Instituto de Educación Superior Tecnológico Privado
GUILLERMO ALMENARA MARTINS CARRERA TÉCNICO PROFESIONAL EN FARMACIA
TRABAO !E IN"ESTIGA#I$N %LOS &'RMA#OS SEMIS$LI!OS(
PRESENTA!OS POR) - DIEGO FERNANDO HUME AVENDAÑO. - GABRIELA CHALLO VILCA - GIANCARLOS HERMOSA MONCAYO * YESSICA SALAMANCA ZAPANA
TA#NA + PER, -./0
1
1N!I#E INTRODUCCIÓN...................................................................................... 1 MARCO TEÓRICO 1.
GENERALIDADES DE LAS FORMAS FARMACÉUTICAS.......... 2
2.
FÁRMACOS SEMISÓLIDOS........................................................
2
3.
CLASIFICACIONES DE FÁRMACOS SEMISÓLIDAS...............
2
3.1. POMADAS.............................................................................
2
3.2. CREMAS...............................................................................
3
3.!. GELES.................................................................................
3
3.! PASTAS................................................................................
!
3.". CATAPLASMAS...................................................................
!
!.
".
$.
V#AS DE ADMINISTRACIÓN DE LAS FORMAS FARMACÉUTICAS......................................................................
"
PREPARACIONES DE FÁRMACOS SEMISÓLIDAS..................
$
".1
$
F%&'()*+, /&0/*&*+,%0 0',),*..........................
CLASIFICACIÓN DE LAS FORMAS FARMACÉUTICAS SEMISÓLIDAS............................................................................
CONSERVACIÓN DE FÁRMACOS.............................................
12
CONCLUSIONES...................................................................................
1!
4.-
BIBLIOGRAF#AS...................................................................................... 1"
2
INTRO!U##I$N
L* F*&'*+%)%56* +%7,7(80 (% 0 )% +%'/%070 9:,+% 0 )* '0,+,*; 0 )* +,0+,* <(0 07(,* )% =:&'*+% 8 *5070 <(6',+% <(0 *=0+7* 0 =%&'* 00*9)0 % ,00*9)0 )% =0'0% 0 )% 0&0 >,>%. D0 '%% ': 07&,+7%? )* F*&'*+%)%56* 0 )* +,0+,* <(0 07(,* 7%* (7*+,* 0 %&,50 >0507*)? *,'*) % ',0&*) +*/*@ 0 *=0+7*& * ( 0& >,>%.
L* =*&'*+%/0* ,70&*+,%*) 0 (* +%'/,)*+, 0 /&%+0,',07% &0+%'0*% /*&* 0) *:),, 8 %&'* /*&* )* 070&',*+, 0 )* (7*+,* =*&'*+(7,+*? )% 0+,/,070 8 )* =%&'* =*&'*+(7,+*? <(0 07: 07,*% * 0&>,& +%'% =(070 0 &0=0&0+,* % **/7*+, /*&* +(*)<(,0& E7*%? ',0'9&% 0 )* O&5*,@*+, M(,*) 0 )* S*)( OMS? <(0 000 07*9)0+0& &0<(,,7% 0 =*&'*+%/0*. A0':? /*&* 0>,7*& )* +%=(, <(0 0 /&%(+0 +(*% >*&,% %'9&0 % +%'0&+,*)0 0 (* /*&* )* ','* &%5*? 0 0) ','% /*6 % 0 >*&,%? )* OMS * *(',% )* &0/%*9,),* 0 +%%&,*& )* %'0+)*7(&* 0,7070 * ,>0) ,70&*+,%*).
P%& 7*7% 0 0) /&0070 7&*9*% +%,70 0 0) 0*&&%))% 0) FÁRMACO SEMISÓLIDOS? 0 )* <(0 0 &0*),@*&: (* 0+&,/+,? +*&*+70&,@*+, 8 +)*,=,+*+,%0 0 )% =:&'*+% /%'**? +&0'*? 50) 8 /*7*; )* +(*)0 0&: 0*&&%))** 0 '*0&* ,77,+*.
