*
@ ]esquia c ` pepch d` bua`r bu a`r fe rcsistêfgie g`ftre e Ditedure Aihiter
Fetefie Epercgide de Wihve F`nucire F`nucire **
Iftr`duîç`
@ ]esquia o`i ua pcri÷dig` quc girguh`u dureftc dues dégedes c quc fesgcu ca phcfe ditedure aihiter, s`l e énidc d` EI-3, f` ef` dc 59?9. @ pr`jct` o`i g`fgclid` ca sctcalr` dc 59?2, f` die ca quc a`rrcu Wérni` ]`rt` (Wtefishew ]`ftc ]rcte), quc pulhigeve E Gerepuîe, telh`idc scaefeh dc bua`r. @ ]esquia scrie scu sulstitut`. @ pr`jct` oig`u fes aç`s dc Ters` dc Gestr`, Jenuer, Zirehd`, Aihhôr Ocrfefdcs, Gerh`s Hc`fea, ]r÷spcri, Gheudius, O`rtufe, Wérni` Gelreh, Wérni` Eunust`, Ivef Hcsse, ]euh` Orefgis, Oeust` ^`hoo. Cssc nrup` grcsgie í acdide acd ide quc ` bua`r irrcvcrcftc d` ]esquia g`fquisteve ` púlhig` c drilheve e gcfsure iap`ste pche ditedure d itedure e t`d`s `s aci`s a ci`s dc g`aufigeîç`. Cre uae pulhigeîç` scaefeh, tcvc uae tirenca ifigieh dc <= aih cxcaphercs c gbcn`u e etifnir e aerge dc aeis dc <== aih ca scu eunc, f`s ef`s dc 59>=. Nreîes e`s cso`rî`s dc Jenuer, ` úfig` de cquipc `rinifeh e pcraefcgcr ca @ ]esquia, ` scaefåri` g`ftifu`u etiv` eté e dégede dc 599=. E úhtiae cdiîç`, dc fúacr` 5.=><, o`i pulhigede ca 55 dc f`vcalr` f`vcalr` dc 5995. Wcu p`ft` o`rtc, c sue prifgipeh erae g`ftre e ditedure, cre ` bua`r. Etrevés dc gertufs, gberncs c aetéries lca bua`redes, ` ]esquia g`fscnuiu pesser pere ` scu hcit`r acfsencfs quc eor`ftevea e `rdca vincftc. @ ]esquia oez pertc d` quc p`dca`s f`acer j`rfehisa` dc rcsistêfgie. ]`r vczcs vátiae de gcfsure, p`r vczcs g`fscnuifd` lurhå-he, ` ]esquia egel`u t`rfefd`-sc (fç` scrie achb`r: sc trefso`raefd` ca0) ca 0) ua a`dch` dc j`rfehisa` ehtcrfetiv` quc irie scr iaited` iaited ` p`r `utr`s pcri÷dig`s. C é ` bua`r g`a` o`rae dc rcsistêfgie ` f`ss` `ljct` dc cstud` f` prcscftc tcxt`. E pertir de efåhisc dc gberncs c gertufs pulhiged`s f` ]esquia, dcscjea`s *
Trelehb` eprcscfted` í disgiphife \csistêfgie ]`hátige c Guhtureh fe Ditedure Aihiter Lresihcire, aifistrede pche ]r`ocss`re Dre. Efnéhige Aøhhcr, f` scnufd` scacstrc hctiv` d` ef` dc <=57, d` Acstred` ca Bist÷rie d` L Lresih, resih, Sfivcrsidedc Wehned` dc @hivcire, Fitcr÷i. ** Ehufe d` gurs` dc Acstred` ca Bist÷rie d` Lresih de Sfivcrsidedc Wehned` dc @hivcire (Fitcr÷i, \J); cspcgiehizede ca Bist÷rie d` Lresih, g`a g`fgcftreîç` ca Bist÷rie \cni`feh, pche Sfivcrsidedc Ocdcreh dc Juiz dc O`re(SOJO), O`re(SOJO), Juiz dc O`re (AN); higcfgiede ca Bist÷rie pche Oeguhdedc Oeguhdedc dc Oih`s`oie, Giêfgies c Ertcs dc Getenuescs (OEOIG), Getenuescs (AN); pr`ocss`re de Cdugeîç` Låsige f` aufigápi` dc Hc`p`hdife (AN); Acalr` de Egedcaie Hc`p`hdifcfsc dc Hctres c Ertcs dc Hc`p`hdife; Dirct`re Guhtureh de Ess`gieîç` dc ]csquised`rcs ca Ertc Wcqucfgieh, g`a scdc ca Hc`p`hdife (AN).
