REPÚBLICA BOLIVARIANA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA VE NEZUELA MINISTERIO DEL PODER POPULAR PA PARA RA LA EDUCACIÓN UNIDAD EDUCATI ED UCATIVA VA NACIONAL “JULIO JOSÉ CONTRERAS” ANGOSTURA - ESTADO TÁCHIRA
ELABORACIÓN DE UN GEL CORPORAL ANTIESTRÉS
Autores: Rossy Ro C!I" #$!##$!%%$ E&'() S*&+,( C!I" #$!#.#!./% 0)&y(1y Co&2)()s C!I" #$!#.#!./% 32,()4&( G&'4+ C!I" #$!566!78.
Tutora: L+'! J(&4)(( R9:)(
J;&4o '( #<85
INDICE LISTA DE GRA0ICOS!!!!!! GRA0ICOS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!4= !!!!!!!!!!!!!4= LISTA DE 0IGURAS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!= INTRODUCCIÓN!!!!!!!!!!!!!! INTRODUCCIÓN!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!8 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!8 CAPITULO I!!!!!!! I!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!# !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!# EL PROBLEMA!!!!!! PROBLEMA!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!# !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!# 8!8 PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA!!!!!!!! PROBLEMA!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!# !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!# 8!# 0ORMULACIÓN DEL PROBLEMA!!!!!!!! PROBLEMA!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!. 8!. OBJETIVOS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!% 8!.!8 G(&()1"!!!!!!!! G(&()1"!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!% !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!% 8!.!# O>?(24=os Es@(+:4+os"!!!!!!!!! Es@(+:4+os"!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!% !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!% 8!% JUSTI0ICACIÓN!!!!!! JUSTI0ICACIÓN!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!% !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!% 8!5 V)4>1(s!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!5 V)4>1( D(@(&'4(&2(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!5 V)4>1( V )4>1( I&'(@(&'4(&2(!!!!!!!!! I&'(@(&'4(&2(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!5 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!5 8!6 H4@2(s4s"!!!!!!!! H4@2(s4s"!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!6 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!6 8!$ A1+&+(!!!!!! A1+&+(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!6 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!6 8!/ L4942+4o&(s!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!6 CAPITULO II!!!!!! II!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!$ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!$ MARCO TEORICO!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!$ #!8 A&2(+('(&2(s!!!!!! A&2(+('(&2(s!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!$ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!$ #!# Bs(s T()4+s!!! ()4+s!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!$ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!$
8
#!#!8 G(1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!$ #!#!# T4@os '( (1(s!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!/ #!#!. A@14++4o&(s '(1 G(1"!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!/ #!#!% R(1?+4&!!!!!!!! R(1?+4&!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!7 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!7 #!#!5 E1 @)o+(so '( )(1?+4& y 1 )(s@4)+4&!!!!!!!! )(s@4)+4& !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!7 !!!!!!!!!!!7 #!#!5 B(&(4+4os '( 1 )(1?+4&!!!!!!!!!! )(1?+4&!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!88 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!88 #!#!6 Es2)s!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!88 #!#!$ H4s2o)4 '(1 Es2)s!!!!!!!!!! Es2)s!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!8. !!!!!!!!!!!!8. #!#!/ 04s4o@2o1o:!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!8. #!#!/ R(++4o&(s @s4+o14+s!!!!!!!!!! @s4+o14+s!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!85 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!85 #!#!7 0+2o)(s '(s(&+'(&&2(s!!!!!!!!!!!! '(s(&+'(&&2(s!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!85 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!85 #!#!8< Es2)s @os2);9*24+o!!!!!!!!!! @os2);9*24+o!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!8$ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!8$ #!#!88 D2os '( (s2)s @os2-2);9*24+o"!!!!!!!! @os 2-2);9*24+o"!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!8/ !!!!!!!!!!!!!8/ #!#!8# A'4++4o&(s +;s's @o) (1 (s2)s!!!!!!!!!!!! (s2)s!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!87 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!87 #!. Bs(s L(1(s!!!!!!!!!! L(1(s!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#< !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#< #!.!8 Co&s242;+4& '( 1 R(@>14+ Bo14=)4& '( V(&(;(1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#< #!.!# L L(y O)*&4+ @) @) 1 P)o2(++4& '(1 N4Fo y '(1 A'o1(s+(&2(!! A'o1(s+(&2(!! !#8 #!.!. L(y '( O)*&4+ '( E';++4&!!!!!!!!!!!! E';++4&!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#8 !!!!!!!!#8 C@:2;1o III!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#5 M)+o M(2o'o14+o!!!!!!!! M(2o'o14+o!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#5 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#5 .!8 N4=(1 '( I&=(s24+4&"!!!!!!!!! I&=(s24+4&"!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!#5 !!!!!#5 .!# D4s(Fo D 4s(Fo '( 1 I&=(s24+4&"!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! I&=(s24+4&"!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#5 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#5 .!#!8 P)o+(s94(&2o!!!!!!!!! P)o+(s94(&2o!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#6 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#6
#
.!#!# R(+24=os!!!!!!!! R(+24=os!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#6 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#6 .!#!. M2()41(s!!!!!!!! M2()41(s!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#6 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#6 .!#!% T+&4+s '( E1>o)+4&!!!!!!!!!!! E1>o)+4&!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#$ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#$ .!#!5 E&=s'o!!!!!!!!!! E&=s'o!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#$ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#$ .!#!6 Co&s()=+4&!!!!!!!!!! Co&s()=+4&!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#$ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#$ .!#!$ Mo'o '( Uso!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#$ .!#!/ S;()(&+4 '( Uso!!!!!!!!! Uso!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#$ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#$ .!. Po>1+4& y M;(s2)!!!!!!!!!! M;(s2)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#/ !!!!!#/ .!% T+&4+s ( I&s2);9(&2os '( R(+o1(++4& '( D2os!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#/ D2os!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#/ .!%!8T+&4+ '( R(+o1(++4& '( D2os!!!!!!!!!!! D2os!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#/ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#/ .!5 T+&4+s '( @)o+(s94(&2o o &*14s4s '( '2os!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!.8 CAPITULO IV!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!.# ANÁLISIS E INTERPRETACIÓN INTERPRETACIÓN DE RESULT RESULTADOS!!!!! ADOS!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!.# !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!.# CAPITULO V!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!.$ CONCLUSIONES RECOMENDACIONES!!!!! RECOMENDACIONES!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!.$ !!!!!!!!!.$ RE0ERENCIAS BIBLIOGRA0ICAS!!!!! BIBLIOGRA0ICAS!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!./ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!./ ANEOS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ANEOS!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!.7 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!.7 C;(s24o&)4o!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! C;(s24o&)4o!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!.7 !!!!!!!!!!!!!.7
.
LISTA DE GRAFICOS G)4+o
.8
8!! G)4+o
.#
#!! G)4+o
.#
.!! G)4+o
..
%!! G)4+o
..
5!! G)4+o
.%
6!! G)4+o
.%
$!! G)4+o
.5
/!!
%
LISTA DE FIGURAS
04;)
8!
D4s@os4+4&
'(
4&s2);9(&2os 04;) #!
92()41(s
M('4+4&
( %< '( %<
;! 04;) .! A@14++4& '(
1
>s( %8
(144+'o)!!! 04;) %! A@14++4&
'(1 %8
+)4s214'o)!! 04;) 5! A@14++4&
'(1 %#
+)4s214'o)!! 04;) 6! M(+1
'(
4&)('4(&2(s!!! 04;) $! P)o+(so '( (&=s'o (1! 04;) /! 4&1!!!
5
1os %# '(1 %. P)o';+2o %.
REPÚBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA MINISTERIO DEL PODER POPULAR PARA LA EDUCACIÓN UNIDAD EDUCATIVA NACIONAL “JULIO JOSÉ CONTRERAS” ANGOSTURA - ESTADO TÁCHIRA
ELABORACIÓN DE UN GEL CORPORAL ANTIESTRÉS Autores: Rossy Ro E&'() S*&+,( 0)&y(1y Co&2)()s 32,()4&( G&'4+
Tutora: L+'! J(&4)(( R9:)( Fecha: J;&4o '( #<85 RESUMEN L so+4('' 1o>14' (K4( y '(9&' +' ': 4&'4=4';os @2os ( 4&+1;so +@+42'os @) (&)(&2) y )(so1=() +' ;&o '( 1os @)o>1(9s '( :&'o1( 1>o)1 so+41 y (9o+4o&1 ;( s( 1( @)(s(&2&! Es2( )429o +(1()'o 6
;( 11(= 1 so+4('' +2;1 , 4&+)(9(&2'o &o2o)49(&2( '4()(&2(s &4=(1(s '( (s2)s ;( s( +o&=4()2(& @os2()4o)9(&2( (& (&()9(''(s y 'o1(&+4s 1 &o @o'() +o&2)o1) (s2( s:&2o9! E1 o>?(24=o (&()1 '(1 @)oy(+2o '( 4&=(s24+4& ;( (1>o)) ;& (1 )(1?&2( +o&2) (1 (s2)s y 1os o>?(24=os (s@(+:4+os" @)(@)) 1os 4&)('4(&2(s y ,())94(&2s &(+(s)4os @) 1 (1>o)+4& '(1 (1 @1&44+) (1 @)o+('494(&2o @) 1 (1>o)+4& '(1 (1 (1>o)) (1 (1 +o)@o)1 @14+) (1 (1 ;& 9;(s2) '( 1 +o9;&4'' (+2' @o) (1 (s2)s y @o) ;1249o +o9@)o>) 1os )(s;12'os o>2(&4'os +o& 1 @14++4& '(1 (1 +o)@o)1! S4;4(&'o (1 @)'49 +;14224=o y 9('4&2( 1 (K@1o)+4& y 2)>?o '( +9@o +o9o 9(2o'o1o: '(1 @)oy(+2o s( 4&4+4 +o& 1 (1>o)+4& '(1 @)o';+2o @) @os2()4o)9(&2( @14+)1o (& ;& @o>1+4& '( #5 @()so&s s(1(++4o&'s 1(2o)49(&2(! O>2(&4(&'o )(s;12'os s24s+2o)4os +9o s( 1o) (=4'(&+4) 2)=s '(1 4&s2);9(&2o '( )(+o1(++4& '( '2os ;( (& (s2( +so ;( 1 (&+;(s2! S( +o&s4'() +24>1( y '( s4&44+24= 49@o)2&+4 1 @14++4& '(1 (1 )(1?&2( @) +o&2)o1) (1 (s2)s y +)() )(1?+4& (& 1s @()so&s ;( 1o ;2414& ;& +os2o 9;+,o 9(&o) '(1 ;( s( +o&s4;( (& (1 9()+'o!
