@ASM[AF BFLGOXB DW[MXGEBI
OG@MESMO 8 DA[EAXB TB%A Karrbfaj
13:13;3333;4
Fw{ Boj`ax
13:13;3333
Xbyb Ea{ibrafyb
13:13;3333;1
Imxgf sgekbekbfn
< Bkw Xak{bfa, X&Xb, Asy
S{mn{ae Xywib Da{eaxb Daow`yax Ogimoyg{af iaf B`ew Ogxgjayaf WBF XRA[BD JBIARAYW@@AJ LAOA[YA AS[B@ ;311
1
B&
IAYA \AY AOYBD
Dw{mxgebi
Xbfmfbe
< Dw{mxgebia, Dw{mxgebiwe
Xy{woyw{ obeba < 9%Hj`m{m%F%dw{dw{r`%7%xw`s 9%Hj`m{m%F%dw{dw{r`%7%xw`sjaemr`afyj{afb`bh jaemr`afyj{afb`bh ahbi& Faea Obeba
< H1;J11H`F;M7X
KE
< 883,>9
Dw{mxgebia egfnafiwfn ybiao ow{afn ia{b 2:,7 ' H 1;J11H`F;M7X, ibjbywfn yg{jaias |ay rafn yg`aj ibog{bfnoaf& *DB Gi BBB" Dw{mxgebia egfnafiwfn ybiao ow{afn ia{b 2:,3 ' iaf ybiao `gkbj ia{b 131,3 ' H 1;J11H`F;M7X, ibjbywfn yg{jaias |ay rafn yg`aj ibog{bfnoaf& *DB Gi BT" Sgeg{baf < Xg{kwo jak`w{? swybj ayaw jaesb{ swybj? ybiao kg{kaw? jaesb{ ybiao kg{axa& Og`a{wyaf
Egfw{wy DB Gi BBB S{aoybx ybiao `a{wy ia`ae ab{ iaf ia`ae o`m{mdm{e, `a{wy ia`ae >7 kanbaf gyafm` *27 '" iaf ia`ae :73 kanbaf gyg{? `a{wy ia`ae `a{wyaf a`oa`b jbi{moxbia&
Egfw{wy DB Gi BT S{aoybx ybiao `a{wy ia`ae ab{? ewiaj `a{wy ia`ae axgymf, ia`ae ibegyb`dm{eaebia iaf ia`ae `a{wyaf a`oa`b jbi{moxbia? `a{wy ia`ae egyjafm`? anao xwoa{ `a{wy ia`ae gyafm`? xwoa{ `a{wy ia`ae gyg{? xafnay xwoa{ `a{wy ia`ae o`m{mdm{e&
Ogaxaeaf ‘ ogkaxaaf < sJ :,2 xaesab 2,8 Sgfrbesafaf < Ia`ae ~aiaj yg{ywyws kabo ;
Ojaxbay iaf sgfnnwfaaf < Ibw{gybowe Lgfbx xyg{b`bxaxb < Xyg{b`bxaxb A ayaw H Bfiboaxb < Sgfafnafaf gigea rafn kg{jwkwfnaf igfnaf nana` lafywfn om{mfg{ iaf sgfraoby jayb, ibkg{boaf ywfnna` ayaw ia`ae omekbfaxb igfnaf afybjbsg{ygfxb saia sgfafnafaf jbsg{ygfxb& Imxbx, Ha{a Sgekg{baf iaf @aea Sgekg{baf Egfw{wy DB Gi BBB Wfywo afao iaf karb
BT, 1 Z S 5 3,4 en - on 1 Z xgja{b 5 3,4 en - on Wfywo ig~axa
BE, 1 Z S 5 ;3 en ibkg{boaf ;z BT, 1 Z S 5 ;3 en ibkg{boaf sg{`ajaf%`ajaf
Egfw{wy Dm{ew`a{bwe Faxbmfa` Be? bt, ; e` xaesab 9 e`& Xgyg`aj ybiao ow{afn ia{b ; lae lboa sg{`w imxbx ibfabooaf igfnaf ; e`&
yj
Egfw{wy Ea{ybfia`g 87 Gi
Afao iaf Karb 5 B&E, B&T < 1 en-on-imxbx igfnaf sgfbfnoayaf 1 en-on-imxbx saia bfyg{ta` 4% 1; lae xaesab 4 en-on-imxbx& Ig~axa 5 B&E, B&T < ;3%93 en-imxbx, rafn ewfnobf ibw`afn 1%; oa`b xgxwab ogkwywjaf iaf ibybfnoayoaf ;3 en-imxbx xaesab yg{hasab gdgo rafn ibbfnbfoaf&Bfyg{ta` imxbx rafn wewe < 4%1; lae ? Wfywo gigea sa{w%sa{w aowy, imxbx rafn wewe ibnwfaoaf aia`aj 93 en, B&T xg`aea 1%; egfby& Lboa kg`we yg{hasab {gxsmf, imxbx ibybfnoayoaf xaesab :3 en& Bfdwx B&T omfybfrw 5 Imxbx km`wx b&t aia`aj 3,1en-on ibbowyb igfnaf bfdwx b&t omfybfrw 3,1 en-on-ja{b%imxbx ibybfnoayoaf xgybas ; lae xaesab eaoxbewe 3&9 en-on-lae lboa mwyswy w{bf aia`aj 01 e@-on-lae, Imxbx bfb yg`aj yg{kwoyb gdgoybd iaf egfw{wfoaf ogkwywjaf ja{baf dw{mxgebi ibkafibfnoaf igfnaf sgfnnwfaaf sgfnnwfaaf dw{mxgebi rafn ybiao yg{ayw{& 8
