SINTESIS SENYAWA CALKON TURUNAN 4-METOKSI ASETOFENON DAN UJI TOKSISITAS DENGAN METODE BRINE SHRIMP LETHALITY TEST (BSLT)

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Fkrk| Lifkekja

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ri|xilyr bm tkxk|kj* @kf mjm bktkr emrk fm`kr bk|m nlkr#nlkrkj krky }kja fkmjjj}k }kja `k|yx bmmxnfkxm bk|m lk`kj kfkc tkxrm kekj ck`kf `k|akj}k& li|libk bijakj nlkr#nlkrkj }kja lk`kj lkeyj}k kbkfk` `kxmf xmjrixmx& kekj film` cy|k` `k|akj}k* Nfi` ek|ijk mry& xmjrixmx ci|ytkekj okfkj eifyk| }kja tkfmja ritkr lkam ticihk`kj ckxkfk` ri|xilyr* Bkfkc tijifmrmkj mjm lk`kj lkey eirnj k|nckrme }kja bmayjkekj kbkfk` 2 cirnexm kxirngijnj& bkj xilkakm kfbi`mb k|nckrme kbkfk` 2 cirnexm lijzkfbi`mb& <&8 bmcirnexm lijzkfbi`mb bkj <&2&9 r|mcirnexm lijzkfbi`mb* Mjm li|ryoykj kak| bktkr bmti|nfi` xykry t|nbye hkfenj }kja film` wk|mkrmg& xi`mjaak film` cijk|me yjrye cijaakfm tnrijxm hkfenj ri|xilyr lkam li|lkakm eitijrmjakj }kja bktkr cijkclk` jmfkm rkclk` t|nbye lk`kj kfkc*

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ri|lijrye tkbk

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μ‘`mb|nexm kfbi`mbk krky

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Akclk| 9* Ciekjmxci ticlijryekj hkfenj bijakj ekrkfmx kxkc <*8 \ie|mxrkfmxkxm

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E|nckrna|kgm Fktmx Rmtmx

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Yjrye cicnjmrn| ticmxk`kj tkbk e|nckrna|kgm enfnc*

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7*

Yjrye cijairk`ym xioky`ckjk |ikexm rifk` li|fkjaxyja* =

Ticmxk`kj tkbk e|nckrna|kgm fktmx rmtmx mjm ri|okbm ek|ijk kbkj}k ti|libkkj eihitkrkj cma|kxm }kja bmbkxk|ekj tkbk ti|libkkj enigmxmij bmxr|mlyxm ckxmja#ckxmja enctnjij }kja bmtmxk`ek j* Hk|k ei|ok EFR kbkfk` xilkakm li|meyr? fk|yrkj xkctif bmrnrnfekj tkbk tfkr }kja xybk` bmli|m rkjbk* Lmfk jnbk xybk` ei|mja tfkr bmckxyeekj ei bkfkc lke ifyij }kja rifk` oijy` bijakj ifyij }kja bmtmfm` xilkakm gkxi ai|ke* Ifyij rmbke lnfi` cij}ijry` jnbk tkbk tfkr& ek|ijk cicyjaemjekj xij}kqk }kja bmtmxk`ekj fk|yr* Ifyij li|ai|ke bijakj ak}k ektmfi| bkj cijaai|keekj enctnjij#enctnij bk|m hkcty|kj hytfmekj tkbk ti|libkkj ok|ke bkfkc k|k` kfm|kj ifyij* Ok|ke ricty` jnbk bktkr bm`mryja bijakj cijairk`ym fnekxm jnbk tkbk tfkr* Omek xij}kqk# xij}kqk }kja bmtmxk`ekj li|qk|jk kekj ri|fm`kr xilkakm tmrk#tmrk krky jnbk# jnbk }kja ri|tmxk`* Rirktm yjrye xij}kqk ri|rijry }kja rmbke li|qk|jk bktkr bmkckrm bijakj fkcty yfr|kwmnfir& ykt }nbmyc krky bijakj ti|ikexm tijkctke  jnbk* Jnbk }kja bmbktkr bmrkjbkm bijakj tijxmf yjrye cijijryekj `k|ak \g  }kja li|emxk| 4#;* @k|ak \g bktkr bm`mryja bijakj ciclkjbmjaekj ok|ke }kja bmricty` enctnjij bijakj ok|ke }kja bmricty` ifyij (Xkxr|nkcmbonon& <44;-*

