MAKALAH KESIAPAN PENINGKATAN PERKEMBANGAN INFANT DAN KESIAPAN PENINGKATAN PERKEMBANGAN PERKEMBANGAN TODDLER
OLEH : KELOMPOK 1
OGAN DHANNY RETNO TIYASWATI NUCKY SEPTIRIANTIKA WIWIEN HARJIYATI MUH. KHAIRIL WARDI
UNIVERSITAS NGUDI WALUYO 2016
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KATA PENGANTAR
Puji dan syukur kehadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa atas nikmat dan karunia Nya yang dicurahkan bagi kita semua, sehingga kami dapat menyelesaikan makalah ini dengan judul “Kesiapan Peningkatan Perkembangan Infant dan Kesiapan Peningkatan Perkembangan Toddler ”. Kelancaran penyusunan makalah ini tidak lepas dari budi baik orang-orang yang dengan sabar membimbing dan memotivasi baik jasmani maupun rohani. Oleh karena itu tiada kata yang dapat dipilih yang mampu mengungkapkan rasa terima kasih tiada terhingga kepada : 1. Rekan-rekan satu kelompok. 2. Keluarga yang selalu mendukung penyusun. 3. Semua pihak yang ikut membantu penyusunan Makalah “Kesiapan Peningkatan
Perkembangan
Infant
dan
Kesiapan
Peningkatan
Perkembangan Toddler ”, yang tidak dapat penyusun sebutkan satu persatu. Penulis menyadari bahwa penulisan ini masih jauh dari sempurna. Dengan kebesaran jiwa, penyusun mengharapkan kritik dan saran yang dapat membangun untuk menjadi lebih baik di masa yang akan datang. Sebagai penutup, semoga penulisan makalah ini dapat bermanfaat bagi penulis maupun yang berkepentingan dengan materi ma teri yang telah disusun ini, serta dapat menjadi sumbangsih ilmu yang berharga.
Ungaran, 22 September 2016
Penyusun
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BAB I PENDAHULUAN
A.
Latar Belakang
Masa kecil atau masa pertumbuhan adalah dari umur 1 bulan hingga 1 tahun. Interaksi antara bayi dan lingkungan sangatlah besar dan sangat bermakna. Bayi tertawa dan tengkurap dalam menerima respon untuk berinteraksi dengan lingkungan social mereka dan menerima respon yang besar, kemudian ketika mereka hanya tersenyum dalam menerima respon pelukan. Selam fase pertumbuhan dan perkembangan perawat dapat memeriksa potensi adaptif dari anak-anak karena perubahan kualitatif dan kuantitatif yang terjadi denga cepat. Anak yang memiliki konsep diri positif, dapat memandang, menilai dan memiliki persepsi yang positif mengenai dirinya. Konsep diri yang positif menurut Millie Ferrer dan Anne Fugate dalam karya ilmiahnya, “Helping Your School Age Child Develop a Healthy Self Concept”, formulasi dari perasaan nyaman terhadap diri sendiri, rasa diterima oleh lingkungan sekitar, dan rasa mampu melakukan sesuatu hal dengan baik. “Dia melihat dirinya sebagai orang yang dicintai dan berharga.
B.
Tujuan
1.
Tujuan Umum Setelah mempelajari makalah ini diharapkan mahasiswa mampu mengetahui dan memahami tentang pertumbuhan dan perkembangan infant dan anak usia toddler dan mengidentifikasi kemungkinan masalah kesehatan yang dialaminya.
2.
Tujuan Khusus a.
Mengetahui
dan
perkembangan.
memahami
konsep
pertumbuhan
dan
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c.
Mampu menjelaskan dan memahami tentang perkembangan motorik, psikososial, psikoseksual, kognitif, dan moral pada infant dan toddler berdasarkan tinjauan para ahli. ahli.
d.
Mengetahui cara-cara peningkatan kesejahteraan pada infant dan toddler.
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BAB II PEMBAHASAN
A.
