SGD 4 LBM 1 GERAK DAN MUSCULOSKELETAL MUSCULOSKELETAL “MEKANISME GERAK”
STEP 1
Serabut otot cepat o
Serabut otot yang mengandung sedikit mioglobulin dengan kecepatan kontraksi tinggi
Serabut otot lambat o
Serabut otot yang mengandung banyak mioglobulin dengan kecepatan kontraksi lambat
Sistem lokomosi o
Strutur dalam organisme hidup yg bertanggung jawab dalam gerak, terdiri dr tulang, otot dan saraf serta persendian.
STEP 2 1. Mekanisme terjadinya gerakan 2. Faktor apa saja yang mempengaruhi gerakan 3. Macam macam kontraksi otot 4. Fungsi masing masing dari sistem lokomosi 5. Perbedaan serabut otot cepet dan lambat 6. Mekanisme kontraksi otot 7. Mekanisme relaksasi otot 8. Hubungan antara otot, sendi sama tulang sehingga dapat menimbulkan gerak ( sistem koordinasi ) 9. Tipe serabut otot yang lain
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STEP 3 1. Mekanisme terjadinya gerakan o
Sadar Rangsang reseptor saraf sensorik otak saraf motorik efektor
o
Tidak sadar Rangsang reseptor saraf sensorik konektor ( sumsum tulang ) saraf motorik efektor Bedanya otot sama tendon??? Otot : bersifat kontraksi, berada di pembuluh darah, vaskularisasi sedikit, tak tahan thd infeksi, infeksi, tahanan hnya sebatas sebatas pada goresan Tendon : berada diujung ujung otot, sifat elastis / kontraksi, vaskularisasi bnyak, imunitas tahan thd infeksi, tahanannya tidak tahan thd goresan / gesekan
2. Faktor apa saja yang mempengaruhi gerakan o
Berbagai sistem lokomosi itu, misalnya dari ototnya menghasilkan energi, dari sistem saraf memberikan impuls
o
Rangka dan sendi, kalau tidak ada rangka dan sendi tidak bisa bergerak
3. Macam macam kontraksi otot o
Kontraksi isometric Terjadi apabila tegangan didalam serabut otot tidak menimbulkan menimbulkan gerakan sendi. Contoh???
o
Kontraksi isotonic
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Apakah setiap otot bisa terjadi mekanisme kontraksi otot kedua nya atau salah satu saja??? o
Kontraksi tetani / tertahan Tanpa ada relaksasi atau kontraksi terus menerus. Contoh??? 4. Fungsi masing masing dari sistem lokomosi
o
Tulang Menegakkan badan, disebut fungsi mekanik Melekatnya otot Melindungi organ penting, contoh jantung, otak, paru paru,
dll, disebut fungsi protektif Memberi bentuk badan Sebagai sendi pergerakan Tempat penimbunan kalsium dan fosfat Sebagai
tempat
memproduksi
darah,
disebut
fungsi
hematopoetik o
Otot Alat gerak aktif Penimbun glikogen (cadangan glukosa) Menyusun anggota badan, dinding badan dan muka Mengubah energi bebas kimia, berupa ATP energi
mekanik pada waktu gerak o
Sendi Penghubung antar tulang Bantalan tulang Didalam sendi terdapat pelumas (cairan sinovial) untuk
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o
Saraf Menghantarkan impuls secara sensorik maupun motorik Sebagai reseptor panas, peraba, tekanan, dll
5. Perbedaan serabut otot cepat dan lambat Serabut otot cepat Kandungan
mioglobin
Serabut otot lambat sedikit Kandungan mioglobin banyak
disebut otot putih
Mioglobulin menghasilkan warna kemerahan Dikelilingi pemb darah bnyak
Kontraksi lebih besar, kecepatan Memiliki kontraksi besar
enzim
oksidatif
di
mitokondria
Enzim oksidatif di mitokondria sedikit Contoh???
Contoh???