\g 3 Ok|ke }kja bmricty` xkctfi (KOk|ke }kja bmricty` ifyij (L-

Lkrkx krkx L

K

Lkrkx lkqk`

Akclk| 7* Tijijrykj @k|ak \g 

;4

<*9

Tijijrykj Rmrme Fifi`

Rmrme fifi` ci|ytkekj ricti|kry| eikbkkj xykry e|mxrkf cyfkm cififi` xkctkm cififi` xify|y`j}k* Tici|mexkkj rmrme fifi` xykry xij}kqk }kja rmbke  bmeijkf bktkr bmfkeyekj bijakj cijaayjkekj kfkr }kja xibi|`kjk& cmxkfj}k N|bmjk|}& R`mifi& Gmx`i|#Onj`x* Tijakckrkj rmrme fifi` bmfkeyekj xihi|ckr cyjaemj& ri|yrkck lmfk rifk` cijbiekrm rmrme fifi`j}k* Okbm rmrme fifi` n

xilijk|j}k ci|ytkekj `k|ak kjrk|k }kja bmckexyb rmbke lnfi` film` bk|m < H (Ck}n& B*Q*& ir kf& ;==2-* Tijirykj rmrme fifi` bmti|fyekj byk `kf }kmry? ;* Tijijrykj eicy|jmkj Tkbk tijirykj rmrme fifi` xykry xij}kqk& lmfk `k|ak }kja bmti|nfi` cicmfmem n

xifmxm` kjaek }kja film` eihmf bk|m < H& ckek xij}kqk mry bmekrkekj xybk` n

cy|jm* Lmfk xifmxm`j}k film` lixk| bk|m < H bmekrkekj lifyc cy|jm* <* Mbijrmgmekxm xij}kqk rke bmeijkf Bkfkc `kf mjm& bkrk rmrme fifi` }kja bmti|nfi` bmhnhneekj bijakj bkrk xrkjbk| (`kjb lnne-* Omek rmrme fifi` xij}kqk rke bmeijkf ri|xilyr xixykm bijakj bkrk bk|m `kjb lnne& ckek xij}kqk ri|xilyr bktkr bmeirk`ym*

<*7

Cirnbi Ek|keri|mxkxm

Bkfkc tijijrykj ek|keri|mxkxm xykry xij}kqk emcmk kbk lili|ktk cirnbi }kja bmayjkekj* Xihk|k ycyc cirnbi }kja lmkxk bmayjkekj kbkfk` riejme xtier|nxentm* Bmkjrk|kj}k kbkfk` xtier|nxentm yfr|kwmnfir (YW-& mjg|kci|k` (M\-& xtier|nxentm ckxxk (CX- bkj |ixnjkjxm ckajirme mjrm (JC\-* Xicyk cirnbi mjm cija`kxmfekj bkrk xtier|nxentm }kja bktkr bmayjkekj yjrye  cijambijrmgmekxm xij}kqk#xij}kqk lk`kj kfkc*

<*7*;

Xtier|nxentm yfr|kwmnfir

Xtiernxentm yfr|kwmnfir bk|m xykry xij}kqk n|akjme li|`ylyjakj bijakj r|kjxmxm ifier|nj bk|m xkry rmjaekr iji|am ei rmjaekr iji|am }kja film` rmjaam* Xtier|nxentm yfr|kwmnfir li|ayjk yjrye cijairk`ym mekrkj |kjaekt ;;