Infant 1.
Definisi Infant Fase Infancy adalah periode pertama kehidupan sesudah kelahiran ketika individu yang bersangkutan relatif sangat tidak berdaya dan bergantung sekali pada orang tuanya. Istilah ini biasanya diterapkan dit erapkan hanya pada tahun yang pertama. Skinner mengemukakan mengemukakan bahwa fase infancy adalah masa dua tahun pertama setelah kelahiran. Gibson
(1988)
mengemukakan
ada
serangkaian
fase
dalam
perkembangan perkembangan atensi selama masa infancy. Fase ini bukan merupakan merupakan fase yang kaku karena fase-fase tersebut saling tumpang tindih dalam waktu dan situasi. Pada setiap fase ini, anak menggunakan kemampuan-kemampuan motor yang telah dimilikinya untuk mengeksplorasi lingkungan.
Menurut Erikson, infant merupakan tahap perkembangan bayi usia 0-18 bulan dimana pada usia ini bayi belajar terhadap kepercayaan dan ketidakpercayaan. Masa ini merupakan krisis pertama yang dihadapi oleh bayi. Dalam masa ini terjadi interkasi sosial yang erta antara ibu dan anak yang dapat menimbulkan rasa aman dalam diri si anak. Rasa aman yang dinikmati oleh anak tadi dapat kita lihat dari enaknya ia makan, nyenyaknya ia tidue, dan mudahnya ia defekasi. Berkembangnya perasaaan aman ini tidak tergantung dari kuantitas makanan dan demonstrasi rasa sayang yang diberikan pada anak, tetapi banyak dipengaruhi kualitas hubungan ibu dan anak. Dari rasa aman ini tumbuh rasa kepercayaan dasar terhadap dunia luar. Secara
umum,
ada
3 (tiga)
tahap perkembangan
perkembangan perkembangan atensi pada pada masa infancy infancy (Gibson, 1998), 1998), yaitu : 1.
Tahap Pertama (awal kelahiran – kelahiran – 4 4 bulan)
perceptual/
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2.
Tahap kedua (4 bulan – bulan – 7 7 bulan) Pada tahap ini bayi telah mampu mengendalikan lengan dan tangannya, sehingga bayi dapat menjangkau dan menggenggam benda-benda. benda-benda.
3.
Tahap ketiga (8 bulan – bulan – 12 12 bulan) Pada tahap ini atensi bayi meluas kepada susunan stimulus yang lebih luas karena bayi sudah dapat merangkak, berpindah-pindah tempat (locomotion), serta mengeksplorasi hal-hal yang ada dibalik tabir/penghalang.
2.
Perkembangan Infant a.
Perkembangan Perkembangan Emosional
Kepercayaan dasar, urutan pertama dalam psikososialnya Erikson, berkembang ketika bayi belajar bahwa kebutuhan mendesaknya dipenuhi secara terus-menerus. Kepentingan emiosional dalam setiap pengalaman tergantung pada perangai anak itu sendiri dan juga respon orang tua. Bayi diberi makan sesuai “kebutuhannya” secara konsisten, pengalaman
ini
menghubungkan dengan rasa tidak nyaman mereka, kedatangan orang tuan dan perasaan lega dari rasa lapar. Hampir semua bayi yang diberi makanan sesuai dengan jadwal dengan capat mengadaptasi siklus rasa laparnya dengan jadwal yang telah ditetapkan. Bayi-bayi ini sering menunjukkan peningkatan sifat, lekas marah, dan ketidakstabilan psikologis dan juga masalah tingkah laku di kemudian hari.
b.