Serabut nya besar untuk kontraksi Serabutnya kecil untuk kontraksi besar Punya
kecil enzim
glikolisis,
untuk Punya sedikit enzim glikolisis
pelepasan energi
6. Mekanisme kontraksi otot o
Teori pergeseran filamen : dalam otot terdapat miofibril, dalam miofibril ada filamen. Pertama ada stimulus dr saraf masuk dalam otot ( miofibril) menyebabkan retikulum sarkoplasma, ada simpanan Ca ada stimulus menyebabkan Ca keluar menempel pada filamen, ikatan aktin dan miosisn lepas, filamen memendek yg menyebabkan otot
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7. Mekanisme relaksasi otot o
Lawan dari kontraksi
o
Mekanisme sama dg kontraksi otot, tetapi bedanya di Ca, Ca hilang, menyebabkan ikatan aktin miosin menempel / menutup lg shg filamen filamen menutup lg
o
Pengaruh impuls thd pengaruh relaksasi dan kontraksi??? 8. Hubungan antara otot, sendi dan saraf serta tulang sehingga dapat menimbulkan menimbulkan gerak ( sistem koordinasi ) o
Otot alat gerak aktif, sedang tulang alat gerak pasif
o
Gerak timbul dr rangsang, muncul dr saraf, inervasi dr otot otot, otot berkontraksi timbul suatu gerak, kontraksi otot menimbulkan tulang ikut bergerak, agar bergerak dengan bebas maka diperlukan sendi
9. Tipe serabut otot yang lain o
Serabut otot intermediet berdasar gerakan Karakteristik campuran dan mudah beradaptasi Tipe otot berdasarkan jaringannya Otot polos
Otot yg menyusun organ bagian dalam, misal alat pencernaan, Otot lurik / skelet
Menyusun anggota badan, otot di dinding badan, mudah lelah, Bekerja secara sadar Otot jantung
Otot yg dijantung. Bekerja secara tidak sadar, tidak mudah
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11.Macam 11.Macam macam gerakan 12.Axis 12.Axis gerak 13.Penilaian 13.Penilaian gerak ( kecepatan, ketepatan, kekuatan )
CONCEPT MAP Gerak
Macam gerak
Abduksi Adduksi dll
Faktor
Mekanisme
Sistem lokomosi
Penilaian
Kekuatan Ketepatan Kece atan
STEP 7
1. Mekanisme terjadinya gerakan Otot :
Alat gerak aktif yang melekat pada tulang Jaringan penyusun tubuh yang bersifat kontraktir, elastis dan merupakan alat gerak aktif Sumber:Buku Ajar Fisiologi Kedokteran,Gyton & Hall Tendon
jaringan ikat fibrosa (tdk elastis) yang tebal dan berwarna putih yg menghubungkan otot rangka rangka dengan tulang . Sumber:Buku Ajar Fisiologi Kedokteran,Gyton & Hall
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OTOT
TENDO
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
bersifat kontraksi 1. sifat tidak kontraksi elastis 2. elastisnya sedikit mengandung banyak pembuluh darah 3. mengandung sedikit pembuluh tak tahan terhadap infeksi darah tak tahan terhadap gesekan atau 4. tak tahan terhadap infeksi tekanan 5. tahan terhadap gesekan Myologi dan topografi, Fakultas Kedokteran Undip
2. Faktor apa saja yang mempengaruhi gerakan
1.Jumlah serat yg berkontraksi - jumlah unit motorik yg terlibat - jumlah serat otot per unit motorik - jumlah serat otot yg tersedia u/ kontraksi (ukuran otot, adanya penyakit, tingkat pemulihan) 2. Tegangan yg terjadi oleh setiap serat yg berkontraksi - frekuensi rangsangan - panjang serat permulaan - tingkat kelelahan (lama aktivitas, jenis serat: oksidatif/ glikolitik) - ketebalan serat (jenis serat, pola aktivitas ak tivitas saraf, jumlah testosteron) MYOLOGIA DAN ARTHROLOGIA FKUI
Jumlah unit motor neuron yang terlibat. Gerakan halus hanya melibatkan sedikit unit motor, dengan kontrol penuh Panjang awal otot, makin panjang makin kuat kontraksi Kelelahan Ketebalan. Makin tebal makin kuat
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Gambar Lengan Bekerja Isotonic
Untuk dapat mengangkat dumble dari posisi lengan lururs menjadi lengan ditekuk, otot biceps brachii berkontraksi dalam pola kerja isotonic. Isotonik diartikan sebagai pola kontraksi yang berpegang pada tonusnya – tetap, sebaliknya panjang ukuran otot berubah/memendek. Kontraksi isotonil juga disebut kontraksi konsentris atau dinamis. Secara anatomis otot biceps brachii berlokasi di lengan atas anterior. Otot ini coracoi deus dan supra mempunyai origo di tulang scapula, tepatnya adalah di prosesesus coracoideus glenoidalis scapula. Sedang insersisnya ada di tulang radius (tuberositas radial). Ketika berkontraksi isotonic maka lengan bawah akan terangkat ke atas atau fleksi lengan terjadi.