dca`fstrer e iap`rtìfgie d`s gertufistes c de iaprcsse ehtcrfetive ca g`aletcr e idc`h`nie iap`ste pch` rcniac aihiter, hcver ifo`raeîócs e` nrefdc púlhig` c pr`a`vcr, pr` a`vcr, dc gcrte o`rae, uae g`fsgicftizeîç` p`hátige quc, dc `utre aefcire, fç` scrie p`ssávch. @ bua`r g`a` rcsistêfgie o`i uae o`rae dc cxprcssç` teft` des csqucrdes queft` de iftchcgtuehidedc lresihcire quc dca`fstr`u quc fca acsa` e gcfsure cre gepez dc iapcdir e cxprcssç` dc `pifiócs quc qu c dcsenredevea e` sistcae ditet`rieh. @ Bua`r c e dcfúfgie fe Bist÷rie B ist÷rie d` Lresih: d` Heftcrfe Aånige e` ]esquia
Gberncs, gerigetures c gertufs dcsdc quc o`rea g`fgclid`s g`a` teh p`dca scr utihized`s g`a` o`rae dc aefiocster uae grátige, ridiguherizer ua ifdivádu`, ua nrup` `u acsa` ` sistcae p`hátig`. Etrevés d` bua`r, ` gertufiste, ` gberniste `u ` gerigeturiste cxprcsse p`r aci` de iaenca, eg`apefbed` `u fç` dc tcxt`, `u ca tires efcd÷tiges, sue `pifiç` egcrge dc ua dctcraifed` tcae, quc hbc é ger`. Cssc tip` dc ertc p`dc scr, tealéa, uae rcsp`ste, rcsp`ste, uae dcocse c, p`rquc p`rquc fç`, uae o`rae dc rcsistêfgie. rcsistêfgie.
Iaenca =5- E Geapeifbe/ Uuca Uuca qucr; quca qucr rcdinir/@ G`rrci` @oigieh!/ ]ene-sc lca. T`d`s o`nca0/Fufge sc viu g`ise inueh/ - @ Guj`/ G`a G`a três g`ft`s c scisgcft`s/Cu equi´st`u, acu scfb`r scfb`r
B`fre tcfb` c pr`lidedc/Uuc aeis qucr d´ua rcdet`r0 (HIAE, 59?7, p. >7).
F` ges` cspcgáoig` d` Lresih, tca`s auit`s cxcaph`s dc g`a` e iaprcfse sc utihize d`s dcscfb`s gôaig`s pere cxpriair sue ifsetisoeîç` c dcfufgier pr`lhcaes dc
`rdca p`hátige, s`gieh c guhtureh. Sae des priacires gberncs pulhigedes f` Lresih, ca 527>, dcfufgi`u ` peneacft` dc pr`pife f` G`rrci` @oigieh, ` cquivehcftc e` Diåri` @oigieh f`s dies etueis (Iaenca =5). E eut`rie é d` pift`r, csgrit`r, ihustred`r c erquitct` Aefuch dc Ereúj` ]`rt` Ehcnrc (52=?-52>9), oufded`r d` priacir` j`rfeh dc gerigetures d` Lresih, E Heftcrfe Aånige Aånige, ca 5244. Cal`re gerigetures c gberncs prcgcdea e grieîç` dc E Heftcrfe Aånige , cssc pcri÷dig` irå hefîer e lesc pere e grieîç` dc uae hifbe dc pulhigeîócs quc sc t`rferie auit` p`puher f` séguh` RIR. Wurnirea divcrses pulhigeîócs ihustredes, auites dches fe gidedc d` \i` dc Jefcir`, gcftr` d` p`dcr p`hátig` d` Iapéri`. E g`rtc cre o`ftc ifoifdåvch dc aetcrieh pere gbernistes c gerigeturistes. Ep÷s ` hefîeacft` de Heftcrfe Aånige, e iaprcfse lresihcire cxilc scu hed` acf`s girgufspct`: uae ep÷s e `utre, ifúacres pulhigeîócs ihustredes quclrea ` rita` a`f`g÷rdi` d`s nrefdcs j`rfeis, geusefd` iapegt` f`s hcit`rcs g`a e o`rîe visueh des gerigetures (WIH_CI\E, <==9: 45).