Perkembangan Motorik
Ketika bayi neonatus dalam keadaan suspensi ventral dengan tangan dibawah abdomen, hampir tidak terdapat pengendalian kepala. Pada
sekitar 6 minggu ia
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mempertahankan posisi ini dan pada umur 12 minggu ia dapat mempertahankan kepalanya diluar bidang tubuh lainnya. Pada usia sekitar 2 sampai 3 bulan anggota gerak dapat digerakkan dan gerakannya menjadi lebih lancar dan kontinu. Tangan terbuka lebih longgar. Ketika berbaring dalam possisi tengkurap dia dapat mengankat dagunya dari atas tempat tidur. Pada minggu ke 8 sampai 12 ia menahan dagu dan bahunya diatasa
tempat
tidur
dengan
tungkai
sepenuhnya
terlentang.Ketika ditahan dalam posisi duduk ia menahan punggung dalam keadaan lurus, kecuali pada daerah lumbar. Ketika kakinya ditegakkan pada permukaan yang keras ia melongsor pada lututnya. Antara umur 12 sampai 24 minggu ia mampu untutk menganggkat kapala dari bantal, berangsur-angsur menopang kepalanya. Ia harus mampu duduk dengan topangan guling pada tempat tidur kecil atau kereta anak-anak dan menggerakkan kepalanya dari sisi ke sisi.
c.
Perkembangan Bicara
Walaupun anak belum mencapai ulang tahun pertama, mereka
mengetahui
berkomunikasi
dengan
betapa orang
pentingnya lain.
Pada
kemampuan waktu
mereka
menemukan bahwa upaya awal merekauntuk berkomunikasi
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Sebelum mereka mempelajari kata – kata yang cukup untuk
digunakan
sebagai
bentuk
komunikasi,
mereka
menggunakan empat bentuk komunikasi prabicara, yaitu : 1)
Tangisan Dalam
hari-hari
awaql
kehidupan
pasca
lahir,sebagian beras suara bayi adalah menangis.Melalui tangisan bayi memberitahukan kebutuhannya kepada seseorang untuk menghilangkan rasa : lapar, pedih, lelah, dan keadaan tubuh yang tidak menyenangkan lainnya untuk keinginanya diperhatikan. 2)
Ocehan dan Celoteh Ocehan ; bunyi eksplosif awal disebabkan oleh perubahan gerakan mekanisme suara. Celotehan : jumlah bunyi yang dikeluarkan bayi meningkat secara perlahan. Karena meningkatnya kemampuannya mengendalikan arus udara yang melewati pita suara, bayi dapat mengucapkan bunyi seperti yang diinginkan. Oleh karena itu, celotehan adalah bentuk senam suara, yang timbul secara spontan, tetapi tidak ada arti atau asosiasi yang sesungguhnya bagi bayi.
3)
Isyarat Isyarat
adalah
gerakan
anggota
badan
yang
berfungsi sebagai pengganti atau pelengkap bicara.
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digunakan orang lain mudah ditafsirkan bayi. Bayi dengan segara mengetahui adanya perubahan ekspresi wajah dan tekanan suara orang lain.
d.
Perkembangan Kognitif
Bayi belajar dari banyak pengalaman dan manipulasi lingkungan.
Perkembangan
keterampilan
motorik
dan
peningkata perubahan pada lingkungan bayi dan, dengan perkmbangan
visual
atau
penglihatan
dan
kemampuan
mendengar,menambah perkembangan kognitif. Kemampuan berbicara adalah aspek yang sangat penting dari pengamatan yang berkembang selama 1 tahun. Bayi berprilaku dari menangis dan tertawa untuk menirukan suara, memahami arti dari perintah singkat dan mengulang kata yang mereka mengerti seperti halnya menyubutkan 2-3 kata termasuk juga kata da-da, ma-ma, dll. Perawat membutuhkan kesempatan untuk menggunakan dan
mengembangkan
perasaan
mereka.
Perawat
harus
mengevaluasi kelayakan dan mencukupi kesempatan itu.
e.