Descritores: (1 (s2)s )(1?+4& +o&2)o1
$
INTRODUCCIÓN E1 (s2)s (s ;& )(++4& 1 +(1()'o )429o '( 1 so+4('' +2;1 ;( 1 4&+)(9(&2) s;s &4=(1(s @)o)(s4=9(&2( @;('( +;s) s()4s (++4o&(s (& +;&2o s1;' '( 1s @()so&s s;s +o&s(+;(&+4s 2()94&& s4(&'o 4s4o14+s @s4+o14+s y +o&';+2;1(s! Es2s (&()& 'Fos (& (1 +;()@o ;( (+2& 1 +14'' '( =4' '(1 s() ,;9&o! E1 @)(s(&2( @)oy(+2o '( 4&=(s24+4& +4(&2:4+ s( +(&2) (& 1 (1>o)+4& '( ;& (1 )(1?&2( @) +o&2)o1) 1os &4=(1(s '( (s2)s (& (1 o)&4s9o (s2);+2;)'o (& +;2)o +@:2;1os (1 @)49()o '('4+'o @1&2() y o)9;1) (1 @)o>1(9 (s2>1(+() (1 o>?(24=o (&()1 y 1os o>?(24=os (s@(+:4+os s: +o9o ?;s244+) y (K@14+) 1 49@o)2&+4 '( 1 4&=(s24+4&! E1 s(;&'o +@:2;1o >o)' (1 9)+o 2()4+o )(()(&+41 4&4+4&'o +o& 1os &2(+('(&2(s ;( >)4&')o& @o)2(s 1 4&=(s24+4&! S(;4'9(&2( s( >o)'& 1s >s(s 2()4+s 2o9&'o (& +;(&2 ;( so& 1 >s( ;&'9(&21 '( 1 4&=(s24+4& s( +o&s4'()& '( 4;1 o)9 1os s@(+2os 1(1(s! E1 2()+() +@:2;1o (K@14+ 1 9(2o'o1o: '( 1 4&=(s24+4& ;( s4;( (1 @)'49 +;14224=o y (s '( 24@o (K@1o)24= s( (K@14+ +9o ;( 2o9' 1 @o>1+4& y 9;(s2) y s( (s2>1(+(& 1s 2+&4+s ( 4&s2);9(&2os '( )(+o1(++4& '( '2os! E& (1 +;)2o +@:2;1o s( )(14 (1 &*14s4s ( 4&2()@)(2+4& '( 1os )(s;12'os o>2(&4'os 'o&'( s( (s2>1(+( 1 =414'' '(1 @)o';+2o )(14'o @o) ;( +;9@1( +o& (1 o>?(24=o @1&2('o 1 4&4+4o '(1 @)oy(+2o! @o) 1249o s( >o)' (& (1 ;4&2o +@:2;1o 1s +o&+1;s4o&(s y )(+o9(&'+4o&(s (& +o))(s@o&'(&+4 +o& (1 '(s))o11o y 1os )(s;12'os o>2(&4'os 1 +;194&) (1 @)oy(+2o '( 4&=(s24+4&! 8
CAPITULO I EL PROBLEMA !"! PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA E1 )429o o>4&2( '( =4' (& 1 so+4('' +2;1 24(&( s;s +o&s(+;(&+4s &o 9;y )2s ;& '( (11s (s (1 (s2)s! Es( 91 +o&2(9@o)*&(o ,o) (s 2& +o9& ;( 4&+1;so s( ;s @) )(()4)s( 2(9s ;( &o 24(&(& 9;+,o ;( =() +o& 1! E1 (s2)s (s ;& 2)s2o)&o >4o@s4+oso+41! L so+4('' 1o>14' (K4( y '(9&' +' ': 4&'4=4';os @2os y +@+42'os @) (&)(&2) y )(so1=() +' ;&o '( 1os @)o>1(9s '( :&'o1( 1>o)1 so+41 y (9o+4o&1 ;( s( 1( @)(s(&2&! Es29os (& ;& 9o9(&2o +9>4&2( '( 2)&so)9+4o&(s &o )*@4's s4&o +(1()'s! Co& &;(=s o)9s y s42;+4o&(s so+41(s! Co9o '4+( B;9& Z! #<8< “E1 9;&'o s( , =;(12o (K2)(9'9(&2( +o9@1(?o '4:+41 ))4(s'o y @(14)oso! C)(&'o ;& &;(= () 1 () '( 1 4&+()24';9>)( y +o& (11o 1 () '(1 94('o”! To'o (s2o )(@)(s(&2 ;& (s2'o ;( (+2 1o>19(&2( 1 4&'4=4';o (&()&'o ;& (s2'o +)&4+o '( 2(&s4& y '( o>4o! H(9os @s'o '( ;& +4()2 s42;+4& '( so14'( 'o&'( 2o'o o +s4 2o'o s( 9&2(&: '(&2)o '( @)*9(2)os +o&so14''os ;& (s2'o '( +o&s2&2(s =4=(&(s o +9>4os! E& (1 )'o '( )(s@;(s2 &2( 2o'os 1os )(2os y s42;+4o&(s ;( s( 24(&(& ;( s;94) +s4 '( o)9 '4)4 '( 1s ,())94(&2s y ,>4.!14''(s '( ;( s( '4s@o&( &2( (s2 9;124@14+4'' '( s42;+4o&(s 1s ;( s( =(& >o+'s 1s @()so&s '( 1 o)9 '( )(s@;(s2 '(@(&'()* ;( 11(;(& 2(&s4o&)s( o o>4)s( '( 21 9&() ;( s4 1 s42;+4& @()';) (& (1 24(9@o @o'):& 11() (&()9)!
#
EK4s2(& =)4os 92o'os ;( so& ;2414'os @) +o&2)))(s2) 1os ((+2os '(1 (s2)s (& (1 o)&4s9o &2( 1os @)49()os (9>2(s '( 1 (+2+4& s( )(+o94(&' ;( 1s @()so&s (1494&(& '(2()94&'s s;s2&+4s 4&()4>1(s o 4&,1>1(s ;( 12()& (1 ;&+4o&94(&2o '(1 o)&4s9o +o9o 1 +(:& +o&2(&4' (& (1 2 (1 + )()(s+os '( +o1 y +,o+o12(! T9>4& 1s )4+s (& +)(s +o9o 1 94(1 );2s y 1(+,( (&2)( o2)s! As: 94s9o 1s ;( '( (&2)' so& &o+4=s @) (1 o)&4s9o +o9o (1 2>+o 2o'o 24@o '( >(>4's 1+o,14+s '(9*s '( 1 '(@(&'(&+4 '( 1& 24@o '( ')os )9+;24+s! A1 94s9o 24(9@o s( '(>(& '( (=42) +4)+;&s2&+4s ;( @)o=o;(& (1 1;4'o 4&2(&so '( ')(&14& +o9o '(@o)2(s (K2)(9os @;(s2s )4(soss '4++4& 1 2)>?o o 1s +o9@)s (&2)( o2)s +24=4''(s ;( (s249;1):& ;& +)4s4s '( (s2)s! No o>s2&2( (s2s 9('4's '4s94&;y(& @)+41 o 2o219(&2( '( 9&() s1o 2(9@o)1 1;&os '( 1os s:&2o9s )(1+4o&'os +o& (1 (s2)s! S( ,+( &(+(s)4 1 ;2414+4& '( o2)os @)o';+2os ;( @)o';+& )(1?94(&2o 2o21 y (1494&(& @o) +o9@1(2o 1os &4=(1(s '( (s2)s! E& 1 +o9;&4'' '( A&os2;) 9;&4+4@4o Jos M): V)s s( 1o) @)(+4) ;( @o) 1 )'; 1>o) ;( '(s(9@(F& 1os )4+;12o)(s (& 1 1>o)(s '(1 +9@o 1( so& (&()'os '4()(&2(s &4=(1(s '( (s2)s s(& (1 2)>?o )(14'o '( 4;1 o)9 1s 9s '( +s y 2)>?'o)(s (& (&()1 @o) 1o ;( s( ,+( &(+(s)4 1 +)(+4& '( ;& (1 )(1?&2( ;( 1o)( +o&2)o1) 1os '4()(&2(s &4=(1(s '( (s2)s @;(' +)() >4(&(s2) y (1(=) 1 +14'' '( =4' '( 1os 94(9>)os '( 1 +o9;&4''!
.
!"# FORMULACIÓN DEL PROBLEMA S()* @os4>1( (1>o)) ;& (1 )(1?&2( +o)@o)1 ;( +o&2)o1( 1os &4=(1(s '( (s2)s (& (1 o)&4s9oQ ; 4&)('4(&2(s y ,())94(&2s s()*& 1s '(+;'s @) 1 (1>o)+4& '(1 (1Q C;*1(s s()*& 1os @sos s(;4) @) 1 (1>o)+4& '(1 (1Q D( ; o)9 s( @o')* s(1(++4o&) 1 @o>1+4& @) 1 @14++4& '(1 (1Q ; )(s;12'os s( o>2(&')*& +o& 1 @14++4& '(1 (1Q
!"$ OB%ETI&OS !"$"! Ge'era(: E1>o)) ;& (1 )(1?&2( +o)@o)1 +o&2) (1 (s2)s!
!"$"# O)*eti+os Esec,-icos: P)(@)) 1os 4&)('4(&2(s y ,())94(&2s &(+(s)4os @) 1 (1>o)+4& '(1 (1! P1&44+) (1 @)o+('494(&2o @) 1 (1>o)+4& '(1 (1! E1>o)) (1 (1 +o)@o)1 A@14+) (1 (1 ;& 9;(s2) '( 1 +o9;&4'' (+2' @o) (1 (s2)s Co9@)o>) 1os )(s;12'os o>2(&4'os +o& 1 @14++4& '(1 (1 +o)@o)1
%
!". %USTIFICACIÓN E1 (s2)s (s ;& @)o>1(9 9;y +o9& (& 1 so+4('' +2;1 s4& 49@o)2) (1 1;) 'o&'( 1s @()so&s '(s))o11(& s; =4' s( 9&44(s2 (&()19(&2( +o9o )(s;12'o '( 1s );s2)+4o&(s o)44&'s @o) &(+(s4''(s 4&s24s(+,s o +o9o )(s@;(s2 s42;+4o&(s ;( &o &(+(s)49(&2( so& '=()ss +o9o +4)+;&s2&+4s 1()(s o >(&4+s s42;+4o&(s ;( @)o=o;(& ;& +9>4o (& 1 =4' s4& 49@o)2) s4 (s &(24=o o @os424=o )(1 o 494&)4o! E1 @)(s(&2( @)oy(+2o s( ?;s244+ @o);( >)4&' ;& o@+4& ++(s4>1( @) +o&2)o1) 1os &4=(1(s '( (s2)s (& 1s @()so&s y (=42) 1os 9124@1(s s:&2o9s ;( s( @)(s(&2& +;&'o (K4s2( (s2)s ;( =& '(s'( s;'o)(s 2;4+)'4 (s+1o):os 9)(os 'o1o)(s '( +>( 12()+4o&(s '(1 s;(Fo o '(1 @(242o y s2)o4&2(s24&1(s @)(s4& s&;:&( 12 '(s&o 4))42>414'' @2: 2(9o)(s y o>4s! A4)9& 1;&os &14s2s '(1 @)o>1(9 ;( (1 (s2)s (s ;& +2o) 49@o)2&2( (& 1 o)9+4& '( 1 @()so&14'' '(1 4&'4=4';o @()o +;&'o &o @;('( s() +o&2)o1'o 4&4+4& 1os @)o>1(9s! L =4' +2;1 &os so9(2( +o&s2&2(s @)(s4o&(s ;( s4& ')&os +;(&2 &os @)o=o+& '4=()sos )'os '( (s2)s! A;&;( &o 2o'os 1os o)&4s9os )(++4o&& '( 4;1 9&() &2( (1 (s2:9;1o ;( @)o=o+ (1 (s2)s 1;&os 1os (+2)* 4&9('429(&2( y o2)os 24(&(& +4()2 )(s4s2(&+4 ;( so@o)2)* 1 +) &(24= @()o 2o'o 24(&( ;& 1:942( y 1 2(&+4'' +('( y '(s(&1 (& +)4s4s @o) (so (s &(+(s)4o +o&2) +o& ;& o@+4& +o9o (1 (1 )(1?&2( )(14'o (& (1 @)oy(+2o ;( @()942( +)() (& (1 o)&4s9o 1os &4=(1(s &(+(s)4os '( )(1?+4& @) +o9>24) (1 (s2)s!
5
D(s'( (1 @;&2o '( =4s2 2()4+o (1 @)oy(+2o >)4&' ;& +o9@(&'4o '( +o&s2);+2os (& >s( 1s =)4>1(s y ;&4'' '( &*14s4s '(9*s s4)=( '( @o)2( o2)s 4&=(s24+4o&(s ;( s( )(14+(& so>)( (1 2(9! E& +;&2o 1 *9>42o @)*+24+o (1 @)oy(+2o >)4&' s;s ;2o)(s 1 @os4>414'' '( +)() (1 (1 )(1?&2( s4;4(&'o 1s &o)9s y @)*9(2)os &(+(s)4os +o& (1 @oyo '( 1 'o+(&2( s(so)! Po) 1249o s( ?;s244+ (& (1 *9>42o 9(2o'o14+o @o);( 2o9 (& +o&s4'()+4& 1 &o)924= @) )('+2) @)oy(+2os +4(&2:4+os y (K@14+ +1)9(&2( (1 @)o+(so '( (1>o)+4& '(1 (1 )(1?&2(!
!"/ &aria)(es &aria)(e Dee'0ie'te: Co&2)o1 '(1 Es2)s!
&aria)(e I'0ee'0ie'te: G(1 Co)@o)1 R(1?&2(!
!"1 2i3tesis: Co& 1 @14++4& '(1 (1 +o)@o)1 '4)49(&2( ';)&2( (1 >Fo 1s @()so&s o>2(&')*& ;& &4=(1 '( )(1?+4& ;( @()9424)* +o&2)o1) (1 (s2)s (& s; o)&4s9o!