Nana` lafywfn {gd{aoym{b 5 M{a`, b&t < imxbx : n-ja{b yg`aj ibnwfaoaf& Saxbgf `aflwy wxba 5 M{a`, B&E, B&T < Imxbx a~a` < ;3 en-ja{b, ibybfnoayoaf sg{`ajaf xaesab egfhasab {gxsmf rafn ibja{asoaf& Sgfrgxwabaf imxbx saia nafnnwaf nbfla` < nana` nbfla` aowy? imxbx ybfnnb *`gkbj ia{b 1%8 n-ja{b eg`a`wb m{a`-b&t" yg`aj ibnwfaoaf xgkanab imxbx a~a` wfywo egfhasab {gxsmf rafn ibja{asoaf, ibjbfia{b wfywo ogaiaaf m`bnmw{b& Da{eaom`mnb Dw{mxgebi aia`aj xwayw ibw{gyboa rafn kgog{la igfnaf ha{a egfnjaekay {gakxm{kxb bmf Fa saia lg{ay Jgf`g& Mfxgy og{la < Ibw{gxbx m{a` < 83%43 egfby, B&E < 83 egfby, B&T '& Boayaf s{mygbf < 6 2:'& Egyakm`bxeg < eg`a`wb jayb& Yµ g`bebfaxb < 3&7 %1&1 lae, xaoby nbfla` sa{aj < 2 lae& Goxo{gxb eg`a`wb w{bf < *m{a` < 73', b&t < :3'" xg`aea ;9 lae? dgxgx *xgkanab mkay rafn ybiao kg{wkaj" < o`b{gfx fmf nbfla` ibsg{saflafn saia saxbgf nafnnwaf nbfla`&
9
Xyakb`byax Sgfrbesafaf Dw{mxgebi bflgoxb ja{wx ibxbesaf saia xwjw oaea{ rafn yg{omfy{m` iaf ib`bfiwfnb ia{b hajara& Sgeasa{af yg{jaias hajara iasay egfrgkakoaf sg{wkajaf ~a{fa& Dw{mxgebi lafnaf ibsg{nwfaoaf lboa kg{wkaj ~a{fa egflaib owfbfn& Sgfrbesafaf kgow iasay egfrgkakoaf sgfngfiasaf ayaw o{bxya`bxaxb, sg`a{wyaf ogeka`b saia xwjw oaea{ ayaw sgfnjafnayaf iasay ib`aowoaf iaf ybiao egesgfna{wjb xyakb`byax mkay& Dw{mxgebi ybiao xyakb` saia egiba axae ygyasb xyakb` saia egiba kaxa& Omfy{abfiboaxb Jbsg{xgfxbybd yg{jaias dw{mxgebi, ayaw omesmfgf `abf ia`ae xgibaaf ayaw xw`dmfb` w{ga, afw{ba, saxbgf omea jgsaybo ayaw ogaiaaf sgfw{wfaf g`goy{m`by sa{aj xaesab ogaiaaffra egekabo& Gdgo Xaesbfn Jbsmygfxb m{ymxyaybo, y{mekmd`gkbybx, am{ybybx o{mfbo, jbsmygfxb aowy,xg{afnaf lafywfn *aobkay sgekg{baf eg`a`wb B&T ayaw B&E", sa{gyjgxbax, tg{y bnm, swxbfn, ogsa`a yg{axa {bfnaf, xaoby ogsa`a, safiafnaf oakw{, igeae, ybiao kbxa kg{bxyb{ajay, jbsg{n`bogeba, jbsg{w{bxgeba, jbsmoa`geba, jbsmo`m{geba, a`oa`mxbx egyakm`bo, jbsmoa`xgeba, jbsmeanfaxgeba, jbsmfay{geba, ig{eaybybx goxdm`baybd, g{bygea ew`ybdm{e, sw{sw{a, dmymxgfxbybdbyax, w{yboa{ba, {axje s{w{bywxe taxow`bybx owyaf, xsaxewx xa`w{af w{bf, d{gowgfxb w{bfg{, afgeba as`axybo *la{afn", y{mekmxbymsgfba, an{afw`mxbymxbx *la{afn", afgeba jgem`bybo, afgeba, `gwomsgfba, afgeba, nafnnwaf sgfigfna{af sgfigfna{af *xgegfya{a ayaw sg{eafgf? saia sgekg{baf B&E ayaw B&T"& ybfbywx, yw`b xgegfya{a *saia sgekg{baf b&e ayaw b&t hgsay", taxow`bybx, a`g{nb fgd{bybx bfygxybfa`, n`bomxw{ba, sgfw{wfaf oghgsayaf db`y{axb iaf a`b{af ia{aj ia{aj saia nbfla` *oa{gfa mtg{ibw{gxbx", mtg{ibw{gxbx", ogfaboaf KWF xgegfya{a& Bfyg{aoxb % Igfnaf Mkay @abf <
7
Jbsmoa`geba rafn ibbfiwoxb m`gj dw{mxgebi aoaf egfrgkakoaf ymoxbxbyax saia ibnmoxbf iaf iasay egfbfnoayoaf {bxbom a{byeba igfnaf mkay%mkay rafn iasay egfbfnoayoaf bfyg{ta` QY, yg{eaxwo afyba{byeba ybsg Ba iaf BBB, hbxas{bi iaf kgkg{asa owbfm`mf *xsa{d`moxaxbf, naybd`moxaxbf iaf emoxbd`moxaxbf"& [bxbom ymoxbxbyax `bybwe iaf xa`bxb`ay aoaf egfbfnoay igfnaf aiafra ibw{gybo `mms& Gdgo jbsmygfxb iaf-ayaw gdgo `aflwy saia nbfla` ia{b bfjbkbym{ AHG iaf afyb bfd`aeaxb fmf xyg{mbi aoaf egfbfnoay igfnaf aiafra jbsmtm`geba rafn ibbfiwoxb m`gj dw{mxgebia, Gdgo mkay k`mog{ ai{gfg{nbo sg{bdg{ ayaw k`mog{ nafn`bmf iasay ibybfnoayoaf m`gj dw{mxgebi& Dw{mxgebi iasay egfbfnoayoaf {bxbom ymoxbxbyax igfnaf angf mymymoxbo `abf *aebfmn`bomxbia, hbx%s`aybfwe", yg{wyaea saia saxbgf igfnaf ibxdwfnxb nbfla`& Gdgo