Essia, gberncs, gerigetures, gertufs c dcp`is `s quedrifb`s, usefd` ` bua`r, t`rferea-sc ifstruacft`s dc grátige p`hátige. É iap`rteftc sehicfter quc ` us` de iaenca tifbe, tealéa, ua `ljctiv` pcden÷nig`. Fua peás dc efehoelct`s, e iaenca cre e prifgipeh erae d`s `p`sit`rcs d` n`vcrf`. F`acs iap`rteftcs de bist÷rie de iaprcfse ihustrede d` Lresih, g`a` Efnch` En`stifi, userea c eluserea dcssc rcgurs` pere hcver í p`puheîç` p`ug` ifstruáde ifo`raeîócs ifo`raeîócs quc hbcs pcraitissca o`raer uae `pifiç` acf`s hiaitede de rcehidedc s`gieh, p`hátige c cg`fôaige d` Lresih. Wcnufd` Cufágie Lerr`s Lergch`s Ocrfefdcs, e iaprcfse pcri÷dige tifbe ua pepch iap`rteftc ‘g`a` encftc acdied`r dc ifo`raeîócs c idéies, ertiguhefd` nrup`s dc diocrcftcs cstret`s s`gieis c iftcrcsscs‑ , che rcprcscfteve e a`dcrfidedc c cre, tealéa, ua ifstruacft` pcden÷nig` quc sc t`rfeve i ap`rteftc ifstruacft` pere e g`fstruîç` dc rcocrêfgies s`gieis (F@NSCI\E, <==2: =>).
Auit`s pcri÷dig`s, g`a` rcvistes scaefeis `u acfseis, pessea e utihizer e iaenca g`a` ifstruacft` pere etreir ` hcit`r. Ehéa de grátige p`hátige, vehie-sc d` us` d` gertua g`a` uae o`rae dc pr`a`vcr uae grátige, tealéa, e`s g`stuacs. G`a ` oia d` Iapéri`, ` us` d` rcgurs` des gberncs c gerigetures pcraefcgc c sc eaphie. ]rcsidcftcs de \cpúlhige c p`hátig`s pr`caifcftcs o`rea setirized`s fe o`rae dc iaencfs. Sa cpis÷di` tehvcz p`ug` g`fbcgid` é equchc f` queh e gerigeturiste Feir dc
Tcooé, cftç` priacire deae d` Lresih, divuhne uae gerigeture dc \ui Lerl`se (Iaenca =<), dcseoct` p`hátig` dc scu aerid`, ` prcsidcftc Bcracs de O`fscge (WEFT@W, 5999 : 4?)
Iaenca =< ‗ Gerigeture dc \ui Lerl`se p`r Feir dc Tcooé (WEFT@W, 5999, 55?).
Dureftc e Cre _ernes, es gberncs o`rea ifstruacft`s dc rcsistêfgie í ditedure, g`a dcstequc pere Lcfcdit` Lest`s Lerrct`, ` Lcha`ftc. Lcha`ftc o`i grátig` ocrrcfb` dc _ernes c d`s rcniacs t`tehitåri`s. Wues ihustreîócs ridiguherizefd` Bithcr c scus ehied`s hbc rcfdcrea f`t`ricdedc. Gbcn`u e scr gited` p`r p` r J`scpb N`cllchs, aifistr` de ]r`penefde c de Ifo`raeîç` dc Bithcr, quc ` egus`u, ca ua pr`nreae dc rådi`, dc tcr sid` g`apred` pch`s ehied`s (D@FET@, <==7).
Iaenca =7 - Egcrv` pcss`eh. Iaenca gcdide pch` gertufiste Lire Deftes. Juge ]et` gritige _ernes, quc
rct`rfe e` p`dcr, fe dégede dc 593=.
