CLOE II - EU INSTITUTIONS AUTUMN TERM, 2016-2017 ROXANA-CRISTINA PETCU, PhD WORKSHEET - Lectue I! - THE INSTITUTIONS I" A#$%e the &'(('%)#* +ue$t)'#$ 1. Name the five institutions of the EU and briefly state their role. • •
• • •
the European Council – sets the goals of the common policies the European Commission – makes the proposal for the decisions to be taken and is mainly responsible for the implementation of the common policies the European Parliament the Council of Ministers Ministers - take the decisions decisions together ith the PE the Court of !ustice – controls the legality of the decisions
". #h #hat at is the the Euro Europe pean an Coun Council cil made made up of$ of$ %he &eads of state or of governments of the EU and the President of the European Commission '. &o is informatio informationn disseminat disseminated ed during during the meetings meetings of the Europea Europeann Council$ Council$ %he proceedings of the European Council are related to the outside orld by a system of #'te-t.e$. (n official from the Council )ecretariat sits in the room and takes notes. Every *uarter of an hour he is replaces and goes out to brief orally the group of persona assistants of the permanent representatives +called ANTICI, ho sit in an area of the building called the red one here the national delegations are not alloed access. %hen the (ntici transmit their notes to their on national delegations located in another area of the building called the blue one. )o informatio informationn is dissemina disseminated ted indirectly indirectly so that the national delegations delegations should kno something of hat is going on but considerable delay and ithout the possibility to directly attribute specific ords to any of the participants in the Council. /. 0riefly descr describe ibe the hat hat happens happens during during the to days days of the European European Council. Council. %he European Council generally last for " days hich unfold as follos1 2(3 44. family photo5 ". address by the President of the EP +custom dating back to the 4678s highly appreciated by the EP EP ithout ithout any impact on the proceedings,5 proceedings,5 '. the full Counc Council il meets meets +lunc +lunchh includ included, ed, to debat debatee upo uponn the various various items on the agenda 5 4
/. in the evening the heads of governments and the foreign ministers usually separate for dinner5 9. in the course of the evening a group of officials from the presidency the Council )ecretariat and the Commission ork on draft conclusions starting from a te:t prepared ell in advance by the Council )ecretariat. %he te:t is amended and completed in vie of the first day;s discussions. %he final draft must be available in all official languages at dan. 2(3 " – 4. each each head head of gov govern ernmen mentt receiv received ed the draft draft concl conclusi usions ons and looks at them them over over breakfast hile discussing discussing the specific specific points ith the assistant5 assistant5 ". the Council convenes convenes again again and spends the morning morning and if necessary necessary part of the afternoon to finalie then conclusions.5 '. the press conference
9. #he #henn as as the Euro European pean Coun Council cil institu institutiona tionalied lied$$
in the 46?8s. %he European Council as fully institutionalied according to article / of the %reaty of Nice. %he %reaty of Nice as signed by European leaders on "? @ebruary "884 and came into force on 4 @ebruary "88'. ?. &o many many meetings meetings does the Europea Europeann Council Council have have every every year$ year$ %reaty of Nice provides that the European Council meets at least tice a year under the chairmanship of the &ead of )tate or Aovernment of the M) holding the Presidency of the Council B. #hat don; don;tt the the heads heads of state state and and governm government ent do$ do$
/. in the evening the heads of governments and the foreign ministers usually separate for dinner5 9. in the course of the evening a group of officials from the presidency the Council )ecretariat and the Commission ork on draft conclusions starting from a te:t prepared ell in advance by the Council )ecretariat. %he te:t is amended and completed in vie of the first day;s discussions. %he final draft must be available in all official languages at dan. 2(3 " – 4. each each head head of gov govern ernmen mentt receiv received ed the draft draft concl conclusi usions ons and looks at them them over over breakfast hile discussing discussing the specific specific points ith the assistant5 assistant5 ". the Council convenes convenes again again and spends the morning morning and if necessary necessary part of the afternoon to finalie then conclusions.5 '. the press conference
9. #he #henn as as the Euro European pean Coun Council cil institu institutiona tionalied lied$$ in the 46?8s. %he European Council as fully institutionalied according to article / of the %reaty of Nice. %he %reaty of Nice as signed by European leaders on "? @ebruary "884 and came into force on 4 @ebruary "88'. ?. &o many many meetings meetings does the Europea Europeann Council Council have have every every year$ year$ %reaty of Nice provides that the European Council meets at least tice a year under the chairmanship of the &ead of )tate or Aovernment of the M) holding the Presidency of the Council B. #hat don; don;tt the the heads heads of state state and and governm government ent do$ do$
%he European Council is a ('cu$ '& '%e hich has a number of characteristics1 -
-
-
authority –
the European Council brings together political personalities ho in their their natio national nal capac capacity ity are ultima ultimate te decisi decisionon-tak takers ers.. Collec Collectiv tively ely they they consi consider der themse themselve lves s in the Europe European an conte: conte:tt as having having a simila similarr task. task. Essent Essential ially ly they they come come togeth together er to take take decisi decisions ons and they they e:pec e:pectt these these decis decision ionss to be respe respecte cted. d. %hat %hat is hy the Counc Council il concl conclusi usions ons are very specific in nature. )trictly speaking the council conclusions are not legally binding but they are a sort of $'&t (% hich the European Commission and the EP have to take into account and respect – the European Council has alays attached the highest impo importa rtanc ncee to the the info inform rmal ality ity of its its me meet etin ings gs..
Unequal relationships –
in the abstract all heads of governments are e*ual ust as their states have e*ual status in international la. 0ut the European Council is a locus of poer the fact that some participants have in fact more poer as they represent a bigger country is immediately apparent and impl implic icit itly ly unde unders rsto tood od by all. all. )mal )malle lerr coun countri tries es are are diff diffid iden entt abou aboutt the the increasing poer of the European Council precisely because they kno they are less ell protected protected at that level than in the institutions institutions governed governed by legal legal rules rules and strict strict proced procedure ures. s. %he %he same same is true true foe the Commi Commissi ssion. on. #hen #hen operating in the Council of Ministers the rights and prerogatives of the Commission are ell defined and protected by the %reaty but at European Council level this is not the case.
- Seniority- the balance of poer in the European Council in influenced by
seniority because the number of participants is small and personal relations important. &eads of governments of smaller M) can e:pect to e:ert more influence after several years of being present and especially after having led a succe successf ssful ul presiden presidency cy.. +eg. +eg. !ean !ean Claude Claude !uncke !uncker r Prime Prime Minist Minister er of Du:e Du:emb mbou ourg rg sinc sincee 4669 4669 and and also also Mini Minist ster er of @ina @inanc nce e h hoo e:er e:erci cise sess considerable influence thanks to his personal *ualities and also because of his seniority,. - Ambivalence- vieing vieing the Europe European an Counc Council il as a locus locus of poer poer helps helps
e:plain its ambivalence in institutional terms. Unlike the other European instit instituti utions ons its poer poers s proce procedur dures es and and decisi decisionon-ma makin kingg proce process ss are not '
determined by the %reaty. %reaty.
48. Name the functions functions of the European Council and briefly describe describe them. The Eu'e# C'u#c)( h$ 4 )# &u#ct)'#$ & u#ct)'#$ General political guidance and impetus –
the task implies the right to launch ne activity fields +in ome in 2ecember 46B9 the European Council decided to initiate cooper cooperati ation on in the fight fight again against st terror terrorism ism and and organ organie iedd crime, crime,.. 0asic 0asically ally the Euro Europe pean an Coun Counci cill fi:e fi:ess the the agen agenda da of the the EU and and is the the plac placee h her eree stra strate tegi gicc orientation are given. Fne e:ample of political guidance in the momentous decision taken at Copenhagen in 2ecember 466' on enlargement hen accession as offered to central and eastern European countries ithout any public debate +or very little, Decision-making of last resort – –
although initially the European Council as not supposed to be an ultimate decision-taker decision-taker no it has become a kind of court of appeal for settling problems too comple: or too politically sensitive to be resolved at the level of the Council of Ministers. %hus European Council meetings have lately come to be thematic affairs +eg. employment in Du:embourg ustice and home affairs in %ampere %ampere economic and social policy in Disbon and )tockholm etc, Visibilit Visibilityy in external external affairs affairs –
hen acting in its e:ternal capacity the European Council operates like a =collective head of state>. Fver the years the Council has approv approved ed a num number ber of statem statement entss coveri covering ng events events in all parts parts of the orld and developments in the field of diplomacy. M) have used the European Council to e:press common positions on international affairs. Solemn ratification of significant documents –Each
European Council regularly endo endors rses es a serie seriess of docu docume ment nts s repo report rts s acti action on plan planss or cont contri ribu buti tion ons. s. %hes %hesee documents are are submitted to the European Council Council because they have been re*uested re*uested by a previous previous European European Council or because they apply a previous decision of the European Council or because the authors +the European Commission the Council of Ministers the Presidency, consider that the respective te:ts need to be approved at that level • • •
e$ egotiation of treaty chang e$-
the the Euro Europe pean an Coun Counci cill is the the key key foru forum m for for
determining treaty reform. /
44. #hat is the Council Council of the European European Union made up of$ ministers for each member state 4". &o does the Cou Counci ncill of the Europea Europeann Uni Union on ope operat rate$ e$ Nam Namee its formatio formations ns and define the role of the Aeneral (ffairs Council as ell the role of the @oreign (ffairs Council. %he Council of Ministers operates in several formations organied by area of activity. Each formation brings together the relevant minister or ministers for each member state %here are 4? such configurations – the (griculture Council the Ecofin the !&( Council the )ocial (ffairs Council the Environment Council the %ransport and %elecommunications Council the @isheries Council the
%he Aeneral (ffairs (ffairs and E:ternal elations Council + made up of the foreign ministers, is the principal Council configuration configuration and holds separate separate meetings meetings dealing respectively respectively ith1 a, prep repara aratio tion for for and and foll follo o-u -upp to the the Europe ropeaan Coun Counccil il ins institu tituti tion onal al and administrative matters horiontal dossiers hich affect several of the EU ;s policies b, the hole of the Union;s Union;s e:ternal action namely namely common foreign and security security policy foreign trade development cooperation and humanitarian aid.