xbfg{nbx ibw{gybo `gkbj hgfig{wfn yg{laib saia sgfnnwfaaf kg{xaea mkay afybjbsg{ygfxb `abf iaf jbsmygfxb iasay yg{laib& Bfimegyaxbf, axsb{bf, dgfmka{kbya`, dgfbymbf iaf afybbfd`aeaxb fmf xyg{mbi iasay egfw{wfoaf gdgo fay{bw{gybo iaf jbsmygfxbd ia{b dw{mxgebi& Hm`gxybsm`, om`gxyb{aebf iaf xwo{a`day aoaf egfw{wfoaf gdgo dw{mxgebi, kg{b la{ao sgekg{baf ; lae& Dw{mxgebi iasay egfnafyanmfbx gdgo {g`aoxaf mymy xog`gya` *ywkmow{a{bf"& Ym`g{afxb n`womxa iasay ibyw{wfoaf m`gj dw{mxgebi, sg{`w sgfrgxwabaf imxbx mkay jbsmn`bogebo& Egydm{ebf iasay egfw{wfoaf omfxgfy{axb dw{mxgebi& % Igfnaf Eaoafaf <
Omfxgfy{axb dw{mxgebi egfw{wf igfnaf aiafra eaoafaf& Jbfia{b imfn qwab, gdgi{a, rmjbekg, nbfxgfn *egesg{sa{aj jbsmygfxb", ka~afn swybj *iasay egfbfnoayoaf gdgo jbsg{ygfxb", kayaxb sgfnnwfaaf `bhm{bhg& Fay{bwe O`m{bia KE 7:,99 Fay{bwe O`m{bia < egfnafiwfn ybiao ow{afn ia{b 22,7' FaH`, ibjbywfn yg{jaias |ay rafn yg`aj ibog{bfnoaf Sgeg{baf< Jak`w{ jgoxajgi{a` ybiao kg~a{fa ayaw xg{kwo jak`w{ swybj? ybiao kg{kaw? {axa axbf& Og`a{wyaf < @a{wy ia`ae ;,: kanbaf ab{, ia`ae ;,> kanbaf ab{ egfibibj, iaf ia`ae `gkbj ow{afn 13 kanbaf n`bxg{m` S? xwoa{ `a{wy ia`ae gyafm` *27'" S 4
Ogaxaeaf iaf Ogkaxaaf< `a{wyaf 73 n ia`ae ;33 e` ab{ kgkax oa{kmfibmoxbia S, yaekajoaf 13 ygygx `a{wyaf kb{w k{mebybem` S&Lboa `a{wyaf kg~a{fa owfbfn, wfywo eg{wkaj egflaib ~a{fa kb{w ibsg{`woaf ybiao `gkbj ia{b 1,3 e` fay{bwe jbi{moxbia 3,3; F& Lboa `a{wyaf kg~a{fa jblaw ayaw kb{w, wfywo eg{wkaj egflaib ~a{fa owfbfn ibsg{`woaf ybiao `gkbj ia{b 8,1; e` axae o`m{bia 3,3; F Xwxwy sgfng{bfnaf< ybiao `gkbj ia{b 3,7 ' Sgfrbesafaf < ia`ae ~aiaj yg{ywyws kabo Ojaxbay iaf ognwfaaf< xwekg{ bmf o`m{bia iaf bmf fay{bwe Fay{bwe jbi{moxbia Xbfmfbe < Fay{bb jbi{moxbia, Fay{bb Jri{mzriwe Xy{woyw{ obeba < FaMJ
KE 5 93
Fay{bwe jbi{moxbia egfnafiwfn ybiao ow{afn ia{b 2>,7 ' a`oa`b lwe`aj ibjbywfn xgkanab FaMJ, iaf ybiao `gkbj ia{b ;,7 ' Fa ;HM8 *DB Gi BBB" Fay{bwe jbi{moxbia egfnafiwfn ybiao ow{afn ia{b 27,3 ' iaf ybiao `gkbj ia{b 133,7 ' a`oa`b lwe`aj, ibjbywfn xgkanab xgkanab FaMJ, egfnafiwfn egfnafiwfn Fa;HM8 ybiao `gkbj ia{b 8,3 '& *DB Gi BT" Sgeg{baf < Kgfywo kayafn, kwyb{af, eaxxa jak`w{ ayaw oggsbfn, og{bfn, og{ax, {aswj iaf egfwflwooaf xwxwfaf jak`w{? swybj, ewiaj eg`g`gj kaxaj& Xafnay a`oa`bx iaf om{mxbd& Xgng{a egfrg{as oa{kmfibmoxbia& oa{kmfibmoxbia& Og`a{wyaf
Egfw{wy DB Gi BBB Xafnay ewiaj `a{wy ia`ae ab{ iaf ia`ae gyafm` *27'"
Egfw{wy DB Gi BT Xafnay ewiaj `a{wy ia`ae ab{ iaf ia`ae gyafm`
Sgfrbesafaf < Ia`ae ~aiaj yg{ywyws kabo Ojaxbay iaf sgfnnwfaaf < \ay yaekajaf >
Ahbiwe Jri{mhj`m{biwe Xbfmfbe < Axae O`m{bia, Jri{mhj`m{bh Ahbi& [woewx Xy{woyw{ JH`
KE 5 84,94