Isometrik
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Dalam memegang raket tenis, otot ini mula-mula berkontraksi secara isotonic yang menghasilkan fleksi pada jari-jari tangan. Selanjutnya otot ini berkontraksi isometric yang menghasilkan dipertahankannya fleksi jari-jari untuk menggenggam gagang raket. Disebut isometric di ambil dari istilah Iso yang artinya “tetap” dan metric yang menggambarkan “ukuran”. Kontraksi isometric adalah kontraksi di mana otot tidak mengalami perubahan ukuran. Secara fisiologis kontraksi yang terjadi pada m fleksor digitorum profondus dan sublimis pada sarcomere dapat digambarkan sebagai berikut
Gambar Kontraksi Isometrik Tampak Miosin menempel di aktin
Kontraksi Eksentrik Ketika lengan mengangkat sebuah dumbel merupakan contoh nyata kontraksi isotonic, maka jika dumbel diturunkan kembali otot biceps brachii mengalami kontraksi
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Gambar Otot Biceps Brachii Dalam Kontraksi Eksentrik Eksentrik
Untuk dapat turun secara perlahan atau lengan kembali ekstensi, maka otot biceps brabchii harus bekerja dalam pola kerja eksentrik. Disebut eksentrik sebab serabut-serabut otot bergeser keluar dari pusat / centranya. Secara fisiologis, mekanisme yang terjadi pada biceps brachii dalam sarcomere adalah :
Pada awal kontraksi A, otot biceps brachii tidak dalam panjang normal. Ia dalam posisi memendek, selanjutnya otot ini dengan menahan beban menuju posisi B. Dalam menuju posisi B, kepala-kepala myosin bekerja back power stroke dari tropinin satu ke tropinin yang lain ke arah lateral. Sampai pada akhirnya biceps brachii terulur pada posisi C.
Jadi kontraksi eksentrik kerja kepala myosin tidak menarik aktin tertapi melepaskanaktin dengan penahanan. Dalam kondisi ini tegangan dikembangkan dikembangkan bersamaan dengan memanjangnya otot.
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Perbedaan Lain dengan Isotonik Pada setiap sudut lintasan, kontraksi isokinetik akan terjadi tegangan maksimal, sedang isotonic tidak terlalu maksimal. Pada setiap sudut lintasan, kontraksi isokinetik akan melawan pembebanan secara proporsional dengan kekuatannya, sedangkan isotonic tidak terlalu proporsional. Pada kontraksi isokinetik kecepatan geraknya selalu tetap, sedang isotonic kecepatan geraknya tidak tetap. Untuk latihan isokinetik memerlukan alat khusus yang dapat melaporkan besarnya beban yang diangkat setiap sudut ;intasan, pembebanan pada latihan isotonic hanya dapat diukur dalam bentuk beban luar. Sampai saat ini program latihan isokinetik dipandang sebagai cara yang paling baik. Secara fisiologis kontraksi ini tidak jauh berbeda, kepala myosin secara serempak menarik aktin ke pusat sarcomere. Prinsip perbedaan terletak pada jumlah kepala myosin yang menarik aktin. Dalam kontraksi isokinetik tahanan beban secara proporsional sesuai dengan jumlah kepla miosinyang memungkinkan dapat pasangan. Secara total kepala myosin akan mengadakan power stroke menarik aktin. Konsekuensi dari kontraksi ini memerlukan energy yang sangat besar. Efek dari pembebanan yang proporsional menyebabkan gerak dengan kecepatan konstan. Inilah mengapa untuk melaksanakan kontraksi isokinetik dalam kegiatan olahraga tidak mungkindapat dilakukan kecuali dengan alat yang canggih.
