TUGAS PORTOFOLIO PORTOFOLIO IP I PA ALAT-ALAT OPTIK
GURU PENGAMPU : SRI MUNTIK LESTARI, LESTARI, S.Pd PENYUSUN : NAMA KELAS NO. ABSEN ABSEN
: FANY FANY RIY RIY YURISTA YURISTA : VIII B : 09
SEKOLAH MENENGAH PERTAMA “AL-HIKMAH” CEPU TAHUN PELAJARAN 0!"#0!$
KATA PENGANTAR
S%&'(' )*+ '& A((' T*'/ S%%12' A(', 3'/& 4'5%/' '2'1 ()''/ 5''2 d'/ '/*&%5'-N3'(' )%/*(1 d')'2 %/3%(%1'4'/ 2*&'1 '4'(' / d%/&'/ '4. T'4 (*)' )*(' )%/*(1 %/&*6')4'/ 2%5' 4'1 3'/& 1%%1'5-%1'5/3' 4%)'d' G*5* P%/&')* M'2' P%('+'5'/ I(* P%/&%2'*'/ A(' 3'/& 2%(' %%54'/ (* d'/ )%/&%2'*'//3' 4%)'d' )%/*(1, 2%5*2'' 2%54'2 )%/*(1'/ '4'(' /. Ad')*/ '4'(' / )%/*(1 5'/&4* d'5 1*%5 3'/& d')'2 d)%56'3' 3'/& )%/3'+'//3' )%/*(1 1'+4'/ d'(' (%'5 7'82'5 P*12'4'. P%/*(1 %/3'd'5 )%/*(1'/ '4'(' / '1 +'* d'5 4%1%)*5/''/, (% 4'5%/' 2* 1'5'/ d'/ 4524 1'/&'2 )%/*(1 '5')4'/ &*/' )%/3%)*5/''//3' d '1' %/d'2'/&. A45 4'2' 1%&' '4'(' / d')'2 %/'' (* )%/&%2'*'/ d'/ 4%')*'/ 42' d'(' d'/& I(* F14' 1%'&''/' 3'/& 42' 1%*' '5')4'/.
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DAFTAR ISI
KATA PENGANTAR ...........................................................................................
7AFTAR ISI .........................................................................................................
BAB I PEN7AHULUAN ....................................................................................
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BAB II PEMBAHASAN ..................................................................................... .
.! P%/&%52'/ A('2 O)24 ....................................................................................
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BAB III PENUTUP ..............................................................................................
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7AFTAR PUSTAKA ................................................. ...........................................
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2
BAB I PENDAHULUAN
1.1
Latar Belakang
K%'+*'/ 2%4/(& 2%(' %'>' d')'4 3'/& )128 '& 4%d*)'/ '/*1', %5'&' )%5'('2'/ %(%425/4 d6)2'4'/ */2*4 d')'2 %/&&'/24'/ %5'&' 8*/&1 5&'/ '2'* %/3%(d4 8*/&1 d'/ )%/3)'/&'/ )'d' 5&'/ 2** '/*1'. S'(' 1'2*/3' 'd'(' 4'%5'. K%'+*'/ 2%4/(& 2%(' %5%?(*1 %5'&' '('2 %(%425/4 d'5 *4*5'/ %1'5 %/+'d *4*5'/ 3'/& 1'/&'2 4%6(. T%4/(& / d4%/'( d%/&'/ 2%4/(& /'/ @2%4/(& /'/ 'd'(' 2%4/(& 3'/& %5&%5'4 '2'* d*'2 d'(' 16'(' /'/%2%5. S%('/ )5'421 d'/ %4/1, *4*5'/ 3'/& 1'/&'2 4%6(, 1'/&'2 *(2 &*/'. S'(' 1'2* '1( 2%4/(& /'/ 'd'(' )%*'2'/ 4'%5'. K'5%/' 4%6(/3' '4' 4'%5' / d')'2 '1*4 4% d'(' )%*(* d'5'. T'*4' 4'* '>' 1'(' 1'2* 5&'/ 2** 42' 'd'(' '('2 )24 %5*)' 4'%5' 3'/& 2%56'/&& d'/ 2%5)5'421 d +'&'2 5'3' B'&''/'4' 4'%5' 3'/& 'd' d d'(' 2** 42' 2* d4'2'4'/ )5'421 U/2*4 %/&%2'* (% '/3'4 2%/2'/& 8*/&1 5&'/ /, '4' 4*2(' 1%(*5* 4%&'2'/ %54*2 d%/&'/ 1*/&&*1*/&&*. A('2 )24 'd'(' '('2-'('2 3'/& 1'(' 1'2* '2'* (% 4)/%//3' %/&&*/'4'/ %/d' )24, 1%)%52: 6%5/, (%/1', 1%5'2 )24 '2'* )51'. P5/1) 4%5+' d'5 '('2 )24 'd'(' d%/&'/ %'/8''24'/ )5/1) )%'/2*('/ 6''3' d'/ )%'1'/ 6''3'. P%'/2*('/ 6''3' 'd'(' )%512>' )%/&%'('/ '5' 5''2 6''3' )'d' 5%8(%425. P%'1'/ 6''3' 'd'(' )%512>' )%%(4'/ '5' 5''2 6''3' 4'5%/' 6''3' %('(* d'/& '2'1 '/2'5' d*' '2 %//& 3'/& %5%d' 4%5')'2'//3'.