!"4 A(ca'ce E1 (1 +o)@o)1 )(1?&2( s()* @14+'o #5 @()so&s ,>42&2(s '( 1 +o9;&4'' );)1 '( A&os2;) M;&4+4@4o Jos M): V)s Es2'o T*+,4) y s(& '2os @o)2'os @o) (1 Co&s(?o Co9;&1 “A&os2;)”! 6
!"5 Li6itacio'es L 14942+4& ;( s( @)(s2 (s 1 ;s(&+4 '( (s@o&?s '( >Fo (& (1 9()+'o @) 1 @14++4& '(+;' '(1 (1 ';)&2( (1 >Fo!
CAPITULO II MARCO TEORICO
$
#"! A'tece0e'tes V411! J #<<5 '( 1 U&4=()s4'' T(+&o14+ P)4=' '( S&2 C); (& Bo14=4 )(14 ;& 4&=(s24+4& 242;1' “A1;&s ,())94(&2s +4(&2:4+s @) )o&2) (1 (s2)s” '4)44' 2&2o 1;9&os +o9o @)o(s4o&1(s y 'o+(&2(s '( 1 ;&4=()s4'' +o& (1 4& '( ;( @)(&'& 9&(?) s42;+4o&(s +o&14+24=s o ;( (&()& (s2)s! A'(9*s '( (K@14+) +9o +4()2s s;s2&+4s )(s;12& 2)=s '( @)o+('494(&2os s(&+411os 9;y >(&(4+4oss @) +o&2)o1) (1 (s2)s!
#"# Bases Te3ricas #"#"! Ge( L @1>) (1 '()4= (& s; (249o1o: '(1 12:& “(12” ;( s4&44+ ,(1'o! S(& G;24))( #<<. “U& (1 (s ;& s4s2(9 +o1o4'1 'o&'( 1 s( +o&24&; (s s14' y 1 '4s@()s (s 1:;4'”! Los (1(s @)(s(&2& ;& '(&s4'' s4941) 1os 1:;4'os s4& (9>)o s; (s2);+2;) s( s(9(? 9*s 1 '( ;& s14'o! E1 (?(9@1o 9*s +o9& '( (1 (s 1 (124& +o9(s24>1(! C4()2os (1(s @)(s(&2& 1 +@+4'' '( @s) '( ;& (s2'o +o1o4'1 o2)o (s '(+4) @()9&(+(& 1;4'os +;&'o so& 42'os y s( so14'44+& +;&'o @()9&(+(& 4&9=41(s! Es2 +)+2():s24+ s( '(&o94& 24Ko2)o@:! E1 @)o+(so @o) (1 +;1 s( o)9 ;& (1 s( '(&o94& (1+4&! R((9@1&'o (1 1:;4'o +o& s (s @os4>1( +)() ()o(1(s 92()41(s +o& @)o@4(''(s (K+(@+4o&1(s +o9o '(&s4''(s 9;y >?s (1(=' @o)os4'' y (K+(1(&2( 4s194(&2o 2)94+o!
/
#"#"# Tios 0e 7e(es H4')o(1(s +;osos" So& ;& )(' '( +'(&s '( @o1:9()o ,4')41o (& o)9 +o1o4'1 (& 1 ;( (1 ; (s (1 9('4o '( '4s@()s4&! Los ,4')o(1(s so& 9;y >so)>(&2(s ;( @;('( +o&2(&() 9*s '( 777 '( ; y @;('(& s() @o1:9()os &2;)1(s o s4&224+os! Los ,4')o(1(s 29>4& 24(&(& ;& )'o '( 1(K4>414'' 9;y s4941) 1 2(?4'o &2;)1 '(>4'o s; +o&2(&4'o '( ; s4&44+24=! O)&o(1(s o)*&4+os" So& s4941)(s 1os ,4')o(1(s @()o +o& ;& '4so1=(&2( o)*&4+o +o9o 9('4o '4s@()s&2( (& 1;) '( ;! ()o(1(s s14'os" So& (1(s s14'os ;( ,& @()'4'o o s( 1(s , (K2):'o (1 '4so1=(&2(!
#"#"$ A(icacio'es 0e( Ge(: M;+,s s;s2&+4s @;('(& o)9) (1(s +;&'o s( F'( ;& (&2( (144+&2(! Es2o s;(1( s() ;2414'o (& 1 9&;+2;) '( '4=()sos @)o';+2os '(s'( +o94' @4&2;)s @s&'o @o) ',(s4=os! E& 1os +>1(s '( 4>) @24+ s( ;2414 ;& (124& '()4=' '(1 @(2)1(o @) (&=o1=() ;& o =)4s 4>)s! Es2( (1 s4)=( @) 1;>)4+) y 9&2(&() 1s 4>)s (& (1 4&2()4o) '(1 +>1( 1(K4>1( s: +o9o @) (=42) (1 +o&2+2o +o& ; s4 (1 +>1( s( )4(2)! T9>4& s( ;2414& 12499(&2( +o9o 92()41 @) (=42) +4()2os @)o+(sos '( )(1(K4& ;( @o'):& 4&2()()4) (& 1 2)&s94s4& '( s(F1 2)=s '( 1 4>) @24+! Los (1(s 29>4& so& 49@o)2&2(s (& 1 @)2( '( 1 ;:94+ )(1+4o&' +o& 1os @)o+(sos so1-(1 y (& 1 s:&2(s4s '( 92()41(s s14'os +o& &&o@o)os! 7
S; ;so (& 9('4+4& (s2* 9;y '4;&'4'o! T)s s; @14++4& '(s@)(+(& )*@4' y +o9@1(29(&2( 1o ;( 1(s o2o) ;& s@(+2o +os924+o (K+(1(&2(! E& '()92o1o: s( ;s& 9@149(&2( so>)( 2o'o (& o&s @41oss +o9o (1 +;()o +>(11;'o o (s2)(+,s y '( '4:+41 ++(so +o9o (1 +o&';+2o ;'424=o (K2()&o o 1s oss &s1(s (& 'o&'( 1 @14++4& '( @)o';+2os 9*s )sos ,): 9;y '4:+41 s; @os2()4o) 149@4(! A'942( 1 4&+o)@o)+4& '( &;9()osos @)4&+4@4os +24=os >4(& 2)=s '( s; s( +;os s( s2 ;& 1:;4'o o)*&4+o o ;!
#"#". Re(a*aci3' L )(1?+4& (s 1o?) (1 2o&o 9;s+;1) 2)=s '( '4s24&2os 92o'os ;( (K4s2(& @) +o&s(;4)1o! P()o 29>4& 24(&( o2)s 4&14''(s 4;19(&2( 2)+24=s +o9o 1 '( @)o=o+) (& (1 s;?(2o ;& 9;&'o '( s(&s+4o&(s y (=o++4o&(s ;& “4&9()s4& 4&2)os@(+24=” s(& 399()() y D;)&' '( Bo;s4&(&! M;+,os ;2o)(s ( 4&s2);+2o)(s =(& (& 1 )(1?+4& 1 4&9()s4& (& ;& (s2'o '( +o&+4(&+4 ;( s( >;s+ =o1;&2)4 y 14>)(9(&2( +o& (1 @)o@s42o '( 1+&) +19 @ (14+4'' y 1():! EK4s2(& '4=()sos 92o'os '( )(1?+4& y 1s 4&'4++4o&(s '(@(&'(& 4;19(&2( '( 1os )(;()494(&2os '( 1 @()so& ;( s( )(1?!
#"#"/ E( roceso 0e re(a*aci3' 8 (a resiraci3' P) 4&4+4) 1 )(1?+4& >4(& s( '(s@;s '( ;& s(s4& '( (?()+4+4os o s49@1(9(&2( 1;(o '( ;& ': '( 2)>?o 1o 4'(1 (s s(&2)s( o +os2)s( (& ;& 1;) s41(&+4oso '(&2)o '( ;& 9>4(&2( +19o '( 2(9@()2;) )'>1(
8<
'o&'( ;&o @;(' s(&24)s( +9o'o +())) 1os o?os y +o9(&) 1 )(1?+4& 2o9&'o +o&+4(&+4 '( 1 )(s@4)+4&! L 9yo): '( 1s @()so&s )(s@4)9os 91 y &o (s29os +o&s+4(&2(s '( (11os! E1 (s2)s y 1 &s4('' &os ,+(& +o&2(&() 1 )(s@4)+4& y 1 '(?) '( )(s@4)) ;9(&2& (1 94('o y 1 &s4('' @o) 1 (s+s =(&241+4& )o>4+! Po) 2&2o 1 )(1?+4& s4(9@)( s( 4&4+4 +o& 1 2o9 '( +o&+4(&+4 '( 1 )(s@4)+4&! L )(s@4)+4& (s (&(): Lo(& 877.! E1 oK:(&o ;9(&2 1 +@+4'' (&()24+ '(1 o)&4s9o y s; 9o=414'' 1 24 y 1 91 =(&241+4& @)o';+(& '4+42 '( (&(): y &os ,+(& s(&24) '(@)494'os S9o11()9 8776! U& )(s@4)+4& (4+ y @)o;&' ,+( 1;4) 1os s(&2494(&2os +) 1 +;()@o '( (&(): y 9(?o) &;(s2) +14'' '( =4'! Los (?()+4+4os )(s@4)2o)4os '(>(& +o9(&) '(s'( ;& @os2;) +9o' >;s+&'o (1 )(1K '( 1 2(&s4& 9;s+;1) y (s249;1&'o 1 )(s@4)+4& (4+ +o&s+4(&2( @)o;&' y '( >1&+(o 2)K->'o9(&>'o9(&-2)K! L >o+ , '( (s2) 14()9(&2( >4()2! B)os 1o 1)o '(1 +;()@o! P4(s @)1(1os! A1 @)4&+4@4o >s2 +o& 2)(s o +;2)o )(s@4)+4o&(s @)o;&'s 9*s '(1&2( @;('(& )(14)s( s(4s o s4(2( '(s+&s) ;& 94&;2o y =o1=() )(@(24)! E& 1 @os4+4& 4&4+41 ,y ;& @)49() 24(9@o '( (s@4)) '(s@+4o @o) 1os 1>4os (&2)(>4()2os '(@)494(&'o (1 2)K 2o'o 1o 9*s @os4>1( y 1;(o (1 >'o9(&!
88
I&s@4)) '(s@+4o (1 4)( @o) 1 &)4 94(&2)s s( )(1? (1 >'o9(& (1 4)( (&2) s;=(9(&2( (& 1os @;19o&(s y +;&'o (1 4)( (&s&+, 1 @)2( 4&()4o) '(1 2)K s(;4) 4&s@4)&'o @) @)o';+4) ;& 9o=494(&2o '( (1(=+4& '( >'o9(& (s (1 '4)9 (1 ;( (9@;? (1(=*&'os( 14()9(&2( (1 >'o9(&! S4;4(&'o (1 )429o '( 4&,1) y (K,1) s( (9@4( 2(&s4o&) y '(s2(&s) 1os 9s+;1os '( ))4> ,+4 >?o o 1 )(=s! U&o (s+o( s; @)o@4o +94&o! D( (s2( 9o'o s( 1o)& 4'(&244+) y 14=4) 1os @;&2os '( 2(&s4& ;( so& 9*s '4:+41(s '( )(1?) (& (1 +;()@o! Lo 49@o)2&2( (s +o&+(&2))s( (& 1 )(s@4)+4& y (=42) @(&s94(&2os 4&;4(2&2(s o @()2;)>'o)(s &'( '( @(&s) (& 1 (&' '(1 ': (& +;(&2s &4 (& s;&2os @(&'4(&2(s! S4 s;)(& (s2os @(&s94(&2os ,y ;( '(s+)2)1os 2)&;419(&2( y +o&24&;) +o& 1 )(s@4)+4&!
