FACULT FACULTAD AD DE INGENIERIAS Y ARQUITECTURA EAP INGENIERIA CIVIL
PLAN DE TESIS
GEOMECÁNI CO DE SUELOS FINOS COMO “COMPORTAMIENTO GEOMECÁNICO FUNDACIÓN DE PAVIMENTOS PAVIMENTOS EN LA CARRETERA JOSÉ DOMINGO CHOQUENHUANCA - ASILLO, AZÁNGARO-PUNO 2009 ”
ÍNDICE INTRODUCCIÓN……………………………………………………………… ! 1. PLANTEA PLANTEAMIEN MIENTO TO DEL DEL PROBLE PROBLEMA MA 1.1. Descripción de l relidd relidd pr!"le#$%ic. pr!"le#$%ic. ……………………" 1.&. An%eceden%es Teóric!s. ………………………………………# 1.'. (!r#)lción del Pr!"le# in*es%i+r. in*es%i+r. 1.'.1. Pr!"le# ,enerl. ………………………………………# 1.'.&. Pr!"le#s Espec-ic!s. ……………………………… $ 1./. Deli#i%ción de l In*es%i+ción. ……………………… …… $ 1./.1. Deli#i%ción Espcil. ………………………………… $ 1./.&. Deli#i%ción Te#p!rl. Te#p!rl. ………………………… …… $ 1./.'. Deli#i%ción C)n%i%%i*. …………………………… $ 1./. /. Alcnces de l In*es%i+ción. ………………………… 9 1.0 )s%iicción e i#p!r%nci de l in*es%i+ción. …………… 9
ÍNDICE INTRODUCCIÓN……………………………………………………………… ! 1. PLANTEA PLANTEAMIEN MIENTO TO DEL DEL PROBLE PROBLEMA MA 1.1. Descripción de l relidd relidd pr!"le#$%ic. pr!"le#$%ic. ……………………" 1.&. An%eceden%es Teóric!s. ………………………………………# 1.'. (!r#)lción del Pr!"le# in*es%i+r. in*es%i+r. 1.'.1. Pr!"le# ,enerl. ………………………………………# 1.'.&. Pr!"le#s Espec-ic!s. ……………………………… $ 1./. Deli#i%ción de l In*es%i+ción. ……………………… …… $ 1./.1. Deli#i%ción Espcil. ………………………………… $ 1./.&. Deli#i%ción Te#p!rl. Te#p!rl. ………………………… …… $ 1./.'. Deli#i%ción C)n%i%%i*. …………………………… $ 1./. /. Alcnces de l In*es%i+ción. ………………………… 9 1.0 )s%iicción e i#p!r%nci de l in*es%i+ción. …………… 9
0. 2ARIABLE3 0.1 Deinición C!ncep%)l de ls *ri"les. ………………… 2& 0.1.1 2ri"le Independien%e. ……………………………… 2& 0.1.& 2ri"le Dependien%e. ……………………………… 2! 0.1.' Indicd!res. ………………………………………… 2! 0.& Deinición Operci!nl de ls *ri"les. ………………… 2! 7. DI3E8O OPERACIONAL OPERACIONAL 7.1 Tip! 9 ni*el de in*es%i+ción. ……………………………… 2! 7.& M5%!d! de l In*es%i+ción. ……………………………… 2' 7.' Uni*ers! 9 M)es%r. ………………………………………… 2' :. CONTRATA CONTRATACIÓN DE 4IPÓTE3I3 :.1 Dise;! de c!#pr!"ción de 4ipó%esis. ………………… 2"