É p`ssávch g`fsteter quc ` bua`r tcvc, e` h`fn` de bist÷rie d` Lresih, ua pepch grugieh. Chc o`i ua ifstruacft` d`s aci`s dc g`aufigeîç` dc gede ép`ge pere gritiger fç` epcfes ` n`vcrf`, aes e s`gicdedc. @ bua`r, fe o`rae dc gberncs, gertufs c gerigetures, uae o`rae fç` epcfes dc pr`tcst`, aes dc rcsistêfgie e situeîócs g`fsidcredes elsurdes. Crea ifstruacft`s dc o`raeîç` p`hátige, a`reh c s`gieh. Ifstruacft`s dc rcsistêfgie, p`r essia dizcr. Ca sue tcsc dc d`ut`red`, Efnéhige Auhhcr rcg`rrc e Orefî`is Léderide fe g`fstruîç` d` g`fgcit` dc rcsistêfgie. ]ere cssc eut`r, e rcsistêfgie é gcftrede ca uae rcguse, f` fç` egciteacft` dc uae situeîç` cspcgáoige; ua g`aletc ghefdcstif`, p`rteft`, fç` `oigieh `u fç` eut`rized`; eut`rized`; fuae h÷nige p`hátige c fuae h÷nige étige c fuae aca÷rie cstruturede c etueftc. E pcsquised`re hcalre eifde dc Hel`ric, quc efehise e rcsistêfgie g`a` ua pr`gcss` s`gi`guhtureh f` queh cstå prcscftc e g`fsgiêfgie dc rcsistir c ` dcscj` dc etifnir ` ifiain` (AØHHC\, <=5=: <=). Csse rcsistêfgie, quc epercgc fe o`rae dc pulhigeîócs quc rcg`rrca e` bua`r, irå sc iftcfsioiger fes dégedes dc 59?= c 592=. E ditedure aihiter f` Lresih, g`a ` cstelchcgiacft` de gcfsure, egele p`r cstiauher ` surniacft` dc uae iaprcsse
ehtcrfetive c g`aletive. Cftrc `s ef`s dc 59?4 e 5924, o`rea pulhiged`s aeis dc 53= pcri÷dig`s ehtcrfetiv`s, g`a tcaåtiges quc cfv`hviea p`hátige, ocaifisa`, b`a`sscxuehisa` c guhture. \cgclca e dcf`aifeîç` dc ehtcrfetiv`s, p`rquc csse tcraif`h`nie rcactc í idcie dc rcsistêfgie g`ftreguhtureh (\@WE, <==3: =<). Wcnufd` Elrea` (5922), e iaprcfse ehtcrfetive lusgeve oezcr ua g`ftrep`ft` í iaprcfse lurnucse, che fç` tifbe g`a` iftuit` sulstituihe, aes o`i e o`rae cfg`ftrede dc cxp`r `utr`s p`ft`s dc viste p`hátig`s c s`gieis etrevés d` aci` iaprcss`. E peute d`s ehtcrfetiv`s eht crfetiv`s tifbea p`r lesc es f`tágies de nrefdc iaprcfse, p`réa g`a f`ves efåhiscs c cfo`quc, oet`rcs quc dc oet` `s diocrie c `s g`h`geve ca pcrspcgtives diocrcftcs (TE_CI\E, (TE_CI\E, <=57: =7).
Csse iaprcfse ehtcrfetive surniu de ertiguheîç` cftrc j`rfehistes c iftchcgtueis, ca lusge dc cspeî`s ehtcrfetiv`s í nrefdc iaprcfse c í ufivcrsidedc. Sae des geregtcrástiges dcsse iaprcsse ehtcrfetive cre scu geråtcr fç` caprcserieh. Cal`re fç` scje uae f`videdc, uae vcz quc jå cxistiu ca pcrá`d`s eftcri`rcs, g`a` `s j`rfeis eferquistes, p`r cxcaph`, d` ifági` d` séguh` RR, csse f`ve iaprcsse ehtcrfetive vei if`ver etrevés dc pulhigeîócs g`a` ` ]esquia, quc etifniu ua púlhig` dc gcftcfes dc aihbercs dc hcit`rcs fua pcrá`d` dc d c iftcfse gcfsure iap`ste pch` n`vcrf`. Csscs j`rfeis ehtcrfetiv`s dcfufgierea es t`rtures c vi`heîócs d`s dircit`s buaef`s c oizcrea grátiges e` a`dch` cg`fôaig` ed`red` pche ditedure. Csses pulhigeîócs scnuiea tcfdêfgies divcrses, b`re ifohucfgiedes pches idc`h`nies dc csqucrde, b`re orut` de pr÷prie ifsetisoeîç` de s`gicdedc g`a ` rcniac. @ ]esquia, p`r cxcaph`, cre ua j`rfeh dc lesc oih`s÷oige cxistcfgiehiste. Etrevés d` bua`r, gritig`u peredinaes c cforcft`u `s telus de a`reh vincftc ‗ hilcreîç` scxueh, cftrc `utr`s tcaes o`rea hcvefted`s c disgutid`s, susgitefd` csgìfdeh`s c pr`v`gefd` rceîócs epeix`fedes. Divuhn`u f` Lresih tcaåtiges de g`ftreguhture c de lusge dc f`v`s a`d`s dc pcrgcpîç` etrevés des dr`nes. Es cftrcvistes d` ]esquia t`rferea-sc e trilufe hivrc des v`zcs dc `p`siîç` e` rcniac, ` cspeî` pere e aefiocsteîç` dc iftchcgtueis, ertistes c p`hátig`s @ bua`r o`i, cftç`, ` vcáguh` etrevés d` queh sc vielihiz`u cste `pîç`, quc, dc uae geregtcrástige pcss`eh d`s j`rfehistes d` ]esquia, t`rf`u-sc ua chcacft` dc idcftioigeîç` g`a ` púlhig`, `u scje, rcehizefd`-sc fuae rcheîç` g`hctive (USCI\@Z: <==3, <7<).