#"#"/ Be'e-icios 0e (a re(a*aci3' 9 D4s94&;y( '(1 (s2)s y 1 &s4('' 1o +;1 '(9*s y;' @(&s) 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
+o& 9yo) +1)4'' y s() 9*s +)(24=os! E1494& 1 2(&s4& 9;s+;1) y +o& (11os 1os 'o1o)(s! A;9(&2 (1 &4=(1 '( +o&+4(&+4! I&+)(9(&2 (1 )(@oso y y;' 1o)) ;& '(s+&so 9*s @)o;&'o! E1(= 1 )(s4s2(&+4 )(&2( 1s (&()9(''(s! Co&2)4>;y( 9&2(&() (& (;414>)4o 1 2(&s4& )2()41! M(?o) 1 oK4(&+4& y ;9(&2 1 (&(): y 1 =4214''! Es249;1 ;( @)('o94&(& (& &;(s2) 9(&2( 1os @(&s94(&2os
9
@os424=os! C;&'o 1 )(1?+4& s( +o&=4()2( (& ;& @)*+24+ '4)4 s;s >(&(4+4os so& 9yo)(s! Po) 1o ;( s( )(+o94(&' '('4+) @o) 1o 9(&os 8< 94&;2os '4)4os 1 )(1?+4& +o&s4'()&'o ;( (s (1 )(1o ;( ;&o s( ,+( @o) (1 (s;()o '( +' ':!
8#
#"#"1 Estrs E1 (s2)s '(1 )4(o s2)4&()( ;( s4&44+ “@)(2)” (s ;& )(++4& 4s4o14+ '(1 o)&4s9o (& (1 ;( (&2)& (& ?;(os '4=()sos 9(+&4s9os '( '((&s @) )o&2) ;& s42;+4& ;( s( @()+4>( +o9o 9(&&2( o '( '(9&' 4&+)(9(&2'! S(& 0()&*&'( #<<5 “(s ;& s:&2o9 @)o=o+'o @o) 1;& s42;+4& (& @)o>1(9” 1os s:&2o9s so& 1;&os &o2>1(s +o9o (1 &()=4os4s9o 2(9>1) o (s2) 4&;4(2o! O2)os &o so& 2& &o2>1(s +o9o 1 +(1()+4& '(1 +o)& 1s @;@41s '412's 1 s;'o)+4& 1 @4(1 s( 2o)& )4>os y s( ()4& 1os =(11os '( 1 @4(1 +o9o >)os o @4()&s! L )(++4& '(1 o)&4s9o s( +)+2()4 @o) 9o'44++4o&(s &(;)o(&'o+)4&s (s2)(+,9(&2( 9(+1's ;( @o&(& (& ?;(o (1 ,4@o2*19o +(&2)o '( (9o+4& '(1 +()(>)o y 1s 1*&';1s ,4@4s4s y s;@)))(&1(s +(&2)o '( )(+24=4''! Es2 )(++4& ;( (s 1 )(s@;(s2 &o)91 ;& (&2( (s@(+:4+o s( @)o';+( (& 2o'o 4&'4=4';o so9(24'o ;& )(s4&! E1 (s2)s (s ;& )(s@;(s2 &2;)1 y &(+(s)4 @) 1 s;@()=4=(&+4 @(s) '( 1o +;1 ,oy (& ': s( +o&;&'( +o& ;& @2o1o:! Es2 +o&;s4& s( '(>( ;( (s2( 9(+&4s9o '( '((&s @;('( +>) >?o '(2()94&'s +4)+;&s2&+4s )(+;(&2(s (& +4()2os 9o'os '( =4' '(s(&+'(&&'o @)o>1(9s )=(s '( s1;'! C;&'o (s2 )(s@;(s2 &2;)1 s( ' (& (K+(so s( @)o';+( ;& so>)(+) '( 2(&s4& ;( )(@()+;2( (& (1 o)&4s9o ,;9&o y @)o=o+ 1 @)4+4& '( (&()9(''(s y &o91:s @2o14+s ;( 49@4'(& (1 &o)91 '(s))o11o y ;&+4o&94(&2o '(1 +;()@o ,;9&o! A1;&os (?(9@1os so& 1os o1=4'os 4&+4@4(&2(s @)o>1(9s '( 9(9o)4 12()+4o&(s (& (1 *&49o 8.
&()=4os4s9o y 12 '( +o&+(&2)+4& (& 1s 9;?()(s @;('( @)o';+4) +9>4os ,o)9o&1(s 49@o)2&2(s +o9o 'o1o)(s (& >'o94&1(s 4&()4o)(s (&2)( o2)os s:&2o9s! E1 (s2)s +)&4+o (s2* )(1+4o&'o +o& 1os 2)s2o)&os '( &s4('' ;( (s ;& )(++4& &o)91 )(&2( '4=()ss s42;+4o&(s '( 1 =4' @()o +;&'o s( @)(s(&2 (& o)9 (K+(s4= o +)&4+ +o&s242;y( ;& (&()9(''5 ;( @;('( 12()) 1 =4' '( 1s @()so&s s4(&'o +o&s(?>1( (& (s2( +so +o&s;12) ;& (s@(+414s2! L1(=) ;& =4' '( (s2)s 24(&( 49@14++4o&(s =)4's! Po) ;& 1'o (s2*& 2o's 1s 12()+4o&(s 4s4o14+s y @o) o2)o (s2*& 1s +o9@14++4o&(s '( o)'(& (9o+4o&1! E1 (s2)s (s ;& (1(9(&2o ;( ;9(&2 1 s(&s+4& '( )=4o (& 1s )(1+4o&(s so+41(s 9414)(s y 1>o)1(s 1 94s9o 24(9@o (& ;( 4;) +o9o ,())94(&2 '( '4s2o)s4& '( 1 )(14''! V4=4) >?o (s2)s 49@14+ (&2o&+(s &o so19(&2( ;& '(2()4o)o :s4+o s4&o 29>4& @s4+o14+o y )(1+4o&1!
#"#"4 2istoria 0e( Estrs E& 1 '+' '( 87.< H&s S(1y( ,4?o '(1 +4);?&o ;s2)4+o H;o S(1y( (&2o&+(s (s2;'4&2( '( 9('4+4& (& 1 U&4=()s4'' '( P) o>s()= ;( 2o'os 1os (&()9os ;4(& (s2;'4> 4&'(@(&'4(&2(9(&2( '( 1 (&()9('' ;( @'(+4()& @)(s(&2>& s:&2o9s +o9;&(s" +&s&+4o @)'4' '(1 @(242o >?' '( @(so y s2(&4 (&2)( o2)s! Po) (11o S(1y( 119 (s2( +o&?;&2o '( s:&2o9s (1 s:&')o9( '( (s2) (&()9o! E& 875< @;>14+ 1 ;( s(): s; 4&=(s24+4& 9*s 9os" Es2)s! U& (s2;'4o so>)( 1 &s4(''! E1 2)94&o (s2)s @)o=4(&( '( 1 :s4+ y ,+( )(()(&+4 1 @)(s4& ;( (?()+( ;& +;()@o so>)( o2)o s4(&'o ;(1 ;( 8%
9*s @)(s4& )(+4>( (1 ;( @;('( '(s2)o)s(- y ;( 'o@2'o @o) 1 @s4+o1o: @s&'o '(&o94&) (1 +o&?;&2o '( s:&2o9s @s4+o4s4o14+os &2(s 9(&+4o&'o y ;( 29>4& s( +o&o+(& +o9o s:&')o9( (&()1 '( '@2+4&! Los (s2;'4os '( S(1y( +o& @os2()4o)4'' 11(=)o& @1&2() ;( (1 (s2)s (s 1 )(s@;(s2 4&(s@(+:4+ +;1;4() '(9&' 1 ;( s( so9(24'o (s '(+4) ;( (1 (s2)s @;('( @)(s(&2)s( +;&'o s( ' ;& >(so @s4o&'o!
#"#"5 Fisioato(o7,a E1 ((+2o ;( 24(&( 1 )(s@;(s2 (s2)s (& (1 o)&4s9o (s @)o;&'o"
9 P)('o94&4o
'(1
s4s2(9
&()=4oso
s49@*24+o
=so+o&s2)4++4&
@()4)4+ 94')4s4s 2;4+)'4 2;4@&( )1(&24+4& '( 1
9
9o2414'' 4&2(s24&1 (2+! L4>()+4& '( +2(+o194&s ')(&14& y &o)')(&14& '( +o)24so1 y
(&+(14&! 9 A;9(&2o (& s&)( '( 1 +&24'' +4)+;1&2( '( 1;+os +2o)(s '(
9
+o;1+4& 94&o*+4'os 14>)(s y +2o)(s 4&9;&42)4os! To'os (s2os 9(+&4s9os 1os '(s))o11 (1 +;()@o @) ;9(&2) 1s @)o>>414''(s '( s;@()=4=(&+4 )(&2( ;& 9(& +o)2o @1o &o @) ;( s( 1os 9&2(& 4&'(4&4'9(&2( 21 +o9o s;+('( (&
1;&os +sos! 9 A 9('4o @1o (s2( (s2'o '( 1()2 sos2(&4'o '(ss2 1s )(s()=s '(1 o)&4s9o y @;('( @)o';+4) '4=()ss @2o1o:s 2)o9>os4s &s4(''
9
'(@)(s4&
4&9;&o'(4+4(&+4
'o1o)(s
9;s+;1)(s
4&so9&4o 2)s2o)&os '( 2(&+4& '4>(2(s (2+! E1 (s2)s @)o=o+ 4&9;&o'(@)(s4&! L 14>()+4& '( ,o)9o&s '( (s2)s 4&,4>( 1 9';)+4& '( 1os 14&o+42os (&+)'os '( 1 4&9;&4'' (s@(+:4+!
85
Ls +o&s(+;(&+4s @o) (&'( 2()94&& s4(&'o 4s4o14+s @s4+o14+s y +o&';+2;1(s! Es2s (&()& 'Fos (& (1 +;()@o ;( (+2& 1 +14'' '( =4' '( 1s @()so&s! A +o&24&;+4& s( @)(s(&2 ;& 14s2 '( 1os (s2)os 9*s +o9;&(s +;s'os @o) (1 (s2)s"
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
O>(s4'' y so>)(@(so P)'4' '(1 +>(11o D(@)(s4& R(';++4& '(1 '(s(o s(K;1 M(&s2);+4& 4))(;1) A+& C;')os 1)4+os Ú1+()s I&so9&4o D4s94&;+4& '( ()2414'' E&()9(''(s +)':+s A;&;( &o (s +;s '( s9 @;('( +(1()) ;& +)4s4s '( (s2 (&()9(''!
E1 o)4(& '(1 (s2)s s( (&+;(&2) (& (1 +()(>)o ;( (s (1 )(s@o&s>1( '( )(+o&o+() y )(s@o&'() '( '4s24&2s o)9s 1os (s2)(so)(s! C' =( so& 9*s &;9()osos 1os (s2;'4os ;( +o))o>o)& (1 @@(1 ;( ?;( (1 (s2)s (& (1 @)(&'4?( 1 9(9o)4 y 1 2o9 '( '(+4s4o&(s! U& (s2;'4o '( 1 U&4=()s4'' '( C14o)&4 '(9os2) ;( ;& (s2)s ;()2( ';)&2( ;& +o)2o @():o'o '( 24(9@o @o) (?(9@1o 1 (s@() @)(=4 1 +4);: '( ;& s() ;()4'o (s s;4+4(&2( @) '(s2);4) =)4s '( 1s +o&(K4o&(s (&2)( &(;)o&s (& o&s (s@(+:4+s '(1 +()(>)o! Es2o (s ;& (s2)s ;'o @;('( +9>4) 1 &2o9: +()(>)1 (& @o+s ,o)s! E1 (s2)s +)&4+o @o) s; @)2( 2;=o (& (K@()49(&2os +o& )2s (1 ((+2o '( '4s94&;4) (1 29Fo '( 1 o& +()(>)1 )(s@o&s>1( '( 1 9(9o)4!
86
#"#"5 Reaccio'es sico(37icas Ls )(++4o&(s @s4+o14+s ;( +;s (1 (s2)s 24(&( 2)(s +o9@o&(&2(s" (1 (9o+4o&1 (1 +o&424=o y (1 '( +o9@o)294(&2o! E1 (s2)s y 1s (9o+4o&(s 24(&(& 9;+,:s49 )(1+4& ;( ,s2 1 '(4&4+4& so& s4941)(s! Ls (9o+4o&(s s( @;('(& '(4&4) +o9o ;& (s2'o '( *&49o ;( @)(+( +o9o )(++4& ;& (s2:9;1o! Lo ;( ,+( @(&s) ;( (1 (s2)s (s ;& (9o+4& y ;( 24(&( 1s +)+2():s24+s '( ;& (9o+4&! A1;&s )(s@;(s2s '( 24@o (9o+4o&1 ;( s( @)(s(&2& (& @()so&s (+2's @o) (1 (s2)s so& 1s s4;4(&2(s" >2494(&2o 2)4s2( 4))42>414'' @2: 4&'4()(&+4 4&(s2>414'' (9o+4o&1 (2+! S( '4+( ;( 1os (&2(s (s2)(so)(s 11(& @o) 9('4o '( 1os )&os '( 1os s(&24'os =4s2 o:'o 2+2o ;s2o o12o ;( '(s@;s 11(& 1s (9o+4o&(s! E&2o&+(s '(s@;s '(1 (s2)s =4(&(& 1s (9o+4o&(s y =4+(=()s!