Axae o`m{bia egfnafiwfn ybiao ow{afn ia{b 87,3 ' iaf ybiao `gkbj ia{b 8:,3' JH`& *Da{eaomsg Bfimfgxba Gi BBB"& Axae o`m{bia egfnafiwfn ybiao ow{afn ia{b 84,7 ' k-k iaf ybiao `gkbj ia{b 8:,3' k-k JH`& *Da{eaomsg Bfimfgxba Gi BT"& Sgeg{baf Hab{af? ybiao kg{~a{fa? kg{axas, kaw eg{afnxafn& Lboa ibgfhg{oaf igfnaf ; kanbaf ab{ axas iaf kaw jb`afn& Kmkmy sg{ e` @gkbj ow{afn 1,1: n Ogaxaeaf ‘ Ogkaxaaf @a{wyaf rafn xafnay gfhg{ eaxbj kg{gaoxb axae oway yg{jaias Og{yax @aoewx& Xyakb`byax iaf Omfibxb Sgfrbesafaf Ia`ae ~aiaj yg{ywyws {asay, ng`ax ayaw kajaf bfg{y `abf saia xwjw ibka~aj 83³ H& Xbesaf yg{ywyws ia{b omfxgfy{axb a`oa`bx, kgxb,iaf hrafbia ja{wx ibjbfia{b& Bfomesaybkb`byax Axae jbi{mo`m{bia {gaoxb egfnafnnw igfnaf axae, igfnaf sg{wkajaf fb`ab safax rafn ybfnnb&Axae jbi{mo`m{bia lwna kg{gaoxb igfnaf kafrao kgxb iaf jbi{mngf kgkax& Ojaxbay iaf Sgfnnwfaaf \ay yaekajaf, Kajaf sgfnaxae *iasay kg{dwfnxb xgkanab ailwxy sJ" Aqwa Xyg{b` S{m Bflghybmfg *aqwa xyg{b` wfywo bflgoxb" Ab{ xyg{b` wfywo bflgoxb aia`aj ab{ wfywo bflgoxb rafn ibxyg{b`oaf iaf ibogeax igfnaf ha{a rafn xgxwab& Ybiao egfnafiwfn kajaf afybebo{mka ayaw kajaf yaekajaf `abffra& M{nafm`gsybx
Kgfywo <
hab{af lg{fbj
^a{fa<
ybiao kg~a{fa
Kaw<
ybiao kg{kaw
Kwow sgekafibfn< sgekafibfn< Gfimymoxbf KSDB :
Gfimymoxbf Kaoyg{b
0;316 ybiao km`gj `gkbj ia{b 3,;7 wfby Gfimymoxbf DB sg{ e`, egfnnwfaoaf Gfimymoxbf KSDB xgkanab sgekafibfn& O`m{bia
Saia ;3e` |ay wlb ia`ae yakwfn sgekafibfn ~a{fa yaekajoaf 7 ygygx axae fby{ay S, iaf 1e` sg{ao fby{ay @S, iaf haesw{ sg{`ajaf yg{laib ogog{wjaf ia`ae ~aoyw 13egfby rafn ybiao `gkbj og{wj ia{b ;3e` Ab{ igfnaf ogew{fbaf ybfnnb xgsg{yb rafn yg{yg{a saia sg{gaoxb ia`ae ~aiaj 01;>16 rafn egfnafiwfn 13·n H` *3,7 ksb" ibaeayb igfnaf a{aj ygnao `w{wx yakwfn igfnaf iaxa{ ng`as iaf hajara rafn eaxwo ia{b xaesbfn& Xyg{b`byax 0>16 egegfwjb egegfwjb xra{ay& ^aiaj iaf sgfrbesafaf< Ia`ae ~aiaj imxbx ywfnna` ia{b oaha ayaw s`axybh, ybiao `gkbj kgxa{ ia{b 1 `byg{& ^aiaj oaha xgkabofr aia{b oaha Ybsg 1 ayaw ybsg BB *Da{eaomsg Bfimfgxba gibxb BT ja` 11;%118" Xyg{b`bxaxb < Oa`m{ kaxaj *awymo`ad" Ha{a sgekwayaf < ibibjoaf aqwa iaf ibaeoaf xg`aea 83 egfby, ibfnbfoaf
BB&
DM[EW@AXB BFLGOXB DW[MXGEBI KG[IAXA[OAF DM[FAX, ja` 189&
DW[MXGEBIB BFLGHYBM *Bflgoxb Dw{mxgebia" Omesmxbxb& Ybas e` egfnafiwfn < Dw{mxgebiwe
13 en
Aqwa S{m Bflghybmfg jbfnna
1 e`
2
Sgfrbesafaf& Ia`ae ~aiaj imxbx ywfnna`, yg{`bfiwfn ia{b hajara, ibygesay xglwo& Imxbx& Be? bt, ; e` xaesab 9 e`& Xgyg`aj ybiao ow{afn ia{b ; lae lboa sg{`w imxbx ibfabooaf igfnaf ;e`& Hayayaf
BBB&
Ibyaekajoaf Fay{bwe Jbi{moxbia xghwowsfra jbfnna sJ :,2 xaesab 2,8&
Ibxyg{b`oaf igfnaf Ha{a Xyg{b`bxaxb A ayaw H&
YAO YG[XAYWOAF \AY AOYBD *MYY"
@a{wyaf dw{mxgebi wfywo bflgoxb kg{xbday a`oa`b iaf xgkabofra ybiao ibhaesw{ ayaw ibgfhg{oaf igfnaf bflgoxb n`womxa ayaw `a{wyaf axae `abffra&
Bflgoxb dw{mxgebi ib`asm{oaf xgha{a tbxwa` ybiao hmhmo igfnaf bflgoxb ib`yba|ge jri{mhj`m{big, imkwyaebfg jri{mhj`m{big, imsaebfg jri{mhj`m{big, `akgya`m` jri{mhj`m{big,
ebia|m`ae
jri{mhj`m{big,
eb`{bfmfg
`ahyayg,
fbha{ibsbfg
jri{mhj`m{big, iaf tghw{mfbwe k{mebig&
ybiao hmhmo lwna igfnaf `a{wyaf fwy{bxb sa{gfyg{a`, igfnaf hbxay{ahw{bwe kgxb`ayg, `gtmd`mzahbf, sjgfr`gsj{bfg& iaf igfnaf taxms{gxxbf
BT&
WXW@ SGFRGESW[FAAF XGIBAAF
Egfnnwfaoaf
tba`
kg{~a{fa
ng`as
oa{gfa
sgeasa{af
yg{jaias
hajara
iasay
egfrgkakoaf sg{wkajaf ~a{fa&
T&
A@AY iaf HA[A XYG[B@BXAXB
Faea a`ay
Lwe`aj
Ha{a xyg{b`bxaxb
^aoyw
Xsayg` `mnae
;
Mtgf 1>3 H
83 egfby
Sbfxgy `mnae
1
Mtgf 1>3 H
83 egfby
