INSTITUTO PROFESIONAL INACAP SEDE VALPARASO
Estudio de Rendimiento y Costo (Financiamiento) ini ca!"ado!
Renato Nico#as Ta$ia oscoso %uan Santa C!u& A#'asini %os A#oso Va#de'enito Va#de'enito Anca$ic*+n Se'asti,n -enito Pinto Pinto
1
UNIVERSIDAD TECNOL./ICA DE C0ILE INACAP SEDE VALPARASO
Estudio de Rendimiento y Costo (Financiamiento) ini ca!"ado!
Renato Nico#as Ta$ia oscoso %uan Santa C!u& A#'asini %os A#oso Va#de'enito Anca$ic*+n Se'asti,n -enito Pinto Pinto P!oeso!1 A#e2and!o Tom,s -a*amonde Nu3es Ino!me de in4esti"aci5n $a!a e# ,!ea de a6uina!ia en O'!a7
2
Indice
CAPITULO I77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777778 INTRODUCCIÓN....................................................................................................................4 CAPITULO II7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777779 RESEÑA E INFORMACIÓN BÁSICA DE UN MINI CARGADOR..............................................................5 Reseña Mini Cargador.................................................................................................. 5
CAPITULO III77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777: RENDIMIENTO; CONCEPTOS Y FACTORES QUE LO AFECTAN............................................................7 Análisis de factores que inuyen en un rendimiento...................................................7
CAPITULO IV77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777; ANÁLISIS DE RENDIMIENTO Y SELECCIÓN DEL EQUIPO...................................................................9 Identicar el tipo de ora............................................................................................. ! "egislacion #igente$ permisos %amientales$ maquinaria pesada$ #ertedero autori&ado'................................................................................................................. () Cantidad de material a mo#er %cuicaci*n'...............................................................() +iempo de duraci*n de la acti#idad........................................................................ ...(( "ista de maquinas que se pueden utili&ar.................................................................. (, -spacio sico de traao y de guarda de la maquinaria.............................................(, Rendimiento de la maquinaria.................................................................................. .(, /elecci*n de la maquinaria........................................................................................ (0
CAPITULO V7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777<= FINANCIAMIENTO................................................................................................................ 1 CAPITULO VI777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777<= DETERMINACIÓN DEL COSTO DE UN MINI CARGADOR !A.P.U."..................................................... 1 CAPITULO VII77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777<9 CONCLUSIÓN..................................................................................................................... 15
Ca$itu#o I Int!oducci5n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
4
Ca$itu#o II
Rese3a e ino!maci5n ',sica de un ini Ca!"ado! Rese3a ini Ca!"ado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
L,$ ,0(#,$ 21B2 =,- $% /%() :-($()*( :-($()*) 0( 0*,$ ,0(#,$ 0( +-,)*#($ '), 0(/( :,- ((:#, :-(%,$ () (# ($ # :-*( 6'( $,) ,/*%()( 0( ,) (# ' --, (*>#,&,$.
(:'($*,$ $,) 22B2 Y 22B2 ($ %(-*, () (# 0,'()*, $( 0%$*%)*,$ *%:,$ $,%0,$ #,$ %)% -&0,-($ = 0*,$ 6'( %)($*%&- ,, # %0 *%# #,$ $, 0( #, 6'( (,)<% 0*,$ 6'( '), )(- 0%-(* :-,((0,- ($ ($*,$ 0*,$ ()
E) ')*, # %0 *%# 0(# %)% -&0,- +-,)*# *%()( 6'( (- ,) #$ =,-$ *-/0$ ') 6'% :-,(0%, *-/ 2. =,-$ # , # %0 *%# 0( ') %)% -&0,- +-,)*# $(-%) :-,%0()*( ')$ 15. =,-$ 0( *-/, ,)$%0(-)0, 6'( # 6'%) *-/- *,0,$ #,$ ,$ $(-%) :-,%0()*( '),$ 7 ,$ 0( %0 *%# 6'( *%()( (# %)% -&0,- +-,)*#.
