PENGARUH PEMBELAJARAN INKUIRI TERBIMBING TERHADAP KETERAMPILAN PROSES SAINS SISWA PADA KONSEP KALOR (Eksperimen di MTs Annida Al-Islamy Bekasi)
PROPOSAL SKRIPSI
Oleh : NITA NURTAFITA NIM 107016300115
PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN FISIKA JURUSAN PENDIDIKAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM FAKULTAS ILMU TARBIYAH DAN KEGURUAN UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA 1432 H/2011 M
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BAB I PENDAHULUAN
A. Lata Latarr Bel Belak akan ang g Mas Masal alah ah
Peradaban manusia akan sangat diwarnai oleh tingkat penguasaan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi. Perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi akan bersumber pada Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam (IPA). Fisika sebagai salah satu unsur dalam dalam IPA IPA memp mempun unya yaii peran peranan an yang yang sang sangat at pent pentin ing g dan dan strat strateg egis is dala dalam m penge pengemba mbanga ngan n teknol teknologi ogi masa masa depan. depan. Oleh Oleh karena karena itu dalam dalam memacu memacu ilmu ilmu pengetahua pengetahuan n dan teknologi teknologi proses proses pembelajaran pembelajaran fisika perlu mendapat perhatian perhatian yang lebih mulai dari tingkat SD sampai perguruan tinggi. IPA-Fisika adalah ilmu pengetahuan yang menggunakan metode ilmiah dalam prosesnya. Dengan demikian maka proses pembelajaran fisika bukan hanya memahami konsep-konsep fisika semata, melainkan juga mengajar siswa berpikir konstr konstrukt uktif if melalui melalui fisika fisika sebaga sebagaii keteram keterampil pilan an proses proses sains sains (KPS), (KPS), sehing sehingga ga pemah pemahama aman n siswa siswa terhada terhadap p hakika hakikatt fisika fisika menjad menjadii utuh, utuh, baik baik sebaga sebagaii proses proses maupun sebagai produk. Dalam Dalam pembel pembelaja ajaran ran fisika fisika yang yang harus harus diperh diperhati atikan kan adalah adalah bagaim bagaimana ana siswa mendapatkan pengetahuan (learning to know ), konsep dan teori melalui pen penga gala lama man n prak prakti tiss deng dengan an cara cara mela melaks ksan anak akan an obse observ rvas asii atau atau eksp eksper erim imen en (learn secara langsu langsung ng ( skil objektives sehingga ga diriny dirinyaa berper berperan an learnin ing g to do), secara objektives) sehing sebagai ilmuan. Telah Telah dike diketa tahu huii bers bersam amaa bahw bahwaa di kala kalang ngan an sisw siswaa mene meneng ngah ah,, telah telah berkembang kesan yang kuat bahwa pelajaran fisika merupakan pelajaran yang suli sulitt untu untuk k dipa dipaha hami mi dan dan kura kurang ng mena menarik rik.. Sala Salah h satu satu peny penyeb ebab abny nyaa adal adalah ah kurang kurangnya nya minat minat dan motiva motivasi si untuk untuk mempel mempelaja ajari ri fisika fisika dengan dengan senang senang hati, hati, merasa terpaksa atau suatu kewajiban. Di samping penggunaan metode pembelajaran yang cenderung monoton dan kurangnya keterlibatan siswa dalam menemukan suatu konsep dalam proses
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menghafal informasi faktual, serta kecenderungan penggunaan soal-soal bentuk pil pilih ihan an gand gandaa murn murnii pada pada wakt waktu u ulan ulanga gan n hari harian an maup maupun un ulan ulanga gan n suma sumati tif. f. Pemb Pembel elaja ajaran ran sepe sepert rtii itu itu akan akan meni menimb mbul ulkan kan keti ketida dakt ktah ahua uan n pada pada diri diri sisw siswaa mengenai proses maupun sikap dari konsep fisika yang mereka peroleh. Akibatnya dalam menghadapi tantangan dunia luar atau terjun langsung ke masyarakat maupun dunia kerja mereka hanya menonjolkan pengetahuan atau konsep tetapi mereka tidak mengetahuai proses dan bagaimana harus bersikap yang seharusnya diperlihatkan dari konsep fisika tersebut. Dengan Dengan demiki demikian, an, seoran seorang g pendid pendidik ik perlu perlu menerap menerapkan kan sebuah sebuah metode metode yang mengarahkan siswa untuk berperan aktif dan menggali potensi yang ada pada pada diriny dirinyaa sendir sendiri, i, sehing sehingga ga siswa siswa mampu mampu mengem mengemban bangka gkan n keteram keterampila pilannketer keteram ampi pila lan n tert terten entu tu sepe sepert rtii keter keteram ampi pila lan n dala dalam m meny menyel eles esaik aikan an masa masala lah, h, ketera keterampi mpilan lan mengam mengambil bil keputu keputusan san,, ketera keterampi mpilan lan dalam dalam mengan menganalis alisis is data, data, berpikir secara logis dan sistematis. Salah satu metode pembelajaran yang melibatkan keaktifan siswa untuk menemukan konsepnya sendiri adalah dengan metode inkuiri terbimbing ( guided