4'. 2escribe the voting voting procedure in the Council Council of the European European Union. 9
Ministers vote in the Council on the basis of simple maority *ualified maority or unanimity depending the rules governing the respective issue. 2ecisions in some policy areas +ta:ation, and for most *uestions concerned ith the second and third pillars re*uire unanimity although things ill change once the %reaty of Disbon enters into force. Under the *ualified maority voting +GMH, procedure each M) is allocated a number of votes in appro:imate relation to its sie. • • •
4/. 2escribe the Presidency of the Council of the European Union and its role. Each M) holds the Presidency for si: months in a system of rotation based on an attempt to avoid to maor countries of too many small countries holding it in succession. Noadays a ne mechanism operates – the trio made up of the outgoing presidency the incumbent presidency and the incoming presidency. %he troika became effective after May "88/ hen former communist states oined the EU. %he idea as to have such countries helped by older member states. @or instance the first former communist country to hold the Presidency as )lovenia +the former half of "887, hich as preceded by Aermany and folloed by @rance. #hen chairing the Council meeting each holder of the Presidency chair has formal responsibility to seek common ground beteen M) hose opinions differ suggesting compromise solutions (t the beginning of the si:-month term each holder of the Presidency publishes a program of legislative priorities hich generally includes some measure hich has been held up for years because no agreement has been found hich can unblock it. %he selection of the priorities of each presidency is based on a three-year strategic program adopted by the European Council it is not a random choice.
legislative acts to be discussed and adopted by the EP, take part in the EP plenary sessions and anser *uestions addressed by the MEPs. (t the end of the ?-month period the Presidency sums ups its achievements to the EP. 49. Mention the role of the Aeneral )ecretariat and the )ecretary Aeneral. %he Council is assisted by a General Secretariat , consisting of nationals representing all the M) separate from their counterparts in the Commission but organied in a similar ay. %he )ecretariat general is headed by a )ecretary Aeneral ho is appointed by the Council acting unanimously.
4?. #hat is CFEPE and hat does it do$ %he Council is also assisted by orking parties of national civil servants hich e:amine the proposal of the Commission and report to the "ermanent #epresentatives $ommittee %$&#'"'#( hich is responsible for preparing the ork of the Council and for carrying out the tasks assigned to it by the Council. %he CFEPE sits in " parts. Coreper Part 4 made up of deputy permanent representatives e:amines technical *uestions on the hole. Coreper Part " composed of the (mbassadors themselves deals ith political *uestions on the hole. •
•
4B. #hat is the European Commission made up of$ the Commission is composed of "7 Commissioners ho are proposed by the government of each M) and are appointed for a period of 9 years by the Council acting by a *ualified maority and by common accord ith the nominee for President. • •
B
%he Commission is composed of the College of Commissioners of "7 members including the President and Hice-Presidents. %he Commissioners one from each EU country are the CommissionIs political leadership during a 9-year term. Each Commissioner is assigned responsibility for specific policy areas by the President • •
47. &o are the Commissioners selected and appointed$ Commissioners are proposed by the government of each M) and are appointed for a period of 9 years by the Council acting by a *ualified maority and by common accord ith the nominee for President. • •
%he &eads of )tate or Aovernment acting by a *ualified maority nominate the President of the Commission and the nomination must be approved by the EP. %he President and the Commissioners are subect as a body to a vote of approval by the EP. %he Parliament e:amines every Commissioner as to hisJher ideas and program and may put forard obections as to hisJher suitability for isJher responsibilities inside the Commission but may not reect the appointment. &ence in case of obections put forth by the EP for certain members of the Commission the President has the option of assigning other responsibilities to the member in *uestion or simply ask the proposing M) to make a ne proposal so as not to run the risk of reection of the body by the EP. • •
46. #hat interests do the Commissioners represent$ %he Commissioners despite being nominated by the M) do not represent the interests of the M) but the interests of the Community as a hole. %hey must not take any form of instructions from the M) are supposed to make sure the %reaties are respected standing above the national interests hich legitimately play themselves in the Council "8. #hat is the role of the President of the European Commission$ %he Pe$)/e#t of the Commission +since the %reaty of Nice, can take decisions on the Commission;s internal organiation in order to ensure that it acts consistently efficiently • •
7
and on the basis of collective responsibility. %he President can also choose his Hice-president +although the choice has to be approved by the rest of the Commissioners also called the CFDDEAE of Commissioners, and he can also sack +ask to resign, the Commissioners. •
%he Pe$)/e#t plays a significant role1 under the EU %reaties he defines the policy direction assigns portfolios to each of the Commissioners +e.g. internal market regional policy transport environment agriculture trade etc., and can at any time change the attribution and or shape of the portfolios. %he College decides on the strategic obectives and on this basis dras up the annual ork programme.
"4. 0riefly describe the functions of the European Commission.
THE 5UNCTIONS O5 THE COMMISSION 1" the '%e '& )#)t)t)e it proposes ne las and other measures. Neither the
Council nor the EP has the formal poer to propose legislative or other Community measures including 2irectives egulations ecommendations and the annual budget. 2ecisions on these proposals are taken by Council and the EP ith the codecision procedure or in some cases by the Council alone namely by the M).
2"
e8ecut)e 3'/ 9/)#)$tt)e '(e: – the Commission has e:tensive e:ecutive
poers to ensure the attainment of the obectives set out. %he Commission implements the decisions taken by the legislative bodies +Council and EP, manages the Community budget as ell as the Community @unds and the research and technological development programs ;" *u/)# '& the Tet)e$ #/ '& the c+u)$ c'u#ut)e-
the Commission is charged ith ensuring that the %reaties are correctly implemented 6
and respected by the M).
@or this purpose it has investigative poer hich it e:ercises at its on initiative or in response to a re*uest from a government or a complaint from an individual.
<" ee$e#tt)e '(e – the Commission deals ith aspects of foreign relations
especially those having to do ith trade. %he Commission negotiates agreements it ensures representatives of the EU in third countries and in many international organiations.
"". 0riefly describe the services of the Commission. THE COMMISSION SER!ICES
%he Commission has to arms – +4, a political arm K the College of Commissioners +", an administrative arm in the form of the Commission services. %he services are organied as 2irectorates-Aeneral the number of hich has been constantly increasing as the Commission has been assigned or ac*uired increased responsibilities and tasks relating to various policy areas. ecruitment to the Commission services has alays been based on open competitions reflecting the principle of merit.
D)ect'te$- =e#e( +2As, are generally concerned ith policy sectors +for
instance trade or environment, hile 'the $e)ce$ are concerned ith cross-cutting horiontal tasks.
D)ect'te$-=e#e( •
Communication5 48
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Economic and @inancial (ffairs5 Enterprise and
Othe Se)ce$ • • • • • • • • • • • •
European (nti-@raud Fffice5 !oint esearch Center5 Degal )ervice5 Press and Communication5 Publications Fffice5 )ecretariat Aeneral5 European Political )trategy Centre5 )ervice for @oreign Policy
•
)taff Committee - epresentative %rade Unions and )taff (ssociations +administratively attached to 2A &uman esoutces,
)ervices vary considerably in sie depending on the nature of their responsibilities. Most have beteen "88 and 988 full-time staff. )ervices are headed by 2irectors Aeneral ho are supported by senior staff ith the number depending on the sie importance and mission of the service. %he main function of the 2irector Aeneral is to oversee the general functioning of his service to be the principal representative in relation to other services and the outside orld and to be the main line of communication beteen the service and the Commissioner responsible for the service. • • •
( 2A as ell as the other services are divided into Directorates) headed by 2irectors. (n average sied 2A has beteen ' to ? 2irectorates hile a typical 2irectorate is divided into units or divisions headed by a head of unit or division. ( 2irectorate may have beteen ' to ? units. %he Commission employs a ide variety of personnel categories such as permanent staff temporary agents contract agents seconded national e:perts etc. • • • •
"'. &o are the MEPs elected$ %he European Parliament +EP, is elected by the citiens of the European Union to represent their interests.
9. European Conservatives and eformists Aroup EC ?. Confederal Aroup of the European United Deft - Nordic Areen Deft AUEJ NAD B. Europe of @reedom and 2emocracy Aroup E@2 7. Non-attached N( "9. &o many places of ork does the EP have$ %he European Parliament has three places of ork1 •
0russels +0elgium, - Committee meetings plenary sessions;
•
Du:embourg
•
and )trasbourg +@rance,. - Meetings of the hole Parliament +plenary sessions;,
- administrative offices +the Aeneral )ecretariat;
Du:embourg is home to the administrative offices +the Aeneral )ecretariat;,. Meetings of the hole Parliament knon as plenary sessions; take place in )trasbourg and sometimes in 0russels. Committee meetings are also held in 0russels. "?. 2efine the roles of the EP. Parliament has three main roles1 4. P$$)#* Eu'e# (%$ – ointly ith the Council in many policy areas. %he fact that the EP is directly elected by the citiens helps guarantee the democratic legitimacy of European la. ". Parliament e:ercises /e'ct)c $ue)$)'# over the other EU institutions and in particular the Commission.
%he most common procedure for adopting +i.e. passing, EU legislation is codecision;. %his procedure places the European Parliament and the Council on an e*ual footing and it applies to legislation in a ide range of fields.
4'
•
e:amining the Commission;s annual ork programme
•
considering hat ne las ould be appropriate
•
and asking the Commission to put forard proposals.
2" De'ct)c $ue)$)'#
Parliament e:ercises democratic supervision over the other European institutions.
#hen a ne Commission takes office its members are nominated by the EU member state governments but they cannot be appointed ithout Parliament;s approval.
Parliament intervies each of them individually including the prospective Commission President
and then votes on hether to approve the Commission as a hole.
%hroughout its term of office the Commission remains politically accountable to Parliament hich can pass a motion of censure; calling for the Commission;s mass resignation. More generally Parliament e:ercises control by regularly e:amining reports sent to it by the Commission +the annual general report reports on the implementation of the budget etc.,. Moreover MEPs regularly ask the Commission *uestions hich the commissioners are legally re*uired to anser. Oe the C'u#c)(
Parliament also monitors the ork of the Council1 •
•
MEPs regularly ask the Council *uestions and the President of the Council attends the EP;s plenary sessions and takes part in important debates.