1.2
Ruu!an "a!ala# B%5d'1'54'/ ('2'5 %('4'/& d '2'1, '4' 5**1'/ '1'(' 3'/& '4'/ d''1
d'(' '4'(' / 'd'(':
1
!. P%/&%52'/ A('2 O)24 . A)' S'+' M'6'-'6' A('2 O)24 . K%&*/''/ A('2 O)24
1.$ Tu%uan Penul&!an
7'(' )51%1 )%/*(1'/ '4'(' / )%/*(1 %/d')'24'/ '/8''2 d'5 %'6' *4*-*4* 3'/& %/+'d 1*%5 */2*4 )%''1'/, 1%/&&' %/'' >'>'1'/ d'/ )%/&%2'*'/ %/&%/' '2%5 3'/& %51'/&4*2'/. !. U/2*4 %/&%2'* +%/1-+%/1 '('2 )24 . U/2*4 %'' )5/1) d'/ 4%&*/''/ '('2-'('2 )24
2
BAB II PE"BAHASAN
2.1 Pengert&an Alat O't&k
O)24 'd'(' 6''/& 814' 3'/& %/&&''54'/ )%5('4* d'/ 18'2 6''3' d'/ /2%5'41 6''3' d%/&'/ '2%5. O)24 d+%('14'/ d'/ d2'/d' d%/&'/ 8%/%/' )24. K'2' %5'1'( d'5 ὀD )24 L'2/, 3'/& %5'52 2')('/. A('2 )24 'd'(' '('2 3'/& %5*)' %/d' %//& 3'/& d&*/'4'/ */2*4 %/&'1(4'/ '3'/&'/ %('(* )%'/2*('/ '2'* )%'1'/ 6''3'. A('2 )24 2%5d5 d'5 '('2 )24 '('' d'/ '('2 )24 *'2'/. A('2 '('' 1'(/3' '2', 1%d'/&4'/ '('2 )24 *'2'/ 1%)%52 4'6''2', (*), 4514), 2%(%14), 4'%5', )53%425, d((. A('2 )24 3'/& )'(/& *2'' 'd'(' '2', 4'5%/' '2' %5*)'4'/ '('2 */2*4 %('2. B'/3'4 )%/&%2'*'/ 3'/& 42' )%5(% %('(* )51%1 )%/&('2'/ %('(* '2'. F*/&1 '('2-'('2 )24 3'/& ('//3' 1%%/'5/3' 'd'(' %'/2* )51%1 )%/&('2'/ '2'* )%/&''2'/. L%/1' )24 1' 2%5*'2 d'5 ''/ 4'6', )('124, 8%5, d'/ ('/ 1%'&'/3'
2.2 "a(a-a(a Alat O't&k 2.2.1 "ata )an Ka(aata
3
M'2' 'd'(' 1'(' 1'2* 5&'/ 2** '/*1' 3'/& 1'/&'2 )%/2/&. M'2' %5*)'4'/ 1'(' 1'2* )'/6' /d%5' '/*1'. M'2' %5*)'4'/ /d%5' */2*4 )%/&('2'/. T'/)' '2', 42' 2d'4 d')'2 %('2 %/d'-%/d' 3'/& 'd' d d*/' /. M'2' 1' %('2 ')'(' 'd' 6''3'. 7'(' &%(') '2' 2d'4 d')'2 %('2, 4'5%/' 2d'4 'd' 6''3' 3'/& '1*4 4% d'(' '2'. K%')*'/ '/*1' d'(' %('2 1*'2* %/d' 2d'4 (%)'1 d'5 )%5'/ '2' 1%'&' '('2 )24. B%/2*4 '2' %/3%5*)' ('. P'd' (' '2' 2%5d')'2 %/d' %//& 3'/& d1%*2 (%/1' '2'. L%/1' '2' %518'2 2%*1 6''3'. L%/1' '2' %5*)' (%/1' 6%*/&. L%/1' '2' %(4 8*/&1 %'14'/ 1/'5-1/'5 3'/& d'2'/& 4% '2'. 7%/&'/ d%4'/ '3'/&'/ %/d' d')'2 2%)'2 +'2* d 5%2/' '2'. J'd '2' %(4 8*/&1 1%)%52 )'d' 4'%5'. O(% 4'5%/' 2* '2' d1%*2 '('2 )24.