@ ]esquia vca pere `guper ua vågu` dcixed` p`r pcri÷dig`s p cri÷dig`s bua`rástig`s, quc cftrc `s ef`s dc 59?> c 59?2 dcixerea dc scr pr`duzid`s. Fcssc pcrá`d`, três
sinfioigetiv`s cspeî`s dc cxprcssç` d` bua`r fe gbeaede nrefdc iaprcfse - `
suphcacft` Gertua, d` J`rfeh d`s Wp`rts; @ Gcftev` , f` @ Gruzcir`; Aefcquifb` Aefcquifb` , f` G`rrci` de Aefbç - o`rea cxtift`s ca 59?> ( KSGIFWKI, <==5: 5<). Ca, 59?2, g`a e a`rtc dc Wérni` ]`rt` (Wtefishew ]`ftc ]rcte), quc cditeve ` E Gerepuîe, cre prcgis` grier ua f`v` vcáguh` dc g`aufigeîç` c bua`r, fç` hined` í nrefdc iaprcfse. E priacire cdiîç` d` ]esquia o`i hefîede ca = t`rf`u-sc ua et` g`hctiv` g`ftre e ditedure, cxtrevesefd` `s hiaitcs fç` g`for`ftegi`feis d` bua`r p`hátig` ghåssig`. Teft` essia quc @ ]esquia o`i cftcfdid` pche bicrerquie aihiter g`a` ifstruacft` dc g`for`ft` (KSGIFWKI , <==5:
]`r aeis dc uae vcz, g`hel`red`rcs d` ]esquia o`rea prcs`s. @ ges` aeis f`t÷ri` tehvcz tcfbe sid` equchc dc f`vcalr` dc 59>=, quefd` t`de e rcdeîç` d` ]esquia o`i prcse p`r g`fte dc uae lrifgedcire ocite g`a e oea`se pifture dc ]cdr` Eaérig` quc aerge ` a`acft` de Ifdcpcfdêfgie d` Lresih. Irrcvcrcftcs, e ‘pet`te‑ d` ]esquia, acsa` s`l ` risg` dc prisç`, lrifge g`a e pr÷prie oehte dc hilcrdedc dc cxprcssç`, g`a` p`dca`s vcr f` gertua dc O`rtufe (Iaenca =4).
Iaenca =4 - JENSE\, ESNSWT@, WÉ\NI@ (@rn). @ achb`r d` ]esquia: eft`h`nie, v`h. =5 (59?9 ‗ 59>5). \i` dc Jefcir`: Dcsidcrete, <==?, < ==?, p. <55
@ ]esquia aud`u ` cstih` de iaprcfse. Ocz us` dc pehevrócs, quc crea disoerîed`s etrevés dc fc`h`nisa`s (pô, putsnrihe, pege, ctg). E gcfsure tifbe ua nrefdc prc`gupeîç` g`a ` g`ap`rteacft` ifdividueh. Sae audefîe f`s g`stuacs p`dcrie g`h`ger ca xcquc ` p`dcr `oigiehacftc g`fstituád`. E prcssç` s`lrc ` ]esquia, fcssc scftid`, o`i auit` o`rtc. Teft` T eft` quc, f` fúacr` <3, \ulca O`fscge csgrcvcu ua ertin`
cxphigefd` quc ‘pehevrç` fç` é p`rf`nreoie‑ (KSGIFWKI, <==5: 5=9). @s pesquifief`s lrifgevea g`a es pehevres c es iaencfs. Ssevea chcacft`s de scaìftige pere iftr`duzir ` pehevrç` dc o`rae grietive. Cre uae o`rae dc eor`fter e a`reh c dc g`h`ger e gcfsure fuae situeîç` ca quc, ca ehnufs ges`s, dcixeve pesser ehnufs g`acftåri`s dc a`reh duvid`se. _cje ehnufs d`s gertufs pr`duzid`s p`r Zirehd` iftr`duzifd` pehevres quc p`dca scr oegihacftc rchegi`fedes e pehevrócs (Iaenca =3).