1
MAR#O TE$RI#O
/2
GENERALI!A!ES !E LAS &ORMAS &ARMA#3UTI#AS2 ME!I#AMENTO) E )* (7*+,* '0,+,*)? ': 0) 0+,/,070 8 070 /(00 *%/7*& ': 0 (* =%&'* =*&'*+(7,+*. L* =%&'* =*&'*+(7,+* 0 +)*,=,+*? 05 0) 07*% =6,+% 0 1. S),% P%)>%? 7*9)07*? 9%)%? +%'/&,',%? (/%,7%&,%? 07+. 2. S0',),% P*7*? 50)0? +&0'* 8 /%'**. 3. L6<(,* S%)(+,%0? (/0,%0? 0'(),%0. !. G*0%* I*)*+,%0? 5*0? *0&%%)0.
-2
&'RMA#OS SEMIS$LI!OS2 !E&INI#I$N) S% =%&'* =*&'*+(7,+* +%7,7(,* /%& % =*0? (* ),/%=6),+* 8 %7&* *+(%*. T,00 +%,70+,* 9)** 8 =)(% 07%,*% % /0(%/):7,+% /%& ( *)7% +%70,% *+(%%. U* ,=0&0+,* 07&0 )* +&0'* 8 )* /%'** 0 <(0 )* /%'** =)(80 +% ,=,+()7* 8 )* +&0'* =)(80 =:+,)'070? *0': )* /%'** % ,0'/&0 '%%=:,+*.
42
#LASI&I#A#IONES !E &'RMA#OS SEMIS$LI!AS) 42/2 POMA!AS C%7* 0 (* 9*0 0 (* %)* =*0 0 )* <(0 0 /(00 ,/0&*& (7*+,* )6<(,* % ),* P.E..
2
A2 Po5adas 6idró7o8as 9lipó7ilas )% /(00 *9%&90& /0<(0* +*7,*0 0 *5(*. L* 9*0 /*&*=,*? *+0,70? 5&**? 5),+&,% ,77,+%? +0&* 8 /%),*)<(,),)%*% )6<(,%. E0'/)% P%'** 0 ,% 0 +,+ ,% 0 +,+ 1J 5 *+0,70 0 >*0),* 1J 5 >*0),* J 5 C0&*7% /%'** ,&=%9* +% *)7%K *+0,70 8 +0&*? 9*0 /*&* /&0/*&*+,%0 +%'7,+* 9*&&* )*9,% +0&*7% +%'7,+% % +%) +&0*' +0&*7% 0 5*)0%? * )* &%*.
B2 Po5adas :ue a8sor8en agua /(00 *9%&90& '*8%&0 +*7,*0 0 *5(* /&%(+,0% 0'(),%0 0) 7,/% *5(* 0 *+0,70 % *+0,70 0 *5(* 0/0,0% 0 )* *7(&*)0@* 0 )% 0'()5070. P%'** 0 /)*7* +%)%,*) /)*7* +%)%,*) 1" 5? *5(* 1" 5? )*%),* 3" 5? >*0),* 3" 5.
#2 Po5adas 6idró7ilas /&0/*&*+,%0 +(8* 9*0 % ',+,9)0 +% *5(*. L* 9*0 07: +%7,7(,* 500&*)'070 /%& '0@+)* 0 '*+&%5%)0 /%),07,)05),+%)0 )6<(,% 8 ),%. P(00 +%700& +*7,*0 *0+(** 0 *5(*.
42-2 #re5as2 P&0/*&*+,%0 '()7,=:,+* +%7,7(,* /%& (* =*0 ),/%=6),+* 8 (* =*0 *+(%*. A. C&0'* ),/=,)* )* =*0 +%7,(* 0 )* =*0 ),/=,)*. B. C&0'* ,&=,)* )* =*0 070&* 0 )* =*0 *+(%*. C&0'* 0 070*&*7% ,+% :+,% 070:&,+% 1!J 5? %). ,&,% ,+% %=,+,*) 3J 5? 5),+0&,* 2J 5? *5(* /(&,=,+** ""J 5.