INTRODUCCIÓN E( )*+* *./)* +/ I(1/(/34 +/ )4(5*)/, /6/+* 4 74 /8/:( +/ V345 +/ )4(5*)/ )//5)/, 74 M/;(4 +/ S/7*5 /5 (4 4=/()4 =/5(+>7/ 44 *+/ 77/?4 4 4>* ( )4>48* *=* /7 )4+* L4 M/;(4 D/ S/7*5 /5 74 4=4 +/ 74 /(4 @/ )4)4 /7 /5)+* +/ 745 */+4+/5 63545 . /7 *=*)4=/()* +/ 745 =4545 +/ 5/7*5 5*=/)+*5 4 ?4*5 )*5 +/ 6/45 L4 (1/(/34 +/ 5/7*5 /5 74 474:( +/ 7*5 (*5 +/ 74 =/;(4 +/ 5/7*5 4 7*5 *>7/=45 ;)*5, +/()* +/ 7*5 47/5 *+/=*5 =/(*(4 74 /8/:( +/ ( P*./)* +/ C4/)/45 L4 (*=4 /4(4 =/+4()/ 745 BE5/64*(/5 1/(/47/5 44 74
P44 /474 ( /5)+* 55)/=;)* +/7 /5/()/ )4>48* +/ (?/5)14:(, 5/ /5))4 * 7*5 51/()/5 45/)*5 S/ 4)/ * /7 74()/4=/()* +/7 *>7/=4, /6/+* 4 74 +/5:( +/ 74 /47+4+ *>7/=;)4 5*>/ 7*5 5/7*5 6(*5 *=* 6(+4:( +/ 4?=/()*5, 7*5 4()//+/()/5 )/:*5 /74*(4+*5 *( 74 (?/5)14:( 4 +/54*7745/, /7 *>7/=4 (47 . 7*5 /5/36*5, 74 +/7=)4:( +/ 74 (?/5)14:( /5447, )/=*47, 4())4)?4 . 7*5 474(/5 +/ 74 (?/5)14:( A5 =5=* 5/ 74()/4 74 85)64:(, =*)4(4
. 7=)4*(/5 +/ 74
(?/5)14:( 7/1* 7*5 6(+4=/()*5 )/:*5 +/ 74 (?/5)14:( 7, =4* <5):*, =4* )/:* . +/6(:( +/ )=(*5 >;5*5 )*+*5 /74*(4+*5 *( 745 */+4+/5 1/*=/;(45 +/ 7*5 5/7*5 6(*5 . /7 +5/* +/ 4?=/()*5 S/ 74()/4 /7 *>8/)?* 1/(/47 . 7*5 /5/36*5 @/ 74()/4( /7 /5)+* +/ 74 (?/5)14:(
1.PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA 1.1 DE3CRIPCIÓN DE LA REALIDAD PROBLEMTICA L45 (*=45 /4(45 44 /7 D5/* +/ C4/)/45 /5)4>7//( @/ 5/ +/>/( /474 /7*4*(/5 +/ 74 S>-454()/ * )//(* +/ 6(+4:( 4+4 2'0 = 44 /4=(4 /7 )* +/ 5/7*5 @/ 7* *(6*=4(, 45 =5=* +/)/=(4 745 */+4+/5 =/;(45, 5/(+* (4 */+4+ =*)4()/ /7 V47* R/74)?* +/ S**)/ CRK, )74(+* 44 /77* V47*/5 +/7 E(54.* +/ P*)* M*+64+* S/ 54>/ @/ /( */5*5 +/ /8/:( +/ *>45 ?47/5 /7 5/7* +/ 74 S>-454()/ * 6(+4:( (* 5/ 77/14 4 *=4)4 4 5 =;=4 +/(5+4+ 5/4 *>)/(+4 *( /7 P*)* M*+64+*, 5/(+* (* +/ 7*5 =*)?*5 7*5 *()/(+*5 47)*5 +/ <=/+4+ /( 5/7*5 6(*5 P/5)* @/ 74 (67/(4 +/7 *+77* +/ *=4)4:( 5*7* *=4)44 ( /5/5* =;=* +/ 20
+/ =4)/47 5/7/*(4+* 5/;( =/(*/5, */(+* /1*5 +/ @/ (* 5/4( 7*5 4+/4+*5, * *(51/()/ 74 64774 +/ 7*5 =5=*5 F(47=/()/, *( /7 /5/()/ )4>48* +/ (?/5)14:( 5/ /)/(+/ @/ 5/ *(5+// +/(5+4+/5 (4)47/5 . (* +/ 74>*4)**, 44 +/)/=(4 +5/*5 +/ 4?=/()*5 =45 5/1*5
1.&.