#"#"; Factores 0ese'ca0e'a'tes Los 119'os (s2)(so)(s o +2o)(s (s2)(s&2(s so& 1s s42;+4o&(s '(s(&+'(&&2(s '(1 (s2)s y @;('(& s() +;1;4() (s2:9;1o (K2()&o o 4&2()&o 2&2o :s4+o ;:94+o +s24+o o so9*24+o +o9o so+4o+;12;)1 ;( '( 9&() '4)(+2 o 4&'4)(+2 @)o@4+4( 1 '(s(s2>414+4& (& (1 (;414>)4o '4&*94+o '(1 o)&4s9o ,o9(os2s4s! U& @)2( 49@o)2&2( '(1 (s;()o ;( s( , )(14'o @) (1 (s2;'4o y +o9@)(&s4& '(1 (s2)s s( , +(&2)'o (& '(2()94&) y +1s44+) 1os '4()(&2(s '(s(&+'(&&2(s '( (s2( @)o+(so! L )(=4s4& '( 1os @)4&+4@1(s 24@os '( (s2)(so)(s ;( s( ,& ;2414'o @) (s2;'4) (1 (s2)s &os @)o@o)+4o& ;& @)49() @)oK49+4& 1 (s2;'4o '( s;s +o&'4+4o&(s '(s(&+'(&&2(s y &os 9;(s2) 1 (K4s2(&+4 '( '4( )&'(s +2(o):s '( (s2)(so)(s"
8$
9 9 9 9
S42;+4o&(s ;( ;()& @)o+(s) 4&o)9+4& )*@4'9(&2( Es2:9;1os 9>4(&21(s 'F4&os P()+(@+4o&(s '( 9(& A12()+4& '( 1s ;&+4o&(s 4s4o14+s (&()9(''(s '4++4o&(s
9 9 9 9 9 9
(2+! A4s194(&2o y +o&4&94(&2o B1o;(os (& &;(s2)os 4&2()(s(s P)(s4& );@1 0);s2)+4& No +o&s(;4) o>?(24=os @1&('os R(1+4o&(s so+41(s +o9@14+'s o 114's
S4& (9>)o +>( 1 @os4>414'' '( )(14) '4()(&2(s 2Ko&o9:s so>)( 1os '(s(&+'(&&2(s '(1 (s2)s (& ;&+4& '( +)42()4os 9()9(&2( '(s+)4@24=os @o) (?(9@1o 1 ;( @)o@;s4()o& L);s y 0o1W9& 87/% @) ;4(&(s (1 X(s2)s @s4+o14+o (s ;& )(1+4& @)24+;1) (&2)( (1 4&'4=4';o y (1 (&2o)&o ;( (s (=1;'o @o) (1 4&'4=4';o +o9o 9(&&2( o '(s>o)'&2( '( s;s )(+;)sos y ;( @o&( (& @(14)o s; >4(&(s2)! Po) (so s( , 2(&'4'o +1s44+)1os @o) (1 24@o '( +9>4os ;( @)o';+(& (& 1s +o&'4+4o&(s '( =4'! Co&=4(&( ,>1) (&2o&+(s '( +;2)o 24@os '( +o&2(+494(&2os (s2)(s&2(s"
9 Los (s2)(so)(s &4+os" ,+(& )(()(&+4 +2+14s9os y +9>4os ')*s24+os (& 1s +o&'4+4o&(s '(1 (&2o)&o '( =4' '( 1s @()so&s y
9
;( ,>42;19(&2( (+2& ;& )& &9()o '( (11s! Los (s2)(so)(s 9124@1(s" (+2& so1o ;& @()so& o ;& @(;(Fo );@o '( (11s y s( +o))(s@o&'(& +o& +9>4os s4&44+24=os y '(
9
2)&s+(&'(&+4 =421 @) 1s @()so&s! Los (s2)(so)(s +o24'4&os" s( )(4()(& 1 +9;1o '( 9o1(s24s
9
49@)(=4s2os y 12()+4o&(s (& 1s @(;(Fs );24&s +o24'4&s! Los (s2)(so)(s >4o&4+os" so& 9(+&4s9os :s4+os y ;:94+os ;( '4s@)& '4)(+29(&2( 1 )(s@;(s2 '( (s2)s s4& 1 9('4+4& '( 1os @)o+(sos @s4+o14+os!
8/
Es2os (s2)(so)(s @;('(& (s2) @)(s(&2(s '( 9&() ;' o +)&4+ y 29>4& @;('(& s() )(s;12'o '( 1 &24+4@+4& 9(&21 +()+ '( 1o ;( @;('( o+;))4) (& (1 ;2;)o!
#"#"!< Estrs ostrau6=tico U& =)4+4& '(1 (s2)s (s (1 2)s2o)&o @o) (s2)s @os2);9*24+o TEPT ;& 2)s2o)&o '(>4142&2( ;( 9(&;'o s( @)(s(&2 '(s@;s '( 1& s;+(so 2())'o) @o) s;s +4)+;&s2&+4s :s4+s o (9o+4o&1(s o ;& 2);9 ++4'(&2( '( 2)*&s42o )o>o =4o1+4& '(ss2)( &2;)1 (&2)( o2)os! Es2( +o&2(+494(&2o @)o=o+ ;( 1 @()so& ;( , so>)(=4=4'o 1 s;+(so 2(& @(&s94(&2os y )(+;()'os @()s4s2(&2(s y 2())'o)(s '( (s (K@()4(&+4! P;('( o+;))4) (& @()so&s ;( ,& =4=4'o 1 9(& 1 ,& @)(s(&+4'o o ,& 494&'o ;( @o'): ,>()1(s @s'o (11s! E1 TEPT s( @;('( ') (& 2o's 1s (''(s s4(&'o 1os &4Fos ;& @o>1+4& 9;y =;1&()>1( @) (s2( 2)s2o)&o!
#"#"!! Datos 0e estrs ost9trau6=tico: - E1 2);9 s( +o&=4()2( (& @os2-2);9*24+o +;&'o &o s( 2)2! L +1=( @) @)(=(&4)1o (s 2(&4(&'o 4&2()=(&+4& +1:&4+! - Es &(+(s)4o ;( 1s 49*(&(s s( 2)4& 1 +o&s4(&2( @) (=42) ;( s( @(o)! - S( +o&s4'() ;& (@4so'4o @os2-2);9*24+o s4 s( 9&24(&( ;& 9(s @o+o 24(9@o! - P(s'411s 1s, >+W +;1@>414'' '( so>)(=4=4(&2(! - Vo1;9(& ,4@o+9@1 @(;(Fo! 87
- H4@()s(&s4>414'' 1 +o)24so1! Es2)s (& (1 94s2()4oY('42) D;)&2( 1s 1249s '+'s '(1 S41o ,;>o ;& >oo9 '( 4&=(s24+4o&(s 1)('('o) '(1 (&9(&o '(1 (s2)s 'o+(&2( 1o ;( ,s2 1 (+, , (&()'o ;& )& +&24'' '( 142()2;) 1)('('o) '( (s2( +o&s2);+2o! D(s'( 1s 4&=(s24+4o&(s '( 3y)+o; 9('4'os '( 1os $
9 U& )& =)4('' '( +o&'4+4o&(s o)&4+4o&1(s y 9>4(&21(s so& 9
+@+(s '( @)o';+4) (s2)s D4()(&2(s 4&'4=4';os )(s@o&'(& 1s 94s9s +o&'4+4o&(s 1>o)1(s
9
'( 9&()s '4()(&2(s L 4&2(&s4'' y (1 )'o '( (s2)s so& '4:+41(s '( @)('(+4) (& 1os
9
2)>?'o)(s! Ls +o&s(+;(&+4s '( ;& (s2)s @)o1o&'o @)o=o+& +9>4os +o&';+2;1(s 21(s +o9o ;9(&2o (& (1 >s(&24s9o o ;& (&()9('' +)&4+!
#"#"!# A0iccio'es causa0as or e( estrs E1 (s2)s (& s: 94s9o &o (s &(+(s)49(&2( @()?;'4+41! To'os 1os s()(s ,;9&os &(+(s429os o>?(24=os y )(2os! P()o (1 (K+(so @;('( s4 s()1o! E1 (s2)s (s ;& '(s(&+'(&&2( +o&o+4'o @) 1 '(@)(s4& y 29>4& @;('( (+2) 1 s1;' :s4+! As: ;( (s 49@o)2&2( 4'(&244+) 1s +;ss y ;( (1 (s2)s &o (+2 2o'o 9;&'o '( 1 94s9 9&()! Los s:&2o9s 9*s +o9;&(s ;( s( (K@()49(&2& so&" Do1o) >'o94&1
#<
Do1o)(s '( +>( Do1o) o 2(&s4& 9;s+;1) N(+(s4'' )(+;(&2( '( o)4&) H(+(s s;(12s Bo+ s(+ P)o>1(9s @) '(1;24)\149(&24+4os D44+;12' @) +o&+(&2))s( C&s&+4o (K+(s4=o P)o>1(9s @) +o&+414) (1 s;(Fo ;(')s( 'o)94'o P()'() 1os (s2)4>os +o& 9yo) )(+;(&+4 P)o>1(9s s(K;1(s D4+,os s:&2o9s o>14& 1s @()so&s >;s+) 9('4's '(s(s@()'s @) >?) 1os &4=(1(s '( 2(&s4& y +o& 9;+, )(+;(&+4 s( =;(1=(& (& '4++4o&(s ;( (+2& 1 '(ss2( '(1 +;()@o (& 9yo) &4=(1!