Kayafn sgfnaiwo
1
Mtgf 1>3 H
83 egfby
Oaha a{`mlb
;
Mtgf 1>3 H
83 egfby
Ha~af sgfnwas
1
Mtgf 1>3 H
83 egfby
Ng`ax wow{
;
Awymo`ad *117 % 114 H"
83 egfby
13
Sbsgy ygygx yafsa oa{gy
;
Awymo`ad *117 % 114 H"
83 egfby
Oa{gy sbsgy
;
[gkwx
83 egfby
Hm{mfn ng`ax iaf og{yax xa{bfn
1
Awymo`ad *117 % 114 H"
83 egfby
Awymo`ad *117 % 114 H"
83 egfby
`bsay yg{saxafn Oasax
TB&
La{we xwfybo *xswby"
1
Awymo`ad *117 % 114 H"
83 egfby
G{`gfegrg{
8
Mtgf 1>3 H
83 egfby
Kgahog{ n`axx
;
Mtgf 1>3 H
83 egfby
Aesw`
;
Mtgf 1>3 H
83 egfby
DM[EW@A AOJB[
[- Dw{mxgebiwe
13 en
Aqwa S{m Bflghybmfg jbfnna
1 e`
Ibkway Bflgoxb Dw{mxgebi Fm BB Tm`weg rafn ibkway wfywo 1 tba` 5 *f z T‒" / *; z 8" 5 *; z 7,8" / 4 5 14,4 e@ ≊ ;7 e@ Sgfbekafnaf kajaf Dw{mxgebi 5 *13 en-1 e`" Z ;7 e@ 5 ;73 en 5 3,;7 n{ae FaMJ 8,74' 5 ]8,74 n{ae n{ae 5 ]Z]
133e`
87e`
z 5 1,; n{ae
a{ybfra ibybekafn 1,; n{ae FaMJ ogewibaf ib`a{wyoaf igfnaf ASB ai 87 e`, FaMJ rafn ibsaoab wfywo eg`a{wyoaf dw{mxgebi rabyw xgkafrao 13 e`& ASB rafn ibyaekajoaf 5 ;7 e` ‘ *3,;7 n{ae / 13 e`"
5 19, >7 e`
Sg{xra{ayaf xgibaaf sa{gfyg{a` *Yg{eaxwo bflgoxb" <
11
1& Xgxwab afya{a oafiwfnaf kajaf mkay rafn aia ibia`ae xgibaaf igfnaf sg{frayaaf yg{yw`bx saia gybogy iaf ybiao yg{laib sgfnw{afnaf owa`byax xg`aea sgfrbesafaf aobkay og{wxaoaf mkay xgha{a obeba~b iaf xgkanabfra& ;& Sgfnnwfaaf ~aiaj rafn hmhmo , xgjbfnna ybiao jafra egewfnobfoaf xgibaaf ygyas xyg{b`, ygyasb lwna egfhgnaj yg{laibfra bfg{aoxb afya{a kajf mkay igfnaf eayg{ba` ibfibfn ~aiaj& 8& Yg{xaywoaf yafsa yg{laib {gaoxb& 9& Kgkax oweaf& 7& Kgkax Sb{mngf& 4& Bxmymfbx& >& Bxmjbi{bx& :& Kgkax sa{ybog` eg`arafn& Sg{jbywfnaf saia s{gdm{ew`axb egfnnwfaoaf egfnnwfaoaf aesw` ; e` iaf FaH`
Ibkway Bflgoxb Dw{mxgebi Fm BB
Tm`weg rafn ibkway 5 *f / ;" T‒ / *; z 8" 5 *; / ;" ;,17 / *; z 8" 5 *7" ;,17 / 4 5 13,>7 / 4 5 19,4 e@ ≊ ;3 e@ Sgfbekafnaf kajaf Dw{mxgebi 5 *13 en-1 e`" Z ;3 e@ 5 ;33 en 5 3,; n{ae FaMJ wfywo eg`a{woaf dw{mxgebi dw{mxgebi 5 13 e` z 3,; n{ae 5 ; e` FaH` wfywo |ay sgfnbxmymfbx 5
∄Yd
5 @bxm z Kg{ay z 1333 KE z T
∄Yd
5 ; z 3,; z 1333 883,>9 z ;3 1;
∄Yd
5
933]]]] 4419,:
∄Yd
5 3,3437
Ymfbxbyax *egymig yw{wffra ybybo kgow"< ^ 5 3,7; ‘ a k 5 3,7; ‘ *3,3437 z 1" 3,7: 5 3,>2 n{ae FaH` ia`ae 133 e` Ogyg{afnaf< ^
5 lwe`aj *n{ae" kajaf sgekafyw bxmymfbh ia`ae 133 e` `a{wyaf
a
5 yw{wffra ybybo kgow ab{ aobkay |ay yg{`a{wy, ibjbywfn igfnaf egesg{kafrao fb`ab
wfywo `a{wyaf 1' k-t k
5 yw{wffra ybybo kgow ab{ rafn ibjaxb`oaf m`gj 1' k-t kajaf sgekafyw bxmymfb
*ygm{b xgibaaf iaf ygm{b afa`bxbx kak bflgoxb j&12"
Laib FaH` rafn ibyaekajoaf wfywo tm`weg xgibaaf ;3 e` aia`aj< ]3,>2]5 ]]Z]] ]]Z]] 133
;3
133 Z 5 17,: Z 5 3,17: n{ae FaH` ASB rafn ibyaekajoaf 5 ;3 e` ‘ *3,; n{ae / ; e` / 3,17: n{ae"
5 1>, 49; e`
A`axaf ‘ a`axaf <
♯ \ay aoybd ewiaj `a{wy ia`ae FaMJ xgjbfnna iasay ibsaoab xgkanab Xgibaaf Sa{gfy{a` Tm`weg oghb` oa{gfa aoaf ibkway xgibaaf bflgoxb iaf `a{wyaf kg{xbday `a{wyaf xglayb&
♯ BE Oa{gfa sgekg{baf xgha{a BE eg{wsaoaf sgekg{baaf rafn ygsay wfywo xgibaaf og{la ibsg{`aekay rafn ibkway igfnaf sgeka~a ab{& Sgekg{baf xgha{a BE ibnwfaoaf wfywo `a{wyaf eaoxbea` 7 e` rafn ibxwfybooaf saia iag{aj n`wyga` *ib ayax safyay"& saia xgibaaf BE xgkabofra bxmymfbx, oaiafn ibkway jbsg{ymfbx wfywo egesg{ewiaj akxm{sxb la{bfnaf& 18