Parliament can e:ercise further democratic control by e:amining petitions from citiens and setting up committees of in*uiry. @inally Parliament provides input to every EU summit +the European Council meetings,. (t the opening of each summit the President of Parliament is invited to e:press ParliamentIs vies and concerns about topical issues and the items on the European CouncilIs agenda. ;" The '%e '& the u$e
%he EU;s annual budget is decided ointly by •
Parliament
•
and the Council.
Parliament debates it in to successive readings and the budget does not come into force until it has been signed by the President of Parliament.
4/
ParliamentIs Committee on 0udgetary Control +CFCF0U, monitors ho the budget is spent and each year Parliament decides hether to approve the Commission;s handling of the budget for the previous financial year. %his approval process is technically knon as granting a discharge;.
ParliamentIs ork is divided into to main stages1
Pe)#* &' the (e# $e$$)'# . %his is done by the MEPs in the various
parliamentary committees that specialise in particular areas of EU activity. %he issues for debate are also discussed by the political groups. The (e# $e$$)'# )t$e(& . Plenary sessions are normally held in )trasbourg +one eek per month, and sometimes in 0russels +to days only,. (t these sessions Parliament e:amines proposed legislation and votes on amendments before coming to a decision on the te:t as a hole. Fther items on the agenda may include •
Council or Commission communications;
•
or *uestions about hat is going on in the European Union
•
or the ider orld.
"B. 0riefly describe the codecision procedure. %he most common procedure for adopting +i.e. passing, EU legislation is codecision;. %his procedure places the European Parliament and the Council on an e*ual footing and it applies to legislation in a ide range of fields.
%he CF2EC<)
". Parliament first reading – EP amendments5 '. Commission opinion on EP amendments5 /. Council first reading – Council does not approve all the amendments and adopt a common position5 9. Commission opinion on the common position5 ?. PE second reading +deadline '4 months,5 B. PE approves the common position or does not take a decision then the act is /eee/ t' he 3ee# /'te/ . H(<(N% 2 – 4. Proposal sent from Commission to the EP and the Council5 ". Parliament first reading – EP amendments5 '. Commission opinion on EP amendments5 /. Council first reading – Council does not approve all the amendments and adopt a common position5 9. Commission opinion on the common position5 ?. PE second reading +deadline '4 months,5 B. PE reects the common position +absolute maority of members, then the act is deemed #'t t' he 3ee# /'te/ . H(<(N% E – 4. Proposal sent from Commission to the EP and the Council5 ". Parliament first reading – EP amendments5 '. Commission opinion on EP amendments5 /. Council first reading – Council does not approve all the amendments and adopt a common position5 9. Commission opinion on the common position5 ?. PE adopts amendments to the common position +absolute maority of members,5 B. Commission opinion on EP amendments5 7. Council second reading +deadline '4 months, 5 6. Council approves PE amendments and the act is approved as amended. H(<(N% @ – 4?
4. Proposal sent from Commission to the EP and the Council5 ". Parliament first reading – EP amendments5 '. Commission opinion on EP amendments5 /. Council first reading – Council does not approve all the amendments and adopt a common position5 9. Commission opinion on the common position5 ?. PE adopts amendments to the common position +absolute maority of members,5 B. Commission opinion on EP amendments5 7. Council second reading +deadline '4 months, 5 6. Council does not approve PE amendments5 48. Conciliation Committee is convened ithin a period of ?" eeks and has a further ?" eeks to reach agreement5 44. successful conclusion to conciliation5 4". ithin a period of ?" eeks approval of the oint te:t by EP +maority vote cast, and Council +GMH, H(<(N% A4. Proposal sent from Commission to the EP and the Council5 ". Parliament first reading – EP amendments5 '. Commission opinion on EP amendments5 /. Council first reading – Council does not approve all the amendments and adopt a common position5 9. Commission opinion on the common position5 ?. PE adopts amendments to the common position +absolute maority of members,5 B. Commission opinion on EP amendments5 7. Council second reading +deadline '4 months, 5 6. Council does not approve PE amendments5 48. Conciliation Committee is convened ithin a period of ?" eeks and has a further ?" eeks to reach agreement5 44. unsuccessful conclusion to conciliation5 4". the act is not adopted.
4B
"7. #hen as the European Court of !ustice set up$ #here is it based$
%he Court of !ustice of the European Communities +often referred to simply as the Court;, as set up under the EC)C %reaty in 469".
@or the sake of efficiency hoever the Court rarely sits as the full court.
%he Court is assisted by eight /'cte$-*e#e(>. %heir role is to present reasoned opinions on the cases brought before the Court. %hey must do so publicly and impartially. The ?u/*e$ #/ /'cte$-*e#e(
are people hose impartiality is beyond doubt.
%hey have the *ualifications or competence needed for appointment to the highest udicial positions in their home countries.
%hey are appointed to the Court of !ustice by oint agreement beteen the governments of the EU member states.
Each is appointed for a term of si: years hich may be reneed.
( C'ut '& 5)$t I#$t#ce> as created in 4677
%o help the Court of !ustice cope ith the large number of cases brought before it
and to offer citiens better legal protection
%his Court +hich is attached to the Court of !ustice, is responsible for giving rulings on certain kinds of case
particularly actions brought by private individuals
companies
and some organisations
and cases relating to competition la.
%his court also has one udge from each EU country. 47
%he Eu'e# U#)'# C))( Se)ce T)3u#( dudicates in disputes beteen the European Union and its civil service. %his tribunal is composed of seven udges and is attached to the Court of @irst
%he Court of !ustice
the Court of @irst
and the Civil )ervice %ribunal
each have a president chosen by their fello udges to serve for a reneable term of three years.
'8. 0riefly describe the most common types of cases appearing in front of the Court. %3PE) F@ C()E) %he Court gives rulings on cases brought before it. %he five most common types of case are1 1" e&ee#ce$ &' e())# u()#*@ 2" ct)'#$ &' &)(ue t' &u(&)(( # '3()*t)'#@ ;" ct)'#$ &' ##u(e#t@ <" ct)'#$ &' &)(ue t' ct@ 4" ct)'#$ &' /*e$" 1" The e())# u()#* 'ce/ue
%he national courts in each EU country are responsible for ensuring that EU la is properly applied in that country. 0ut there is a risk that courts in different countries might interpret EU la in different ays. %o prevent this happening there is a preliminary ruling procedure;. %his means that if a national court is in any doubt about the interpretation or validity of an EU la it may and sometimes must ask the Court of !ustice for advice. %his advice is given in the form of a preliminary ruling;. 2" P'cee/)#*$ &' &)(ue t' &u(&)(( # '3()*t)'#
%he Commission can start these proceedings if it has reason to believe that a member state is failing to fulfill its obligations under EU la.
%hese proceedings may also be started by another EU country.
%he accused member state if it is indeed found to be at fault must set things right at once.
;" Act)'#$ &' ##u(e#t
any of the member states
the Council
the Commission
or +under certain conditions, Parliament
believes that a particular EU la is illegal they may ask the Court to annul it.
%hese actions for annulment; can also be used by private individuals ho ant the Court to cancel a particular la because it directly and adversely affects them as individuals.
as not correctly adopted
or is not correctly based on the %reaties
it may declare the la null and void.
<" Act)'#$ &' &)(ue t' ct
%he %reaty re*uires •
the European Parliament
•
the Council
•
and the Commission
to make certain decisions under certain circumstances.
the member states
•
the other Community institutions
•
and +under certain conditions, individuals "8
•
or companies
can lodge a complaint ith the Court so as to have this failure to act officially recorded. 4" Act)'#$ &' /*e$
(ny person or company ho has suffered damage as a result of the action or inaction of the Community or its staff may bring an action seeking compensation before the Court of @irst
a specific udge
•
and advocate-general are assigned to each case.
%he procedure that follos is in to stages1 •
first a ritten
•
and then an oral phase.
(t the first stage all the parties involved submit ritten statements and the udge assigned to the case dras up a report summarising these statements and the legal background to the case.
%hen comes the second stage – the public hearing. 2epending on the importance and comple:ity of the case this hearing can take place before •
a chamber of three
•
five or
•
4' udges
•
or before the full Court.
(t the hearing the parties; layers put their case before the udges and the advocate-general ho can *uestion them.
%he advocate-general then gives his or her opinion after hich the udges deliberate and deliver their udgment.
)ince "88' advocates general are re*uired to give an opinion on a case only if the Court considers that this particular case raises a ne point of la.
Nor does the Court necessarily follo the advocate-general;s opinion. "4
!udgments of the Court are decided by a maority and pronounced at a public hearing. 2issenting opinions are not e:pressed. 2ecisions are published on the day of delivery. %he procedure in the Court of @irst
a, %he first and the most important is the 'xecutive ody , hich consists of o the EC0 President o its Hice-President o and / 0oard Members. %he E:ecutive 0ody is responsible for o the day-to-day management of the monetary policy o implementing decision made by the second body namely the Aoverning Council o and issuing specific instruction to the national banks. %he ? members of the E:ecutive 0oard are appointed by common accord of the governments of the M) at the level of heads of state or governments o on a recommendation by the Council o or after consultation ith the Council and the Parliament. %he President is elected for a term of 7 years the Hice-President for a term of / years and the remaining members for terms beteen 9 and 7 years. %he terms of office for the E:ecutive 0oard members are not reneable.
b, %he Governing Council is composed of o the Aovernors of the central banks of the M) belonging to the euroone o and the members of the E:ecutive 0oard. %he Aoverning Council is responsible for formulating the monetary policy and adopting guidelines for its implementation. Neither the EC0 nor a national central bank nor any member of their decision-making bodies may seek or take instructions o from Community bodies
""
from any government of the M) o or any other body. %he EC0 has the e:clusive right to authorie the issue of banknotes ithin the Community;s euroone. o
c, %he General Council – comprises o the president o the vice-president o and governors of all the EU national central banks o including those not participating in the euroone. Practically speaking it has a very limited practical role and the members not participating in the euro are effectively shut out of policy-making '". Provide a brief description of the European Court of (uditors.
.+ ,he 'uropean $ourt of Auditors -
%he
Court of (uditors as set up in 46B9.
are properly collected
o
and that they are spent legally
o
economically
o
and for the intended purpose.
o
o
and it has the right to audit any person or organisation handling EU funds.