4202 Geles) =%&'*% /%& )6<(,% 50),=,+*% +% *8(* 0 *5070 50),=,+*70 */&%/,*%.
3
A. G0)0 ,&=%9% ),/%50)0 ( %)0%50)0. B. G0)0 ,&=,)% ,&%50)0. G),+0&%)*% 0 *)', *)', 0 7&,5% /()>0&,@*% $?$ 5? *5(* /(&,=,+** $?$ 5? 5),+0&,* $? 5.
420 Pastas +%7,00 0)0>** K 0 ),% =,*'070 ,/0&% 0 )* 9*0.
42;2 #ataplas5as +%,70 0 (* 9*0 ,&=,)* <(0 &07,00 0) +*)%& 0 )* <(0 07: ,/0&% )% /.*. ),% % )6<(,%. N%&'*)'070 0 07,00 0 (* +*/* 5&(0* %9&0 ( */,7% *0+(*% 8 0 +*),07* *70 0 ( */),+*+, * )* /,0).
42<2 Apositos ad6esivos 5edica5entosos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
4
(* /&0, (*>0 8 /(00 *&&*+*&0 , /&%>%+*& ,5 *% */&0+,*9)0 0 )* /,0) , 0/&0,',07% 0 )* /&0/*&*+, 0) %/%&70.
02
"1AS !E A!MINISTRA#I$N !E LAS &ORMAS &ARMA#3UTI#AS) &ORMAS &ARMA#3UTI#AS) "1A Tabletas, +:/()*? *&*90? 0),,&? (/0,? 50) O&*) Tableta? +:/()* S(9),5(*) Solución, (/0, P*&070&*) Ungüento? +&0'*? /*7*? /%)>%? )%+,? %)(+,? *0&%%). D&',+* Colirio, (507% O+()*& Solución, (/0,? +&0'*? (507%. Ó7,+* Solución, *0&%%)? ,*)*%&? N**) Aerosol, 09(),@*%&0. R0/,&*7%&,* Solución, (507%? (/%,7%&,%. R0+7*) Tabletas, >()%? +&0'*? (507%? %)(+,? 0/('*. V*5,*)
;2
PREPARA#IONES !E &'RMA#OS SEMIS$LI!AS.
5
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
;2/ &or5ulación preparaciones se5isólidas #aracter=sticas generales2 /H 0(7&% % 9,)'070 :+,% ,',)*& * /,0) E7*9,),* =6,+* 8 <(6',+*? +%'/*7,9,),* +% /.*.
Propiedades reológicas) *0+(** 070,9,),* 8 **/7*9,),* * (/0&=,+,0 8 +*>,*0 +(7:0*. E),',*9)0 0 )* @%* 0 */),+*+, /%& ,'/)0 )*>*%. N% '*+*& , /,0)? , 70,%. N% ,(+,& 0=0+7% 0 ,&&,7*+, /&,'*&,*? , 0,9,),@*+,%0.
#aracter=sticas particulares 6
M,+,9,),* 0/,+(7:0* B** 0 /&0/*&*% *++, (/0&=,+,*) A)7* +(*% 0 &0<(,0&* /007&*+, /.*. P%0&
*9%&9070
0(*%
/*7%)5,+%
0
)0,%0
7,/%
0+@0'*7%%. P%0& /&%70+7%& *)7% 0 /&0/*&*% /*&* 0>,7*& *5&0,%0 /%& *5070 ,&&,7*70 +&0'*/%'** 9*&&0&*. C*/*+,* 0 +0, ,=(,>*. P%,9,),* 0 &0,7,& 070&,),@*+, /%'** %=7:)',+*? +&0'* /*&* <(0'*(&* )0,%0 0 *)7% &,05% ,=0++,.
#lasi7icación e>cipientes ? 8ase) T&0 7,/% /%)>%? 5&** 8 )6<(,% -E+,/,070 '%%=:,+% /%)>%? 5&**? )6<(,%. -E+,/,070 9,=:,+% +&0'*? /*7* 5&**? /*7* 0+*70. -E+,/,070 7&,=:,+% /*7* =&6*? /*7* +&0'%*. L* ,=0&0+,* 07&0 )* ,=0&070 =%&'* 0',),* 9:,+*'070 0 0) +%70,% 0 *5(*? 0 =%&'* <(0 •
U (507% 7,00 ( /%+%? % ** 0 *5(*.