5
F'()*(@ M)'# 0( -()0%%()*, C*(-:%##- E) /$( ($*,$ :->(*-,$ :,0(,$ ,()8- :,0(- -(#%8- #,$ >#'#,$ ,--($:,)0%()*($ :- :,0(- ,/*()(- )'($*-, -()0%%()*, 3)#()*( (# ,$*, 6'( ,)##( ') %)% -&0,-. U) *, 3*%%, 6'( $( -(#%8, ,) ($*,$ 0*,$ $( :'(0, (- () (# :%*'#, HI 0(# %)+,-( () 0,)0( $( *,-) () :-*%.
Ca$itu#o III Rendimiento> Conce$tos y acto!es 6ue #o aectan An,#isis de acto!es 6ue in?uyen en un !endimiento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
7
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
N,*@ #&'),$ 0( #,$ :')*,$ ),/-0,$ )*(-%,-()*( $( (:#%-) () :-,+')0%00 , 0( )(- >$ (*()$ (0%0 6'( $( 0($--,##)0, (# %)+,-(.
K
Ca$itu#o IV An,#isis de !endimiento y se#ecci5n de# e6ui$o L +,- 0( ,/*()(- -($'#*0,$ <:*%,$ # =,- 0( $(#(%,)- ') 6'%)-% :- (# ,%%()*, 0( *%(--$ $( 0(/( *()(- () '()* #, $%&'%()*(@ • •
• • • • • •
I0()*%3- (# *%:, 0( ,/-. L(&%$#%,) %&()*( :(-%$,$!/%()*#($
6'%)-%
:($0
(-*(0(-,
'*,-%80," C)*%00 0( *(-%# ,(- !'/%%,)" T%(:, 0( 0'-%<) 0( # *%%00 L%$* 0( 6'%)$ 6'( $( :'(0() '*%#%8E$:%, 3$%, 0( &'-0 0( # 6'%)-% R()0%%()*, 0( # 6'%)-% S(#(%<) 0( # 6'%)-%
Identi@ca! e# ti$o de o'!a7 E) C=%#( (%$*() 0%+(-()*($ :-,(*,$ () #,$ '#($ $( ($ )(($-%, (*-(- , ,(- *%(--. U) 0( #$ $ %:,-*)*($ %)0'$*-%$ () (# ,%%()*, 0( *%(-- ($ (# $(*,- %)(-, ,*-, $(*,- 0( &-) %:,-*)% ($ # ,)$*-'%<) C%%# %# :,- #*%, (# $(*,- 0( # (0%3%<) () (# '# $( (*-( '(( *%(-- :- 0%(-$$ ,)$*-'%,)($. A # =,- 0( -(#%8- ') ($*'0%, 0( ,$*, -()0%%()*, :-
') 6'%)-%
0(*(-%)0. S( 0(/( $/(- ( %0()*%3- (# $(*,- #'&- 0,)0( $( 0(/( -(#%8- # (*-%<) , ,%%()*, 0( *%(--$. M(0%)*( # %0()*%3%<) $( :'(0( ,/*()(- #,$ $%&'%()*($ 0*,$@ • •
• • •
T%:, 0( *(-%# 6'( (*-(- !P(-%*( 0(*(-%)- # 0()$%00 0(# $'(#,". P($, 0(# *(-%# (*-(- !$( :'(0( 0(*(-%)- (0%)*( # 0()$%00 (# ,#'()". S( :'(0( 0(*(-%)- (# ($:,)%()*, 6'( $'+-( (# $'(#, ')0, ($* $'(#*,. E)$,$ 0( #/,-*,-%, 0( $'(#,$ 0(*(-%)) (# *(-%# 6'( $( (*-(->. L'&- 0( '/%%<) 0( # ,/-.