ibnwfaoaf igfnaf ywlwaf wfywo egfiasayoaf gdgo mkay rafn ybiao yg{`a`w hgsay yasb kg{`afnxwfn `gkbj `aea ibkafibfnoaf gdgo ia{b bfy{atgfa&
♯ Awymo`ad db`y{axb Awymo`ad @a{wyaf ibxyg{b`oaf igfnaf ha{a mymo`ad *1;1 ˜H xg`aea 17 egfby
Ygyas egeaoab dm{ew`a saia dm{fax iaf ybiao egfaekaj |ay yaekajaf `abf xgsg{yb<
\ay sgfna~gy< sgfna~gy ybiao ibsg{`woaf oa{gfa xgibaaf ib`aowoaf xyg{b`bxaxb aojb{&
Sgfnayw{ ymfbxbyax? kbaxafra ibyaekajoaf |ay sgfnbxmymfb rabyw igfnaf ywlwaf egfhgnaj ogybiaoxgbekafnaf g`goy{m`by, egfnw{afnb og{wxaoaf la{bfnaf iaf b{byaxb, jgem`bxa xg` ia{aj, iaf egfnw{afnb xaoby saia iag{aj bflgoxb& Xgja{wxfra saia dm{ew`a bfb ibyaekajoaf |ay sgfnbxmymfb& Aoaf ygyasb saia s{aoybofra oaeb ybiao egfnnwfaoaf FaH` xgkanab |ay sgfnbxmymfbx oa{gfa saia s{aoybowe bfb ymfbxbyax kg`we ibsg{`woaf, jafra gta`waxb oglg{fbjaf iaf sJ xgibaaf&Afybmoxbiaf< ibnwfaoaf wfywo eg`bfiwfnb |ay rafn sgoa yg{jaias moxbiaxb, ygyasb tbyaebf K4 ybiao yg{`a`w sgoa yg{jaias moxbiaxb xgjbfnna ybiao ibsg{`woaf afybmoxbiaf jafra saia sgfrbesafaffra ib`gyaooaf saia ~aiaj kg{~a{fa ng`as&
Sgfnayw{ sJ *iasa{"< ywlwaf ibnwfaoaffra rabyw wfywo egfbfnoayoaf xyakb`byax mkay? egfnw{afnb
{axa
frg{b,
b{byaxb,
fgo{mxbx
xaay
sgfnnwfaaffra?
egfnjaekay
sg{ywekwjaf ebo{mm{nafbxeg& Wfywo xgibaaf sa{gfyg{a` tm`weg oghb`, iasa{ iasay ibkway kb`a sJ xyakb`byax xgibaaf kg{aia ia`ae {gfyafn? bt *sJ 8%13,7", {wyg `abf *sJ 9%2"& sJ xgibaaf ibwxajaoaf egfigoayb sJ ia{aj rabyw >,9& Aoaf ygyasb oa{gfa `a{wyaf dw{mxgebi xyakb` saia sJ : ‘ 2,8& Wfywo byw ibyaekajoaf |ay yaekajaf wfywo ailwxy sJ, ibxbfb oaeb egfnnwfaoaf JH` 3,1 E iaf JH` sgoay&
TBB&
HA[A OG[LA
Sgekwayaf Aqwa S{m Bflghybmfg a" Aqwa kbigxyb`aya ib safaxoaf ibayax ~ayg{kayj ib ia`ae g{`gfegrg{ xaesab ab{ egfibibj& Xgyg`aj ab{ egfibibj ogewibaf ibsafaxoaf `anb xg`aea 93 egfby& 19
k" Xgyg`aj 93 egfby `a`w ibafnoay ogewibaf ib ibfnbfoaf& ASB ibnwfaoaf wfywo egekway xgibaaf `a{wyaf xyg{b`& Sgekwayaf Xgibaaf 1& Ibxbasoaf a`ay iaf kajaf rafn ibsg{`woaf& ;& 3,;7 n{ae dw{mxgebi iaf 1,; n{ae FaMJ ib ybekafn igfnaf oaha a{`mlb& Xgewa kajaf iaf sg{a`ayaf ibsbfiajoaf og ~jbyg a{ga eg`a`wb saxxkmz& 8& Kway FaMJ 8,74', rabyw igfnaf eg`a{wyoaf 1,; n{ae FaMJ igfnaf 83 e` ASB saia kgaog{ n`axx, aiwo ai `a{wy& Ogewibaf 7 e` ASB wfywo egekb`ax oaha a{`mlb& 9& @a{wyoaf 3,;7 n{ae dw{mxgebi igfnaf > e` FaMJ 8,74' ia`ae kgaog{ n`axx, ogewibaf kb`ax oaha a{`mlb igfnaf 8 e` FaMJ& 7& Yaekajoaf 1; e` ASB xgiboby igeb xgiboby, ogewibaf `aowoaf hgo sJ ogeka`b igfnaf og{yax bfibhaym{ *sJ xgibaaf 5 19", ogewibaf ib yaekajoaf ; e` JH` 3,1 E iaf 1 e` JH` sgoay *sJ xgibaaf 5 2"& 4& Eaxwooaf og{yax og{yax xa{bfn og ia`ae hm{mfn ogewibaf kaxajb kaxajb og{yax xa{bfn igfnaf xgiboby ASB, ogewibaf ib`aowoaf sgfra{bfnaf igfnaf g{`gegrg{ iaf hm{mfn / og{yax xa{bfn rafn yg`aj ibkaxajb& >& Egfnbxb xgibaaf ogia`ae tba`, igfnaf xgybas tba` xgkafrao 7,8 e` egfnnwfaoaf xswby :& Ibywyws tba` igfnaf ywyws tba` rafn xwiaj ibxgibaoaf& 2& Ibxyg{b`oaf xgibaaf ia`ae Awymo`ad saia xwjw 117%114 H xg`aea 83 egfby& 13& Ib`aowoaf gta`waxb yg{jaias xgibaaf iaf ~aiaj&