%he Court has one member from each EU country appointed by the Council for a reneable term of si: years. %he members elect one of their number as President for a reneable term of three years. %he Court;s main role is to check that o
the EU budget is correctly implemented – in other ords
o
that EU income and e:penditure is legal and above board
o
and to ensure sound financial management.
o
)o its ork helps guarantee that the EU system operates efficiently and openly.
%o carry out its tasks the Court investigates the paperork of "'
o
any person
o
or organisation handling EU income or e:penditure.
the Commission
o
and EU member state governments.
%o do its ob effectively the Court of (uditors must remain completely independent of the other institutions but at the same time stay in constant touch ith them. Fne of its key functions is to help the European Parliament and the Council by presenting them every year ith an audit report on the previous financial year. Parliament e:amines the Court;s report in detail before deciding hether or not to approve the Commission;s handling of the budget.
EU financial legislation
o
and for EU action to fight fraud.
%he Court of (uditors has appro:imately 788 staff including o
translators
o
and administrators
o
as ell as auditors. %he auditors are divided into audit groups;. %hey prepare draft reports on hich the Court takes decisions.
%he auditors fre*uently go on tours of inspection to o
the other EU institutions
o
the member states
o
and any country that receives aid from the EU.
"/
%he Court of (uditors has no legal poers of its on.
/+ ,he 'uropean 'conomic and Social $ommittee
@ounded in 469B under the Tet '& R'e, the European Economic and )ocial Committee +EE)C, is an advisory body representing o
employers
o
trade unions
o
farmers
o
consumers
o
and the other interest groups that collectively make up organised civil society;.
the Commission
o
the Council
o
and the European Parliament.
)o the EE)C is a bridge beteen the Union and its citiens promoting a more participatory more inclusive and therefore more democratic society in Europe. %he Committee is an integral part of the EU;s decision-making process1 it must be consulted before decisions are taken on economic and social policy. Fn its on initiative or at the re*uest of another EU institution it may also give its opinion on other matters. %he EE)C has '// members – the number from each EU country roughly reflecting the sie of its population. %he members are nominated by the EU governments but they ork in complete political independence. %hey are appointed for four years and may be re-appointed. %he Committee meets in Plenary (ssembly and its discussions are prepared by si: subcommittees knon as sections; each dealing ith particular policy areas.
President
o
and to Hice-Presidents for a to-year term "9
%he European Economic and )ocial Committee has three main roles1
to advise the Council Commission and European Parliament either at their re*uest or on the Committee;s on initiative5
to encourage civil society to become more involved in EU policymaking5
to bolster the role of civil society in non-EU countries and to help set up advisory structures.
#orking mostly in their countries of origin the members of the Committee form three groups that represent o
employers
o
orkers
o
and various economic and social interests.
4. %he EmployersI Aroup has members from •
private and public sectors of industry
•
small and medium-sied businesses
•
chambers of commerce
•
holesale and retail trade
•
•
banking and insurance transport and agriculture.
". %he #orkers; Aroup represents all categories of employees from manual to e:ecutive.
NAFs
•
farmersI organisations
•
small businesses
•
crafts and professions
•
cooperatives and non-profit associations
•
consumer and environmental organisations
•
the scientific and academic communities
•
and associations that represent the family omen persons ith disabilities etc.
"?
'/. Provide a brief description of the Committee of the egions 0+ ,he $ommittee of the #egions
)et up in 466/ under the %reaty on European Union the Committee of the egions +Co, is an advisory body composed of representatives of Europe;s •
regional
•
and local authorities.
%he Co has to be consulted before EU decisions are taken on matters such as •
regional policy
•
the environment
•
education and transport – all of hich concern local and regional government.
%he Committee has '// members. %he number from each member state appro:imately reflects its population sie. %he members of the Committee are elected municipal or regional politicians often leaders of regional governments or mayors of cities. %hey are nominated by the EU governments but they ork in complete political independence. %he Council of the European Union appoints them for four years and they may be reappointed. %hey must also •
have a mandate from the authorities they represent
•
or must be politically accountable to them.
%he Committee of the egions chooses a President from among its members for a term of to years. %he role of the Committee of the egions is to put forard the local and regional points of vie on EU legislation.
must consult the Committee of the egions on topics of direct relevance to local and regional authorities but they can also consult the Committee henever they ish.
@or its part the Committee can adopt opinions on its on initiative and present them to the Commission Council and Parliament.
"B
II" P')/e the R'#)# e+u)(e#t$ '& the &'(('%)#* E#*()$h te$@ u$e the E#*()$h te$ t' &)(( )# the 3(#.$ )# the $e#te#ce$ 3e('%@ t#$(te the$e $e#te#ce$ )#t' R'#)# &'e)*# '()c c))#( (%@5 $u#t)'#( )#$t)tut)'#@ &u#/e#t( c''# '()c)e$@ $ec'#/ c''# '()c)e$, EU *u)/e()#e$@ (e*( ct$ 5 '*#9$: 5 *'e##ce@ he/$ '& $tte@ he/ '& *'e#e#t@ )#)$te '& &'e)*# &&)$&'e)*# )#)$te$@ &)##ce )#)$te$5 #'te-t.e$5 ANTICI@ Stte '& the U#)'# //e$$@ C'u#c)( c'#c(u$)'#$, /&t c'#c(u$)'#$@ t' c'#e#e@ '()t)c( *u)/e()#e$ '& the C'u#)t @ ('cu$ '& '%e@ $'&t (%@ h/ (%@ e+u( $ttu$ )# )#te#t)'#( (%@ $e#)')t, de facto1 de 2ure1 (e*((3)#/)#* /ec)$)'#@ #'#-(e*((-3)#/)#* /ec)$)'#@ *e#e( '()t)c( *u)/#ce #/ )etu$ 5 $tte*)c ')e#tt)'#@ /ec)$)'#-.e '& ($t e$'t@ Bc'((ect)e he/ '& $tte@ $'(e# t)&)ct)'# '& $)*#)&)c#t /'cue#t$@ #e*'t)t)'# '& tet ch#*e$@ tet e&'@ Ch#ce((' '& the E8che+ue" . &'e)*# '()c politica e:terna c))#( (% drept penal t8t)'# impoitareJ fiscalitate $u#t)'#( )#$t)tut)'# insitutie supranationala &u#/e#t( c''# '()c)e$ politici comune fundamentale $ec'#/ c''# '()c)e$ politici comune secundare EU *u)/e()#e$ orientari strategice ale EU (e*( ct$ acte uridice instrumente uridice '*#9$: organe
e: 1 organ de presa scanteia +miloc de propaganda, - press organ of the communist party *'e##ce guvernanta he/$ '& $tte sefi de stat he/ '& *'e#e#t sefi de guvern )#)$te '& &'e)*# &&)$&'e)*# )#)$te$ ministrul de e:terneJ afacerilor e:terne +U-
foreign secretary ministru – foreign office vs home office J home secretary , &)##ce )#)$te$ ministru de finante #'te-t.e$ functionari ai secretariatului care iau notite nu sunt chiar secretari ANTICI antici Stte '& the U#)'# //e$$ discurs despre starea uniunii europene C'u#c)( c'#c(u$)'#$ concluiile consiliului /&t c'#c(u$)'#$ proiect de concluie t' c'#e#e a convoca '()t)c( *u)/e()#e$ '& the C'u#)t orientari generale ale politicii comunitare ('cu$ '& '%e@ centrul de putere $'&t (%@ lege fara character obligatoriu J instrumente uridice cvasiobligatorii h/ (%@ - instrumente uridicie cu forta uridical obligatorie cu character obligatori instrumente uridice obligatorii e+u( $ttu$ )# )#te#t)'#( (%@ statut egal conform dreptului international $e#)')t, vechime de facto; (in fapt)\ de 2ure1 +in drept, (e*((-3)#/)#* /ec)$)'#@ - deciie oblgiatorie #'#-(e*((-3)#/)#* /ec)$)'#@ - deciie neobligatoireJ fara forta uridical obligatorie *e#e( '()t)c( *u)/#ce #/ )etu$ 5 - orientare J indrumare J impulsJ stimulare politica
generala – EU Council "7
$tte*)c ')e#tt)'#@ - orientare strategica /ec)$)'#-.e '& ($t e$'t@ - factor de deciie de ultima instanta +consiliul European, Bc'((ect)e he/ '& $tte@ sef de stat colectiv +consiliul European, $'(e# t)&)ct)'# '& $)*#)&)c#t /'cue#t$@ - ratificare solemna a documentelor
importante +cum ar fi tratatul de aderare al unui stat, #e*'t)t)'# '& tet ch#*e$@ negociere privind modificarile aduse tratatelor tet e&'@ reformare a tratatului Ch#ce((' '& the E8che+ue" . ministru de finante in marea britanie
1" 2uring each of its meetings the European Council adopts C'u#c)( c'#c(u$)'#$ hich
are used to identify specific issues of concern for the EU and outline particular actions to take or goals to reach. Da fiecare reuniuneJ sedinta a sa Consiliului European adoptQ concluii ale Consiliului care servesc la identificare unor problemele specifice de interes politic comunitar J chestiunile care preocupa uniunea europeana și sa conturee actiunile specifice J masurile specific care trebuie luate sau obiectivele care trebuie atinse descriu Rn linii mari acSiuni specifice care urmeaQ a fi Rntreprinse sau o serie de obiective +clare, de atins ". %he Ch#ce((' '& the E8che+ue is a political office in the United ingdom responsible for 0ritainIs money and economy.
and government of )iterland.
"6
Consiliul @ederal este consiliul e:ecutiv format din șapte membri care constituie guvernul federal al Elveției și indeplineste functia de sef de stat colectiv si de guvern al elvetiei J servește drept șeful de stat colectiv și Auvernul Elveției. 9. Nothing is permitted to escape t8t)'# and duplicated ta:es on the same thing are fre*uent. Nimic nu ramane neimpoitatJ nefiscaliat iar ta:area dubla a aceluiasi obiect J fenomenJ aspect este frecventa Eludarea impoitarii Jeschivarea de la plata impoitelor este interisa iar multe bunuri sunt supuse unei duble impoitari J fac obiectul unei duble impoitQri J contribuabilii sunt supuși unei duble impoitQri ?. %he governor sends a message at the beginning of each session of the legislature and may c'#e#e the houses in e:traordinary session hen he deems it necessary Auvernatorul trimite un mesa la Rnceputul fiecQrei sesiuni a legislativului și poate convoca camerele Rn sesiuni e:traordinare atunci cVnd considerQ cQ este necesar B. #hen the decision made by a 'rd party or a court +a udge, is obligatory you ill have to follo it because it is a (e*((-3)#/)#* /ec)$)'#.
negotiations are carried out by duly accredited representatives of the e:ecutive branch of the government5 for instance in the United )tates the process is ordinarily conducted by officials of the 2eptartment of )tate under the authority of the President.