ri|enjoyakxm bkfkc xykry cnfieyf emcmk (Xybokbm& ;=08-* Xij}kqk n|akjme  }kja bmek|keri|mxkxm bijakj YW `k|yx bkfkc eikbkkj cy|jm bkj li|lijrye  fk|yrkj* Xij}kqk }kja kekj bmkjkfmxmx bmfk|yrekj bkfkc tifk|yr n|akjme }kja xixykm* Xtier|yc YW xij}kqk anfnjakj gfkwnjnmb lmkxkj}k bmrijryekj bkfkc irkjnf krky cirkjnf bkj e`kx ri|bm|m bk|m byk klxn|lxm ckexmcyc tkbk |kjai <24#<09 jc (tmrk MM& ri|yrkck bmxilklekj klxn|lxm hmjhmj K-& bkj 844#994 jc (tmrk M& bmxilklekj hmjhmj L-* Klxn|lxm YW tkbk hkfenj ri|fm`kr tkbk tkjokja aifnclkja <84#<14 jc tkbk tmrk MM bkj 824#<14 jc tkbk tmrk M bijakj mjrijxmrkx }kja |ijbk`*

<*7*<

Xtier|nxentm mjg|kci|k`

Xtier|nxentm

M\

bmayjkekj

yjrye

cijijryekj

ayayx

gyjaxm

(Xmfwi|xrkmj& ;=07-* @kf mjm cyjaemj bmxilklekj xtier|yc mjg|kci|k` xij}kqk n|akjme li|xmgkr e`kx& k|rmj}k xij}kqk }kja li|libk kekj cictyj}km xtier|yc }kja li|libk tyfk (Jnibmj& ;=07-* Tijaayjkkj xtier|yc mjg|kci|k` bkfkc emcmk n|akjme cijaayjkekj bki|k` }kja li|emxk| tkbk lmfkjakj aifnclkja #;

777#2444 hc * Lmfk xmjk| mjg|kci|k` bmfiqkrekj cifkfym xij}kqk n|akjme& ckek lili|ktk g|ieyijxm kekj bmxi|kt bkj fkmjj}k bmri|yxekj* Xtier|nxentm mjg|kci|k` bmayjkekj yjrye cijijryekj mjgn|ckxm#mjgn|ckxm xihk|k xr|yery|kf bk|m xij}kqk#xij}kqk n|akjme (Qmja|nwi kjb Hk|ir& ;=0;-*

<*7*8

Xtier|nxentm |ixnjkjxm ckajirme mjrm (JC\-

Xtier|nxentm JC\ ci|ytkekj riejme }kja xkjakr lkme bm bkfkc cijijryekj xr|yery| xij}kqk n|akjme* Xtier|nxentm JC\ li|`ylyjakj bijakj xmgkr ckajirme mjrm* Tijijrykj xij}kqk bijakj cijaayjkekj JC\ kekj bmti|nfi` akclk|kj ti|libkkj xmgkr bk|m li|lkakm mjrm }kja kbk yjrye  cijbyak firke mjrm ri|xilyr bkfkc cnfieyf (Xybokbm& ;=08-*

;<

<*7*2

Xtier|nxentm ckxxk (CX-

Xtier|ngnrnciri| ckxxk kbkfk` kfy| eifmctk`kj (oycfk` |ifkrmg  g|kacij li|cykrkj tnxmrmg }kja li|fkmjkj- wi|xyx jmxlk` ckxxk.cykrkj (c.i krky c.z- bk|m g|kacij#g|kacij ri|xilyr* Cykrkj mnj bk|m eilkj}kekj tk|rmeif }kja bmbiriexm bkfkc xykry xtier|nciri| ckxxk kbkfk` %;& jmfkm c.i yjrye  xykry mnj xickhkc mjm xkck bijakj ckxxkj}k* Nfi` ek|ijk mry xtier|yc ckxxk ci|ytkekj xykry |iekckj bk|m ckxxk tk|rmeif wi|xyx eifmctk`kj |ifkrmg  tk|rmeif ri|xilyr (Xkxr|n`kcmbonon& <44;-*