TBBB&
BZ&
GYBOGY
IAYA SGFNAEAYAF
sJ xgibaaf xgkg`we ibyaekaj JH` 5 19
sJ xgibaaf xgyg`aj yg{haesw{ xgewa 5 2 17
Z&
Wlb Oglg{fbjaf 5 @a{wyaf anao lg{fbj, aia xgiboby sa{ybog` rafn eg`arafn&
@a{wyaf jmemngf iaf kg{~a{fa lg{fbj&
SGEKAJAXAF
Bflgoxb aia`aj xgibaaf xyg{b` kg{wsa `a{wyaf, gew`xb ayaw xwxsgfxb ayaw xg{kwo rafn ja{wx ib`a{wyoaf, ayaw ibxwxsgfxboaf `gkbj iajw`w xgkg`we ibnwfaoaf rafn ibxwfybooaf igfnaf ha{a eg{mkgo la{bfnaf ogia`ae ow`by ayaw eg`awb ow`by ayaw xg`aswy `gfib{& Xgkanbaf kgxa{ sgeka~a sa{gfyg{a` sa{gfyg{a` aia`aj ab{ oa{gfa xgha{a obeba ab{ egeswfrab egeswfrab omfxyafya ibg`goy{bo ibg`goy{bo rafn ybfnnb rafn `gkbj ewiaj wfywo eg`a{wyoaf g`goy{m`by *bmf%bmf" iaf boayaf jbi{mngf rafn egewfnobfoaf `a{wyaf kwoaf ab{ aoaf `a{wy xgsg{yb a`omjm`, a`igjbi, ogymf ayaw aebfa& Ab{ lwna ibnwfaoaf saia sgfhwhbaf, sgekb`axaf iaf saia s{mxgx xyg{b`bxaxb& Xws`ab ab{ ja{wx egflaebf owa`byax ab{ rafn xgxwab igfnaf ogkwywjaf ew`ab ia{b s{mxgx a~a` jbfnna aojb{& Wfywo ogsgfybfnaf da{eaxgwybo, ab{ sg{`w sg{jaybaf ojwxwx xgsg{yb omfyaebfaxb g`goy{m`by, |ay m{nafbo, sa{ybog`, nax yg{`a{wy *HM;" iaf ebo{mm{nafbxea& Ab{ wfywo bflgoxb ja{wx egeb`bob ogew{fbaf rafn ybfnnb iaf kgkax sb{mngf& Wfywo byw, ASB rafn oaeb nwfaoaf ib`aowoaf igfnaf s{mxgx sgfibibjaf rabyw aqwakbigxy ibeaxwooaf ogia`ae G{`gfegrg{ ywyws igfnaf oaha a{`mlb, ogewibaf ibsafaxoaf saia sgfafnax xgyg`aj egfibibj jbywfn xg`aea 83 egfby& Imxbx oaeb kway kway aia`aj 13 en-e` rafn ibkway wfywo 7 e`, rabyw igfnaf egfbekafn dw{mxgebi 3,;7 n{ae& Saia s{aoybowe oa`b bfb oaeb egekway xgibaaf sa{gfyg{a` tm`weg oghb` rabyw xgibaaf bflgoxb igfnaf sg`a{wy `a{wy ab{ iaf xgkanab |ay aoybdfra rabyw dw{mxgebi igfnaf {wyg BE& Ibeafa saia sgekg{baf BE xgkabofra bxmymfbx, oaiafn ibkway xgibaaf jbsg{ymfbx wfywo egesg{ewiaj akxm{sxb la{bfnaf, tm`weg rafn ibxwfybooaf 7 e` ib iag{aj n`wyga`& S{mxgx sgfhaesw{af ib`aowoaf igfnaf egekway FaMJ 8,74' rabyw igfnaf eg`a{wyoaf 1,; n{ae FaMJ igfnaf 87 ASB& Ogewibaf egfhaesw{oaf > e` ASB igfnaf 3,;7 n{ae dw{mxgebi jbfnna `a{wy iaf ogewibaf 8 e` ASB ibnwfaoaf wfywo egekb`ax oaha a{`mlb& Ogewibaf ib`aowoaf sgfnghgoaf sJ& Saia xaay sgfng{laaf yg{iasay ogfia`a rafn oaeb ygewoaf oa{gfa sJ xgibaaf 5 19 xgiafnoaf sJ xyakb`byax dw{mxgebi 5 2& Oaeb egfnnwfaoaf JH` 3,1 E xgkanab ailwxy sJ xgkafrao ; e`& Aoaf ygyasb JH` 3,1 E ybiao hwows gdgoybd wfywo
14
egfw{wfoaf sJ, xgjbfnna oaeb egfnnwfaoaf JH` sgoay lwna wfywo ailwxy sJ iaf ka{w`aj sJ xgibaaf aojb{ ibiasayoaf rabyw sJ 5 2& Xgja{wxfra sJ xgibaaf egfigoayb sJ ia{aj 5 >,9 iaf sJ 6 2 iasay egfrgkakoaf fgo{mxbx saia la{bfnaf ygyasb oaeb egfnnwfaoaf sJ xyakb`byax |ay aoybd ana{ iasay egekg{boaf gdgo da{eaom`mnb rafn msybea` iaf egfhgnaj yg{laibfra sgfnw{abaf |ay& Xgyg`aj ibiasayoaf sJ rafn xgxwab, eaoa `a{wyaf yg{xgkwy ibxa{bfn igfnaf egfnnwfaoaf og{yax xa{bfn rafn yg`aj ibsaxafn saia hm{mfn iaf ibyaeswfn saia g{`gfegrg{ rafn `abf& Lboa ibjbywfn ymfbxbyax