Fri de cate ori este necesar sa se negociee modificarea tratatelor negocierile sunt realiateJ desfasurateJ se desfasoara sub conducerea J de cQtre repreentan ții acredita ți Rn mod corespunQtorJ in conformitate cu legea din ramura e:ecutivQ a guvernului5 de e:emplu Rn )tatele Unite proceduraJ procesul este efectuata Rn mod obișnuit de cQtre funcționari ai 2eptartment de stat sub indrumarea J autoritatea președintelui. 10"
'8
Tnaltului %ribunal
embassy of the W, assistants a top European Commission official a member of the private office of the head of the Council of Ministers; secretariat and a member of the Council;s legal service.
Arupul (N%
49.
Stte*c ')e#tt)'# EU *u)/e()#e$ '()t)c( *u)/e()#e$ '& the C'u#)t hile
underlining the need for efficient and ell-managed migration asylum and border policy guided by solidarity and fair sharing of responsibility.
Tn ceea ce privește ailul și imigratia Consiliul European a stabilit orientari strategice orientQrile UE J orientQrile politice ale ComunitQții subliniind totodatQ necesitateaJ nevoia unei politici in materie de migrație ail și frontiere eficiente și bine gestionata care se baeaJ respectand principiul solidaritQții și al distribuirii echitabile a rQspunderii Rntre statele membre 16"
under the form of the European Coal and )teel Community;s &igh (uthority hich as the European Commission;s predecessor.
( fost nevoie de un timp indelungat pentru o instituție supranaționalQ sQ se concretiee J materialiee Rn Europa sub forma Tnaltei (utoritati a ComunitQții Europene a CQrbunelui și Fțelului predecesoarea Comisiei Europene. 4B. ( legislative act that is a formal ritten enactment produced by a legislature is called (e*( ct. Un act legislativ mai e:actJ adica un act normativJmasura scris oficialJ formal redactat elaborata de un organ legislativ se numește act uridic. 47. %he European Council is a key institution of the European Union hich takes nearly all maor decisions for the EU and hich has a number of fundamental features among hich the indefinable ('cu$ '& '%e. Consiliul European este o instituție-cheie a Uniunii Europene care ia aproape toate deciiile maore ale UE și care are o serie de caracteristici fundamentale printre care
Consiliul European este una dintre cele B instituții ale UE al cQrui rol principal este de a stabili Frientarile politice comunitare - in esenta J practic stabilind agenda politicQ a UE. 20. %his committee ill be the chief '*# of the administration.
(cest comitetJ comisie va fi organul principal al administrației. 21" %he to archbishops and the bishops of Dondon 2urham and #inchester - alays sit the others taking their seats in order of $e#)')t of consecration.
'"
Cei doi arhiepiscopi și episcopii de Dondra 2urham și #inchester - intotdeauna stau os iar ceilalți isi ocupa locurile in functie de vechimea hirotoniei "". %he term $'&t (% refers to *uasi-legal instruments hich do not have any legally binding force or hose binding force is somehat eaker than the binding force of traditional la. %ermenul de instrumente uridice neobligatoriiJ mQsuri fQrQ caracter obligatoriuJ instrumentele legislative fQrQ caracter obligatoriu
representatives as the only significant actors in this process but also the European Commission. Una dintre caracteristicileJ trasaturi aproape constante ale Uniunii Europene a devenit modificarea tratatelor statutul sau egal Rn dreptul internațional care Rn ultimul timp a auns sQ implice nu doar repreentanții drept cei mai importanit actori Rn acest proces ci si Comisia EuropeanQ. "/. %he City Corporation e:ercises a control over the maority of the Dondon markets hich dates from the close of the 4/th century hen dealers ere placed under the *'e##ce of the mayor and aldermen. City Corporation e:ercitQ un control asupra maoritQții piețelor din Dondra care dateaQ de la sfVrșitul secolului al 4/-lea cand comerciantii distribuitorii erau J au fost plasati sub autoritatea J conducerea primarului si a consilierior comunali5 24" Nevertheless Gueen Eliabeth < on succeeding to the English throne as disposed to come to terms ith )hane ho after his fatherIs death as the de facto chief of the
formidable FINeill clan. Cu toate acestea totusiJ regina Elisabeta < dup ace a urcat pe tronul anglieiJ la urcarea pe tronul engle a fost dispusa sa se inteleaga cu )haneJ sa aunga la o intelegere care dupQ moartea tatQlui luiJ sQu era șeful de facto al redutabilului formidabilululi clan FINeill. 26" %he European Council publishes EU *u)/e()#e$ about ho it imposes and enforces
aspects of European Union economic sanctions and the role of Member )tates. Consiliul European publicQ orientari politice comunitare$ legate de modul Rn care sunt impuse si puse in aplicare sanctiunile economice ale eu si despre rolul statelor membre aceasta impune și aplicQ aspecte ale sanc țiunilor economice ale Uniunii Europene precum și rolul statelor membre. 27" (n illegal action such as forcing tricking or coercing a person into an agreement results in a #'#-(e*((-3)#/)#* /ec)$)'# hich the person has no obligation to
observe.
''
F acțiune ilegalQ cum ar fi sa oblige pe cineva pacalesti sau constrangi pe cineva sa accepte un acordJ contractJ intelegere duce la J are ca reultat un contract fara character obligatoriu forțarea pQcQlirea sau constrVngerea unei persoane Rntr-un acord reulta intr-o deciie fQrQ caracter uridic obligatoriu pe care persoana nu are obliga ția de a o respecta. "7. %he statements made by the &)##ce )#)$te$ of )lovenia and Aermany break a long-held taboo during the Euroone crisis talks here policy makers have been insisting that they are entirely focused on keeping Areece in the currency union ith the help of more bailout loans. 2eclarațiile fQcute de miniștrii de finanțe ai )loveniei și Aermaniei rastorna un vechi tabuu depasescJ distrug un tabu persistent + cu o istorie lunga, din timpul discuțiilor referitaore la cria euro Cand decidentii politice doresc cu tot dinadinsul sa mentina grecia in uniunea montera cu autorul mai multor imrpumuturi de salvare pe fondul criei din ona euro conform caruia factorii de deciie politicQ au tot insistat ca sunt Rn Rntregime a:ati pe menținerea Areciei Rn uniunea monetarQ cu autorul mai multor credite de salvare . 2" %he Aeneral (ffairs Council acts as a coordinating body hen the other councils are
deadlocked on a legislative proposal.
Consiliul (facerilor Aenerale acționeaQ ca un organism coordonator si atunci cVnd celelalte formatiuni ale consiliului sunt in impas in privinta unei .. blocate cu o propunere legislativQ. Tn caul Rn care Consiliul (faceri Aenerale nu poate ie și din impas acesta trimite problema Consiliul European care va lua o deciie politicQ. factor de deciie de ultimQ instanțQ Aeneral (ffairs Council – formation of the Council of the EUJ Council of ministers ;0" 3ou must alays make sure that hat you do is de 2ure so that you do not get any
fines or penalties against you.
%rebuie sQ te asiguri Rntotdeauna cQ ceea ce faci este de drept astfel RncVt sQ nu primesti nici ameni nici penalitQți sanctiuni '4. %he European Council acting as a collective &ead of )tate has developed further roles such as the settlement of issues outstanding from discussions at a loer level and the $'(e# t)&)ct)'# '& $)*#)&)c#t /'cue#t$. Consiliul European acționVnd J functionand ca un șef de stat colectiv a capatatJ dobandit roluri suplimentare cum ar fi soluționarea problemelor nereolvate de la discuțiile care au avut loc la un nivel inferior precum și ratificarea solemnQ a documentelor importante. ;2" %he different national delegations accompanying the heads of state or heads of
government for the duration of the European Council meetings are dependent on #'tet.e$ for information about the ongoing procedures. '/
2iferitele delegații naționale ce Rnsoțesc șefii de stat sau de guvern pe durata sedintelor Consiliului European depind de functionarii )ecretariatului general al Consiliului care iau notite pentru a afla informatii despre procedurile Rn curs de desfQșurare. ;;"
Council in close cooperation ith the member of the European Council representing the Member )tate holding the si:-monthly Presidency of the Council and ith the President of the Commission. " point ' point a potrivit articolul " alineatul +', litera +a, din egulamentul de procedurQ al Consiliului delegațiile vor gQsi ane:at proiectul de concluii elaborateJ pregatit de cQtre Președintele Consiliului European Rn strVnsQ colaborare cu membrul Consiliului European ce repreintQ statul membru care deține președinția pe o durata de șase luni a Consiliului și cu pre ședintele Comisiei. '/. %he Stte '& the U#)'# //e$$ instituted by the Disbon %reaty is the annual speech addressed by the President of the European Commission to the European Parliament plenary session in )eptember. discursul referitor la starea uniunii situaSia UniuniiJ preentQrii stQrii UniuniiJ discursul privind starea Uniunii instituit prin %ratatul de la Disabona este discursul anual facut de Președintele Comisiei Europene la sesiunea plenarQ a Parlamentului European din septembrie. ;4" Prince (lbert << is the current he/ '& $tte of the principality of Monaco. &e is the
son of anier <<< Prince of Monaco and the (merican actress Arace elly. Prințul (lbert al <<-lea este actualul șef de stat al Principatului Monaco. El este fiul lui anier <<< Prinț de Monaco si al actriței americane Arace elly. ;6" EU policies hose basic obectives and scope are inscribed in the %reaty itself and
are therefore agreed by both the governments and the parliaments of all the Member )tates are called &u#/e#t( c''# '()c)e$
Politicile UE ale cQror obiective și domenii de baQ J sfera de aplicareJ cuprindere sunt Rnscrise Rn tratat și sunt prin urmare agreate convenite atat de guverne cat și de parlamentelor tuturor statelor membre se numesc politici comune fundamentale 'B. EU policies defined by the common legislative bodies of the EU ithin the frameork of the fundamental common policies in accordance ith the decisionmaking procedure prescribed in the treaty are called $ec'#/ c''# '()c)e$ . Politicile UE definite de organele legislative comune ale UE Rn cadrul politicilor comune fundamentalesi Rn conformitate cu procedura de luare a deciiilor prevQuta Rn tratat se numesc politici comune secundare. III" P')/e R'#)# e+u)(e#t$ '& the &'(('%)#* E#*()$h te$@ u$e the E#*()$h te$ )# $e#te#ce$ '& 'u '%#"
'9
1" C'u#c)( &'t)'#@
formațiune a Consiliului X%he Council formations should e:amine national policies and performances in their areas. the various Council formations should e:amine national policies and performances in their areas monitor implementation and carry out peer revies on specific themes to encourage mutual learning of interesting practices. 2" A*)cu(tue #/ 5)$he)e$ C'u#c)(@
Consiliului pentru agriculturQ Yi pescuit. X0rings together . . .in charge of the fisheries X the (griculture and @isheries Council adopted conclusions on the future of the agricultural policy %he discussions at the (griculture and @isheries Council of "B )eptember "848 ended ith the confirmation of the blocking minority. Fn 49 and 4? 2ecember "844 the (griculture and @isheries Council adopted conclusions on the future of the agricultural promotion policy ;" C'et)t)e#e$$ C'u#c)(@
Consiliul pt ZCompetitivitate X the Competitiveness Council identified a set of potential +oint programming, initiatives (t its meeting of "? May "848 +" , the Competitiveness Council identified and substantiated a set of potential oint programming initiatives <" Ec'#')c #/ &)##c)( A&&)$ C'u#c)( 9ECO5IN:@
Consiliul pt (faceri Economice și @inanciare +Ecofin, X %he Economic and @inancial (ffairs Council gave a mandate to the Committee to assess the long-term sustainability of public finances
Consiliul pentru Educație %ineret CulturQ și )port
'?