<*1

Rmjokykj Ycyc L|mji X`|mct Fir`kfmr} Rixr (LXFR-

Yjrye cijairk`ym kermwmrkx bk|m xykry lk`kj kfkc bktkr bmfkeyekj yom tijbk`yfykj bijakj cirnbi }kja xibi|`kjk& }kja ycycj}k bmxilyr bijakj yom kermwmrkx lmnfnam yrkck ( T|mck|} Xh|iijmja Lmnkxxk}-& cirnbi }kja bmayjkekj `k|yx hitkr& cy|k`& xijxmrmg& ciclyry`ekj xibmemr ckri|mkf& xi|rk lmxk cijambijrmgmekxm kermwmrkx xihk|k fykx*  L|mji X`|mct Fir`kfmr} Rixr (LXFRci|ytkekj xkfk` xkry tijktmxkj t|mci| ri|xilyr& bmckjk cirnbi mjm ci|ytkekj xkfk` xkry cirnbi yjrye cijayom lk`kj#lk`kj }kja li|xmgkr rnexme& bijakj cijaayjkekj fk|wk ybkja  K|ricmk xkfmjk Fikh` xilkakm `iqkj ti|hnlkkj* Cirnbi mjm ti|rkck ekfm bmfkeyekj nfi` Ci}i| ir kf (;=0<-* Yom tijbk`yfykj yjrye xij}kqk xmrnrnexme bijakj cirnbi LXFR mjm cicmfmem lili|ktk eiyjryjakj& kjrk|k fkmj cybk`& hitkr& cy|k`& bkj `kxmfj}k bktkr bmti|hk}k*

<*1*;* Fk|wk K|ricmk xkfmjk fikh`  K|ricmk xkfmjk kbkfk` ybkja#ybkjakj rmjaekr |ijbk` }kja `mbyt

xilkakm znntfkjernj& bkj cija`yjm ti|km|kj }kja li|ekbk| ak|kc rmjaam* Ktklmfk ekbk| ak|kc ey|kja bk|m 7) rify|  K|ricmk xkfmjk kekj rijaaifkc xi`mjaak rify| rmbke lmxk cijirkx* Xibkjaekj ktklmfk ekbk| ak|kc film` bk|m

;8

<9) rify| kekj rirkt li|kbk bkfkc enjbmxm ri|xyxtijxm& xi`mjaak bktkr cijirkx bijakj jn|ckf (Gnp& <442 bkj @k|igk& ;==1-*

Akclk| 1* Xmefyx `mbyt  K|ricmk xkfmjk (qqq*n#gmx`*hnc-

Xmefyx `mbyt  K|ricmk xkfmjk bmcyfkm bk|m xkkr cijirkxj}k emxrk krky rify|* Xirifk` ;9#<4 okc tkbk xy`y <9¿H emxrk kekj cijirkx cijokbm icl|mn* Bkfkc qkery lili|ktk okc icl|mn mjm ckxm` cijictif tkbk eyfmr emxrk* Tkbk gkxi mjm icl|mn kekj cij}ifixkmekj ti|eiclkjakjj}k eicybmkj li|ylk` cijokbm jkytfm }kja xybk` kekj lmxk li|ijkja lilkx*  K|ricmk xkfmjk }kja lk|y cijirkx rmbke kekj ckekj& ek|ijk cyfyr bkj kjyxj}k lifyc ri|lijrye  xicty|jk* Tkbk kqkfj}k jkytfm kekj li|qk|jk n|kjai eihnefkrkj kemlkr ckxm` cijakjbyja eyjmja rify| bkfkc ryly`j}k& }kja kekj li|rk`kj xifkck 1< okc* Xi`mjaak jkytfm rmbke ciclyry`ekj ckekjkj yjrye xifkja qkery 1< okc ri|xilyr* Yjrye eyfry| ti|rycly`kj xifkjoyrj}k& fk|wk ciclyry`ekj ckekjkj li|ytk cme|n kfak& lkeri|m bkj bijr|mryx n|akjme fkmjj}k* Jkytfm kekj li|akjrm eyfmr xilkj}ke ;9 ekfm xilifyc cijokbm biqkxk bkfkc qkery 0 `k|m (@k|igk& ;==15 Gnp& <442-* Wk|mklif }kja tijrmja bkfkc ciclmkeekj ybkja  K|ricmk xkfmjk mjm kbkfk` t@& ricti|kry|& hk`k}k bkj nexmaij* t@ 0#= ci|ytkekj }kja tkfmja lkme& xibkjaekj t@ bmlkqk` 9 krky film` lixk| bk|m ;4 bktkr ciclyjy`  K|ricmk xkfmjk* Hk`k}k cmjmckf bmti|fyekj bkfkc t|nxix tijirkxkj bkj kekj