#"$ Bases Le7a(es E1 9)+o 1(1 ;( 9@) (1 P)oy(+2o '( I&=(s24+4& s( (K@14+ +o&24&;+4&"
#8
#"$"! Co'stituci3' 0e (a Re>)(ica Bo(i+aria'a 0e &e'e?ue(a @#<<<" Gaceta O-icia( N>6ero /./$" A)2:+;1o $/! Los &4Fos &4Fs y 'o1(s+(&2(s so& s;?(2os @1(&os '( '()(+,o y (s2)*& @)o2(4'os @o) 1 1(4s1+4& )&os y 2)4>;&1(s (s@(+414'os 1os +;1(s )(s@(2)*& )&24)*& y '(s))o11)*& 1os +o&2(&4'os '( (s2 Co&s242;+4& 1 Co&=(&+4& so>)( 1os D()(+,os '(1 N4Fo y '(9*s 2)2'os 4&2()&+4o&1(s ;( (& (s2 92()4 ,y s;s+)42o y )244+'o 1 R(@>14+! E1 Es2'o 1s 9414s y 1 so+4('' s(;))*& +o& @)4o)4'' >so1;2 @)o2(++4& 4&2()1 @) 1o +;1 s( 2o9)* (& +;(&2 s; 4&2()s s;@()4o) (& 1s '(+4s4o&(s y ++4o&(s ;( 1(s +o&+4()&&! E1 Es2'o @)o9o=()* s; 4&+o)@o)+4& @)o)(s4= 1 +4;''&: +24= y ;& (&2( )(+2o) &+4o&1 '4)44)* 1s @o1:24+s @) 1 @)o2(++4& 4&2()1 '( 1os &4Fos &4Fs y 'o1(s+(&2(s! Es2( )24+;1o '(s+)4>( ;( 1os &4Fos y &4Fs 24(&(& '()(+,o s() 2o9'os (& +;(&2 ( 4&+o)@o)'os 1 +4;''&: +24= (& (1 @)(s(&2( 4&o)9( s( (=4'(&+4 (& 1 @)24+4@+4& y +o1>o)+4& '( 1os &4Fos y &4Fs (& 1s +24=4''(s )(14's ';)&2( (1 @)oy(+2o! A)2:+;1o 8<.! To' @()so& 24(&( '()(+,o ;& (';++4& 4&2()1 '( +14'' @()9&(&2( (& 4;1'' '( +o&'4+4o&(s y o@o)2;&4''(s s4& 9*s 4942+4o&(s ;( 1s '()4='s '( s;s @242;'(s =o++4& y s@4)+4o&(s! L (';++4& (s o>142o)4 (& 2o'os s;s &4=(1(s '(s'( (1 92()&1 ,s2 (1 &4=(1 9('4o '4=()s44+'o! Po) (11o 1 49@)24' (& 1s 4&s242;+4o&(s '(1 Es2'o (s )2;42 ,s2 (1 @)()'o ;&4=()s42)4o! A 21 4& (1 Es2'o )(14)* ;& 4&=()s4& @)4o)42)4 '( +o&o)94'' +o& 1s )(+o9(&'+4o&(s '( 1 O)&4+4& '( 1s N+4o&(s U&4's! E1 Es2'o +)()* y sos2(&')* 4&s242;+4o&(s y s()=4+4os s;4+4(&2(9(&2( 'o2'os @) s(;)) (1 ++(so @()9&(&+4 y +;194&+4& (& (1 s4s2(9 ##
(';+24=o! L 1(y )&24)* 4;1 2(&+4& 1s @()so&s +o& &(+(s4''(s (s@(+41(s o +o& '4s+@+4'' y ;4(&(s s( (&+;(&2)(& @)4='os '( s; 14>()2' o +)(+& '( +o&'4+4o&(s >*s4+s @) s; 4&+o)@o)+4& y @()9&(&+4 (& (1 s4s2(9 (';+24=o! Po) 9('4o '( (s2( )2:+;1o s( o2o) (1 '()(+,o ;& (';++4& 4&2()1 )2;42 y o>142o)4 @) ;( 2o'os 1os &4Fos &4Fs y 'o1(s+(&2(s ;( 2(&& 1s 94s9s o@o)2;&4''(s '( (';++4&! A)2:+;1o /." L s1;' (s ;& '()(+,o so+41 ;&'9(&21 o>14+4& '(1 Es2'o ;( 1o )&24)* +o9o @)2( '(1 '()(+,o 1 =4'! E1 Es2'o @)o9o=()* y '(s))o11)* @o1:24+s o)4(&2's (1(=) 1 +14'' '( =4' (1 >4(&(s2) +o1(+24=o y (1 ++(so 1os s()=4+4os! To's 1s @()so&s 24(&(& '()(+,o 1 @)o2(++4& '( 1 s1;' s: +o9o (1 '(>() '( @)24+4@) +24=9(&2( (& s; @)o9o+4& y '((&s y (1 '( +;9@14) +o& 1s 9('4's s&42)4s y '( s&(94(&2o ;( (s2>1(+ 1 1(y '( +o&o)94'' +o& 1os 2)2'os y +o&=(&4os 4&2()&+4o&1(s s;s+)42os y )244+'os @o) 1 R(@>14+!
#"$"# La Le8 Or7='ica ara (a Protecci3' 0e( Nio 8 0e( A0o(esce'te @!;;5 Gaceta O-icia( Nu6ero /##1" A)2:+;1o 55" To'os 1os &4Fos &4Fs y 'o1(s+(&2(s 24(&(& '()(+,o s() 4&o)9'os y @)24+4@) +24=9(&2( (& s; @)o+(so (';+24=o! E1 94s9o '()(+,o 24(&(& (1 @')( 1 9')( 1os )(@)(s(&2&2(s y )(s@o&s>1(s (& )(1+4& 1 @)o+(so (';+24=o '( 1os &4Fos &4Fs y 'o1(s+(&2(s ;( s( (&+;(&2)(& >?o s; @2)4 @o2(s2' )(@)(s(&2+4& o )(s@o&s>414''!
#"$"$ Le8 0e Or7='ica 0e E0ucaci3' 0e #<<; A)2:+;1o 85 )(s@(+2o 1os 4&(s '( 1 (';++4& (K@)(s +1)9(&2(" 0o)9) +4;''&os y +4;''&s @)24) '(1 (&o;( (o,4s2)4+o +o& +o&+4(&+4 '( &+4o&14'' y so>()&: @)(+4o @o) 1os =1o)(s @2)4os =1o)4+4& '( 1os #.
(s@+4os (o)*4+os y '( 1s 2)'4+4o&(s s>()(s @o@;1)(s &+(s2)1(s )2(s&1(s y @)24+;1)4''(s +;12;)1(s '( 1s '4=()ss )(4o&(s '(1 @:s y '(s))o11) (& 1os +4;''&os y +4;''&s 1 +o&+4(&+4 '( V(&(;(1 +o9o @:s (&()24+o y (s@(+419(&2( ,4')o+)>;):()o (& (1 9)+o '( 1 +o&o)9+4& '( ;& &;(=o 9o'(1o @)o';+24=o (&'(&o I9@;1s) 1 o)9+4& '( ;& +o&+4(&+4 (+o14+ @) @)(s()=) 1 >4o'4=()s4'' y 1 so+4o'4=()s4'' 1s +o&'4+4o&(s 9>4(&21(s y (1 @)o=(+,94(&2o )+4o&1 '( 1os )(+;)sos &2;)1(s! D( 4;1 o)9 (& (1 @)2( 5 (K@)(s o)9) (& @o) y @) (1 2)>?o so+41 14>()'o) '(&2)o '( ;& @()s@(+24= 4&2()1 9('4&2( @o1:24+s '( '(s))o11o ,;9&:s24+o +4(&2:4+o y 2(+&o14+o =4&+;1's 1 '(s))o11o (&'(&o @)o';+24=o y s;s2(&2>1(! E& )(1+4& 1 E';++4& R;)1! D(1 94s9o 9o'o (& (1 A)2 6 &;9()1 . o)'4&1 D '( 1 94s9 L(y O)*&4+ '( E';++4& s( 4&'4+" “D(s))o11o so+4o-+o&424=o 4&2()1 '( +4;''&os y +4;''&s )24+;1&'o '( o)9 @()9&(&2( (1 @)(&'() s() +o&o+() ,+() y +o&=4=4) @) '(s))o11) )9&4+9(&2( 1os s@(+2os +o&424=os (+24=os K4o14+os y @)*+24+os y s;@()) 1 )9(&2+4& 1 2o94+4& '(1 s>() y 1 s(@)+4& (&2)( 1s +24=4''(s 9&;1(s ( 4&2(1(+2;1(s Po) o2) @)2( 1 94s9 L(y O)*&4+ '( E';++4& LOE (& (1 A)2 85 &;9()1 6 s(F1" “0o)9) (& @o) y @) (1 2)>?o so+41 14>()'o) '(&2)o '( ;& @()s@(+24= 4&2()1”D( 1 94s9 9&() >o)'&'o 1o 2())42o)41 o (1 &(Ko (&2)( +4;''-+9@o )24+;1'o 1o 1o+1-)(4o&1-&+4o&1 (& 1 LOE ,y ;& s()4( '( )2:+;1os (&2)( 1os ;( (s2*& (1 85 &;9()1 . #%#/ y %7 'o&'( s( @1&2(
#%
“0o)9) +4;''&os y +4;''&s @)24) '(1 (&o;( (o,4s2)4+o +o& +o&+4(&+4 '( &+4o&14'' y so>()&: @)(+4o @o) 1os =1o)(s @2)4os =1o)4+4& '( 1os (s@+4os (o)*4+os y '( 1s 2)'4+4o&(s s>()(s @o@;1)(s &+(s2)1(s )2(s&1(s y @)24+;1)4''(s +;12;)1(s '( 1s '4=()ss )(4o&(s '(1 @:s!!” “o)9+4& 4&2()1 '( 1s +4;''&s y 1os +4;''&os 4&'4=4';o (& s; +o&2(K2o o)4(&2' @o) =1o)(s '( 4'(&24'' 1o+1 )(4o&1 y &+4o&1 @) @)o@4+4) 9('4&2( s; @)24+4@+4& @)o2&4+ (1 ))4o s; ,*>422!!!” ”1 o)9+4& @()9&(&2( '( 1 @()so& s4& '4s24&o '( ('' +o& (1 )(s@(+2o s;s +@+4''(s 1 '4=()s4'' 2&4+ 14&]:s24+ y +;12;)1 2(&'4(&'o 1s &(+(s4''(s y @o2(&+414''(s 1o+1(s )(4o&1(s y &+4o&1(s!” ” 2(&'4(&'o 1 '4=()s4'' 1s (s@(+44+4''(s 2&4+o-+;12;)1(s 1s +)+2():s24+s )(4o&1(s” A)2:+;1o #7! Co&2(9@1 “L (';++4& );)1 (s2* '4)44' 1 1o)o '( 1 o)9+4& 4&2()1 '( 1os +4;''&os y 1s +4;''&s (& s;s +o&2(K2os (o)*4+os s: 94s9o (s2* o)4(&2' @o) =1o)(s '( 4'(&24'' 1o+1 )(4o&1 y &+4o&1 @) @)o@4+4) 9('4&2( s; @)24+4@+4& @)o2&4+ (1 ))4o s; ,*>422 9('4&2( (1 '(s))o11o '( ,>414''(s y '(s2)(s '( +;()'o +o& 1s &(+(s4''(s '( 1 +o9;&4'' (& (1 9)+o '(1 '(s))o11o (&'(&o y (& +o))(s@o&'(&+4 +o& 1os @)4&+4@4os '( '((&s 4&2()1 '( 1 N+4&! T(&4(&'o (& +;(&2 1 )(14'' (o@o1:24+ '( 1 R(@>14+ Bo14=)4& '( V(&(;(1 (1 Es2'o )&24 1 )24+;1+4& )9&4+ (&2)( (1 +9@o y 1 +4;'' @o2(&+4&'o 1 )(1+4& (&2)( 1 (';++4& );)1 y 1 (';++4& 4&2()+;12;)1 ( 4&2()+;12;)1 >414&](!
#5
A'4+4o&19(&2( (&+o&2)9os (& (1 P1& N+4o&1 S49& Bo1:=) y (& 1 94s9 LOE 1;&os +)42()4os >*s4+os @) (1 +o9>2( 1 '4=4s4& so+41 '(1 2)>?o +@4214s2 >?o 1 @24+ '(1 2)>?o 14>()'o) y 1 (';++4& 14>()'o)" +o& 1 4&14'' '( +o9>24) (1 9o'(1o @)o';+24=o (1494&+4& '( 1 '4=4s4& so+41 '(1 2)>?o y s; ?());: +2;1 )24+;1) 1o 1o+1 +o& 1o )(4o&1 y 1o &+4o&1! 0o)9) (& 1o (';+24=o ;& s() 4&2()1 '(s'( ;& @;&2o '( =4s2 so+4o-+o&424=o ;( )24+;1( 1 ++4& '(1 s() +o& (1 s>() y (1 ,+() y @;(' )9o&4) 1os s@(+2os +o&424=os +o& 1os (+24=os K4o14+os y @)*+24+os! To'o 1o &2()4o) ,+( o>14&2( s;@()) 1 )9(&2+4& y 2o94+4& '(1 s>() 1 s(@)+4& (&2)( 1s +24=4''(s 9&;1(s ( 4&2(1(+2;1(s!
#6
Ca,tu(o III Marco Meto0o(37ico
$"! Ni+e( 0e I'+esti7aci3': E1 &4=(1 '( 1 4&=(s24+4& (s (K@1o)2o)4 '(4&4' +o9o ;(11 ;( s( ((+2 so>)( ;& 2(9 ; o>?(2o '(s+o&o+4'o o @o+o (s2;'4'o @o) 1o ;( s;s )(s;12'os +o&s242;y(& ;& =4s4& @)oK49' '( '4+,o o>?(2o (s '(+4) ;& &4=(1 s;@()4+41 '( +o&o+494(&2o! Es2( 24@o '( 4&=(s24+4& '( +;()'o +o& S(11)4 87/< @;('( s()" '4)44' 1 o)9;1+4& 9*s @)(+4s '( ;& @)o>1(9 '( 4&=(s24+4& ''o ;( s( +)(+( '( 4&o)9+4& s;4+4(&2( y '( +o&o+494(&2o @)(=4os '(1 o>?(2o '( (s2;'4o )(s;12 14+o ;( 1 o)9;1+4& 4&4+41 '(1 @)o>1(9 s( 49@)(+4s! E& (s2( +so 1 (K@1o)+4&
#$
@()9424)* o>2(&() &;(=os '2os y (1(9(&2os ;( @;('(& +o&';+4) o)9;1) +o& 9yo) @)(+4s4& 1s @)(;&2s '( 4&=(s24+4&! L 4&=(s24+4& ;( s( @)(s(&2 (s '( 24@o (K@1o)2o)4 @o);( >;s+ (K94&) 1 =4>414'' '( 1 (1>o)+4& '( ;& (1 )(1?&2( +o)@o)1 @) +o&2)o1) 1os &4=(1(s '( (s2)s (& (1 o)&4s9o (s2( 24@o '( 4&=(s24+4& (s 1 ;( 9(?o) s( '@2 1 o>?(24=o (&()1 '(1 @)oy(+2o @o);( @()942( ') )(s@;(s2 1s 4&2())o&2(s @1&2('s 1 4&4+4o '(1 94s9o!