X%he Education 3outh Culture and )ports Council focused on integrity and good governance in sport ith the adoption of Council conclusions supported by the U and a policy debate. Xpromotes students and teacher mobility 6" E('e#t, S'c)( P'()c, He(th #/ C'#$ue A&&)$ C'u#c)(@
Consiliului pentru ocuparea forSei de muncQ politicQ socialQsQnQtate Yi consumatori $ X homelessness as identified as a priority by the Employment )ocial Policy &ealth and Consumer (ffairs +EP)CF, Council in "889 %he Employment )ocial Policy &ealth and Consumer (ffairs Council on '8 November last year the informal EP)CF Council the one that has ust taken place in 0arcelona also said that the Member )tates and the Commission must ork to ensure that in accordance ith their competence the gender dimension can be consolidated in the "8"8 strategy and that all the relevant political fields are taken into account. 7" E#)'#e#t C'u#c)(@
Consiliul pentru mediu X the Environment Council clarified the EU;s strategy for a long-term reduction in emissions
Consiliul (faceri E:terne X the @oreign (ffairs Council reaffirmed EU;s intention to promote stability cooperation prosperity and good governance %he EU @oreign (ffairs Council in its conclusions on the yrgy epublic of "? !uly "848 elcomed the efforts of the ne yrgy government to establish a democratic institutional frameork and invited the Commission to continue providing assistance at the @oreign (ffairs Council held on 7 2ecember "886 the EU reaffirmed its intention to promote stability cooperation prosperity and good governance " =e#e( A&&)$ C'u#c)(@
Consiliul pt (faceri Aenerale Xinstitutional setup of the EU 'B
X the Aeneral (ffairs Council highlighted the importance of funding for the further development and implementation of the policy Fn 4? November "886 the Aeneral (ffairs Council highlighted the importance of funding for the further development and implementation of the integrated maritime policy and invited the Commission to present the necessary proposals for the financing of integrated maritime policy actions ithin the e:isting @inancial Perspective ith a vie to entry into force by "844. 10" u$t)ce #/ H'e A&&)$ C'u#c)( 9HA:@
Consiliul pentru ustiSie Yi afaceri interne +!(<, Xinternal borders and asylum seekers X the !ustice and &ome (ffairs Council adopted a common frameork for the integration of immigrants %he European Council stated the need to improve coordination beteen national integration policies and EU initiatives5 this is being done by means of the Common 0asic Principles +C0Ps, hich form a common frameork for the integration of immigrants adopted by the !ustice and &ome (ffairs Council 11" T#$'t, Te(ec'u#)ct)'#$ #/ E#e* C'u#c)(@
Consiliului pentru transport telecomunicații și energie
%he agenda endorsed by the %ransport %elecommunications and Energy Council aims to deliver sustainable economic and social benefits
%he digital agenda endorsed by the %ransport %elecommunications and Energy Council of '4 May aims to deliver sustainable economic and social benefits from a digital single market based on fast and ultra fast internet and interoperable applications. 12" '* '& (e*)$(t)e )')t)e$
programul prioritQților legislative J Each holder of the Presidency publishes a program of legislative priorities depending on
the rules governing the respective issue.
Established by each trio of states that ill hold the presidency of the council 1;" Pe#e#t Ree$e#tt)e$ C')ttee 9COREPER:
Comitetului epreentanților Permanenți+CF EPE, X%he Committee of Permanent epresentatives +CFEPE, of the governments of the member states is responsible for preparing the ork of the Council. " @ormations 1 4. epresentatives ". e:perts '7
Ministers tasked the EU Committee of Permanent epresentatives +CFEPE, to present a proposal on an EU frameork under hich member states could accept detainees 1<" Le*( Se)ce@
)erviciul !uridic Xit is confirmed by the Degal )ervice that this is a sound solution from a legal point of vie. 14" +u()&)e/ ?')t 9' /'u3(e ?')t: @
maoritate calificatQ +maoritate dublQ, X( ne system of double maority voting ill facilitate the reaching of decisions in the Council %he Council acting by a *ualified maority on a proposal from the Commission shall decide on any adustments to be made to the initial general economic policy conditions and shall approve the revised adustment programme as prepared by the beneficiary Member )tate 16" 3('c.)#* )#')t@
minoritatea blocanta. Xthe decision as eected by members representing a blocking minority of the votesJ X %he proposal as opposed by a blocking minority of Member )tates the decision proposed by the panel could be reected by members representing a blocking minority of the votes %he proposal as opposed by a blocking minority of Member )tates +B" votes against and '6 votes through abstention,. "4 Member )tates +"'/ votes, ere in favour of the proposal. 4B. 't-'ut@ claua care permite refuul posibilitatea de neaplicareJ opteaQ sQ refue J e:cludere voluntaraJ op țiune de nepa rticipareJ derogareJ clauQ de neparticipare X%he state used the opt-out; to be e:cludedJ opted out from the responsibility to prepare itself to oin the euro area &ungary uses the opt-out; +derogation under (rticle "" of the 2irective, for the health sector +4, and accordingly doctors in training may ork more than /7 hours per eek if they give advance ritten consent to do so. and e kno that there are to EU Member )tates namely the U and 2enmark that go t an opt-out so that they can be e:cluded from the responsibility of all EU Member )tates to prepare themselves and their economies to oin the euro area one day. Eleven Member )tates indicate that they have not alloed the use of the opt-out in their transposing legislation1 they are (ustria 2enmark @inland Areece
'6
1" t' #')#te#')#t)'#@
desemnaJ nominalie desemnare Xthe government has submitted a nomination for a ne representative %he Datvian Aovernment has informed the Council of its intention to replace the Datvian representative on the Management 0oard and has submitted a nomination for a ne representative ho should be appointed for a period hich runs until '4 May "844. 46. *u/)# '& the Tet)e$@ gardian al %ratatelor. X%he Commission as the guardian of the %reaties ill continue to support Member )tatesI efforts to improve their implementation of the Community la %he Commission as the guardian of the %reaties has provided some legal clarification by means of its
puterea de iniSiativa X%he Commission has the poer of legislative initiative
/8
22" D)ect'te$-=e#e(@
direcțiile generaleJ 2irecția AeneralQ X%he 2irectorates Aeneral established a cost-effective internal control system %aking these elements in balance it is proposed that the 2irectorates Aeneral charged ith the implementation of the research and innovation budget ill establish a cost-effective internal control system 2;" MEP$@
membrii Parlamentului EuropeanJ euro parlamentari X( former MEP as found guilty of bribery and sentenced to four years in prison. X(t the first plenary session MEPs ere called to form or oin a political group 2<" the '%e '& the u$e@
puterea bugetara financiara
bugetului public ca instrument cu putere de lege
putere financiara puterea politicQ - parl si consiliul
Tn etapa actuala a competentelor puterea bugetara este instrumentul privilegiat prin care se poate e:prima vointa politica a Parlamentului 2efinition1 %he influence that legislatures have over public policy because of their poer to vote money for public purposes. %he United )tates Congress must authorie the presidentIs budget re*uests to fund agencies and programs of the e:ecutive branch X %hrough the poer of the purse the 0ritish Parliament sloly subverted the e:ecutive strength of the cron5 %hrough the poer of the purse the 0ritish Parliament sloly subverted the e:ecutive strength of the cron5 ing Charles << as limited in his poers to engage in various ar efforts by a refusal by Parliament to authorise further ta:es and by his inability to secure loans from foreign nations making him much less poerful.