PerkembanganPsikososial
Selama satu tahun, bayi mulai membedakan dirinya dari yang lain seperti mampu menjadi dirinya sendiri. Awalnya, bayi
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Tahap percaya versus tidak percaya merupakan arti atribut yang paling penting, perkembangan kepribadian yang sehat adalah kepercayaan (trust). Pada tahap ini bayi sudah membangun rasa percaya kepada seseorang, baik orangtua ataupun orang yang mengasuhnya. Kesalahan dalam mengasuh atau merawat dapat menimbulkan rasa tidak percaya. Erikson menggambarkan krisis perkembangan psikososial dari bayi seperti kepercayaan versus ketidakpercayaan. Dia menjelaskan bahwa kualitas dari interaksi antara orangtua dan bayi
menentukan
ketidakpercayaan.
perkembangan Orangtua
dari
yang
kepercayaan
memenuhi
dan
kebutuhan
kehangatan, kenyamanan, cinta, perlindungan, dan makanan ketika bayi menyatakan peningkatan kebutuhan perasaan dari kepecayaan,
sedangkan
memenuhi
kebutuhan
bayi
pada
kesenangan diri mereka sendiri atau tidak pada semua perasaan untuk perkembangan dari ketidakpercayaan. Perawat
menaksir
ketersediaan
dan
kelayakan
dari
pengalaman membantu perkembangan psikososial. Rawat inap bagi bayi mungkin mempunyai kesulitan menetapkan batasan fisik karena mengulangi sensasi nyeri. Batas pengalaman negatif itu dan ketersediaan sensasi kesenangan adalah menghalangi dukungan pada awal perkembangan psikologi. Memperluas jarak dari orangtua akan menyulitkan proses penyaluran kasih
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fleksi di bawah abdomen). Dapat memutar kepala dari satu sisi ke sisi lain bila telungkup.Mengangkat kepala sebentar dari tempat tidur,Mengalami head lag yang nyata, khususnya bila menarik kepala dari posisi berbaring ke poisi duduk .Menahan kepala sebentar secara pararel dan dalam garis tengah dan tertahan dalam posisi telungkup. Menunjukkan posis refleks leher tonik asimetris bila terlentang, bila menahan dalam posisi berdiri, tubuh lemas pada lutut dan panggul. Pada posisis duduk,punggung memutar secar bersamaan,tidak ada control kepala. Tangan tertutup secara umum. Refleks menggenggam kuat tangan mengatup pada kontak dengan mainan.
Sensori; Mampu memfiksasi objek bergerak dalam rentang 45
derajat bila digendong pada jarak 20 sampai 25 cm. ketajaman penglkihatan mendekati 20/100. Mengikuti sinar sampai garis tengah. Diam bila mendengar suara.
Vokalisasi; Menangis untuk mengekspresikan ketidaksenangan.
Membuat bunyi kecil dengan suara tenggorok. Membuat bunyi selama makan.
Sosialisasi; Ada dalam fase sensorimotorik tahap I, penggunaan
refleks-refleks lahir (lahir sampai 1 bulan) , dan tahap II, reaksi
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sam dengan posis tubuh yang lain ketika ditahan dalam suspensi ventral. Bila telungkup, dapat mengangkat kepala hamper 45 derajat dari meja. Bila digendong dalam posis duduk, kepala ditahan ke atas tetapi menunduk kedepan. Mununjukkan posisi reflek leher tonik asimetris secara intermiten. Tangan sering terbuka. Refleks menggenggam menghilang.
Sensori; Mulai memfiksasi binocular dan konvergen pada odjek
dekat. Bila terlentang , mengikuti mainan yang tergangtung dari satu sisi ke titik garis tengah. Secara visual mencari untuk melokalisasi bunyi. Memutar kepala ke satu sisi bila bunyii dibuat pada ketinggian telinga.
Vokalisasi; Bersuara, berbeda dari menangis ,tangisan menjadi
berbeda, mendekut, bersuara pada wajah yang dikenal.
Sosialisasi; Menunjukkan senyum social sebgai respon terhadap
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Sensori; Mengikuti objek perifer (180 derajat). Melokalisasi
bunyi dengan memalingkan kepala kesamping dan melihat kearah yang sama. Mulai mempunyai kemampuan untuk mengkoordinasikan rangsang dari berbagai organ indera.
Vokalisasi; Menjerit keras untuk menunjukkan kesenangan.
Mendengkur, menggumam, tertawa. Bersuara bila tersenyum, “bicara “ banyak hal bila diajak berbicara. Menangis berkurang selama periode terbangun.
Sosialisasi; Menunjukkan minat yang dapat dipertimbangkan
terhadap sekitarnya. Berhenti menangis bila orang tua memasuki ruangan. Dapat mengenali wajah dan objek yang dikenal, seperti botol minum. Menunjukkan Menunjukkan kewaspadaan terhadap situasi asing.
d.
Bulan IV
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Sensori; Mampu mengakomodasi pada objek dekat. Penglihatan
binocular cukup baik terbentuk.Dapat memfokuskan pada blok yang berada pada jarak 1,25 cm. Dimulainya koordinasi matatangan.
Vokalisasi;Mebuat bunyi-bunyi konsonan n, k, g, p, h. Tertawa
keras,suara berubah sesuai alam perasaan.
Sosialisasi; Ada dalam tahap III, reasi sirkular sekunder.
Menuntut perhatian dengan rewel, menjadi bosan jika ditinggal sendirian.
Menikmati
interaksi
sosial
dengan
orang.
Mengantisipasi pemberian makan bila melihat botol atau ibu bila menyusui dengam ASI, menunjukkan kesenangan denga seluruh tubuh, menjerit, bernafas dengan keras. Menunjukkan minat dalam rangsang kuat. Mulai menunjukkan memori.
e.
Bulan V
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Vokalisasi; Menjerit, membuat bunyi gumaman vocal yang
diselingi dengan bunyi konsonan (misalnya, ah-goo)
Sosialisasi; Tersenyum pada bayangan dicermin. Memegang
botol atau payadara dengan kedua tangan. Lebih antusias bermain, tetapi mungkin mengalami perubahan alam perasaan yang
cepat.
Mampu
membedakan
orang
asing
dari
keluarga.Memvokalisasikan ketidaksenangan bila objek diambil. Menemukan bagian-bagian tubuh.
f.
Bulan VI Motorik; Bila telungkup, dapat mengangkat dada dan abdomen
bagian atas dari meja, membebankan berat badan pada tangan. Bila akan menarik untuk posisi duduk, mengangkat kepala. Duduk pada kursi tinggi dengan punggung tegak. Berguling dari telungkup ke terlentang. Bila digendong dalam posisi berdiri,
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Sosialisasi; Mengenali orang tua,mulai takut pada orang
asing.Memegang kesuklaan
dan
tangan
untuk
ketidaksukaan
mengambil. pasti.
Mempunyai
Mulai
meniru
(batuk,menjulurkan lidah). Senang mendengar langkah kaki. Tertawa bila kepala disembunyikan ke handuk. Mencari sejenak objek yang dijatuhkan(mulai menetapkan objek). Sering berubah alam perasaan dari senang menjadi tertawa dengan sedikit atau tanpa provokasi.
g.
Bulan VII Motorik; Bila terlentang, secara spontan mengangkat kepala
dari meja. Duduk, menyandar ke depan dengan kedua tangan. Bila telungkup, membebankan berat badan pada satu tangan. Duduk tegak sebentar. Membebankan seluruh berat badan pada kaki. Bila digendong dalam posisi berdiri, meloncat secara aktif. Memindahkan
objek
dari
satu
tangan
ke
tangan
lain.
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Sosialisasi; Meningkatkan rasa takut pada orang asing,
menunjukkan tanda kekuatiran bila orangtua menghilang. Meniru tindakan dan bunyi sederhana. Mencoba untuk mencari perhatian dengan batuk atau mendengkur. Bermain cilukba. Menunjukkan ketidaksukaan makanan dengan mempertahankan bibir tetap tertutup. Menunjukkan keagresifan oral dalam menggigit dan mengunyah. Menunjukkan harapan dalam respons terhadap pengulangan rangsang.
h.
Bulan VIII Motorik; Duduk dengan mantap tanpa sokongan.Membebankan
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Motorik; Creeps on hands and knees.Duduk dengan mantap
dilantai
untuk
keseimbanganbila
waktu
lama
bersandar
(10
kedepan
menit). tetapi
Mengatasi tidak
dapat
melakukannya bila bersandar ke samping. Menarik badan ke posisi
berdiri
dan
perabot.Menggunakan
ibu
berdiri
berpegangan
jari
jari
dan
telunjuk
pada dalam
menggenggam kasar. Menyukai menggunakan tangan yang dominan
mulai
terlihat.
Menggenggam
kotak
ketiga,
membandingkan dua kotak membawanya.
Sensori; Melokalisasi bunyi dengan memalingkan kepala secara
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Vokalisasi; Mengatakan “dada”, “mama” dengan makna,
memahami “daag“daag-daag”, dapat mengatakan satu kata (misalkan: hai, daag, tidak ). ).
Sosialisasi; Menghambat perilaku untuk perintah verbal dari
tidak atau nama sendiri. Meniru ekspresi wajah, melambaikan untuk daag-daag. Menunjukkan mainan pada orang lain tetapi tidak akan memberikannya. Membangun objek permanent.
k.
Bulan XI Motorik; Bila duduk, berputar untuk meraih objek. Meluncur
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berdiri tanpa bantuan. Melepaskan kotak kedalam cangkir. Berusaha untuk membangun dua blok menara tetap gagal. Mencoba untuk memasukkan butir-butir ke dalam leher botol yang sempit tetapi gagal. Dapat membalikkan halaman buku, banyak dalam sekali waktu.
Sensori;
Mendiskriminasi
bentuk
geometrik
sederhana.
Ambliobia dapat terjadi dengan kurangnya binokularitas. Dapat mengikuti objek yang bergerak dengan cepat. Mengontrol dan menyesuaikan respons terhadap bunyi, mendengarkan bunyi berulang.
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b)
Menangis saat basah, lapar, haus, dingin, panas, sakit.
c)
Menolak atau menangis saat digendong oleh orang yang tidak dikenalnya.
d)
Segera terdiam saat digendong, dipeluk atau dibuai.
e)
Saat menangis mudah dibujuk untuk diam kembali.
f)
Menyembunyikan
wajah
dan
tidak
langsung
menangis saat bertemu dengan orang yang tidak dikenalnya. g)
Mendengarkan senang.
musik
atau
bernyanyi
dengan
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8.
Segera membawa bayi kepada pusat layanan kesehatan bila bayi mengalami masalah kesehatan atau sakit.
9.
Stimulasi
Permainan
sesuai
usia.
Pada
usia
ini
perkembangan anak mulai dapat dilatih dengan dengan adanya refleks: melatih kerja sama antara mata dan tangan
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2)
Toddler membangun menara tiga sampai empat blok pada usia 18 bulan.
3)
Toddler meniru coretran vertical pad usia 24 bulan.
4)
Toddler membangun delapan blok dan meniru tanda silang pada usia 30 bulan.
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5)
Perilaku yang diterima secara sosial. a)
Toddler mulai
belajar bahwa perilakunya
memiliki efek yang tidak dapat diperkirakan dan dipercaya kepada orang lain. b)
Toddler belajar menunggu lebih lama untuk
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2)
Sosialisasi
a)
Ritualisme,
negativism,
dan
kemandirian
mendominasi interaksi pada toddler. b)
Ansietas perpisahan mamuncak saat toddler mulai
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yang dapat terlepas atau kecil). Contoh-contoh mainan yang dan sesuai untuk toddler adalah sebagai berikut: a)
Boneka dan mainan peralatan rumah tangga.
b)
Telepon mainan dan buku pakaian.
c)
Mainan kuda goyang dan mobil mainan yang dapat
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Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.