$"# Diseo 0e (a I'+esti7aci3': E1 '4s(Fo '( 4&=(s24+4& ;( @1&2( (1 @)oy(+2o (s 1 4&=(s24+4& '( +9@o 1 )(s@(+2o 1 U&4=()s4'' P('4+ L4>()2'o) #!<<. (K@)(s" “S( (&24(&'( @o) 4&=(s24+4& '( +9@o (1 &*14s4s s4s2(9*24+o '( @)o>1(9s (& 1 )(14'' +o& (1 @)o@s42o >4(& s( '( '(s+)4>4)1os 4&2()@)(2)1os (&2(&'() s; &2;)1( y +2o)(s +o&s242;y(&2(s (K@14+) s;s +;ss y ((+2os o @)('(+4) s; o+;))(&+4 ,+4(&'o ;so '( 92o'os +)+2():s24+os '( +;1;4() '( 1os @)'49s o (&o;(s '( 4&=(s24+4& +o&o+4'os o (& '(s))o11o! Los '2os '( 4&2()s so& )(+o4'os (& o)9 '4)(+2 '( 1 )(14'' (& (s2( s(&24'o s( 2)2 '( 4&=(s24+4o&(s @)24) '( '2os o)44&1(s”! S(& A)4s #<<% 1 4&=(s24+4& '( +9@o “+o&s4s2( (& 1 )(+o1(++4& '( '2os '4)(+29(&2( '( 1 )(14'' 'o&'( o+;))(& 1os ,(+,os s4& 9&4@;1) o +o&2)o1) =)4>1(s 1;&”! @! 7% C)1os S>4&o s\ (& s; 2(K2o “E1 @)o+(so '( I&=(s24+4&” s(F1 ;( s( >s (& 4&o)9+4o&(s o>2(&4's '4)(+29(&2( '( 1 )(14'' @()9424&'o1( 1 4&=(s24'o) +()+4o))s( '( 1s +o&'4+4o&(s )(1(s (& ;( s( ,& +o&s(;4'o 1os '2os!
#/
$"#"! Procesa6ie'to" E1 (1 )(1?&2( (s ;& o)9;1+4& '( +o&s4s2(&+4 (1o4'( +o&24(&( (1(9(&2os &2;)1(s ;( &;2)(& y )(1?& 1 @4(1!
$"#"# Reacti+os Reacti+os
Ca'ti0a0 #// 91 6 . 91 8# 91 85 91 6< o2s
A; 412)' Bs( (144+'o) C)4s214'o) So1;+4& +o&s()='o) H4')2&2( R(1?&2(
$"#"$ Materia(es - T 9('4'o) - A42'o) '( =4')4o o +;+,) '( 9'() - R(+4@4(&2( '( =4')4o +o& +@+4'' '( 8!<<< 91
$"#". Tc'icas 0e E(a)oraci3' 8! S( =4()2( (1 ; #/6 91 2(9@()2;) 9>4(&2( (& (1 )(+4@4(&2( s( )( 1 >s( (144+'o) @o+o @o+o 42&'o ';)&2( 85 94&;2os @)oK49'9(&2(! S( '(? 1 9(+1 (& )(@oso ';)&2( #% ,o)s o ,s2 ;( 1 >s( (144+'o) s( so1;>414+(! E& +so +o&2))4o s( 42 ,s2 1o)) s; so1;>4+4o&! #! S( )( (1 (1 )(s;12&2( 1 +)4s214'o) o2 o2 s4& '(?) '( 42) ,s2 o>2(&() ;& (1 ,o9o&(o 2)&s@)(&2(! .! A 1 9(+1 &2()4o) s( )( 1 so1;+4& +o&s()='o) y s( 42 ,s2 1o)) ;( s( 4&2()(! %! S( )( (1 (1 1 ,4')2&2( y s( 9(+1 >4(&!
#7
5! S( )( 1 (1 @o+o @o+o 6< o2s '(1 )(1?&2( y s( 42 1(&29(&2( ,s2 ;( s( 4&2()( +o9@1(29(&2(!
$"#"/ E'+asa0o Co& 1 y;' '( 1 +;+,) s( =4()2( (1 (1 o>2(&4'o (& 1os (&=s(s y s( 2@! S( +o1o+ 1 (24;(2 +o& (1 &o9>)( '(1 @)o';+2o (+, '( (1>o)+4& y 24(9@o '( +o&s;9o @)(()(&2(9(&2( +';+4''!
$"#"1 Co'ser+aci3' A@)oK49'9(&2( 8 Fo!
$"#"4 Mo0o 0e Uso S( @14+ ;& +&24'' s;4+4(&2( (& ;& (s@o&? @) >Fo y s( )o2 so>)( 1 s;@()4+4( '(1 +;()@o @) 1;(o (&?;)! So1o ;so (K2()&o!
$"#"5 Su7ere'cia 0e Uso Us) '4)4o @) o>2(&() ;& >Fo )(1?&2(!
$"$ Po)(aci3' 8 Muestra P) H()&*&'( S9@4()4 ^;& @o>1+4& (s (1 +o&?;&2o '( 2o'os 1os +sos ;( +o&+;()'& +o& ;& s()4( '( (s@(+44++4o&(s” @! 65! Es 1 2o214'' '(1 (&9(&o (s2;'4) 'o&'( 1s (&24''(s '( 1 @o>1+4& @os((& ;& +)+2():s24+ +o9& 1 +;1 s( (s2;'4 y ' o)4(& 1os '2os '( 1 4&=(s24+4&! E& (s2( o)'(& '( 4'(s s( @1&2( +o9o @o>1+4& 1 +o9;&4'' );)1 '( A&os2;) M;&4+4@4o Jos M): V)s Es2'o T*+,4) y s(& '2os @o)2'os @o) (1 Co&s(?o Co9;&1 “A&os2;)” s( +;(&2 +o& ;& 2o21 '( ##6 @()so&s!
.<
L 9;(s2) (s2* '(2()94&' @o) (1 );@o '( @()so&s (s2;'4) 21 +o9o 1os @1&2( A&'() E +42'o @o) T9yo y T9yo 877/ P*! 885! L 9;(s2) (s (1 +o&?;&2o '( o@()+4o&(s ;( s( )(14& @) (s2;'4) 1 '4s2)4>;+4& '( '(2()94&'os +)+2()(s (& 1 2o214'' '( ;& @o>1+4& ;&4=()so o +o1(+24=o @)24(&'o '( 1 o>s()=+4& '( ;& )++4& '( 1 @o>1+4& +o&s4'()'! No ,y ;( o1=4') ;(!!!“L 9;(s2) (s (& (s(&+4 ;& s;>);@o '( 1 @o>1+4&! Es ;& s;>+o&?;&2o '( (1(9(&2os ;( @()2(&(+(& (s( +o&?;&2o '(4&4'o (& s;s +)+2():s24+s 1 ;( s( 1( 119 @o>1+4& H! S9@4()4 +42'o @o) B1(s2)4&4 #<<8 P*! 8%8! L 9;(s2) 2o9' @) (1 @)oy(+2o '( 4&=(s24+4& +o))(s@o&'( 1 8< '( 1 @o>1+4& @12(' (s '(+4) ## @()so&s '( 1 +o9;&4'' A&os2;) M;&4+4@4o Jos M): V)s Es2'o T*+,4)!
$". Tc'icas e I'stru6e'tos 0e Reco(ecci3' 0e Datos $"."!Tc'ica 0e Reco(ecci3' 0e Datos H()&*&'( 0()&*&'( y B@24s2 #<<< '(4&( 1 2+&4+ ^so& 1s ;( @()942( o>2(&() 4&o)9+4& '( ;(&2(s @)49)4os y s(+;&')4os^ @! 6$! @o) s; @)2( T9yo y T9yo #<<7 '(4&( 1 2+&4+ ^(s 1 @)2( o@()24= '(1 '4s(Fo 4&=(s2424=o ,+( )(1+4& 1 @)o+('494(&2o +o&'4+4o&(s y 1;) '( 1 )(+o1(++4& '( '2os @! 8/<! A1 )(s@(+2o 1 2+&4+ (s ;(11 ;( @()942( 1 4&=(s24'o) )(+>) 4&o)9+4& so>)( (1 2(9 (s2;'4'o y s( ;2414 ';)&2( (1 @)o+(so '( )(+o1(++4& '( '2os!
.8
Ls 2+&4+s ( 4&s2);9(&2os @()942(& )(+>) 2o' 1 4&o)9+4& &(+(s)4 @) )(14) s(;494(&2o +o&2)o1 s: +o9o '(2()94&) 1os )(s;12'os '( 1 4&=(s24+4&!
$"."!"! La O)ser+aci3' L o>s()=+4& (s 1 ++4& '( o>s()=) '( 94)) '(2(&4'9(&2( (& (1 s(&24'o '(1 4&=(s24'o) (s 1 (K@()4(&+4 (s (1 @)o+(so '( 94)) '(2(&4'9(&2( o s( (& s(&24'o 9@14o (1 (K@()49(&2o (1 @)o+(so '( so9(2() +o&';+2s '( 1;&s +oss o +o&'4+4o&(s 9&4@;1's '( +;()'o +4()2os @)4&+4@4os @) 11(=) +>o 1 o>s()=+4&! Po) (11o s( @1&2( +o9o ;& '( 1s @)4&+4@1(s 2+&4+s '( )(+o1(++4& '( '2os 1 o>s()=+4& ;( s( )(14)* +o&24&;9(&2( @) =()44+) 1 (=o1;+4& '( 1s @()so&s ;( s( @14;( (1 (1 )(1?&2( @) +o&2)o1) (1 (s2)s! E& o@4&4& '( S>4&o 877#"888-88. 1 o>s()=+4& (s ;& 2+&4+ &24;:s49 +;yos @)49()os @o)2(s s(): 49@os4>1( )s2)()! A 2)=s '( s;s s(&24'os (1 ,o9>)( +@2 1 )(14'' ;( 1o )o'( ;( 1;(o o)&4 4&2(1(+2;19(&2( y )(" L o>s()=+4& @;('( '(4&4)s( +o9o (1 ;so s4s2(9*24+o '( &;(s2)os s(&24'os (& 1 >s;(' '( 1os '2os ;( &(+(s429os @) )(so1=() ;& @)o>1(9 '( 4&=(s24+4&!