Iaenca =3 - Zirehd` oez g`fv`geîç`: eleix` ` pehevrç`. JENSE\, ESNSWT@, WÉ\NI@ (@rn). @
achb`r d` ]esquia: ]esquia: eft`h`nie, v`h. =5 (59?9 ‗ 59>5). \i` dc Jefcir`: Jefcir`: Dcsidcrete, <==?, p. >3
@ pehevrç` é tç` viteh quc é ` úfig` sulsteftiv` (`u iftcrjciîç`) quc jå g`ftéa p`ft` dc cxgheaeîç`. F÷s rcg`fbcgca`s quc uae l`e cap`hneîç` `u uae ca`îç` aei`r fç` p`dc vivcr sca ua pehevrç` edcqued`. Cftrcteft`, bå dc sc rcspciter equchcs e quca ` pehevrç` gb`ge `u g`foufdc. W`a`s e oev`r de g`fvivêfgie pegáoige c equi cstea`s pere pr`p`r uae s`huîç` pere ` iapessc: egelc-sc g`a ` pehevrç` aes quc e háfnue ed`tc pehevres f`ves tç` prcgises queft` fcgcssitca dc cxtcri`rizer f`sses ca`îócs aeis vin`r`ses (JENSE\, <==?: >4).
Essia, quefd` ` ]esquia etegeve dc a`d` dcl`gbed` e a`reh c `s g`stuacs
csteve, e` acsa` tcap`, etegefd` quca `s dcocfdie, e ditedure. @ ]esquia trefso`rae ` disgurs` bua`rástig` fuae p`dcr`se erae e oev`r d`s iftchcgtueis quc g`hel`revea pere ` pcri÷dig`. Csse rupture de hifnuenca tca g`a` rcsuhted` e ifvcfîç` dc ua f`v` peredinae tcxtueh, lesced`s fes ertcs visueis (USCI\@Z, <==4: <77).
@ ]esquia, e` hed` dc sues reázcs f` fegi`feh-p`puher, ifstituiu ` guht` de guhture f`rtc-eacrigefe, c eifde dct`f`u ua a`viacft` pr÷pri` dc g`ftreguhture, trefso`raefd` t refso`raefd` es hifnuencfs d` j`rfehisa` c de pulhigidedc, c eté e hifnuenca g`h`quieh. @ ]esquia aud`u bålit`s c veh`rcs, cap`hnefd` j`vcfs c ed`hcsgcftcs f`s ef`s dc 59>=, ca cspcgieh fes gidedcs iftcri`refes quc beviea oh`rcsgid`
dureftc ` aihenrc cg`fôaig`, cfgepsuhedes fuae a`reh pr`vifgiefe (KSGIFWKI , <==5: =?).
Iaenca =? - JENSE\, ESNSWT@, WÉ\NI@ (@rn). @ achb`r d` ]esquia: eft`h`nie, v`h. =5 (59?9 ‗
59>5). \i` dc Jefcir`: Dcsidcrete, <==?, p. 595
E hciture c rchciture dc uae iaenca p`dc f`s g`fduzir e aeis dc uae iftcrprcteîç`. Ches j`nea g`a e iaenifeîç` d` hcit`r. Ca ua úfig` gertua våries iaencfs p`dca scr cfviedes. Fe iaenca =?, p`r cxcaph`, tca`s dcsdc iaencfs g`a g`f`teîç` scxueh eté grátiges p`hátiges e` rcniac aihiter. F` ]esquia, ` ris` cre utihized` g`a` ua ertioági` dirct` ‗ quefd` qu efd` e acfsenca p`die scr oegihacftc idcftioigede - `u ifdirct` - quefd` e piede `u e grátige cfg`ftrevesc fes cftrchifbes. Trelehbeve teft` g`a e acfsenca cxphágite queft` iaphágite, j`nefd` g`a ` hcit`r c g`a e gcfsure. _cje eleix` ehnufs gertufs pr`duzid`s p`r Zirehd`, s`l ` tátuh` ‘Lresih, eac-` `u dcixc-`‑ quc trez uae séric dc grátiges e` n`vcrf`, sutihacftc geauohedes s`l e énidc d` bua`r.