ANTECEDENTE3 TEÓRICO3 C*( /6//(4 47 /5/()/ )4>48* +/ (?/5)14:( 5/ <* (4 5// +/ (?/5)14*(/5 /( 745 >>7*)/45 +/ 745 (5))*(/5 5/*/5 +/ (/5)* =/+*, /7 47 )/(/ /74:( 5*>/ 7* @/ 5/ (?/5)1*, * *(51/()/, 74 /6//(4 /(*()4+4 6/ /5/()4+4 * TTULO D5/* +/ =/745 +/ 5/7* *=4)4+* 44 74 *(5):( +/ )/47/(/5 AUTOR GONZALO M AIASSA PEDRO A ARRUA
1.'.1 Pr!"le# Espec-ic!s Q 64)*/5 (67./( /( 745 ?44*(/5 +/7 *=*)4=/()* G/*=/;(* *=* 74 +/(5+4+ +/ 7*5 5/7*5 6(*5 +/ 74 C4/)/4 J*5 D*=(1* C<*@/<4(4 A577*, A;(14*, P(* - 2009 C;7 /5 /7 =)*+* =;5 4+/4+* /( 74 /?474:( +/ 74 S>-454()/ /( 5/7*5 6(*5, 44 +/)/=(4 /7 ?47* /74)?* +/ 5**)/ CRK +/ )47 =4(/4 *>)/(/ 7*5 /57)4+*5 =;5 /47/5 *5>7/5 +/ 74 C4/)/4 J*5 D*=(1* C<*@/<4(4 A577*, A;(14*, P(* - 2009 C:=* (67./ 745 ?44*(/5 +/ 745 */+4+/5 1/*=/;(45 /( /7 +5/* +/ 7*5 /5/5*/5 +/ 7*5 *=*(/()/5 +/7 4?=/()* +/ 74 C4/)/4 J*5/ D*=(1* C<*@/<4(4 A577*, A;(14*, P(* - 2009
1././. Alcnces de l In*es%i+ción. L4 (?/5)14:( /=); +/54*774 ( *(*=/()* =/8* 5*>/ 7*5 5/7*5 6(*5 (4)47/5K +/5)(4+*5 *=* 5**)/ * 6(+4:( +/ 4?=/()*5, .*5 64)*/5 (67./( /( /7 *=*)4=/()* +/7 4?=/()*
1.0 U3TI(ICACIÓN E IMPORTANCIA DE LA IN2E3TI,ACIÓN 1.0.1 )s%iicción de l In*es%i+ción E5 +/ (//5+4+ =*+47 @/ /7 I(1/(/* C?7 )/(14 ( >/( *(*=/()* +/ 74 (4)47/4 +/ ( 5/7*, 453 *=* )4=>( +/ 5 *=*)4=/()* 6/()/ 4 +?/545 (5)4(45 E7 *(*=/()* +/7 *=*)4=/()* +/ 7*5 5/7*5 /5 =. =*)4()/ .4 @/ )*+4 *>4 +/ (1/(/34 )/(/ *=* >45/ 47 5/7*, . 44 /7 @/ +5/4 . /8/)4 471( *./)* /5 =/(/5)/ @/ *(*4 /7 )* +/ 5/7* *( /7 47 /5)4
L*5 /57)4+*5 ?4( 4 5/? 44 )/(/ *(/)*5 . )/*5 74*5 4/4 +/ 74 =/)*+*7*134 =;5 */)4 44 /?474 471(*5 4;=/)*5 +/ 7*5 5/7*5, *=* 4*)/ 4 74 (1/(/34 +/ )4(5*)/5 . 1/*)/(4
1.0.&. I#p!r%nci de l In*es%i+ción.