24" C')$$)'# ')#)'#@
aviului ComisieiJ opinia Comisiei /4
X %he European Council elcomed the Commission opinion on
poiția comunQ X the priorities and measures set out in Council Common Position continue to guide EU actions including assistance and outreach proects X %he changes introduced by the Council;s common position are acceptable to the Commission as they lead to a realistic compromise %he changes introduced by the Council;s common position are acceptable to the Commission as they lead to a realistic compromise beteen on the one hand the need for reliable and comparable data to measure progress toards a more sustainable use of pesticides and the reduction of risks and on the other hand the difficulty for most of the Member )tates to introduce a ne data collection system and collect sufficiently detailed and comparable data for the needs of this egulation. Fn "8 March "88? the Council of the European Union adopted Common Position "88?J"/"JC@)P relating to the "88? evie Conference of the 0iological and %o:in #eapons Convention 27" t' $ett(e (e*( /)$ute$@
soluSionarea litigiilorJ diferendelor X the legislation provides for full reimbursement of the court fee if the parties settle a pending legal dispute through mediation5 2" =#/ Ch3e@
Marea CamerQ X the Arand Chamber of the Aeneral Court delivered the udgment
avocați generali X
etiring !udges and (dvocates Aeneral ho are reappointed shall retain their former precedence. +!udecQtorii și avoca ții generali care R și Rn cheie mandatul și care sunt numiți din nou Rși pQstreaQ rangul anterior., '8. e&ee#ce$ &' e())# u()#*@ o cerere de pronunțare a unei hotQrVri preliminare X eferences for a preliminary ruling re*uire in certain cases a rapid response from the Court %he reference for a preliminary ruling made by the %ribunal )uperior de !usticia de Canarias by decision of "? November "88? is inadmissible eferences for a preliminary ruling hich may be submitted to the Court of !ustice in the areas covered by %itle H< of the %reaty on European Union or %itle
acSiuni Rn constatarea neRndeplinirii obligaSiilor X %he Commission brought actions for failure to fulfil obligations against si: Member )tates %he Commission brought actions for failure to fulfil obligations against si: Member )tates +0elgium Aermany Areece @rance Du:embourg and (ustria, because they reserve access to the profession of notary to their on nationals hich in the Commission;s opinion is discrimination on grounds of nationality prohibited by the EC %reaty. ;2" ct)'#$ &' ##u(e#t@
(cțiune Rn anulare Xthe applicant submitted to actions for annulment of Commission decisions %he applicant ho submitted to actions for annulment of Commission decisions relating to a merger also submitted an application for access to documents concerning the concentration. +eclamanta care a introdus douQ acSiuni Rn anulare a deciiilor Comisiei privind o concentrare a preentat de asemenea o cerere de acces la documente referitoare la aceastQ operaSiune. , ;;" ct)'#$ &' &)(ue t' ct@
acțiune Rn constatar ea abținerii de a acționa X the complainant re*uested the Commission to take action in the case and threatened a reneed action for failure to act X the complainant brought an action for failure to act against the institution for failure to adopt the measures /'
the applicant brought the present action for failure to act under (rticle "'" EC. Fn 46 !anuary "84" the complainant re*uested the Commission to take action in the case ithin a period of to months and threatened a reneed action for failure to act. %he applicants further submit that (rticle "'" EC must be interpreted as entitling individuals or undertakings to bring an action for failure to act against an institution for failure to adopt measures hich ould have been of direct and individual concern to them even though they are not the potential addressees of these measures. +eclamantele susțin Rn continuare cQ articolul "'" CE trebuie interpretat Rn sensul cQ acordQ persoanelor fiice sau Rntreprinderilor dreptul de a formula o acțiune Rn constatarea abținerii de a acționa Rmpotriva unei instituții pentru neadoptarea mQsurilor care i-ar fi viat direct și individual deși aceștia nu sunt potențialii destinatari ai acestor mQsuri., ;<" ct)'#$ &' /*e$@
acțiuni Rn despQgubireJ dauneJ pretentii X(n action for damages as brought against the European Community on the basis of noncontractual liability +F acțiune Rn rQspunder e e:tracontractualQ RndreptatQ Rmpotriva ComunitQții Europene, X in an action for damages the applicant must demonstrate a sufficiently serious breach by the institution of a rule of la intended to confer rights on individuals %he E2P) ould also favour the empoerment of *ualified entities such as consumer associations or public bodies to bring actions for damages on behalf of victims of data protection breaches. +2e asemenea (EP2 ar agrea autoriarea unor entitQ ți competente cum ar fi asociațiile consumatorilor sau organismele publice pentru a introduce acțiuni Rn despQgubire Rn numele victimelor RncQlcQrilor protecției datelor.,
//
I!" The &'(('%)#* te$ e&e t' )'u$ 't)#* 'ce/ue$" Mtch the te$ %)th the) c'ect /e&)#)t)'#$, #/ ')/e the) R'#)# e+u)(e#t$ S)(e ?')t@ +u()&)e/ ?')t@ 3('c.)#* )#')t@ '((-c(( 'te@ 'te 3 $h'% '& h#/$@ et'@ 3$te#t)'#@ %e)*hte/ 'te$@ 'te )# &'u '&&'@ 'te *)#$t $'eth)#*'te $'eth)#* /'%#@ c$t '#e>$ 'te@ $()t 'te@ 'te en bloc@ u##))t@ /)ect, u#)e$( $u&&*e@ $)#*(e 'te@ t.e 'te '# # )$$ue t' t.e 9h'(/: 'te@ 3$'(ute ?')t@ +u'u@ t)e 'te@ 't)#* c/@ t' he 'te@ 't)'# c)e/@ 't)'# e?ecte/@ 'te 3 3(('t@ 'te 3 )(@ e(ect'#)c 'te@ 't)#* ch)#e@ c$t)#* 'te@ &ee 'te, 'te '& #' c'#&)/e#ce 9'te '& ce#$ue: 1" %o give a formal indication of a choice beteen to or more candidates or courses of action e:pressed typically through a ballot or a sho of hands or by voice. @ t' he 'te A e u# 't /et /e 't 2" ( vote on a motion put by the Fpposition censuring an aspect of the AovernmentIs policy5 if the motion is carried the Aovernment is obliged to. !'te '& #' c'#&)/e#ce 9'te '& ce#$ue: 't /e #e#ce/ee otJ mo)u#e /e ce#u, ;" ( maority in hich the highest number of votes cast for any one candidate issue or
item e:ceeds the second-highest number hile not constituting an absolute maority. S)(e ?')t ?')tte $)( <" ( blue non-transferable chip card used by MEPs to vote in the Chamber hich they insert into the slot in the terminal at the MemberIs seat. 't)#* c/
cartela de vot 4" %o defeat something such as a la or plan by voting against it – @ 'te *)#$t $'eth)#*'te $'eth)#* /'%# 't 't) e$)#*e 6" (greement by all people involved5 consensus. U##))t 7" " ( process that allos people to vote in secret so that other people cannot see their votes. !'te 3 3(('t Scut)# " %he %reaty of Disbon also provides for a blocking minority composed of at least four Member )tates representing over '9O of the EU population. ('c.)#* )#')t )#')tte /e 3('ce, 10" %o put something to the vote " T.e 'te '# # )$$ue t' t.e 9h'(/: 'te 't ))#/ u# $u3)ect
/9
11" %he raising of hands to indicate voting for or against a proposition. !'te 3 $h'% '& h#/$ 't )# )/)ce /e #, 12" &ave the right to e:press oneIs preference for a candidate or for a proposed resolution of an issue./)ect, u#)e$( $u&&*e $u&*)u u#)e$( /)ect . 1;" Hoting method hich employs a terminal into hich a card is inserted and this
activates a yello arning light and an animated display to signal the vote taken by the voter " e(ect'#)c 'te
!'t e(ect'#)c 1<" %o place oneIs ballot in the ballot bo:. C$t '#e>$ 'te -ș) e8) 'tu( 14" ( number of votes constituting more than half of the number cast. A3$'(ute ?')t ?')tte 3$'(ute 16" ( constitutional right to reect a decision or proposal made by a lamaking body. !et' 17" %he deciding vote of a presiding officer in an assembly or council e:ercised hen the re is a deadlock due to a tie. C$t)#* 'te 't /ec)$) 1" )uch a maority is achieved if it covers at least 99O of Member )tates representing at least ?9O of the population of the EU. Qu()&)e/ ?')t ?')tte c()&)ct, 1" Fccurs here one single vote is taken on a number of items motions or recommendations – 'te en bloc 9't )# 3('c: "8. ( mechanical apparatus used in a polling place to register and count the votes. !'t)#* ch)#e
%erminalJ post de vot 21"
"". %he minimum number of members of an assembly or society that must be present at any of its meetings to make the proceedings of that meeting valid. Qu'u c'u "'. (n instance of declining to vote for or against a proposal or motion. A3$te#t)'#
3)#ee
"/. Hoting an amendment article or paragraph of the te:t under consideration in to or more parts. S()t 'te 't e ț) 24"
/?
26" Hoting system based on the idea that not all voters should have the same amount of
influence over the outcome of an election so are given different amounts of say concerning the outcome. We)*hte/ 'te$ 'tu)(e '#/ete 27" (n e*ual number of votes for the to sides. T)e 'te egalitte /e 'tu), "7. ( parliamentary division in hich members vote according to their on beliefs rather than folloing a party policy. 5ee 'te 't ()3e 2"
'8. ( system for conducting elections in hich voters receive and return ballots via the mail. !'te 3 )( 't )# c'e$'#/e#ț ;1" #hen an item is placed on the agenda for adoption ithout amendment. S)#*(e 'te 't u#)c
!"Mtch the %'/$h$e$ )# L)$t A %)th the %'/$h$e$ )# L)$t , *)e the R'#)# e+u)(e#t$ '& the #'u# h$e$ thu$ '3t)#e/ #/ u$e the t' &)(( the 3(#.$ )# the $e#te#ce$ 3e('%" T#$(te the $e#te#ce$ )#t' R'#)#
Dist (1 advisory5 the poer5 advocates5 2irectorates5 actions for5 common5 proceedings for failure5 plenary5 point5 guardian5 preliminary ruling5 actions for5 infringement of5 registry5 democratic5 the poer of5 dissenting5 term of5 Commission5 Arand5 actions for5 Dist 01 of the court5 general5 the Community legislation5 procedure5 of initiative5 sessions5 to fulfill an obligation5 position5 supervision5 failure to act5 Chamber5 damages5 Aeneral5 annulment5 of the %reaties5 of the %reaties5 opinion5 of la5 the purse5 opinions5 body
Poer of the purse K puterea bugetara poer of initiative K puterea iniSiativei action for damages K acțiuni Rn despQgubire +poer of , democratic supervision K competenta de $ue*hee /e'ct)c@ dissenting opinion K opinie /)e*e#t (dvocates Aeneral K avoca ți generali guardian of the treaties K gardian al %ratatelor. preliminary ruling procedure K procedura de pronunțare a unei hotQrVri preliminare 2irectorate-Aenerals Kdirecțiile generaleJ 2irecția AeneralQ point of la K pe fond sau pe chestiuni de drept Proceedings for annulment K 'ce/u) i Rn anulare advisory body K *u '*#)$ c'#$u(tt). term of the %reaties K conditiile inscrise in tratat J R # tee)u( tatelor grand chamber K Marea CamerQ Commission opinion K aviului ComisieiJ opinia Comisiei (ctions for failure to fulfill an obligation K acSiuni Rn constatarea neRndeplinirii obligaSiilor plenary sessions K $e$)u#) (e#e /B
infringement of the Community legislationK RncQlcarea dreptului comunitar common position K poiția comunQ registry of the court K grefa %ribunaluluiJ curtiiJ registrul curț ii actions for failure to act K acțiune Rn constatarea abținerii de a acționa
1" Congress ill be e:ercising its '%e '& the u$e in a rational ay rather than
running up a debt and then refusing to pay it. utee 3u*et
Congresul isi va fi e:ercita puterea bugetara mai degraba Rntr-un mod ra țional decVt sQ ramana cu datorii și apoi sa refue sQ le plQteascQ. 2" (ccording to the founding treaties the European Commission +EC, has supranational monopoly over the '%e '& )#)t)t)e as a guarantee of impartiality and e:pertise
over the policy proposals that ere submitted to the attention of the legislative branches. utee )#))t)e)
Conform tratatelor fondatoare Comisia EuropeanQ +CE, are monopol supranațional asupra puterii de inițiativQ ca o garanție a imparțialitQții și a e:pertiei asupra propunerilor de politici care au fost Rnaintate puterii legislative. ;"
Persoanele fiice sau statele membre care au suferit un preudiciu pot ob ține despQgubiri Rn numele instituției vinovate prin introducerea unei acțiuni Rn despQgubire Rn fa ța Cur ții de !ustiție a Uniunii Europene. <" 0y virtue of its poer of /e'ct)c $ue)$)'# the Parliament supervises all Community activities" c'ete#t /e $ue*hee /e'ct)c@
Tn virtutea competentei sale de supraveghere democraticQ5 Parlamentul supravegheaQ toate activitQțile comunitare. 4" ( /)$$e#t)#* ')#)'# presents the reasons for hich one of the udges taking part in the deliberations voted against the final decision reached by the maority " ')#)e $et
F opinie separata preintQ motivele pentru care unul dintre udecQtorii care au luat parte la deliberQri a votat Rmpotriva deciiei finale luata de maoritate. /7
6" %he opinions of the A/'cte$ =e#e( are advisory and do not bind the Court but
they are nonetheless very influential and are folloed in the maority of cases.
'cț) *e#e()
FpiniileJ (viele avocaților generali sunt consultative și nu obligaJ nu sunt obligatorii pentru Curte dar cu toate aceastea au o mare influenta și sunt urmate Rn maoritatea caurilor. 7" (s *u/)# '& the tet)e$, the European Commission is responsible for ensuring
that the European la is properly applied in all the Member )tates. */)# ( Ttte('"
Tn calitate de gardian al tratatelor Comisia EuropeanQ este responsabilQ pentru asigurarea faptului cQ legislația europeanQ se aplicQ Rn mod corespunQtor Rn toate statele membre. " %he e())# u()#* 'ce/ue enables national courts to *uestion the European
Court of !ustice on the interpretation or validity of European la. %he reference for such a procedure therefore offers a means to guarantee legal certainty by uniform application of EU la. 'ce/u /e '#u#țe u#e) h't) e())#e
procedura de deciie preliminara permite instanțelor naționale sQ adresee o intrebare Curtea Europena de !ustiție in ceea ce priveste interpretarea sau valabilitatea dreptului european. Prin urmare faputul ca se apeleaa la o asemenea procredura garanteaa certitudinea uridicQ prin aplicarea uniformQ a legislației UEJ dreptului european. " %he Commission is divided into departments knon as D)ect'te-=e#e($ each
of them classified according to the policy it deals ith. /)ecț))(e *e#e(e D)ecț) =e#e(
Comisia este RmpQrțitQ Rn departamente cunoscute sub numele de direcții generale fiecare dintre ele fiind denumite Rn funcție de domeniile de care se ocupQ. 48.
Tn urisprudențQ o chestiune de drept este o chestiuneJpb la care trebuie sQ se rQspundQ prin aplicarea principiilor uridice relevanteJ pertinente prin interpretare a legii. 44. ( proceeding J ct)'# &' ##u(e#t brought before the European Court of !ustice consists of a revie of the legality of European acts hich may lead to the annulment of the act concerned. 'ce/u)) # #u(e
F acțiune Rn anulare introdusQ Rn fața Curții Europene de !ustiție constQ Rntr-un control al legalitQții actelor europene care ar putea conduce la anularea actului Rn cauQ. 12" (n e:ample of an /)$' 3'/ is hen a city ants to kno the environmental
impact of putting a campground in on the lake so they hire a group of people to look into the prosJcons and make a report. /6
*u '*#)$ c'#$u(tt)"
Un e:emplu de organism consultativ este atunci cVnd o primarie dorește sQ cunoascQ impactul asupra mediului cauat de crearea unui teren de campare pe malul lacului asa ca angaea un grup de oameni sQ analiee si sa gaseasca argumente pro J contra și sQ realiee un raport. 1;" %hat president;s te '& '&&)ce as asted in *uarrels ith the Degislature. e$e/)#te(e ce( $)- )'$)t #/tu( )# cetu) cu '*#u( (e*)$(t) 1<" Prior to "88/ the European Court of !ustice met as a full chamber for all cases but it no may sit as a *#/ ch3e of 4' udges or in Chambers of ' to 9 udges. Me Ce
Tnainte de "88/ Curtea EuropeanQ de !ustiție s-a reunit ca o camerQ completa care aborda orice fel de ca dar acum se poate reuni ca o mare camerQ de 4' udecQtori sau Rn camere de ' pVnQ la 9 udecQtori.$ 14" ( c')$$)'# ')#)'# is an instrument that allos this institution to make a
statement in a non-binding fashion in other ords ithout imposing any legal obligation on those to hom it is addressed.
)u(u) C')$)e) ')#) C')$)e)
F opinie a Comisiei este un instrument care permite acestei instituții sQ facQ o declarație Rntrun mod neobligatoriu cu alte cuvinte fQrQ a impune nici o obligație legalQ celor cQrora li se adreseaQ. 16" P'cee/)#*$ ct)'#$ &' &)(ue t' &u(&)(( an obligation are legal proceedings brought
before the Court of !ustice of the European Union hich enable the Court of !ustice to control Member )tates; compliance ith their obligations under European la. c)u#) # c'#$tte #e#/e()#))) '3()*))('
Procedurile J acțiuni Rn constatarea neRndeplinirii obligațiilor sunt proceduri udiciare introduse Rn fața Curții de !ustiție a Uniunii Europene care permit Curții sQ controlee respectarea de cQtre statele membre a obligațiilor care le revin Rn temeiul dreptului european. 4B. )essions hich bring together all the MEPs and are chaired by the President of the European Parliament are called (e# $e$$)'#$ .
$e$)u#) (e#e
)esiunile la care se reunesc toți deputații și care sunt preidate de Președintele Parlamentului European se numesc sesiuni plenare.
98
1" %he Commission as the investigative authority and the guardian of the treaties does not negotiate the *uestion of the e:istence of an )#&)#*ee#t '& the C'u#)t (e*)$(t)'# and the appropriate sanction.
#c(ce /etu(u) c'u#)t
Comisia Rn calitate de autoritate de investigare și de gardian al tratatelor nu negociaQ problema e:istenței unei RncQlcQri a legislației comunitare și sancțiunea corespunQtoare.$
1" #hen the Council does not share the vies e:pressed by Parliament it adopts a c''# '$)t)'# hich is forarded to the European Parliament together ith
a statement of reasons.
')ț) c'u#
Cand Consiliul nu RmpQrtQșește opiniile e:primate de cQtre Parlament adoptQ o poiție comunQ care este transmisa Parlamentului European RmpreunQ cu o e:punere de motive.
20" %he administrators of the Court are responsible for the e*)$t '& the c'ut as ell
as for the receipt transmission and custody of documents and pleadings that have been entered in a register initialled by the President.
*e& T)3u#(u(u) cut)) e*)$tu( cuț))
(dministratorii Curții sunt responsabili pentru grefa instanței precum și pentru primirea transmiterea și pQstrarea documentelor și a memoriilor care au fost introduse Rntr-un registru parafat de cQtre președinte"
21"
infringing the provisions of the %reaties a Member )tate and possibly an individual may initiate ct)'#$ &' &)(ue t' ct .
cț)u#e # c'#$tte 3 ț)#e)) /e cț)'#
94
Tn caul Rn care Consiliul sau Comisia nu au Rndeplinit obligația de a acționa RncQlcVnd astfel dispoițiile tratatelor un stat membru și eventual o persoanQ poate iniția acțiuni Rn constatarea abținerii de a acționa.
!I" T#$(te )#t' E#*()$h
4. Curtea de !ustitie a Comunitatilor Europene +CE!, cu sediul la Du:emburg a fost RnființatQ Rn anul 469" in baa %ratatul de la Paris care a instituit Comunitatea European[ a C[rbunelui si Ftelului. %he Court of !ustice of the European Communities +EC!, based in Du:embourg as established in 469" under the %reaty of Paris hich established the European Coal and )teel Community. ". Curtea de !ustitie a fost Rnfiintat[ Rn virtutea art. '4-/9 din %ratat. %he Court of !ustice as established under (rticles '4-/9 of the %reaty. '. Curtea avea rolul de a efectua un control udiciar independent asupra actelor Tnaltei (utorit[ti si ale statelor comunitare. %he Court as intended to carry out an independent udicial revie of the acts of the &igh (uthority and of the Member )tates /. Curtea avea sarcina de a supraveghea respectarea %ratatului si solutionarea diferendelor dintre t[rile membre sau dintre particulari si Tnalta (utoritate. %he Court had the task of monitoringJ supervising compliance ith the %reaty and of settling disputes beteen member states or individuals and the &igh (uthority. 9.