xgibaaf oaeb egfnnwfaoaf egymig @bxm iaf egymig yw{wffra ybybo kgow iaf ibiasayoaf xgibaaf oaeb kg{xbday jbsmymfbx& Xgjbfnna ibsg{`woaf FaH` xgkanab |ay sgfnbxmymfb oa{gfa kb`a `a{wyaf sa{gfyg{a` egeb`bob ygoafaf mxemxa `gkbj {gfiaj ia{b ygoafaf mxemxa s`axea ia{aj *jbsmymfbx" xg` ia{aj aoaf egfngekafn iaf aojb{fra sghaj oa{gfa eaxwofra ab{ og ia`ae xg` *jgem`bxa"? oa{gfa xgibaaf sa{gfyg{a` bfy{aewxow`a{ ja{wx ibkway xgbxmymfbx ewfnobf iaf `a{wyaf jbsmymfbx ybiao km`gj ibnwfaoaf& Xgibaaf rafn xwiaj laib ib ia`ae g{`gfegrg{ ogewibaf `a{wyaf yg{xgkwy ibeaxwooaf og ia`ae ; kwaj tba` egfnnwfaoaf xswby 4 e` rafn eaxbfn% eaxbfn tba` egeswfrab tm`weg 7,8 e` iaf ibywyws igfnaf ywyws oa{gy tba`& Saia s{aoybowe xgkgfa{fra xgibaaf rafn ibkway egeafn wfywo 7 e` iaf 3,8 e` eg{wsaoaf tm`weg kg{`gkbj rafn ib{gomegfiaxboaf ia{b da{eaomsg, oa{gfa saia xaay sgfnaekb`af `a{wyaf ia{b tba` kbaxafra eaxbj aia hab{af rafn yg{xbxa, xgjbfnna igfnaf aiafra tm`weg kg{`gkbj bfb ibja{asoaf saia xaay sgfnaekb`af `a{wyaf ygyas 7 e`& Ogewibaf ib`aowoaf gta`waxb oglg{fbjaffra xgha{a tbxwa`, iaf ibiasayoaf hab{af bflgoxb kg{~a{fa lg{fbj iaf aia xgiboby sa{ybog` rafn eg`arafn oa{gfa ow{afn kg{xbjfra tba` iaf xbxa%xbxa ybxxwg rafn eg`arafn& Xgibaaf bflgoxb dw{mxgebi rafn oaeb nwfaoaf ibxyg{b`bxaxb igfnaf xyg{b`bxaxb aojb{ egfnnwfaoaf awymo`ad iaf ybiao ja{wx igfnaf ha{a db`y{axb oa{gfa ybiao aia iaya ogybiaoxyakb`af saia xwjw 1;1 ˜H xg`aea 17 egfby& Xgja{wxfra xgkg`we s{mxgx sgfhaesw{af, xg`w{wj a`ay iaf kajaf ja{wx ibxyg{b`oaf yg{`gkbj iajw`w xgxwab igfnaf ha{a xyg{b`bxaxb eaxbfn%eaxbfn a`ay, faewf oa{gfa ogyg{kayaxaf ~aoyw eaoa xyg{b`bxaxb a~a` wfywo a`ay iaf kajaf ibibxsgfxaxb&
1>
ZB&
OGXBESW@AF
• Bflgoxb aia`aj xgibaaf xyg{b` kg{wsa `a{wyaf, gew`xb, ayaw xwxsgfxb ayaw xg{kwo rafn ja{wx ib`a{wyoaf ayaw ibxwxsgfxboaf `gkbj iajw`w xgkg`we ibnwfaoaf, rafn sgekg{baffra ibxwfybooaf igfnaf ha{a eg{mkgo la{bfnaf og ia`ae ow`by ayaw eg`a`wb ow`by ayaw xg`aswy `gfib{& * Da{eaomsg Bfimfgxba BBB, ja` 18 "
• Tm`weg rafn ibeaxwooaf og ia`ae aesw` aia`aj 7,8 e` rabyw ia{b tm`weg a~a` rafn xgja{wxfra 7 e` ogewibaf ibyaekajoaf igfnaf tm`weg kg{`gkbj xgkafrao 3,8 e` eaoa egflaib 7,8 e`&
• Xgyg`aj ib`aowoaf hgo sJ iaf gta`waxb yg{jaias oglg{fbjaf xgibaaf, ibogyajwb kaj~a `a{wyaf rafn ibjaxb`oaf egeswfrab sJ 2, `a{wy igfnaf jmemfngf iaf anao lg{fbj, aia xgiboby sa{ybog` rafn eg`arafn saia `a{wyaf oa{gfa ow{afn kg{xbjfra tba` iaf xbxa%xbxa ybxxwg rafn eg`arafn&
ZBB&
IADYA[ SWXYAOA
Aeg{bhaf Sja{eahgwybha` Axmxbaybmf& Jafikmmo md Sja{eahgwybha` Gzhbsbgfy Gibxb T& @mfimf< Yjg Sja{eahgwybha` S{gxx, 1229
Igsa{yegfy md Sja{eahgwybha` Xhbgfhgx& Ea{ybfia`g Yjg Gzy{a Sja{eahmsmgba, y~gfyr% gbnjy gibybmf& 12:;& @mfimf < Yjg Sja{eahgwybha` S{gxx&
Igsa{ygegf Ogxgjayaf [B, 12>2& Da{eaomsg Bfimfgxba, gibxb BBB, Laoa{ya&
Igsa{ygegf ogxgjayaf [B, 1227& Da{eaomsg Bfimfgxba, gibxb BT, Laoa{ya&
Igsa{ygegf Ogxgjayaf [B, 12>:& Dm{ew`a{bwe Faxbmfa`, gibxb BB, L aoa{ya&
Xw{rafb, Fg``r E&Xb, Asy& iaf Xw`bxyba~ayb, Da{bia E&Xb, Asy&&;33>& Sgfwfywf S{aoybowe Ygofm`mnb Xgibaf Xyg{b`& Laoa{ya < WBF S{gxx
1: