (#,o #(o #&''()* # (*$#*"(o+ #* o'#+o+ ,"/o 'o*o% 2##*'("% (+o*((%(" # (*;o,"'()* #'(+" #;('(#*'(" #* %" (+(&'()* / %" (*#2"'()* # o#"'(o*#+ #$(#*# (#+2o+ # o+o%#+'#*'(" / o'(o*#+ # #=%o" *&#$"+ #'*o%o25"+? oo #+o "/#*o &* ,#7o #+#,#o #* %" #,#+" ,"/o '""'(" # o&''()* #;%#7>*o+# ;(*"%,#*# #* %"+ &(%("#+ # %" #,#+" / #% '#'(,(#*o # %" ,(+,".
5I5LIOGRAFÍA
4:,+"%""-(*2#*(#o.%o2+o.,= 4+:."'"#,(".#&811M"*&;"'&"I*#2""oCo,&"o"G#*#"%(" #+ITCHII1 4:.#,.'%#%#'o(*&+(""('&%o.,$'=(Q168