L*5 4;=/)*5 1/*=/;(*5 *=* 5*( 74 +/(5+4+/5 =;=45 . CR 5*( 7*5 =/+*5 =;5 =*)4()/5 /( (/5)* 435 . 74 /1:( +/ P(* 44 ()*+(*5 /( /7 +5/* +/ ( 4?=/()*
C*=* )4/45 6(+4=/()47/5 /( 74 1/*=/;(4 )/(/=*5 @/ +/)/=(4 745 */+4+/5 63545 +/ 7*5 5/7*5, 7*5 47/5 (*5 5/?; 44 *./)4 /5))45 4+/4+45 4 74 /55)/(4 +/7 )//(*
1.0.'. Li#i%ci!nes de l In*es%i+ción
E( /7 */5* +/ 74 (?/5)14:( 5/ )/(/ +67)4+/5 =4.*=/()/ /( 74 )*=4 +/ =/5)45 +/ 7*5 5/7*5 . 74 +5*(>7+4+ +/ 7*5 74>*4)**5
&.& MARCO TEÓRICO VALOR RELATIVO DE SOPORTE % E5)/ ?47* =+/ 74 /55)/(4 47 *)/ +/ ( 5/7* >48* *(+*(/5 +/ <=/+4+ . +/(5+4+ *()*74+4E7 (=/* CR * 5=7/=/()/ CRK, 5/ *>)/(/ +/ 74 /74:( +/ 74 414 ()44 7>5712K (//544 44 7*14 (4 /)4 *6(++4+ +/ /(/)4:( +/7 5):( +/ /(/)4:( %9! =2K +/()* +/ 74 =/5)4 *=4)4+4 +/ 5/7* 4 ( *()/(+* +/ <=/+4+ . +/(5+4+ +4+45 *( /5/)* 4 74 414 ()44 4):( 7>5712K /@/+4 44 *>)/(/ 74 =5=4 *6(++4+ +/ /(/)4:( /( (4 =/5)4 /5);(+4 +/ =4)/47 ))4+* El ensayo permite obtener un número de la relación de soporte, que
MONTEJO FONSECA, ALFONSO. “Ingenieria de Pavimentos ” PANAMERICANA S.A. M!i"o. #$$%. P&g. '().
E5 (//54* +4()/ /5)/ /*+* )*=4 /15)*5 +/ /4(5:( 4+4 2! <*45 . 47 6(47 +/ 74 54)4:( )*=4 /7 */()48/ +/ /4(5:( @/ /5 Expansiòn E ( % ) = ×100 Altura ⋅ de ⋅ la ⋅ muestra
L45 /5/64*(/5 /5)4>7//( @/ 7*5 =4)/47/5 +/ 5)4=* 44
S> >45/ +/>/( )/(/ /4(5*(/5 =/(*/5 +/ 2
45/ +/>/( )/(/ /4(5*(/5 =/(*/5 +/ %
MONTEJO FONSECA, ALFONSO. “Ingenieria de Pavimentos ” PANAMERICANA S.A. M!i"o. #$$%. P&g. '().
C arg a ⋅ Unitaria ⋅ del ⋅ Ensayo × 100 (%) C arg a ⋅ Unitaria ⋅ Patron
CBR =
P44 +/)/=(4 /7 CR 5/ )*=4 *=* =4)/47 +/ *=44:( 74 /+4 ))4+4 @/ 5/34 /7 %00, /5 +/ CR X %00 L4 /55)/(4 4 74 /(/)4:( @/ /5/()4 4 74 <(4 +/7 5):( /5 PENETRACION
== 2' '0 #' %00 %2#
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)2).
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T4>74 E5/64*(/5 +/ />45 /( 74>*4)** L*5 =)*+*5 % . & 5/ /=7/4( *( 5/7*5 @/ )/(/( ( 47)* +/ 4)3745 >48* 74 =4774 \! X !#" ==, ( >/( )/* /5 *(5+/4 $0
(+/6(+4=/()/, 5(* @/ 47 454 74 <=/+4+ +/ ( /)* ?47*, 7*5 /5*5 /5/36*5 5/*5 *>)/(+*5 +5=(34(, /57)4(+* /*/5 *=4)4*(/5 /( 74 =/5)4 E5 +/, @/ /5)/ (4 <=/+4+ (47 +/(*=(4+4 <=/+4+ *)=4, @/ *+/ /7 =;=* /5* /5/6* 5/* @/ /+/ 7*145/ *( /5)/ */+=/()* +/ *=4)4:( ., * *(51/()/, 74 =/8* *=4)4:( +/7 5/7* L*5 /57)4+*5 +/ 745 />45 +/ *=4)4:( 5/ 1464( /( ?45 @/ /74*(4( /7 /5* /5/36* 5/* ?/55 /7 *()/(+* +/ 414, 7* @/ 5/ /+/ 4/4 /( 74 F14 '%#, 44 +6//()/5 5/7*5
E<)ip! necesri! M!lde de 1FF c#. D/ +;=/)* (*=(47 *( (4 44+4+ +/ 09!! _ 000$ 7), *( ( +;=/)* ()/(* +/ %0%" _ 0!== . (4 47)4 +/ %%"! _ 0% ==
M!lde de 10F ##. D/ +;=/)* (*=(47 *( (4 44+4+ +/ 2%2! _ 002% 7), *( ( +;=/)* ()/(* +/ %'2! _ 0% ==
F1 C?45 +/ *()*7 +/ ?4*5 5/7*5 Cli"rción del #!lde - S/ /54, 5/ /15)4 74 =454 +/7 =*7+/ ?43* M*K . 5/ +/)/=(4 74 44+4+ ?*7=)4 *=* 51/ - A85)4 /7 7(+* . 74 744 >45/ - C*7*4 /7 =*7+/ 5*>/ (4 5/6/ 6=/, 74(4 . <**()47 - L7/(4 /7 =*7+/ *( 414 4 )/=/4)4 4=>/()/ . +/)/=(4 74 =454 +/ 414 @/ 77/(4 /7 =*7+/ MHK 4*=4+4=/()/ 4 % 1 - M/+ 74 )/=/4)4 +/ 414 . +/)/=(4 5 /5* /5/6* JK, 5/1( 74 51/()/ T/=/4)4 C !
P/5* E5/6* G=& %0
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T4>74 T4=4* +/ 74 =/5)4 +/ /(54.* S/ +/5>/ 5*7* /7 =)*+* (*, P*)* S)4(+4+, .4 @/ 7*5 +/=;5 51/( /7 =5=* */+=/()* ?44(+* 5*7* 745 44)/35)45 (+4+45
# R//) 2 ?//5 74 */4:( 4()/*, /5464(+* 71/4=/()/ 74 5/6/ *=4)4+4 4()/5 +/ 41/14 (4 (/?4 44 A7 *=4)4 74 7)=4 44 +/>/ @/+4 ( /@/* //5* +/ =4)/47 * 5*>/ /7 >*+/ +/7 =*7+/, /7 @/ +/>/ 5*>/547 +/ c 4 d 714+4 $
R/)4 +4+*54=/()/ /7 *774 485)4+* . /(454 74 5/6/ +/7
=*7+/ *( (4 /174 =/);74 P/54 /7 =*7+/ *( 74 744K . /7 5/7* . /5)4 74 =454 +/7 =/*, *>)/(/(+* 453 74 =454 +/7 5/7* *=4)4+* MK R/15)4 4*=4+* 4 % 1 9 R/)4 /7 =4)/47 +/7 =*7+/ . /)4/ +*5 =/5)45 //5/()4)?45 +/7 5/7* *=4)4+* O>)/(/ 74 <=/+4+ +/ 4+4 (* +/ /77*5 . /15)4 74 <=/+4+ +/7 5/7* *=4)4+* *=* /7 *=/+* +/ 4=>45 R//) 745 */4*(/5 4()/*/5, <45)4 @/ <4.4 ( +//=/()* /( 74 +/(5+4+ <=/+4 +/7 5/7* E7 /(54./ 5/ +/>/ /6/)4 +/5+/ 74 *(+:( =;5 5/4 4 74 *(+:( =;5 <=/+4
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E7 P4?=/()* /5)4
*=/5)* +/ (4 44 +/ ;+*5 /(?/7)*5 .
417*=/4+*5 *( >/)( 456;7)*, +/ /5/5* =3(=* +/ 2' ==, . 5/ /(/()4( 5*>/ 445 +/ 55)/()4:( *=* >45/ 14(74 456;7)4, <*=1:( * 4?=/()* +/ >7*@/ T47 5**)4
/5))4 /5)4 +5/4+4 44
74 +5*5:( +/ 4145 /( 55 +6//()/5 445 @/ 74
*(5))./(, 453 *=* 74 44)/35)4 +/ 7*5 =4)/47/5 /=7/4+*5 /( 5 *(5):( N/?*5 =4)/47/5 *=* =)*+*5 *1(4( @/ /7 45647)* /+4 5/ 54+* *( =4.* /6/(4 *( =/(*/5 /5/5*/5, *( +/)/=(4+*5 )4)4=/()*5 El objetivo del pavimento es de ser capaz de soportar
3
MONTEJO FONSECA, ALFONSO. “Ingenieria de Pavimentos ” PANAMERICANA S.A. M!i"o.
#$$%. P&g. #3.
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DE(INICIÓN DE TRMINO3 B3ICO3 •
CBR E7 CR +/ ( 5/7* /5 74 414 ()44 */5*(+/()/ 4 0% : 02 +/ /(/)4:(, //54+4 /( * /()* /( 5 /5/)?* ?47* /5);(+4
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3UELO DE (UNDACIÓN E( )=(*5 1/(/47/5 /5 /7 )//(* *(6*=4+* * 5/7*, *45 * =/745 +/ 4=>*5, /( *)/, /77/(* * /( *)/ . /77/(* *=/(54+*5 .4 *:( 5/* (?/74+4 /674+4 . *=4)4+4 5?/ +/ 5**)/ 47 4?=/()*
•
DEN3IDAD P*/+4+ 6354 /74*(4+* 47 /5* . /7 ?*7=/( +/ 74 =4)/4
A(474 /7 *=*)4=/()* G/*=/;(* +/ 5/7*5 6(*5 *=* 6(+4:(
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74
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V/64 4 )4?5 +/ /(54.*5 +/ 74>*4)** /7 *=*)4=/()* G/*=/;(* +/ 5/7*5 6(*5 *=* 6(+4:( +/ P4?=/()*5 /( 74 C4/)/4 J*5 D*=(1* C<*@/<4(4 A577*, A;(14*, P(* 2009
V/64 74 ?44:( +/7 V47* R/74)?* +/ S**)/ CRK /( 6(:( +/ 745 +/(5+4+/5 +/ 7*5 5/7* 6(*5 @/ 5**)4 47 4?=/()*, /( 74
/.& 4IPÓTE3I3 DERI2ADA3
E7 /(54.* +/ P*)* E5);(+4 (*5 +4 /57)4+*5 +/ +/(5+4+/5 =45 4*+/5 4 74 /47+4+ *=* */+4+/5 1/*=/;(45 +/7 5/7* 6(* /( 74 C4/)/4 J*5 D*=(1* C<*@/<4(4 A577*, A;(14*, P(* 2009
C*(5+/4 +/(5+4+/5 =;=45 =4.*/5 4 745 (4)47/5, (67./ /( /7 V47* R/74)?* +/ S**)/ CRK 4=/()4(+* 55 ?47*/5, .4 @/ +//(+/ +/)4=/()/ +/ /5)4 */+4+ /( 74 C4/)/4 J*5 D*=(1* C<*@/<4(4 A577*, A;(14*, P(* 2009
A7 *(5+/4 /7 V47* R/74)?* +/ S**)/ CRK =4.* 4 7* /47 74 *(5//(4 /57)4()/ /5 ( 4?=/()*5 /5))47=/()/ +>7/5, /* 47 474 +/(5+4+/5 :=*5 47 *=*)4=/()* /47, 5/ 7*14 =/8*/5 +5/*5 +/ 4?=/()*5 /( 74 C4/)/4 J*5 D*=(1*
INDICADORE3 1 & '
D/(5+4+/5 5/45 V47* /74)?* +/ 5**)/ CRK H=/+4+/5
0.1.& 2ARIABLE DEPENDIENTE P4?=/()* 44 74 4/)/4
DE(INICIÓN CONCEPTUAL. E5))4 +/ ?445 445 +/ =4)/47/5 5/7/*(4+*5, @/ )/(/ 74 6(:( +/ 5**)4 /7 );6* +/ ?/<37*5
0.1.' INDICADORE3 @ 1
D5/* +/ P4?=/()*5
0.& DE(INICIÓN OPERACIONAL DE LA3 2ARIABLE3 INDICE3 2ARIABLE3
CATE,ORIA3
INDICADORE3
INDICE3
3UETO3 IN(ORMALE3
-
Carretera #ose
7.1.& NI2EL E7 (?/7 +/ 74 (?/5)14:( 5/; D/5)?*, *@/ 5/ /4744 /?474*(/5 . ;77*5 )/:*5 /( 74 C4/)/4 J*5 D*=(1* C<*@/<4(4 A577*, A;(14*, P(* 2009
7.& MTODO DE LA IN2E3TI,ACIÓN E7 =)*+* +/ (?/5)14:( @/ 5/ 51/ /5 /7 M/)*+* /()36* +*(+/ 5/ /?4744 7*5 4;=/)*5 1/*=/;(*5 +/7 5/7* 6(* *=* 6(+4:( +/ 74 C4/)/4 J*5 D*=(1* C<*@/<4(4 A577*, A;(14*, P(* 2009, 51/(+* 1*54=/()/ 7*5 45*5 +/ 74 (?/5)4*( /()64
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