inquiry ). Metode inkuiri terbimbing ini merupakan aplikasi dari pembelajaran kontruktivisme yang didasarkan pada observasi dan studi ilmiah sehingga metode inkuiri cocok digunakan untuk pembelajaran IPA khususnya fisika di mana siswa terlibat terlibat langsung langsung dengan objek yang dipelajarinya. dipelajarinya. Pembelajaran inkuiri yang melibatkan keakifan siswa, siswa didorong untuk belajar aktif dengan konsepkonsep konsep dan prinsip-prinsip prinsip-prinsip untuk mereka sendiri. sendiri. Di dalam pembelajaran pembelajaran inkuiri inkuiri terdapat proses-proses mental, yaitu merumuskan masalah, membuat hipotesis, mend mendes esain ain eksp eksper erim imen en,, mela melaku kuka kan n eksp eksperi erime men, n, meng mengum umpu pulk lkan an data data dan dan menganalisis data serta menarik kesimpulan.1 Salah satu konsep yang membutuhkan keterlibatan siswa dalam berbagai aktivi aktivitas tas dan membua membuatt siswa siswa lebih lebih aktif aktif adalah adalah konsep konsep kalor. kalor. Konsep Konsep kalor kalor terseb tersebut ut memerlu memerlukan kan pemiki pemikiran ran dan penjel penjelasan asan melalui melalui penala penalaran ran.. Dengan Dengan penalaran tersebut siswa dapat memecahkan masalah yang dihadapi serta dapat
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Konsep kalor di tingkat Sekolah Menengah atau Madrasah Tsanawiyah (M.Ts) bukan hal yang baru bagi siswa karena mereka telah mendapatkan teorinya termas termasuk uk secara secara umum umum di tingka tingkatt Sekola Sekolah h Dasar Dasar (SD). (SD). Walaup Walaupun un demiki demikian, an, sebagian di MTs kurang paham dalam proses menghitung, menganalisis soal dan memahami simbol-simbol serta penerapannya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Hal ini disebabkan karena siswa hanya menghafal bukan menemukan sendiri dalam memahami konsep kalor. Berdasarkan latar belakang tersebut di atas, peneliti merasa perlu untuk mela melaku kuka kan n
pene peneli litia tian n
deng dengan an
judu judull
“Peng “Pengaru aruh h
Pembe Pembelaj lajar aran an
Inkuir Inkuirii
Terbimbing terhadap Keterampilan Proses Sains Siswa pada Konsep Kalor”.
B. Inde Indent ntif ifik ikas asii Masa Masala lah h
Berd Berdas asark arkan an urai uraian an dari dari lata latarr bela belaka kang ng di atas, atas, dapa dapatt dike dikemu muka kaka kan n beberapa masalah sebagai berikut: 1. Aktivitas Aktivitas pembelajaran pembelajaran masih masih didominasi didominasi oleh guru guru (teacher-centered ). 2. Penggunaan Penggunaan metode metode pembelajaran pembelajaran yang cenderung cenderung monoton. monoton. 3. Guru menyampaik menyampaikan an pembelajaran pembelajaran sains (fisika) hanya sebagai sebagai produk saja. 4. Sisw Siswaa hany hanyaa seke sekeda darr mene meneri rima ma kons konsep ep yang yang suda sudah h jadi jadi dan dan kemu kemudi dian an menghafalnya.
C. Pemb Pembat atas asan an Mas Masal alah ah
Berdasarkan identifikasi masalah di atas, maka penelitian ini dibatasi pada indikator indikator aspek KPS yaitu: aspek mengamati mengamati atau mengobserv mengobservasi, asi, memprediks memprediksi, i, menerapkan konsep, dan melakukan komunikasi.
D. Rumu Rumusa san n Masa Masala lah h
Berd Berdas asark arkan an pemb pembat atas asan an masa masala lah h di atas atas,, maka maka rumu rumusa san n masa masala lah h penelitian ini adalah “ Bagaimana pengaruh penggunaan pembelajaran inkuiri
terbimbing terhadap keterampilan proses sains siswa pada konsep kalor ?”
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E. Tu Tuju juan an Pene Peneli liti tian an
Berd Berdas asark arkan an perm permas asal alah ahan an yang yang tela telah h diru dirumu musk skan an,, maka maka kegi kegiat atan an pen penel eliti itian an ini ini bert bertuj ujua uan n untu untuk k meng menget etah ahui ui peng pengaru aruh h pemb pembela elaja jaran ran inku inkuir irii terbimbing terhadap keterampilan proses sains siswa pada konsep kalor.
F. Manf Manfaa aatt Pene Penene neli liti tian an
Adapun manfaat yang dapat diambil dari penelitian ini adalah : 1.
Bagi Bagi sisw siswa, a, dapa dapatt memb memban angu gun n peng pengal alam aman anny nyaa send sendiri iri mela melalu luii kegi kegiat atan an penye penyelid lidika ikan n atau atau proses proses ilmiah ilmiah.. Dan dapat dapat mening meningkat katkan kan kemamp kemampuan uan keterampilan proses sains siswa.
2.
Bagi Bagi guru, dapat dapat dijadika dijadikan n alternatif alternatif pembel pembelajar ajaran an sehingg sehinggaa diharapka diharapkan n dapat meningkatkan kualitas pembelajaran sains.
3.
Bagi Bagi peneliti peneliti,, untuk menam menambah bah penge pengetah tahuan uan dan wawas wawasan an agar penel peneliti iti lebih lebih teram terampil pil dala dalam m meng menggu guna naka kan n meto metode de-me -meto tode de pemb pembela elaja jaran ran yang yang ada, ada, khususnya dalam metode pembelajaran inkuiri.
4.
Bagi Bagi pene peneli liti ti sela selanj njut utny nya, a, seba sebaga gaii baha bahan n refe refere rens nsii dan dan baha bahan n info inform rmas asii tentang penggunaan metode inkuiri untuk kepentingan penelitian selanjutnya.
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BAB II KAJIAN TEORETIS, KERANGKA BERPIKIR DAN RUMUSAN HIPOTESIS
A. Kaji Kajian an Te Teor oret etis is 1.
Pemb Pembel elaj ajar aran an inku inkuir irii
a.
Peng Penger erti tian an pemb pembel elaj ajar aran an inku inkuir irii
Pembel Pembelajar ajaran an merupa merupakan kan suatu suatu proses proses yang yang komple kompleks ks dan meliba melibatka tkan n berba berbagai gai aspek aspek yang yang saling saling berkai berkaitan tan2. Dalam Dalam kegiat kegiatan an pembel pembelaja ajaran ran terjad terjadii pro prose sess inte interak raksi si (hub (hubun unga gan n timb timbal al bali balik) k) antar antaraa guru guru deng dengan an sisw siswa. a. Guru Guru memberikan materi sementara siswa tidak hanya sekedar menerima begitu saja melainkan ada interaksi diantara keduanya sebagai suatu proses dalam rangka mencapai tujuan pembelajaran. Soeswa Soeswarso rso dalam dalam Lisnaw Lisnawati ati meyebu meyebutka tkan n bahwa bahwa pembel pembelajar ajaran an inquiry semu semula la dike dikemu muka kan n oleh oleh Rich Richard ard Such Suchma man n pada pada tahu tahun n 1966 1966,, seor seoran ang g ahli ahli psikologi pendidikan dari Universitas Illinois Amerika Serikat dalam bukunya “ Developing Inquiry ” yang diterapkan dalam mata pelajaran IPA dan dirancang untuk untuk meliba melibatka tkan n siswa siswa dalam dalam berpik berpikir ir sebab sebab akibat akibat dan untuk untuk mengaj mengajuka ukan n pertanyaan sehingga siswa lebih komunikatif. 3 Menuru Menurutt Schmid Schmidtt (2003) (2003) seperti seperti dikuti dikutip p Ibrahi Ibrahim, m, inkuir inkuirii berasa berasall dari dari bahasa inggris inquiry yang dapat diartikan sebagai proses bertanya dan mencari tahu jawaban terhadap pertanyaan ilmiah yang diajukannya. Pertanyaan ilmiah adalah pertanyaan pertanyaan yang dapat menguraika menguraikan n pada kegiatan kegiatan penyelidik penyelidikan an terhadap terhadap objek pertanyaan. 4 Inkuiri berasal dari bahasa Inggris “ inquiry ”, yang secara harfiah berarti penyelidik penyelidikan. an. Carin dan Sund (1975) mengemukak mengemukakan an bahwa “inquiry “inquiry is the Menurutt Collet Collette te & Chlape Chlapepet petta ta (1994) (1994) process process of investig investigatin ating g a problem problem”. Menuru 2
E. Mulyasa Mulyasa,, Menjadi Menjadi Guru Profesion Profesional al Menciptaka Menciptakan n Pembelajar Pembelajaran an Kreatif Kreatif dan Menyenangkan (Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosdakarya, 2007), ce ke 7, h. 69
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inqu inquir iryy is the the proc proces esss of find findin ing g out out by sear search chin ing g for for know knowle ledg dgee and and Menurutt Gulo Gulo (2002) (2002) inkuir inkuirii berarti berarti suatu suatu rangka rangkaian ian kegiat kegiatan an understanding . Menuru belajar yang melibatkan seluruh kemampuan siswa untuk mencari dan meyelidiki secara secara sistem sistemati atis, s, kritis kritis,, logis, logis, analit analitis, is, sehing sehingga ga mereka mereka dapat dapat merumu merumuska skan n sendiri penemuannya dengan penuh percaya diri. Trowbridge & Bybee (1986) mengemukakan “ Inquiry is the process of
defi defini ning ng
and and
inve invest stig igat atin ing g
prob proble lems ms,,
form formul ulat atin ing g
hypo hypoth thes eses es,,
desi design gnin ing g
exper experime iment nts, s, gather gathering ing data, data, and drawi drawing ng concul conculat ation ionss about about proble problems ms ”. Menurut mereka inquiry adalah proses mendefinisikan dan menyelidiki masalahmasalah, merumuskan hipotesis, merancang eksperimen, menemukan data, dan meng mengga gamb mbar arka kan n
kesi kesimp mpul ulan an
masa masala lahh-ma masa sala lah h
ters terseb ebut ut..
Lebi Lebih h
lanj lanjut ut,,
dikemukakan bahwa esensi dari pengajaran inkuiri adalah menata lingkungan atau suasan suasanaa belajar belajar yang yang berfok berfokus us pada pada siswa siswa dengan dengan member memberika ikan n bimbin bimbingan gan secukupnya dalam menemukan konsep-konsep dan prinsip-prinsip ilmiah. 5 (NSES) mendefinisi mendefinisikan kan inkuiri inkuiri Nationa Nationall Science Science Educati Education on Standard Standardss (NSES) sebagai sebagai aktivitas aktivitas beraneka beraneka ragam yang meliputi meliputi observasi observasi,, membuat membuat pertanyaan, pertanyaan, memeriksa buku-buku atau sumber informasi lain untuk melihat apa yang telah diketahui; merencanakan investigasi; memeriksa kembali apa yang telah diketahui menu menuru rutt
bukt buktii
eksp eksper erim imen en;;
meng menggu guna naka kan n
alat alat
untu untuk k
meng mengum umpu pulk lkan an,,
menganalisa, dan menginterpretasikan data, mengajukan jawaban, penjelasan dan prediksi, serta mengkomunikasikan hasil. Inkuri memerlukan identifikasi asumsi, berpikir kritis dan logis, dan pertimbangan keterangan atau penjelasan alternatif .6
Inquiry
jug juga
diar diarti tika kan n
seba sebag gai
akti aktiv vitas itas
sis siswa
dim dimana ana
mere mereka ka
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Menurut Menurut Douglas Douglas Liewellyn, Liewellyn, inkuiri inkuiri merupakan merupakan kegiatan kegiatan pembelajaran pembelajaran dimana siswa melibatkan diri mereka dalam proses penyelidikan, merumuskan pertan pertanyaa yaan n dan memecah memecahkan kan masalah masalah,, kegiata kegiatan n seperti seperti ini untuk untuk mengas mengasah ah keterampilan mereka agar hasil belajar siswa menjadi lebih baik. 7 Menurut Hebrank bahwa pembelajaran berbasis inkuiri adalah cara untuk memper memperole oleh h penget pengetahu ahuan an melalu melaluii proses proses inkuir inkuirii yang yang di dalamn dalamnya ya melipu meliputi ti pengamatan pengamatan dan pengukuran pengukuran,, membuat membuat hipotesis, hipotesis, interpretasi, interpretasi, hingga hingga berteori. berteori. Keunggulan mengajar sains dengan metode ini, diantaranya seperti: memperkecil atau menghilang menghilangkan kan peranan peranan teksbook dan penggunan metode ceramah karena siswa siswa tidak tidak aktif aktif terleb terlebih ih secara secara hans-on maupun mind-on , sehing sehingga ga inkuir inkuirii merupakan dasar dari metode active learning . Inkuiri ini menempatkan peserta didik sebagai subjek belajar yang aktif dan belajar selayaknya para saintis, dengan dibekali dibekali berbagai berbagai ilmu yang dimiliki dimiliki dengan dengan pengalaman pengalaman langsung langsung siswa belajar menemukan fakta/konsep dan juga mengkomunikasikan serta bertanggungjawab terhadap terhadap temuannya. temuannya. Meskipun Meskipun pendekatan ini berpusat berpusat kepada kepada kegiatan kegiatan peserta peserta didik, didik, namun namun guru guru tetap tetap memega memegang ng peran peran pentin penting g sebaga sebagaii pembua pembuatt desain desain pengalaman belajar.8 Dalam inkuiri siswa dituntut aktif secara fisik dan mental untuk dapat meng mengal alam amii
pemb pembel elaj ajar aran an
berm bermak akna na
yang yang
pada pada
haki hakika katn tnya ya
meru merupa paka kan n
peningkatan tingkatan pemahaman mereka terhadap materi pembelajaran. Dengan peran aktifnya siswa diharapkan diharapkan rasa ingin tahu menjadi menjadi bertambah bertambah sehingga sehingga pemahamanpun akan meningkat dan nilai-nilai pendidikan yang tercermin dalam
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melaks melaksana anakan kan percob percobaan aan atau atau eksper eksperime imen n dengan dengan mengg mengguna unakan kan alat alat untuk untuk memperoleh data, menganalisis dan menginterpretasi data, serta membuat prediksi dan mengkomunikasikan hasilnya . (Depdikbud, 1997; NRC, 2000). Uraian menurut ahli di atas menjelaskan tentang prosedur inkuiri, dimana dalam dalam menjel menjelask askan an proses proses pembel pembelajar ajaran an inkuir inkuirii harusl haruslah ah meliba melibatka tkan n dengan dengan kegi kegiat atan an-k -keg egia iata tan n
ters terseb ebut ut,,
yait yaitu u
meng mengaj ajuk ukan an
pert pertan anya yaan an
yang yang
ilmi ilmiah ah,,
merumuskan merumuskan pertanyaan pertanyaan yang relevan, relevan, merencanaka merencanakan n observasi, observasi, penyelidik penyelidikan an atau atau inve invest stig igas asii deng dengan an mela melaks ksan anak akan an perc percob obaan aan atau atau eksp eksper erim imen en deng dengan an menggunak menggunakan an alat untuk memperoleh memperoleh data, menganalisis menganalisis dan menginterp menginterpretasi retasi data serta membuat prediksi dan mengkomunikasikan hasilnya serta menerapkan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Sedangkan peranan materi dan proses sains, pembelajaran inkuiri sangat berpengaru berpengaruh h pada proses pembelajaran, pembelajaran, karena karena dalam kegiatan tersebut siswa melakukan melakukan penyelidik penyelidikan an berdasarkan berdasarkan permasalahan permasalahan yang diajukan guru, tetapi sisiwa sendiri yang menentukan prosedur penyelidikannya. Selain itu kegiatan pembelajaran pembelajaran tersebut tersebut dapat mengembang mengembangkan kan sebuah sebuah komunitas komunitas kekeluargaa kekeluargaan, n, saling bertukar informasi mengenai penyelidikan mereka masing-masing sehingga terjadinya kegiatan belajar-mengajar secara alami dan juga aktif di dalam kelas.9
b.
Kara Karakt kter eris isti tik k Inku Inkuir irii
Inkuiri adalah suatu metode yang digunakan dalam pembelajaran fisika
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1)
Pengamatan Sains diawali dengan pengamatan materi atau gejala. Pengamatan merupakan
lang langka kah h perm permul ulaa aan n untu untuk k inku inkuiri iri.. Sebe Sebelu lum m meng mengad adak akan an inve invest stig igas asii atau atau pen penye yeli lidi dikan kan,, terle terlebi bih h dahu dahulu lu kita kita haru haruss mela melaku kuka kan n peng pengam amata atan, n, kare karena na pengamatan merupakan langkah awal untuk proses inkuiri. Dengan melakukan pen penga gama matan tan kita kita dapa dapatt memp mempert ertan anyak yakan an dan dan dapa dapatt menc mencar arii info inform rmas asii dan dan mempel mempelajar ajarii suatu suatu gejala gejala yang yang akan akan kita kita selidi selidiki. ki. Karena Karena untuk untuk pembel pembelajar ajaran an sain sainss haru haruss digu diguna naka kan n pula pula tekn teknik ik peny penyel elid idik ikan an ilmi ilmiah ah yang yang efekt efektif if yait yaitu u mengidentifikasi objek, menggunakan lebih dari satu indera, menggunakan indera yang yang sesuai sesuai,, member memberika ikan n sifat sifat benda benda secara secara akurat akurat,, member memberika ikan n pengam pengamatan atan kualitatif dan kuantitatif dan memberikan perubahan dalam objek.
2)
Pengukuran Deskripsi kunatitatif suatu objek dan gejala merupakan praktek sains yang
dite diteri rima ma dan dan diin diingi gink nkan an.. Seba Sebab, b, desk deskri rips psii yang yang pres presis isii dan dan akur akurat at akan akan memperoleh penghargaan tinggi dalam sains. Karena hakikat sains erat kaitannya dengan hakikat fisika, yakni bukan hanya sekedar kumpulan fakta dan prinsip tetapi lebih dari itu juga mengandung cara-cara bagaimana memperoleh fakta dan prinsip serta sikap fisikawan dalam melakukannya. Karena dengan pemahaman sepe seperti rti itu itu akan akan memp memper erol oleh eh desk deskri rips psii yang yang lebi lebih h telit telitii dan dan akur akurat at dala dalam m memperoleh memperoleh data dan menginterp menginterpretasik retasikannya annya.. Adapun Adapun pengukuran pengukurannya nya seperti seperti
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melibatkan melibatkan pertanyaan-p pertanyaan-pertany ertanyaan, aan, pengamatan pengamatan-pengam -pengamatan, atan, dan pengukuran pengukuran- pengu pengukur kuran. an. Selain Selain itu, itu, eksper eksperime imen n juga juga meliba melibatka tkan n kegiat kegiatan an mengan menganalis alisis, is, membuk membuktika tikan n dan menarik menarik kesimp kesimpula ulan n mengen mengenai ai suatu suatu objek, objek, keadaa keadaan, n, atau atau proses sesuatu. Dengan demikian siswa dituntut untuk mengalami sendiri mencari kebena kebenaran ran atau mencob mencobaa mencari mencari suatu suatu hukum hukum dan menari menarik k kesimp kesimpula ulan n dari dari prose prosess yang yang dialam dialaminy inya. a. Selain Selain itu, itu, bereks bereksper perime imentas ntasii juga juga dapat dapat dilaku dilakukan kan dengan dengan cara mengik mengikuti uti petunj petunjuk uk sebuah sebuah eksper eksperime imen, n, mengem mengemban bangka gkan n cara altern alternatif atif untuk untuk menyel menyelidi idiki ki pertan pertanyaa yaan, n, manipu manipulas lasii materia material, l, menamp menampilk ilkan an penye penyelid lidikan ikan trial trial dan error, mengid mengident entifi ifikas kasii pertan pertanyaa yaan n yang yang dapat dapat diuji, diuji, meranc merancang ang prosed prosedur ur penyel penyelidi idikan kan sendir sendirii dan merumu merumuska skan n kesimp kesimpula ulan n yang yang sahih.
4)
Komunikasi Pemikiran Pemikiran yang independen independen dan penuh kejujuran kejujuran dalam melaporkan melaporkan hasil
pen penga gama matan tan dan dan peng penguk ukur uran an meru merupa paka kan n hal hal utam utamaa dalam dalam peny penyam ampa paian ian.. Pembelajaran sains memiliki paling tidak dua dimensi, yakni belajar materi sains dan bagaimana melakukan kegiatan sains. Siswa dapat belajar tentang hasil-hasil inkuiri sains yang mencakup fakta-fakta, konsep-konsep, prinsip-prinsip dan teori. Dalam Dalam melaku melakukan kan proses proses pembel pembelajar ajaran an terseb tersebut ut siswa siswa diusah diusahaka akan n harus harus memiliki memiliki pemikiran pemikiran yang independen independen dan penuh kejujuran kejujuran dalam melaporkan melaporkan hasil pengamatan dan pengukuran, karena hal itu merupakan paling utama dalam
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5) Pros Proses es-p -pro rose sess Ment Mental al Welch memberikan beberapa proses berpikir yang merupakan bagian integral dari inkuiri, yaitu penalaran induktif, merumuskan hipotesis dan teori, penaran deduktif, analogi, ekstrapolasi, sintesis, dan evaluasi. Proses Proses-pr -prose osess mental mental dalam dalam inkuir inkuirii ilmiah ilmiah dapat dapat juga juga melibat melibatkan kan proses proses- proses proses lainnya lainnya semacam semacam penggunaa penggunaan n imajinasi imajinasi dan intuisi. intuisi. Dimana Dimana penalaran penalaran induktif merupakan penalaran yang dimulai dari hal-hal yang khusus atau spesifik dan berakhir pada suatu hal yang umum atau pertimbangan dari kenyataan faktafakta fakta khusus khusus kepada kepada kesimp kesimpula ulan n umum. umum. Kesimp Kesimpula ulan n indukt induktif if selalu selalu berupa berupa general generalisa isasi, si, dimana dimana general generalisa isasi si indukt induktif if berdas berdasark arkan an fakta. fakta. Pada Pada penalar penalaran an induktif induktif ini, kita mengamati mengamati sejumlah sejumlah peristiwa peristiwa khusus khusus kemudian mengambil simp simpul ulan an dan dan beru berupa pa gene genera rali lisa sasi si yang yang berl berlak aku u pada pada peri perist stiw iwaa seje sejeni nis. s. Gene Genera rali lisa sasi si indu indukt ktif if seri sering ng dipe diperk rkua uatt oleh oleh cont contoh oh,, peri perinc ncia ian, n, penj penjel elas asan an,, pengkhususan atau ilustrasi.
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1) Trad Tradit itio iona nall hand handss-On On Praktikum (traditional hands-on ) adalah tipe inkuiri yang paling sederhana. Dalam praktikum guru menyediakan seluruh keperluan mulai dari topik sampai kesimp kesimpula ulan n yang yang harus harus ditemu ditemukan kan siswa siswa dalam dalam bentuk bentuk buku buku petunj petunjuk uk yang yang lengk lengkap. ap. Pada Pada tingka tingkatt ini muncul muncul,, oleh oleh karena karena itu, itu, prakti praktikum kum tidak tidak termas termasuk uk kegiatan inkuiri.
2) Peng Pengal alam aman an Sain Sainss yang yang Terst Terstru rukt ktur ur Pengalaman sains terstruktur ( structured structured science experiences ), yaitu kegiatan inku inkuiri iri diam diaman anaa guru guru mene menent ntuk ukan an topi topik, k, pert pertan anya yaan an,, baha bahan n dan dan pros prosed edur ur sedang sedangkan kan analis analisis is hasil hasil dan kesimp kesimpula ulan n dilaku dilakukan kan oleh oleh siswa. siswa. Jadi Jadi dalam dalam tingka tingkatan tan inkuir inkuiri, i, pengal pengalama aman n sains sains yang yang terstr terstrukt uktur ur melipu meliputi ti topik topik masala masalah, h, sumber masalah atau pertanyaan, bahan, prosedur atau rancangan kegitan, semua kegiatan tersebut guru yang melakukannya sedangkan pengumpulan dan analisis data serta pengambilan kesimpulan dilakukan oleh siswa.
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Inkuir Inkuirii siswa siswa mandir mandirii ( student dapat dikata dikatakan kan sebaga sebagaii student directe directed d inquiry inquiry), dapat inkuir inkuirii penuh penuh karena karena pada pada tingk tingkat at ini siswa siswa bertan bertangg ggung ung jawab jawab secara secara penuh penuh terhadap proses belajaranya, dan guru hanya memberikan bimbingan terbatas pada pemil pemiliha ihan n topik topik dan pengem pengemban bangan gan pertan pertanyaa yaan. n. Dimana Dimana pada pada tingka tingkatt siswa siswa mandir mandirii ini, ini, didasa didasarka rkan n pada pada intens intensita itass keterli keterlibat batan an siswa. siswa. Adapun Adapun bentuk bentuk kete keterl rlib ibat atan an sisw siswaa di dala dalam m kegi kegiat atan an inku inkuir irii sisw siswaa mand mandir irii ini ini adal adalah ah mengidenti mengidentifikasi fikasi masalah, masalah, pengambila pengambilan n keputusan keputusan tentang tentang teknik teknik pemecahan pemecahan masalah dan mengidentifikasi solusi tentatif terhadap masalah.
5)
Pene Peneli liti tian an Sis Siswa Peneli Penelitian tian siswa siswa ( student research), dala dalam m tipe tipe ini ini guru guru hany hanyaa berp berper eran an
sebaga sebagaii fasili fasilitato tatorr dan pembim pembimbin bing g sedang sedangkan kan penent penentuan uan atau atau pemili pemilihan han dan pelaksanaan proses dari seluruh komponen inkuiri menjadi tanggung jawab siswa. Dimana guru menetukan topik, pertanyaan dan menyediakan bahan penunjang untuk kegiatan proses pembelajaran inkuiri, sedangkan seluruh komponen inkuiri
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Para guru di dalam pembelajaran inkuiri lebih sebagai pemberi bimbingan, arah arahan an jika jika dipe diperl rluk ukan an oleh oleh sisw siswa. a. Dala Dalam m pros proses es inku inkuir irii sisw siswaa ditu ditunt ntut ut bertan bertanggu ggung ng jawab jawab penuh penuh terhad terhadap ap proses proses belajar belajarnya nya,, sehing sehingga ga guru guru harus harus menyesuaikan diri dengan kegiatan yang dilakukan oleh siswa, sehingga tidak mengganggu proses belajar siswa. 2.
Pemb Pembel elaj ajar aran an Ink Inkui uiri ri Ter Terbi bimb mbin ing g (Guided (Guided Inquiry) Inquiry)
a.
Pengertian Pembelajaran Pembelajaran Inkuiri Terbimbing (Guided (Guided Inquiry) Inquiry)
Menurut C.V. Schwarz & Y.N. Gwekwerere, inkuiri terbimbing adalah model pembelajaran yang didalamnya terdapat beberapa kegiatan yang bersifat ilmiah ilmiah,, dimana dimana siswa siswa disuru disuruh h menyam menyampai paikan kan ide-id ide-idee mereka mereka sebelu sebelum m topik topik tersebut mereka pelajarai, siswa menyelidiki sebuah gejala atau fenomena yang mereka mereka anggap anggap ganjil, ganjil, siswa menjelaskan menjelaskan fakta-fakta fakta-fakta dan membandin membandingkann gkannya ya secara secara sainti saintifik fik,, selain selain itu siswa siswa menany menanyaka akan n mengen mengenai ai sebuah sebuah situas situasii yang yang mendukung pembelajaran tersebut seperti perlengkapan sains dan teknologi. 12 Inkuiri Inkuiri terbimbing terbimbing ( guided inquiry) merupakan salah satu metode inkuiri dima dimana na guru guru meny menyed edia iaka kan n mate materi ri atau atau baha bahan n dan dan perm permas asal alah ahan an untu untuk k
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Inkuiri terbimbing (guided inquiry ) masih memegang peranan guru dalam memilih memilih topik atau bahasan, bahasan, pertanyaan dan menyediaka menyediakan n materi, akan tetapi tetapi siswa diharuskan diharuskan untuk mendesain atau merancang merancang penyelidik penyelidikan, an, menganalis menganalisaa hasil, dan sampai pada kesimpulan. 15 Inkuiri terbimbing menuntut siswa untuk mengembangkan langkah kerja (prosedur) dalam memecahkan masalah yang telah diberikan oleh guru melalui LKS jenis jenis challenge Menurutt Bonns Bonnstet tetter ter inkuir inkuirii terbim terbimbin bing g masih masih challenge activity. Menuru meme memega gang ng pera perana nan n guru guru dala dalam m memi memili lih h topi topik/ k/ba baha hasa san, n, pert pertan anya yaan an dan dan meny menyed edia iaka kan n mate materi, ri, akan akan teta tetapi pi sisw siswaa diha diharu rusk skan an untu untuk k mend mendes esain ain atau atau merancang penyelidikan, menganalisa, dan sampai kepada kesimpulan. kesimpulan.16
b.
Karakteristik Karakteristik Inkuiri Terbimbing (Guided (Guided Inquiry) Inquiry)
Menurut Carol C. Kuhlthau dan Ross J. Todd ada enam karakteristik inkuiri terbimbing ( guided inquiry) yaitu:
1) Siswa Siswa belaj belajar ar Aktif Aktif dan Teref Tereflek leksik sikan an pada pada Pengal Pengalama aman n
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belaja belajarr materi materi verbal verbal/tek /tekstu stual al dalam dalam jumlah jumlah yang yang besar besar di sekola sekolah. h. Menuru Menurutt Ausubel faktor terpenting yang mempengaruhi pembelajaran adalah melalui apa yang mereka tahu.
3) Sisw Siswaa Menge Mengemb mban angk gkan an Rang Rangka kaia ian n Berf Berfik ikir ir dala dalam m Pros Proses es Pemb Pembel elaja ajaran ran Melalui Bimbingan Rangka Rangkaian ian berpik berpikir ir ke arah yang yang lebih lebih tinggi tinggi memerl memerluka ukan n proses proses yang yang mendalam yang membawa kepada sebuah pemahaman. Proses yang mendalam memerlukan waktu dan motivasi yang dikembangkan oleh pertanyaan-pertnayaan yang yang otenti otentik k mengen mengenai ai objek objek yang yang telah telah digamb digambark arkan an dari dari pengal pengalama aman n dan keingintahuan siswa.
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6) Siswa Siswa Belaja Belajarr Melalui Melalui Inter Interaks aksii Sosial Sosial denga dengan n Orang Orang Lain Lain Siswa Siswa hidup hidup di lingku lingkunga ngan n sosia sosiall di mana mana mereka mereka terus terus meneru meneruss belajar belajar melalui interaksi dengan orang lain di sekitar mereka. Orang tua, teman, saudara, guru, kenalan, dan orang asing merupakan bagian dari lingkungan sosial yang membentuk membentuk pembelajaran lingkungan lingkungan pergaulan pergaulan di mana mereka mereka membangun membangun pemah pemahama aman n mengen mengenai ai dunia dunia dan membua membuatt makna makna untuk untuk mereka mereka.. Vigots Vigotsky ky berpendapat bahwa perkembangan proses hidup bergantung pada interaksi sosial dan pembelajaran sosial berperan penting untuk perkembangan kognitif .17
Berdasarkan Berdasarkan karakteristik karakteristik tersebut, tersebut, inkuiri inkuiri terbimbing terbimbing merupakan merupakan sebuah sebuah metode yang berfokus pada porses berpikir yang membangun pengalaman oleh
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Tahap keempat,
itu dapat terjadi secara berbeda. Guru meminta siswa untuk mengorganisasi data dan
Mengorganisasi Data Tahap kelima,
menyusun suatu penjelasan. Siswa menganalisis proses inkuiri.
Menganalisis Hasil
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Creating (menciptakan
pengamatannya, membuat laporan kegiatan
informasi) Fase kelima.
eksperimennya. Siswa mempresentasikan hasil pengamatannya.
Sharing
Guru mengomentari jalannya diskusi dan
(mengkomunikasikan
memberikan penguatan serta meluruskan hal-hal
informasi) Fase keenam,
yang kurang tepat. Guru memberikan penghargaan kepada masing-
Evaluating (Mengevaluasi)
masing kelompok yang telah memberikan presentasinya kemudian memberikan tugas individu mengenai materi yang telah dipelajari tadi.
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melaksanak melaksanakan an kegiatan kegiatan belajar belajar mengajar. mengajar.18 Cara Cara berpik berpikir ir dalam dalam sains, sains, fisika fisika misalnya, adalah keterampilan-keterampilan proses. Semiawan menyatakan bahwa keterampilan proses adalah keterampilan fisik dan mental terkait dengan kemampuan-kemampuan yang mendasar yang dimiliki, dikuasai dan diaplikasikan dalam suatu kegiatan ilmiah, sehingga para ilmuan ilmuan berhas berhasil il menemu menemukan kan sesuat sesuatu u yang yang baru. baru.19 Dengan Dengan mengembang mengembangkan kan keterampilan-keterampilan memproses perolehan siswa mampu menemukan dan meng engemba emban ngkan gkan
send endiri iri
fak fakta
dan dan
kon konsep sep
sert sertaa
menu menumb mbuh uhka kan n
dan
mengembangkan sikap dan nilai yang dituntut. 20 Menurut Mundilarto proses sains diturunkan dari langkah-langkah yang dilakukan saintis ketika melakukan penelitian ilmiah, langkah-langkah tersebut
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menyimpul menyimpulkan, kan, merumuska merumuskan n hipotesis, hipotesis, melakukan melakukan eksperimen, eksperimen, menganalis menganalisis is data, membuat laporan penelitian, dan mengkomunikasikan hasil penelitian.
b.
Jenis-Jen Jenis-Jenis is Keter Keterampil ampilan an Proses Proses Sains Sains dan dan Karakt Karakteris eristikny tiknya a
JenisJenis-jen jenis is keteram keterampil pilan an proses proses sains sains menuru menurutt Rustam Rustaman, an, adalah adalah sebaga sebagaii
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Hipote Hipotesis sis menyat menyataka akan n hubung hubungan an antara antara dua variab variabel, el, atau atau mengaj mengajuka ukan n perki perkiraan raan penyeb penyebab ab sesuat sesuatu u terjadi terjadi.. Dengan Dengan berhip berhipote otesis sis diungk diungkapk apkan an cara melaku melakukan kan pemeca pemecahan han masalah masalah,, karena karena dalam dalam rumusa rumusan n hipote hipotesis sis biasan biasanya ya terkadang cara untuk mengujinya.
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a)
Observ Observasi asi atau pengama pengamatan tan;; observ observasi asi mencaku mencakup p perhit perhitung ungan, an, penguku pengukuran ran,, klasifikasi, maupun mencari hubungan antara ruang dan waktu.
b) b)
Pemb Pembua uata tan n Hipo Hipote tesi siss
c)
Peren Perencan canaa aan n peneli peneliti tian an/ek /eksp sper erime imen n
d) Peng Pengen enda dali lian an vari variab abel el
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4. Mengg Menggun unak akan an Alat dan Bahan 5. Menera Menerapk pkan an
mengemukakan apa yang mungkin terjadi a. Terampil Terampil menggunaka menggunakan n alat/bahan alat/bahan b. Menget Mengetahu ahuii konsep konsep dan dan menggunakan alat dan bahan a. Menerapkan Menerapkan konsep konsep dalam dalam situas situasii baru baru
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a.
Peng Pengeertia tian Kalor lor
Kalor merupakan suatu bentuk energi yang berpindah dari benda yang suhunya lebih tinggi ke benda yang suhunya lebih rendah ketika kedua benda bersentuhan. Contoh: Gelas akan menjadi panas ketika diisi air panas, karena ada energi yang berpindah dari air panas ke gelas. Sebaliknya gelas menjadi dingin
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