9
Le"is#acion 4i"ente $e!misos (am'ienta#es ma6uina!ia $esada 4e!tede!o auto!i&ado) E$ 0( %*# %:,-*)% ':#%- ,) #$ ),-*%$ %&()*($ :- (# ((-%%, 0( # *%%00 ,%%()*, 0( *%(-- ,)*%)'%<) $( ()%,)) #&'),$ +*,-($ *()(- () '()*@ •
C':#%- ,) (# D.S 594 0( 1999 ($*%:'# #$ ,)0%%,)($ 0( *-/, 0(# ,:(-0,- 0(
•
# 6'%). E# ,:(-0,- 0(/( ,)*- ,) ') #%()% #$( D :- (# '$, 0( 6'%)-%. P- (# *-)$:,-*( 0( # 6'%) (# ,)0'*,- 0(/( ,)*- ,) #%()% A4 , A5. E# (-*(0(-, 0(/( $(- '*,-%80, :- (# *%:, 0( *(-%# 6'( $( --(. E# *%(:, 0( *-/, 0( # 6'%) 0(/( $(- () #, :,$%/#( 0( 0 :- ), :-,,-
•
-'%0,$ ,#($*,$ () # ),=( 6'( +(*() #,$ (%),$ 0(# $(*,-. P(-%$, 0( ,':%<) 0( :- #,$ %,)($ 6'%)$ 6'( *-/-) () (#
• • •
$(*,-.
Cantidad de mate!ia# a mo4e! (cu'icaci5n) L )*%00 0( *(-%# -(*%-- $( :'(0( ($*/#((- (0%)*( :-,(0%%()*,$ (:-%,$ #,$ '#($ :(-%*() 0(*(-%)- (# ,#'() &(,?*-%, (*-(- (# '# &-(&)0, ') :,-()*( 0( ($:,)%()*, , ,:*%<) :(-%*( 0(*(-%)- (# ,#'() -(# ,(-. A ,)*%)'%<) #&'),$ ?*,0,$ *,:,&->3,$ :- '/%-@ • •
M?*,0, 0( '0-%'#. M?*,0, 0( $(%,)($ =,-%8,)*#($.
1
Tiem$o de du!aci5n de #a acti4idad O*-, :')*, %:,-*)*( # =,- 0( (#(&%- ') 6'%) ($ $/(- (# *%(:, 6'( ($* :(-)((-> () # ,/- :- :,0(- #'#- $' ,$*, 3)#. E$*, $( :'(0( 0(*(-%)(0%)*( #$ $%&'%()*($ ,)0%%,)($@ • • • • • • • • •
C)*%00 0( *(-%# -(*%--. T%(:, 0( # ,-)0 #/,-#. ,--%, 0( #,$ (-*(0(-,$ '*,-%80,$. C,)0%%,)($ #%>*%$. I:-(%$*,$. M)*()%,)($ 0( 6'%)-%. C,)&($*%<) (=%'#-. E:(-%()% 0(# ,:(-0,-. D$ +($*%,$.
•
Lista de ma6uinas 6ue se $ueden uti#i&a! P- 0(*(-%)- (# *%:, 0( >6'%) 6'( $( 0(/( '*%#%8- ($ )(($-%, =(- ') #%$* ,) #,$ (6'%:,$ ($,-%,$ 6'( $( ,':-) () # ,/-. L %0()*%3%<) 0( 0 ') 0( #$ 6'%)$ 6'( :'(0() '0- 0($--,##- # *%%00 $( #,&- 0(*(-%))0, $:(*,$ +')0()*#($ 6'( :'(0) :(-%*%- (# '$, 0($--,##, (3%()*( 0(# , #,$ (6'%:,$ ,, :,- ((:#,@ • • • •
• •
P($, 0( # 6'%)-% T, 0( # 6'%) D($:#8%()*, !,-'&$ , -'(0$" T(),#,& 0( # 6'%) ! C/%) :-($'-%80 (*. D( '(-0, ,) (# /%()*( 0( *-/,". F'(-8 0( # 6'%). T%:, 0( 6'%) $(&) (# '$, !(%<) )%(#%<) -& (:'(."
Es$acio @sico de t!a'a2o y de "ua!da de #a ma6uina!ia
11
•
E$:%, +$%, 0,)0( # 6'%) *-/- ! /( , ), /(" E$:%, +$%, 0,)0( # 6'%) $( &'-0- ! *, 0(# #'&- :- &'-0- (#
•
(6'%:," S(&'-%00 :- (# '%00, 0( # 6'%).
•
Rendimiento de #a ma6uina!ia E# -()0%%()*, 0( # 6'%) ($ +')0()*# # =,- 0( $' (#(%<) 6'( 0( '(-0, # :%00 ,#'?*-% # (#,%00 ,) 6'( ($* *-/( $( :,0-> ($*%- (# #,0( # *%(-- (*-(- (# *%(:, 6'( $( 0(,-- ($* ($*%%<) $( :'(0( -(#%8- ,) (# )'# 0(# +/-%)*( , (:%-%()*(. A ,)*%)'%<) $( ()%,)) #,$ +*,-($ 6'( 0(:()0() 0( 6'%)@ • • • • • •
C:%00 ,#'?*-% 0(# (6'%:, !,#'() 0(# '=-,)". H(#,%00 () # 6'( -(#%8 # *%%00 !%#, -& 0($-& 0(# %<)". D%$*)% 0( --(, !=% (# (-*(0(-, , -(##(), $)%*-%,". C:%00 0(# %<) !,#'() 0( # *,#". H(#,%00 0(# %<) ##(), %, (#,%00 0( 0($-&. P()0%()*($ 0(# %),.
Se#ecci5n de #a ma6uina!ia U) (8 6'( $( 0(*(-%) (# -()0%%()*, 0( ') &-':, 0( 6'%)$ $( :'(0( (#(&%- # 6'%) ,--(* 6'( 0($--,##- # *%%00 $(&) # ($*%%<) 6'( $( -(#%8 () #$ (*:$ )*(-%,-($. U) (8 $(#(%,)0 # 6'%) $( 0(/( :-,:,)(- (# ,0(#, $'$ #*(-)*%$. •
P(-%*( ,:-- # %$ >6'%) ,) 0%$*%)*,$ :-,((0,-($ 0( 0%$*%)*$
•
-$. P(-%*( %0()*%3- $% # 6'%) :'(0( '*%#%8- ($,-%,$ :- ,*-, *%:, 0(
•
*%%00 S% #,$ ($,-%,$ $( %)#'() ,) # 6'%) , $,) :-*(.
R(#%80, #, )*(-%,- $( :'(0( 0(*(-%)- (# 3))%%()*, 0( # 6'%)-%.
12
Ca$itu#o V Financiamiento
Ca$itu#o VI Dete!minaci5n de# costo de un mini ca!"ado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
7 .7 S(&) *#,&,; $'/%0 .4 %) 0($-& . %) ,) ') *,*# 0( .127 %) 12.1 = 22 %) 12.1 = 22 %) 7.11 L 711 L
C,) ($*,$ 0*,$ />$%,$ :,0(,$ 0(*(-%)- ') -()0%%()*,@ H,#'() *,*# (%<)@ 7 T%(:, *,*# 0( *-/,@ = S( ($*% ') *%(:, 0( %-'#%<) 0($0( (# #'&- 0( -& =$* (# 0(:<$%*, 0( *(-%# !%<) *,#" $( $' (# %#, 0( -& $'/%0 0($-& 0(# /#0( $( '#*%:#% :,- )*%00 0( %#,$ :- -(*%-- (# ,#'() *,*# 0( *(-%#. T%(:, %-'#%<) .2 %) *-, ($*%0, 0( ::. 47 *,- -(*-,(0(&%-- ##(&- # :')*, 0( 0($-&. .7 .2 %) . %) !7 "!.7 "1 %#,$; C0 %#, *,*# . %)J 1 %#,$ %) =
1
C,)$', *,*# 0( D%($(#@ .1 L%*-,$ C,)$', :-,(0%, 7.11 L J 1 711 L D%$*)% *,*# 0( %($ 47 J 1 %#,$ 47 711 L .1 L
P- ') +() 0( (*-%<) 0( ($,/-,$ ,) #,$ :->(*-,$ 0($(0,$ 0( #%00 0( $'(#, ($:%, 0( *-/, /'() )%:'#%<) 0(# ,:(-0,- :,0(,$ ,/*()(- ') -()0%%()*, <:*%, 6'(0)0, (), ($*( '#6'%(- :->(*-, ), 0($(0, ,,@ #% ,:(--%, -(:'($*,$ )*()%,)($ () (# $, 0( --%()0, ($* :-*%0 0( )*()%,)($ ,--( 0()*-, 0( #,$ ,$*,$ 0(# --%()0, $% # ,)$%0(-,$ ,, 6'%) )'( $( *-0'( &$*,$ &()(-#($.
Ca$itu#o VII Conc#usi5n
14