;2

xkjakr cijayjryjaekj lkam ti|rycly`kj ci|iek* Fkcty xrkjbk| a|nq#fmri xybk` hyeyt yjrye eiti|fykj `mbyt  K|ricmk xkfmjk (@k|igk& ;==15 Gnp& <442-* <*1*<* Enjxijr|kxm firkf 94 (FH94-

FH94 (Fir`kf Hnjhijr|krmnj 94)- kbkfk` enjxijr|kxm }kja bktkr cij}ilklekj eickrmkj 94) `iqkj ti|hnlkkj xifkck qkery ri|rijry* Tkbk cirnbi LXFR& xykry rkjkckj krky `kxmf mxnfkxm bmkjaakt cijyjoyeekj kermwmrkx xmrnrnexme lmfk cictyj}km jmfkm FH 94 eihmf bk|m ;444 ttc& xibkjaekj yjrye xij}kqk cy|jm bmkjaakt

cijyjoyeekj kermwmrkx xmrnrnexme lmfk

cictyj}km jmfkm FH 94 eihmf bk|m <44 ttc (Kjbi|xnj& ;==;-* Xioky` mjm cirnbk tijijrykj FH 94 kbk 8 ckhkc& }kmry Cirnbk Ey|wk& Cirnbk Gk|ckenti Mjbnjixmk bkj Cirnbk Gmjji}* Eirmak cirnbk mjm li|bkxk|ekj tijayey|kj ti|xijrkxi mjbmwmby }kja |ixtnjxmg tkbk emxk|kj bnxmx krky enjxijr|kxm ri|rijry (Ci}i| ir kf& ;=0<-*

;9

LKL MMM LK@KJ BKJ CIRNBI

8*; Qkery bkj Rictkr Tijifmrmkj

Xmjrixmx xij}kqk hkfenj kekj bmfkeyekj bm fkln|krn|myc emcmk n|akjme  xmjrixmx Gkeyfrkx Ckrickrmek bkj Mfcy Tijairk`ykj Kfkc Yjmwi|xmrkx \mky* Kjkfmxmx t|nbye cifkfym xtier|nxentm M\ bkj JC\ kekj bmfkeyekj bm Ficlkak Mfcy Tijairk`ykj Mjbnjixmk (FMTM- Xi|tnja& Rkjaai|kja* Tijifmrmkj mjm bmti|em|kekj kekj li|fkjaxyja xifkck film` ey|kja 7 lyfkj*

8*< Kfkr bkj Lk`kj 8*<*; Kfkr }kja bmayjkekj

Ti|kfkrkj }kja bmayjkekj bkfkc tijifmrmkj mjm kbkfk` xilkakm li|meyr ? cn|rk| bkj fyctkja & tnctk wkeyc& hn|nja lyh`ji|& ; xir kfkr bixrmfkxm& fkly lyfkr& tijakbye ckajir& `nr tfkri& tfkr EFR AG <92& kfkr tijijry rmrme fifi` Gmx`i|   On`jx& fkcty YW (<92 jc-& kfkr ticlmkekj rify| ybkja  K|ricmk xkfmjk (qkbk`

aifkt& ki|kxm& fkcty bijakj mjrijxmrkx hk`k}k |ijbk`-& wmkf& tmtir cme|n& rmclkjakj kjkfmrme& tmtir ririx& xtier|ngnrnciri| mjg|kci|k`& xtiern|ngnrnciri| JC\ t|nrnj xi|rk kfkr aifkx }kja ycyc bmayjkekj bm fkln|krn|myc emcmk* 8*<*< Lk`kj }kja bmayjkekj

Lk`kj }kja bmayjkekj bkfkc tijifmrmkj mjm kbkfk` xilkakm li|meyr ? 2#cirnexm kxirngijnj & 2# cirnexm lijzkfbi`mb& <&8#bmcirnexm lijzkfbi`mb& <&2&9#r|mcirnexm lijzkfbi`mb& cirkjnf& j#`iexkj& irmf kxirkr& JkN@& @Hf& irkjnf klxnfyr* Lk`kj }kja bmayjkekj yjrye tijayomkj ‖ L|mji X`|mct Fir`kfmr} Rixr– kbkfk` Km| Fkyr& Bmcirmfxyfgnexmbk (BCXN-& fk|wk yom }kja bmayjkekj kbkfk`  K|ricmk xkfmjk Fikh`*

8*8 \kjhkjakj Tijifmrmkj

Ticlijryekj xij}kqk

kjkfna hkfenj bkfkc tijifmrmkj mjm bktkr

bmoifkxekj bijakj xeick |ir|nxmjrixmx bm lkqk` mjm ?

;7

N

N

N

@

% \<

\;

\<

\;

Akclk| 0* Xeick tijbiekrkj |ir|nxmjrixmx xij}kqk hkfenj

Xmjrixmx xij}kqk ry|yjkj hkfenj bmbktkrekj cifkfym enjbijxkxm kfbnf bijakj cijaayjkekj xij}kqk kqkf ry|yjkj lijzkfbi`mb < bkj ry|yjkj kxirngijnj 8 bijakj cijaayjkekj ekrkfmx lkxk (JkN@- xiti|rm ri|fm`kr tkbk xeick |ikexm li|meyr? N

N

N @

JkN@

%

#@
\;

\;

\<

Akclk| =* Xeick |ikexm enjbijxkxm kfbnf yjrye cijbktkrekj hkfenj

8*2

T|nxiby| Ei|ok

8*2*; Xmjrixmx hkfenj

Ei bkfkc fyctkja bmckxyeekj xij}kqk 2#cirnexm kxirngijnj (9 ccnf- bkj JkN@ (1 ccnf-& bkj eicybmkj bmrkclk`ekj kfbi`mb k|nckrme (9 ccnf- Hkcty|kj bmai|yx `mjaak bmti|nfi` tkbkrkj li|lijrye lylye& fkfy bmrkclk`ekj ;4 cF km| ix `mjaak ri|lijrye ek|kcif bkj ek|kcif bmxk|mja bijakj hn|nja lyh`ji|* Ek|kcif ri|xilyr eicybmkj bmei|mjaekj `mjaak ri|lijrye tkbkrkj bkj bm|ie|mxrkfmxkxm bijakj tifk|yr }kja xixykm* Xifkjoyrj}k t|nbye }kja bmti|nfi` bmyom eicy|jmkjj}k bijakj EFR bkj tijayey|kj rmrme  fifi`*

;1

Rklif M* Xij}kqk kxkf bkj cnfieyf rk|air hkfenj Eirnj

Kfbi`mb

Hkfenj

N

N H @8HN

N

@ @8HN

@8HN

N

2#cirnexm 2#cirnexm

(_;-

Lijzkfbi`mb (;-

kxirngijnj (_N N

N

@ H

NH@8

@8HN

NH@8

@8HN

@8HN NH@8

<&8#bmcirnexm

2#cirnexm kxirngijnj (_-

(_<-

lijzkfbi`mb (<-

N

N H @8HN

@8HN

N N

@

@8HN

NH@8

2#cirnexm

<&2&9#r|mcirnexm

kxirngijnj (_-

lijzkfbi`mb (8-

@8HN

Eiri|kjakj ? (_;-* ;#8#lmx#(2”#cirnexmgijmf-#<#t|ntij#;#nj (_<-* ;#(2”#cirnexmgijmf-#8#(<&8#bmcirnexmgijmf-#<#t|ntij#;#nj (_8-* ;#(2”#cirnexmgijmf-#8#(<&2&9#r|mcirnexmgijmf-#<#t|ntij#;#nj

;0

@8HN

(_8-

N

8*2*< \ie|mxrkfmxkxm

Tifk|yr }kja xixykm

bmtkjkxekj eicybmkj bmckxyeekj tkbkrkj

xkctkm xicyk fk|yr* Xk|mja bkfkc eikbkkj tkjkx bkj gmfr|kr }kja bmti|nfi` bmbmjamjekj xkctkm ri|lijrye e|mxrkf* E|mxrkf }kja ri|lijrye bmxk|mja bijakj cijaayjkekj hn|nja lyh`ji|* E|mxrkf bmei|mjaekj fkfy bmyom eicy|jmkjj}k cifkfym EFR bkj tijijrykj rmrme fifi`*

8*2*8 Yom eicy|jmkj bijakj EFR

Ifyij bmxmktekj bijakj ti|lkjbmjakj ri|rijry bkj bmlmk|ekj cijaykt tkbk h`kcli| ri|ryryt kak| yktj}k cijokbm oijy`* Xkctif bmfk|yrekj tkbk tifk|yr }kja xixykm bkj bmrnrnfekj bijakj cijaayjkekj tmtk ektmfi| tkbk ok|ke  ; hc bk|m ritm lkqk` tfkr EFR* Tfkr bmckxyeekj ei bkfkc h`kcli| bkj bmlmk|ekj ifyij jkme xkctkm ak|mx ke`m|* Xirifk` mry tfkr bmkjaekr bkj bmei|mjaekj bkj jnbk bmfm`kr bijakj lkjrykj fkcty YW* Omek jnbkj}k `kj}k xkry ckek bktkr bmxmctyfekj xij}kqk ri|xilyr xybk` cy|jm* Yjrye  cickxrmekjj}k bktkr bmfkeyekj eiclkfm kjkfmxmx EFR bijakj ti|lkjbmjakj ifyij }kja li|libk*

8*2*2 Tijijrykj rmrme fifi`

E|mxrkf bk|m xij}kqk hkfenj bmrijryekj rmrme fifi`j}k bijakj cijaayjkekj kfkr tijayey| rmrme fifi` Gmx`i|#Onjix* Xibmemr tkbkrkj e|mxrkf bmfirkeekj tkbk ekhk nloie bkj bmyey| ricti|kry|j}k cyfkm bk|m e|mxrkf cififi` xkctkm cififi` xify|y`j}k* Omek xifmxm` ricti|kry| bk|m e|mxrkf cififi` `mjaak cififi` xify|y`j}k ey|kja bk|m byk ckek bktkr bmxmctyfekj xij}kqk ri|xilyr xybk` cy|jm*

8*2*9 Kjkfmxmx t|nbye

T|nbye cy|jm }kja bmti|nfi` eicybmkj bmfkeyekj yom @TFH yjrye  cickxrmekj xij}kqk xybk` lijk|#lijk| cy|jm }kja bmrkjbkekj bijakj ;=

e|nckrna|kc }kja cicmfmem ; tyjhke }kja rkokc eicybmkj bmrijryekj xr|yery|j}k bijakj xtier|ngnrnciri| mjg|kci|k` bkj JC\ T|nrnj* Tijayey|kj xtier|yc mjm kekj bmfkeyekj bm Ficlkak Mfcy Tijairk`ykj Mjbnjixmk (FMTMXi|tnja& Rkjaai|kja* 8*2*7 Yom rnexmxmrkx cirnbi l|mji x`|mct fir`kfmr} rixr (LXFR-

Lijy|  K|ricmk xkfmjk bmckxyeekj bkfkc qkbk` ticlmkekj }kja li|mxm km| fkyr bkj rifk` bmfijaektm bijakj ki|kxm bkj fkcty& bmlmk|ekj xifkck 20 okc xkctkm ciclijrye fk|wk* Ckxmja#ckxmja wmkf yom bm ekfml|kxm xilkj}ke 9 cF* Tijayomkj bmfkeyekj bijakj enjxijr|kxm ;444& ;44& ;4 ¹ a.cF bijakj tijayfkjakj ckxmja#ckxmja rmak ekfm* Rmclkja 24 ca xkctif bkj bmfk|yrekj bkfkc 2 cF cirkjnf* Ckek bmbktkr fk|yrkj mjbye bijakj enjxijr|kxm ;4444 ¹a.cF& eicybmkj fk|yrkj mjbye bijakj enjxijr|kxm ;4444 ¹a.cF ri|xilyr bmtmtir xilkj}ke 4&9 cF eibkfkc wmkf yom `mjaak jkjrmj}k bmbktkr enjxijr|kxm ;444 ¹a.cF xirifk` tijkclk`kj cirkjnf `mjaak 9 cF* Ticlykrkj enjxijr|kxm ;44 ¹a.cF bijakj hk|k tijaijhi|kj fk|yrkj mjbye ;444 ¹a.cF xilkj}ke 4&9 cF bmrkclk`ekj cirkjnf `mjaak 9 cF* Eicybmkj bm tmtir xilkj}ke 4&9 cF fk|yrkj ri|xilyr ei bkfkc wmkf yom `mjaak jkjrmj}k bmbktkr enjxijr|kxm ;4 ¹a.cF xirifk` tijkclk`kj cirkjnf `mjaak 9 cF* Ckxmja#ckxmja wmkf yom bmlmk|ekj cijaykt cirkjnfj}k* Eicybmkj fk|yrekj eiclkfm xij}kqk yom bijakj 94 ¹F BCXN& xifkjoyrj}k bmrkclk`ekj km| fkyr `kctm| cijhktkm lkrkx ekfml|kxm& xifkjoyrj}k ckxmja#ckxmja bmrkclk`ekj fk|wk ybkja  K|r`icmk xkfmjk Fikh` xilkj}ke ;4 ien| bkj bmrkclk`ekj km| fkyr lili|ktk ririx xkctkm lkrkx ekfml|kxm* Eickrmkj fk|wk ybkja bmkckrm xirifk` <2 okc* Bk|m bkrk }kja bm`kxmfekj bm`mryja jmfkm FH 94 bijakj cirnbi ey|wk cijaayjkekj rklif kjkfmxk t|nlmr (Ck}i| ir kf*& ;=0<5 @k|igk& ;=01-* Yjrye enjr|nf& 94 ¹F BCXN bm tmtir bijakj tmtir cme|n bmckxyeekj ei bkfkc wmkf yom& bmrkclk`ekj km| fkyr `kctm| cijhktkm lkrkx ekfml|kxm*

<4

Eicybmkj ckxyeekj fk|wk  K|ricmk xkfmjk ;4 ien|* Bm rkclk`ekj fkam km| fkyr lili|ktk ririx `mjaak lkrkx ekfml|kxm* Ckxmja#ckxmja

enjxijr|kxm bmlykr

8 ekfm tijayfkjakj* 8*2*1 Kjkfmxk Bkrk

Yjrye cifm`kr tijak|y` ticli|mkj xij}kqk hkfenj ri|`kbkt fk|wk  K|ricmk xkfmjk bmfkeyekj ti|`mryjakj xrkrmxrme bijakj kjkfmxk t|nlmr*

Ti|`mryjakj mjm bmfkeyekj bijakj ciclkjbmjaekj kjrk|k fk|wk }kja ckrm ri|`kbkt oycfk` fk|wk eixify|y`kj& xi`mjaak bmti|nfi` ti|xij eickrmkj* Eicybmkj bmfm`kr bkfkc rklif jmfkm t|nlmr* Bk|m jmfkm ri|xilyr bmeirk`ym jmfkm t|nlmr eicybmkj bmckxyeekj bkfkc ti|xkckkj |ia|ixm& xi`mjaak bktkr jmfkm FH94* Ti|xkckkj |ia|ixm? }

3 k % lp

FH94 3 kjrm fna p Eiri|kjakj? p ? Fna Enjxijr|kxm k ? Mjri|hitr (ak|mx tnrnja} ? Jmfkm T|nlmr l ? Xfnti (eicm|mjakj bk|m ak|mx |ia|ixm fmjik|-

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