$"."!"# La E'cuesta L (&+;(s2 (s ;& @)o+('494(&2o ;( @()942( (K@1o)) +;(s24o&(s ;( ,+(& 1 s;>?(24=4'' y 1 94s9o 24(9@o o>2(&() (s 4&o)9+4& '( ;& &9()o +o&s4'()>1( '( @()so&s s: @o) (?(9@1o" G)sso #<<6"8. P()942( (K@1o)) 1 o@4&4& @>14+ y 1os =1o)(s =4(&2(s '( ;& so+4('' 2(9s '( s4&44++4& +4(&2:4+ y '( 49@o)2&+4 (& 1s so+4(''(s '(9o+)*24+s! .#
A1 )(s@(+2o My&2 (2 1! 87$6"8.. +42'os @o) D: '( R' #<<8"8. '(s+)4>(& 1 (&+;(s2 +o9o 1 >s;(' s4s2(9*24+ '( 4&o)9+4& (& 1 ;( (1 4&=(s24'o) @)(;&2 1os 4&=(s24'os so>)( 1os '2os ;( '(s( o>2(&() y @os2()4o)9(&2( )(&( (s2os '2os 4&'4=4';1(s @) o>2(&() ';)&2( 1 (=1;+4& '2os )('os! E& &;(s2)o @)oy(+2o '( 4&=(s24+4& 1 (&+;(s2 s( = ;s) +o9o 9('4o '( =()44++4& '( 1os )(s;12'os o>2(&4'os! V() &(Ko A
$"."#"$ La E'tre+ista Ls (&2)(=4s2s y (1 (&2)(=4s2) so& (1(9(&2os (s(&+41(s (& 1 =4' +o&2(9@o)*&( (s +o9;&4++4& @)49)4 ;( +o&2)4>;y( 1 +o&s2);++4& '( 1 )(14'' 4&s2);9(&2o (4+ '( )& @)(+4s4& (& 1 9('4' ;( s( ;&'9(&2 (& 1 4&2())(1+4& ,;9&! S>4&o 877# +o9(&2 ;( 1 (&2)(=4s2 '(s'( (1 @;&2o '( =4s2 '(1 92o'o (s ;& o)9 (s@(+:4+ '( 4&2()++4& so+41 ;( 24(&( @o) o>?(2o )(+o1(+2) '2os @) ;& 4&=(s24+4&! E1 4&=(s24'o) o)9;1 @)(;&2s 1s @()so&s +@+(s '( @o)2)1( '2os '( 4&2()s (s2>1(+4(&'o ;& '4*1oo @(+;14) s492)4+o 'o&'( ;& '( 1s @)2(s >;s+ )(+o() 4&o)9+4o&(s y 1 o2) (s 1 ;(&2( '( (ss 4&o)9+4o&(s! Po) )o&(s o>=4s s1o s( (9@1( s1=o ))s (K+(@+4o&(s (& 1s +4(&+4s ,;9&s! L =(&2? (s(&+41 '( 1 (&2)(=4s2 )(s4'( (& ;( so& 1os 94s9os +2o)(s so+41(s ;4(&(s @)o@o)+4o&& 1os '2os )(124=os s;s +o&';+2s o@4&4o&(s '(s(os +242;'(s y (K@(+224=s +os ;( @o) s; 94s9 &2;)1( (s +s4 49@os4>1( '( o>s()=) '(s'( ;()! N'4( 9(?o) ;( 1 ..
94s9 @()so& 4&=o1;+)' @) ,>1)&os +()+ '( 2o'o ;(11o ;( @4(&s y s4(&2( '( 1o ;( , (K@()49(&2'o o @)oy(+2 ,+()! V() A&(Ko A
$"/ Tc'icas 0e rocesa6ie'to o a'=(isis 0e 0atos Los '2os s()*& @)o+(s'os 2)=s '( )4+s +o& (1 @oyo '( 1s ,())94(&2s '( O4+( [o)' y EK+(1!
.%
CAPITULO I& ANLISIS E INTERPRETACIÓN DE RESULTADOS A +o&24&;+4& s( 9;(s2) '( o)9 )*4+ 1os )(s;12'os o>2(&4'os +o& 1 @14++4& '( 1 (&+;(s2! 8! S; );24& '4)4 1( @)o';+( (s2)sQ
Estrs !#
55
S4
No
0;(&2(" @)o@4 '( 1os ;2o)(s! G)4+o 8!
S(& 1os )(s;12'os o>2(&4'os +o& 1 @14++4& '( 1 (&+;(s2 '( 1os #5 (&+;(s2'os ## s( s4(&2(& (s2)(s'os +o& s; );24& '4)4 y . &o @)(s(&2& (s2 )(++4&!
.5
#! S4(&2( (++4o&(s '( s1;' @o) (1 (s2)s ;( 1( @)o';+( 1 );24& '4)4Q
A-eccio'es 0e Sa(u0 .< 1<
S4
No
0;(&2(" @)o@4 '( 1os ;2o)(s! G)4+o #!
D( 1s #5 @()so&s (&+;(s2's 85 24(&(& (++4o&(s '( s1;' @o) (1 (s2)s! .! U2414 Us2(' 1& 24@o '( @)o';+2o @) +o&2)o1) (1 (s2)sQ
Co'tro( #.
41
S4
.6
No
0;(&2(" @)o@4 '( 1os ;2o)(s! G)4+o .!
S(& 1os )(s;12'os o>2(&4'os 6 @()so&s '( 1os #5 (&+;(s2'os ;2414& 1& @)o';+2o @) +o&2)o1) (1 (s2)s (& s; o)&4s9o y 87 &o ;s& &4&& @)o';+2o! %! E&24(&'( 1os )4(sos (& +;*&2o s1;' ;( 1( @;('( @)o';+4) ;& +;9;1+4& '( (s2)s (& s; o)&4s9oQ
Ries7os $1 1.
S4
No
0;(&2(" @)o@4 '( 1os ;2o)(s! G)4+o %!
Los )(s;12'os '( 1 (&+;(s2 (K@14+& +o9o 86 @()so&s (&24(&'(& 1os )4(sos '( s1;' y 7 &o 1o (&24(&'(& (& ;& 2o21 '( #5 (&+;(s2'os! 5! Es2): '4s@;(s2o @)o>) ;& (1 )(1?&2( @) +o&2)o1) (1 (s2)sQ
.$
Disosici3' .
;1 S4
No
0;(&2(" @)o@4 '( 1os ;2o)(s! G)4+o 5!
D( 1os #5 (&+;(s2'os #% (s2*& '4s@;(s2os @)o>) (1 (1 y 8 @)(4()( &o ))4(s)s(! 6! L( @)(+( +24>1( ;s) ;& (1 )(1?&2( @) +o&2)o1) (1 (s2)sQ
Facti)i(i0a0 !1
5. S4
No
0;(&2(" @)o@4 '( 1os ;2o)(s! G)4+o 6!
D( 1os #5 (&+;(s2'os #8 +o&s4'() +24>1( (1 ;so y @14++4& '(1 @)o';+2o y % &o 24(&(& 1 94s9 o@4&4&! $! A1 @14+) (1 (1 )(1?&2( +o&s4'() ;( (s2( +o&2)o1 (1 (s2)s ./
Co'tro( !1
5. S4
No
0;(&2(" @)o@4 '( 1os ;2o)(s! G)4+o $!
Los )(s;12'os (K@14+& +o9o #8 '( 1os #5 (&+;(s2'os +o&s4'()& ;( (1 (1 +o&2)o1 (1 (s2)s y % +o&s4'()& ;( 1 ;&+4& &o s( +;9@1(! /! R(+o9(&'): (1 ;so '(1 (1 )(1?&2( @) +o&2)o1) (1 (s2)sQ
Reco6e'0aci3' !1
5.
S4
0;(&2(" @)o@4 '( 1os ;2o)(s! G)4+o /
.7
No
D( 1os #5 (&+;(s2'os #8 )(+o9(&'):& (1 @)o';+2o o2)s @()so&s y % @)(4()(& &o ,+()1o!
CAPITULO & CONCLUSIONES RECOMENDACIONES
U& =( 4&14'os 1os +@:2;1os &2()4o)(s y 2o9&'o (& +;(&2 1os )(s;12'os '( 1 (&+;(s2 s( (s2>1(+(& 1s s4;4(&2(s +o&+1;s4o&(s y )(+o9(&'+4o&(s" -
E1 (s2)s (s ;& )(++4& 1 '(9&' ;( ,+( 1 so+4('' +2;1 1s @()so&s (& +;&2o 1 *)( 1>o)1 (s2;'4&241 ( 4&+1;so 9414)!
-
Co&2)o1) (1 (s2)s (s '( s;9 49@o)2&+4 @) (=42) 1s +o9@14++4o&(s '()4='s '( (s2 y ;( @;('(& (+2) s()49(&2( 1 s1;' '(1 s() ,;9&o!
%<
-
E1 (1 )(1?&2( s( 9;(s2) +o9o ;& +9o' y (+o&94+ o@+4& @) +o&2)o1) (1 (s2)s @o);( 1o)) )(1?) ;4(&(s 1os ;s& '4)49(&2( ;4(&(s 1os ;s&!
-
S( )(+o94(&' (1 ;so +o&24&;o y @)o1o&'o '(1 (1 @) +o&2)o1) (1 (s2)s (& (1 o)&4s9o!
-
L (1>o)+4& y @14++4& '(1 (1 (s +24>1( y s; +os2o (s (+o&94+o (& )(1+4& +o& (1(s s4941)(s ;( s( +o&s4;(& (& (1 9()+'o!
REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRAFICAS
Á1=)( I! #!<<% O)4(&2+4o&(s @) 1 E1>o)+4& '(1 P)oy(+2o '( I&=(s24+4&! A)4s 0! #<8# E1 P)oy(+2o '( I&=(s24+4&! 62 ('4+4&! E'42o)41 E@4s2(9(! C)+s! Co&s242;+4& '( 1 R(@>14+ Bo14=)4& '( V(&(;(1 8777 D4++4o&)4o E&+4+1o@'4+o '( 1 L(&; Es@Fo1 #<<$ E1 (1! D4s@o&4>1(" (s!4W4@('4!o)\4W4\G(1 +o&s;12 #<85 (>)()o 85
%8
U&4=()s4'' EK@()49(&21 P('4+ L4>()2'o) #<8# M&;1 '( T)>?os '( G)'o '( Es@(+414+4& y M(s2): y T(s4s Do+2o)1(s! %2 E'4+4& 0EDUPEL! C)+s
ANEOS A'eHo A I'stru6e'to 0e Reco(ecci3' 0e Datos
REPÚBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA MINISTERIO DEL PODER POPULAR PARA LA EDUCACIÓN UNIDAD EDUCATIVA NACIONAL “JULIO JOSÉ CONTRERAS” ANGOSTURA - ESTADO TÁCHIRA
%#
Prese'taci3' L @)(s(&2( (&+;(s2 24(&( +o9o o>?(24=o @)49o)'41 +o&o+() s; o@4&4& so>)( (1 G(1 R(1?&2( 0)(sW! Es2( (1 (s 241 @) >?) (1 (s2)s (& (1 o)&4s9o &;(s2)o @)o@s42o (s o)(+() ;& @)o';+2o '( s; +o9@1(2o )'o y '( +14''!
I'struccio'es A +o&24&;+4& s( 1( )(14)* ;& s()4( '( @)(;&2s" -
L( +;4''os9(&2( +' @)(;&2!
-
So1o 4&2()(s s; o@4&4& so>)( +' @;&2o!
-
L 4&o)9+4& (s +o&4'(&+41!
-
S4 24(&( 1;& ';' @;('( @)(;&2) 1 (&+;(s2'o)!
-
Po) =o) +o&2(s2( s4&+()9(&2( 2o's 1s @)(;&2s @) 9yo) =()+4'' '( 1 4&o)9+4&! M;+,s )+4s @o) s; +o1>o)+4&
Cuestionario
8! S; );24& '4)4 1( @)o';+( (s2)sQ S: ______________
No _______________
#! S4(&2( (++4o&(s '( s1;' @o) (1 (s2)s ;( 1( @)o';+( 1 );24& '4)4Q S: ______________
No _______________
.! U2414 Us2(' 1& 24@o '( @)o';+2o @) +o&2)o1) (1 (s2)sQ S: ______________
No _______________
%! E&24(&'( 1os )4(sos (& +;*&2o s1;' ;( 1( @;('( @)o';+4) ;& +;9;1+4& '( (s2)s (& s; o)&4s9oQ %.
S: ______________
No _______________
5! Es2): '4s@;(s2o @)o>) ;& (1 )(1?&2( @) +o&2)o1) (1 (s2)sQ S: ______________
No _______________
6! L( @)(+( +24>1( ;s) ;& (1 )(1?&2( @) +o&2)o1) (1 (s2)sQ S: ______________
No ________________
$! A1 @14+) (1 (1 )(1?&2( +o&s4'() ;( (s2( +o&2)o1 (1 (s2)s S: ______________
No _______________
/! R(+o9(&'): (1 ;so '(1 (1 )(1?&2( @) +o&2)o1) (1 (s2)sQ S: ______________ No _________________
%%
04;) 8! D4s@os4+4& '( 92()41(s ( 4&s2);9(&2os
04;) #! M('4+4& '( ;
%5
04;) .! A@14++4& '( 1 >s( (144+'o)
04;) %! A@14++4& '(1 +)4s214'o)
%6
04;) 5! A@14++4& '(1 +)4s214'o)
04;) 6! M(+1 '( 1os 4&)('4(&2(s
%$