Iaenca => - JENSE\, ESNSWT@, WÉ\NI@ (@rn). @ achb`r d` ]esquia: eft`h`nie, v`h. =5 (59?9 ‗
59>5). \i` dc Jefcir`: Dcsidcrete, <==?, < ==?, p 547.
Es gberncs c `s gertufs o`rea es ocrreacftes quc tivcrea aei`r epch` p`puher f` ]esquia. \cufifd`, e` acsa` tcap`, ertc, bua`r c `pifiç`, c `ocrcgcfd` vcrdedcires grôfiges d` g`tidief`, fe o`rae dc iaencfs. Stihizefd`-sc dc bua`r, ` gberniste trefsaitc sues idcies c ifsetisoeîócs c dcixe ua g`fvitc iaphágit` í s`gicdedc givih: rcohctir s`lrc ` a`acft` vivid` f` Lresih dureftc e ditedure. Diocrcftc dc `utr`s j`rfeis, e gbernc tifbe nrefdc iap`rtìfgie c dcstequc gcftreh, g`a che sc g`alifeve ` ris` g`a e g`ftcsteîç` e` rcniac aihiter c såtire e`s g`stuacs de s`gicdedc de ép`ge. E gbernc p`dc percgcr is`hede ca uae pånife e` e ` hed` dc ertin`s c efúfgi`s, t cr uae pånife iftcire, `u ca g`fjuft`s dc a`d` e g`ap`r uae pånife, p`dc scr ocite p`r ua gberniste s`lrc ua acsa` tcae `u divcrs`s, `u p`r divcrs`s gbernistes s`lrc ua acsa` tcae (AEHEGBIEW, ( AEHEGBIEW, <=5<: =7).
G`fsidcreîócs oifeis
@ us` p`hátig` de iaenca vca scfd`, e` h`fn` de bist÷rie d` Lresih, ua ifstruacft` dc rcsistêfgie, quc sc aefiocste f`s a`acft`s ca quc e s`gicdedc pesse p`r audefîe, scjea ches f`s g`stuacs, fe p`hátige `u fe cg`f`aie. Cal`re csse rcsistêfgie fç` tcfbe `g`rrid`, ca auit`s ges`s, fe ghefdcstifidedc, é dc sc cftcfdcr quc ` bua`r pr`gure disoerîer e grátige, p`r aci` de ir`fie. @re, ` rcgurs` e` disoergc fç` é p`r si s÷ uae eîç` quc rcactc e` ghefdcstif`, e` pr`ilitiv`0 F` ges` cspcgáoig` d` ]esquia, dureftc dureftc e ditedure aihiter f` f` Lresih, csse eîç` dc rcsistêfgie tca ua epch` eifde aeis o`rtc. Acsa` ca a`acft`s f`s queis tivca`s rcniacs o`rtcs c gcftrehized`s, scje dureftc ` Iapéri` `u f` Csted` F`v`, e eîç` de gcfsure fç` sc g`apere íquche iaphcacftede fe ditedure aihiter. Aeis d` quc fufge ` rcgurs` e` bua`r sc t`rfe uae erae, ua ifstruacft` dc ifohinir uae dcfúfgie vchede e`s elus`s d` Csted` g`fstituád` c e `prcssç` í s`gicdedc givih. Wc ` ]esquia fç` if`ve f` scftid` dc cfg`ftrer f` bua`r ua ifstruacft` dc rcsistêfgie, chc vei grier cstreténies pere lurher e gcfsure c cxprcsser sue `pifiç` egcrge d` rcniac ditet`rieh. Fç` epcfes iss`, ` ]esquia sc ifscrc g`a` ua ifstruacft` dc rcsistêfgie s`gieh, í acdide quc `s g`stuacs tredigi`feis sç` gritiged`s c ridiguherized`s, ca sues rcp`rtencfs, cdit`ries c gertufs. \cocrêfgies
GE\_EHB@, Tetiefe Aenehbçcs, Aenehbçcs, FEWGIACFT@, Aerhy Húgi` d`. d`. @ F`rdcstc c `s f`rdcstif`s f` bua`r d` ]esquia (59?9-59>9). Efeis d` RRII Wiap÷si` Fegi`feh dc Bist÷rie ‗ J`ç` ]css`e, <==7. D@FET@, Gerh`s Eunust`. @ Lresihcir` quc ridiguheriz`u Bithcr. @ Geriget` , f. =7 <==7. Disp`fávch ca bttp://zip.fct/lkhGsp, egcss` ca =7/=4/<=5=. =7/=4/<=5=. JENSE\, ESNSWT@, WÉ\NI@ (@rn). @ achb`r d` ]esquia: eft`h`nie, v`h. =5 (59?9 ‗ 59>5). \i` dc Jefcir`: Jefcir`: Dcsidcrete, <==?. KSGIFWKI, Lcrferd` , J`rfehistes c \cv`guhi`fåri`s 5 cd., 5995; Cdit`re ]ånife Elcrte Htde. < cd., rcviste c eaphiede, <==5. HIAE, Béraef. Bist÷rie de Gerigeture f` Lresih. \i` dc Jefcir`: J`sé @hyapi` Cd., 59?7. AØHHC\, Efnchige. E rcsistêfgie d` a`viacft` cstudeftih Lresihcir` g`ftre ` rcniac ditet`rieh c ` rct`rf` de SFC í gcfe p`hátige p` hátige (59?9-59>9). Tcsc eprcscftede í Oeguhdedc dc Oih`s`oie, Hctres c Giêfgies Buaefes dc Wç` ]euh` c d` Gcftrc d’
Bist`irc W`giehc du RRâac Wiâghc dc h’ Sfivcrsité dc ]eris 5 ‗ ]eftbé`f W`rl`ffc, W`rl`ffc, Wç` ]euh`, <=5=. F@NSCI\E. Fetefie. D` Iapéri` í \cpulhige: \cpulhige: ` gerfeveh vist` p`r aci` d`s quedrifb`s (52?9 ‗ 595=). \cviste Bist÷rie, iaenca c ferretives, f. ?, ef` 7, elrih/<==2. Disp`fávch Disp`fávch ca: bttp://www.bist`rieiaenca.g`a.lr/cdige` bttp://www.bist`rieiaenca.g`a.lr/cdige`?elrih<==2/=4?elrih<==2/=4gerfeveh-iaenca-bist%O7rie.pdo, gerfeveh-iaenca-bist%O7rie.pdo, egcss` ca =7/=3/<==2. AEHEGBIEW , Aefuche ]erisi, LCDIF, Aeriefe dc Efdredc. Efdredc. Bua`r Cfnejed`: Cfnejed`: Gberncs d` j`rfeh @ ]esquia ]esqu ia f` pcrá`d` de Ditedure Aihiter f` Lresih. Iftcrg`a ‗ W`gicdedc Lresihcire dc Cstud`s Iftcrdisgiphifercs de G`aufigeîç` R_II G`fnrcss` dc Giêfgies de G`aufigeîç` fe \cniç` Wudcstc ‗ @ur` ]rct`, <=5<.
USCI\@Z Efdrée Gristife dc Lerr`s. @ ]esquia: ua j`rfeh quc s÷ diz e vcrdedc quefd` cstå sca iaenifeîç` (59?9-5995. Bist÷rie & ]crspcgtives, Slcrhìfdie, f. 75, <<9-<3<, Juh./Dcz. <==4. \@WE, Wusch @hivcire de. d e. "Epcser dc v`gês eaefbç vei scr `utr` die" Iaprcfse ehtcrfetive vcrsus ditedure aihiter ca ]`rt` ] `rt` Ehcnrc. \cviste chctrôfige dc grátige c tc`rie dc hitcretures. D`ssiê: e hitcreture ca tcap`s dc rcprcssç`. ]]N-HCTSO\NW ‗ ]`rt` Ehcnrc ‗ _`h. =5 F. =5 ‗ juh/dcz <==3. Wihvcire, Aeur` Géser. E letehbe dc pepch: e gbernc g`a` erae fe nucrre g`ftre ` ]erenuei. Oh`rief÷p`his: cd. De SOWG, <==9. TE_CI\E, Ger`hifc N`fîehvcs . _IGCFTC, Aexiaihief` Aertif. @ cxcrgági` d` J`rfehisa` Ehtcrfetiv` f`s Iaprcss`s ]esquia c Lufde. Iftcrg`a ‗ W`gicdedc Lresihcire dc Cstud`s Iftcrdisgiphifercs de G`aufigeîç` R_III G`fnrcss` dc Giêfgies de G`aufigeîç` fe \cniç` Wudcstc ‗ Leuru, /<=57.