Kontraksi Plyometrik Plyometrik Pada dasar pola kontraksi plyometrik adalah pola isotonic, yakni otot mengalami pemendekan kea rah pusat sarcomere dengan didahului tarikan pemanjangan. Dalam kegiatan olahraga kontraksi ini diwujudkan dalam kerja yang meledak (melempar, meloncat, dsb). Disebut plyometrik dari istilah plyo dan metric. Plyo berarti berlapis-lapis, sedangkan mettrik artinya ukuran panjang. Sehingga plyometrik artinya suatu kontraksi yang mempunyai lapisan-lapisan kecepatan gerak pada setiap perubahanukuran panjang. Artinya dalam berkontraksi kecepatan antara meter pertama, kedua dan seterusnya ditempuh dengan yang makin pendek (tidak sama).
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Ganong
WF,
1987, Buku
Ajar
Fisiologi
Kedokteran Kedokter an ,
Buku
Kedokteran. Jakarta ECG
4. Fungsi masing masing dari sistem lokomosi o
Tulang Menegakkan badan, disebut fungsi mekanik Melekatnya otot Melindungi organ penting, contoh jantung, otak, paru paru,
dll, disebut fungsi protektif Memberi bentuk badan Sebagai sendi pergerakan Tempat penimbunan kalsium dan fosfat Sebagai
tempat
hematopoetik
Fungsi tulang :
memproduksi
darah,
disebut
fungsi
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Mengendalikan tekanan darah
Sumber:Buku Ajar Fisiologi Kedokteran,Guyton & Hall o
Sendi Penghubung antar tulang Bantalan tulang Didalam sendi terdapat pelumas (cairan sinovial) untuk
memudahkan gerak o
Saraf Menghantarkan impuls secara sensorik maupun motorik Sebagai reseptor panas, peraba, tekanan, dll
5. Perbedaan serabut otot cepat dan lambat Serabut otot cepat Kandungan
mioglobin
Serabut otot lambat sedikit Kandungan mioglobin banyak
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jenis serabut otot Jenis serabut otot Serabut otot cepat dan serabut otot lambat Setiap otot tubuh terdiri dari serabut otot cepat dan serabut otot lambat, serta serabut otot lain dengan kecepatan antara kedua kecepatan extrem di atas. Otot-otot yang bereaksi dengan cepat terutama terdiri dari atas serabut-serabut otot “cepat” dengan hanya sejumlah kecil serabut otot lambat. Sebaliknya, otot-otot yang bereaksi lambat tetapi dengan kontraksi yang lama terutama terdiri atas serabut serabut “lambat”. Perbedaan antara kedua jenis serabut ini adalah: Serabut otot cepat memiliki ciri-ciri seperti berikut 1. Serabut-serabut besar untuk kekuatan kontraksi yang besar. 2. Retikulum sarkoplasma yang luas sehingga dapat dengan cepat melepaskan ion-ion kalsium untuk memulai kontraksi. 3. Sejumlah besar enzim glikolisis untuk pelepasan energi yang cepat melalui proses glikolisis. 4. Suplai darah yang y ang tidak terlalu luas karena metabolisme oksidatif tidak begitu penting. 5. Lebih sedikit mitokondria, juga karena ka rena metabolisme oksidatif tidak begitu penting. Serabut otot lambat memiliki ciri-ciri seperti berikut:
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Cepat, lambat dan intermediat Tergantung apakah mayoritas menggunakan oksigen untuk menghasilkan ATP atau tidak Oksidatif –aerobic (use oxygen) Glikolitik –anaerobik Serabut cepat: serabut putih: besar, terutama anaerobik, cepat pegal, kebanyakan otot rangka Serabut lambat : serabut merah, diameter setengah, lebih lambat 3x tapi dapat terus menerus, aerobik, lebih banyak mitokondria, mioglobbin Intermediate: di antaranya 6. Mekanisme kontraksi otot Mekanisme umum kontraksi Otot
Timbul dan berakhirnya kontraksi otot tejadi dalam urutan tahap tahap : Suatu potensial aksi berjalan disepanjang sebuah saraf motorik m otorik sampai keujungnya serat otot Pada tiap ujung saraf menyekresi substansi neurotransmiter yaitu asetilkolin dalam jumlah sedikit
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besar ion kalsium yang telah tersimpan di dalam retikulum kedalam miofibril Ion-ion kalsium menimbulkan kekuatan menarik antara filamen aktin dan miosin yang menyebabkan bergerak bersama-sama dan menghasilkan proses kontraksi Setelah kurang dari satu detik ion kalsium dipompa kembali kedalam retikulum sarcoplasma tempat ion-ion disimpan sampai potensial p otensial aksi otot yang baru datang lagi,pengeluaran ion kalsium dari miofibril akan menyebabkan kontraksi otot berhenti. Mekanisme kontraksi otot : Potensial aksi saraf motorik ujung saraf mensekresi asetilkolin membuka saluran asetilkolin di membran serat otot ion natrium masuk membran serat otot (di titik terminal) potensial aksi dalam serat otot potensial aksi berjalan di sepanjang membran serat otot depolarisasi membran serat otot & menyebabkan retikulum sarkoplasma melepas ion kalsium ke miofibril ion kalsium menimbulkan kekuatan menarik antara filamen aktin dan miosin bergerak bersama-sama & terjadi proses kontraksi setelah < 1
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Sumber:Buku Ajar Fisiologi Kedokteran,Gyton & Hall
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9. Tipe serabut otot yang lain
Otot rangka (skelet) Otot polos Otot jantung OTOT POLOS
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OTOT RANGKA Bersifat volunter. Susunan filamen aktin dan miosin sangat teratur. Filamen kontraktil ini membentuk gurat2 melintang yg tampak sbg pita isotropik atau (terang) dan atau anisotropik (gelap) melintang thd serat ototnya.
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Bersifat involunter dan berkontraksi secara ritmik dan otomatis
Ujung terminal serat2 otot bersebelahan membentuk kompleks tautan “end -to- end” yg disebut
Sel otot atu serabut otot rangka merupakan suatu silinder panjang dan lurus yang mempunyai banyak inti
Berdiameter 0,01 mm-0,1 mm, panjangnya beberapa cm – 30 cm
Inti sel terdapat dalam
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Filament aktin terletak antara kedua sisi Z line
tampak terang sampai
terdapat tumpang tindih dengan filament myosin
Daerah terang
Daerah gelap yang merupakan tempat tumpang tindih aktin dan myosin
Di tengah A band normalnya berwarna gelap , terdapat satu daerah pada kondisi tertentu berwarna terang Sumber : Atlas Histologi di Fiore, Victor P. Eroschenko
10.Tujuan 10. Tujuan dari masing masing tipe serabut 11.Macam 11.Macam macam gerakan
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Ganong WF, 1987, Buku Ajar Fisiologi Fisiologi Kedokter Kedokteran an , Buku Kedokteran. Jakarta ECG
12.Axis 12. Axis gerak
Axis vertikal : tegak lurus dengan bidang transversal Axis transversal : tegak lurus dengan bidang sagital
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