2.2.2 Lu'
L*) 'd'(' '('2 )24 %5(%/1' 6%*/& @(%/1' )128 3'/& d &*/'4'/ */2*4 %/&''2 # %('2 %/d' 4%6( '&'5 2')'4 %1'5. J4' 42' %/&''2 +%4 d%/&'/ (*), '4' %/d' '5*1 d (%2'44'/ d 5*'/& I @'/2'5' 224 )*1'2 (%/1' (*) d%/&'/ +'5'4 84*1 (*). S8'2 '3'/&'/ 3'/& d %/2*4 (*) 'd'(' '3', 2%&'4 d )%5%1'5. 7'/ (' 42' '4'/ %/&''2 +%4 d'(' >'42* 3'/& 4
('' d%/&'/ %/&&*/'4'/ (*), '4' %/d' '5*1 d (%2'44'/ )'d' 224 84*1/3' '2' %5'4d'1. P%5'+/ )%5'1'/ %'1 d'/ )%5'4 +*&' %/&&*/'4'/ '('2 / */2*4 %)%5(% '1( 3'/& (% '4.1%d'/&4'/ (% 11>' (*) d &*/'4'/ 1''2 )5'424* (& d )'4' */2*4 %/&''2 '&'/ %>'/ '2'* 2**'/ '&'5 4%('2'/ %1'5 d'/ +%('1.S%'&' '('2 )24,(*) %5*)' (%/1' 6%*/& 2%'(@%584*1 )%/d%4.S8'2 '3'/&'/ 3'/& d '5')4'/ d'5 %/d' 4%6( 3'/& d ('2 d%/&'/ (*) 'd'(' 2%&'4 d'/ d )%5%1'5.O5'/& 3'/& %('2 %/d' d%/&'/ %/&&*/'4'/ (*) '4'/ %)*/3' 1*d*2 )%/&('2'/@1*d*2 '/&*(%5 3'/& (% %1'5 d'5)'d' 5'/& 3'/& %('2 d%/&'/ '2' '1'. Ad' d*' 6'5' %'4' (*),3'2* d%/&'/ '2' 2'4 %5'4d'1 d'/ '2' %5'4d'1. !. U/2*4 '2' %5'4d'1 '41*,%/d' d (%2'4'/ d'/2'5' F d'/ O '2'* +'5'4 %/d' @1 1%('(* (% 4%6( d'5)'d' +'5'4 224 @8 . U/2*4 '2' 3'/& 2d'4 %5'4d'1,%/d' d (%2'44'/ 2%)'2 )'d' 224 ') @8 '2'* +'5'4 %/d' @1 1'' d%/&'/ +'5'4 224 ') (*) @8.
2.2.$ Kaera
5
K'%5' 'd'(' 1%*' '('2 3'/& %/&'5'4'/ '3'/&'/ 3'/& d84*14'/ (% (%/1'#112% )24 ('/ 4%'2'1 )%5*4''/ 82 1%/128 3'/& %5'd' d'(' 2%)'2 2%2*2*)# 8(. K'%5' %)*/3' )5/1) 4%5+' 1%)%52 '2' '/*1'. K'%5' 3'/& )'(/& 1%d%5'/' 'd'(' '('2 )25%2 3'/& d/''4'/ 6'%5' 16*5'. K'%5' / 2%5%/2*4 1%*' 42'4 2%52*2*) 3'/& 1'(' 1'2* 11/3' %5(*'/& 4%6(. Bag&an-Bag&an kaera*
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: U/2*4 %%/2*4 '3'/&'/ )'d' 8( : U/2*4 %/&'2*5 6''3' '1*4 4'%5' : S%'&' )%*4'# )%/*2*) (%/1' : U/2*4 %84*14'/ 6''3' '1*4 4'%5' : B'&'/ 3'/& )%4' 2%5'd') 6''3' */2*4 %/'/&4') '3'/&'/ 3'/& d %/2*4 (%/1' 4'%5'.
Pr&n!&' ker%a kaera
P5/1) 4%5+' 4'%5' d'/ '2' 'd'(' 1''. A)'(' '2' %('2 %/d', 1/'5 d'5 %/d' 3'/& '1*4 4% '2' d'14'/ (%/1' '2'. B'3'/&'/ +'2* d ('3'5 '2' '2'* 5%2/'. S8'2 '3'/&'/ 3'/& 2%5+'d /3'2', d)%54%6( d'/ 2%5'(4. P%('2 8( %5*)' 6%((*(d, )%('2 2* d(')1 &%5'4 5d' d'/ 1'/&'2 )%4' 2%5'd') 6''3'. A)'(' '3'/&'/ +%4 %/&%/' )%('2 8( '4'/ 2%56%2'4 1%'&' &''5 /%&'28. S%2%(' )51%1 )%/6*6'/, 8( d')'2 d6%2'4 1%'&' &''5 )128 )'d' 4%52'1 82.
2.2.+ "&kr,!k,'
M4514) 'd'(' '('2 */2*4 %('2 d'/ %/&''2 %/d' d'/ +'1'd 5%/4 '2'* +%4 3'/& 1'/&'2 4%6(. M4514) 2%5d5 d'5 d*' (%/1' 6%*/&, 3'/& '1/&-'1/& d 1%*2 1%'&' (%/1' +%428 d'/ (%/1' 4*(%5.
6
L%/1' +%428 'd'(' (%/1' )'d' 4514) 3'/& (%2'4/3' d%4'2 d%/&'/ +%4 3'/& d''2, 1%d'/&4'/ (%/1' 4*(%5 'd'(' (%/1' )'d' 4514) 3'/& (%2'4/3' d%4'2 d%/&'/ '2', 4%24' 42' %/&''2 +%4 d%/&'/ 4514). L%/1' 4*(%5 )'d' 4514) %58*/&1 1%)%52 (*). S&at a/angan /ang )& entuk &kr,!k,'*
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0ara ker%a &kr,!k,'
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2.2. Ter,',ng
T%5)/& %5*)'4'/ '('2 )24 3'/& '1' d&*/'4'/ */2*4 %('2 %/d' 3'/& +'5'4/3' 2%5(%2'4 +'* 1%/&&' 2')'4 (% d%4'2 d'/ +%('1. T%5)/& 2%5d5 d'5 d*' (%/1' )128 3'2* (%/1' 3'/& %/&'5' )'d' 3%4 'd'(' 3%428 d'/ (%/1' 3'/& %/&'5' )'d' '2' 'd'(' 4*(%5. P5/1) *2'' )%%/2*4'/ '3'/&'/ )'d' 2%5)/& 'd'(': (%/1' 3%428 %%/2*4'3'/&'/ /3'2' d'5 1%*' 3%4 +'* d'/ (%/1' 4*(%5 %58*/&1 1%'&' (*). 7%/&'/ d%4'/ 6'5' %/&''2 3%4 ')'4' '* d%/&'/ 6'5' %5'4d'1 '*)*/ 2d'4 %5'4d'1 2%5&'/2*/& d'5 )11 (%/1' 4*(%5/3'. O(% 4'5%/' 2* +'5'4 '/2'5' 3%428 d'/ 4*(%5 d')'2 d*'-*'. P'/+'/& 2%5)/& 'd'(' +'5'4 '/2'5' (%/1' 3%428 d'/ (%/1' 4*(%5/3'.
8
2.2. Per&!k,'
A('2 )24 )%514) 'd'(' 1%*' '('2 )24 3'/& %58*/&1 */2*4 %('2 +%4 3'/& 2%51%*/3. P%514) '1'/3' %5%/2*4 %'/+'/&. P%514) +*&' d')'2 d&*/'4'/ */2*4 %('2 '2'* %/&/2' 1%1*'2* d'5 2%)'2 3'/& 2%51%*/3. P%514) +*&' d')'2 d&*/'4'/ */2*4 %('2 %/d' 3'/& %5'd' d '2'1 '2'* d '>' )%/&&*/' )%514).
9
P'd' )%514) 1%d%5'/', 4*/6 d'5 )5/1) 4%5+' )%514) %5'd' )'d' 4%d*' 6%5/ 3'/& 'd' d d'(' 2** '('2 )24 2%51%*2. S%6'5' **, )%514) / %4%5+' d%/&' %/'/&4') 6''3' 3'/& d)'/2*(4'/ %/d ' '2'* +%4 (% 6%5/ )%52'' 3'/& %5'd' d '&'/ '2'1 )%514). K%*d'/, '3'/&'/ 3'/& d2'/&4') d'5 6%5/ )%52'' / d2%5*14'/ )'d' 6%5/ 4%d*' 3'/& %5'd' d '>' )%514) 1%4'(&*1 %58*/&1 1%'&' %d' */2*4 %'/2*(4'/ '3'/&'/ +%4 '2'* %/d' 4% '2' '/*1'.
2.2.3 Pr,/ekt,r Sl&)e
P53%425 'd'(' 1%*' )%5'/&4'2 )24 3'/& %)53%414'/ &''5 '2'* &''5 %5&%5'4 )'d' 1%*' )%5*4''/ d'2'5, '1'/3' 1%*' ('3'5 )*2 '2'* d/d/& )*2. K%'/3'4'/ )53%425 %*'2 &''5 d%/&'/ 6'5' %/3/'5 +%4 %('(* (%/1' 25'/1)'5'/ 4%6(, /'*/ )53%425 1%4'5'/& d')'2 %)53%414'/ &''5 1%6'5' ('/&1*/&, d%/&'/ %/&&*/'4'/ ('1%5. S%*' )53%425 3'/& %/&&*/'4'/ 112% )26'( %4'/4'( */2*4 %)53%414'/ 82 1(d%. F2 1(d% '41*d/3', 1%4*)*('/ 82 3'/& d 2')(4'/ 1%6'5' %5&'/2'/ 1%1*' *5*2'//3' # 1*1*/'//3' ('3'4/3' %*4' '(* 82. P%5(* d 6'2'2 '>', 82 3'/& d&*/'4'/ )'d' S(d% P5+%425
10
*4'/(' 82 3'/& 1*d' +'d 1%)%52 82 3'/& d6%2'4 d 4%52'1 82, 2') /%&'28 # 8( d'5 82-82 2%51%*2. A2'* 5'/& ('/& 4(1% 82, 12(' ('/ */2*4 /%&'28 82. B%54*2 &''5 S(d% P5+%425. J'd, S(d% P5+%425 / 6'5' 4%5+'/3'
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2.2.4 Otal,!k,'
O82'(14) 'd'(' '('2 '3/& %%/6'54'/ 1%%54'1 1/'5 4%d'(' '2', %*/&4/4'/ d42%5 %%541' 5%2/' '2'* '&'/ %('4'/& (' '2' %('(* )*)(. P%%541''/ 82'(14) d'/ )%/'815'/ )%%541''/ '1( )%%541''/ / %5*)'4'/ '&'/ 2%5)%/2/& d'5 5'/&4''/ )%%541''/ %d4 3'/& 4)5%%/18. 7%/&'/ )51%d*5 / d')'2 d('2 &%+'('-&%+'(' 3'/& d')'2 %/*/+*44'/ 'd'/3' 5%2/' (%)'1, &('*4', 2%4'/'/ d'5' 2/&&, )%/3'42 d'%2%1 %(2*1, 2*5 2'4 d'/ )%/3'42-)%/3'42 ('/.
11
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12
BAB III PENUTUP
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