•
U* /%'** 7,00 ': +*7,* 0 *5(* <(0 ( (507%? /0&% '0% <(0 (* +&0'* +%'7,+*.
•
L* +&0'* +%'7,+* 0 0 7%* )* =%&'()* 0',),*? )* <(0 7,00 ': +*7,* 0 *5(*. G00&*)'070 7,00 ': 0 ( "JK. L* +&0'* +%'7,+* 0 (* 0'(),? 8* <(0 0 (* (, 07*9)0 07&0 *5(* 8 5&**. P%& )% 7*7% 7,00 % =*0? )* *+(%* 8 )* %)0%*. E =(+, 0) +%70,% 0 *5(* 0 )% /&0/*&*% 0',),%? 7*7% ( =(+,%0 +%'% ( */),+*+, % ,=0&070. 7
<2
#LASI&I#A#I$N !E LAS &ORMAS &ARMA#3UTI#AS SEMIS$LI!AS) Se pueden distinguir varias categorías de preparaciones semisólidas para aplicación cutánea: Pomadas, cremas, geles, pastas, cataplasmas, apósitos adhesivos medicamentosos.
POMA!AS) +%7* 0 ( 0+,/,070 0 (* %)* =*0 0 0) <(0 0 /(00 ,/0&*& ),% % )6<(,%2
Tipos de po5adas) -Po5adas 6idro7o8as) *<(0))* <(0 %)% *9%&90 /0<(0* +*7,*0 0 *5(*? /*&*=,* % >*0),*? %),* % ),<(,*? *+0,70 >0507*)0? 5&** *,'*)0? 5),+0&,% ,707,+%? +0&* 8 /%),*)<(,,)%%* ),<(,%. -Po5adas :ue e5ulsionan agua) /(00 *9%&90& '*8%& +*7,* 0 *5(* <(0 )* *70&,%&0? /&%(+,0% 0'(),%0 AO ( OA 05 *7(&*)0@* 0 0'()5070. -Po5adas 6idro7ilas2
Procedi5iento de ela8oración de po5adas) Po5adas
por
7usion)1.P0*&
)%
/.*
8
0+,/,070.2.F(,&
)%+%'/%070 *) 9*% '*&,*? 0+0/7% )% /.*3.A,+,%*& 0) /&,+,/,% *+7,>%
9*%
*5,7*+,
+%7,(*
*7*
+%05(,&
(
+%&&0+7*
,/0&,.!.S%)(9,),@*& 0 ,%)>070 *0+(*% *<(0))% /.* <(0 % 0* /%,9)0 ,+%&/%&*& ,&0+7*'070? 0/( **,&)% 8 ,/0*&)% 0 )* '0@+)*.".E>**&
0
0&'7,+*'070.$.E7,<(07*&
&0+,/,070 0)
0>**%
*0+(*% ,5(,0%
8
+0&&*&)%
)%
+&,70&,%
07*9)0+,%.4.P&%+00& * )* ),'/,0@* 0) '*70&,*) (7,),@*%.
Po5adas
por
5e@clado
5ecnico)
1.C%)%+*&
)*
(7*+,*
/()>0&()07* 0 0) '%&70&% 8 '0@+)*&)*. 2. A*,& 0) 0+,/,070 0 +*%
8
0+0*&,%. 3. M0@+)*& *7* %9700& (* /%'** %'%500*. !. E>**& 8 07,<(07*& ,5(,0% )% +&,70&,% 07*9)0+,%.
PASTAS) /&0/*&*+,%0 =*&'*+0(7,+* 0',%),* /*&* */),+*+, +(7*0* <(0 +%7,00 0)0>** /&%/%&+,%0 0 %),% /()>0&()07% =,*'070 ,/0&% 0 )* 9*0. Tipos de pastas:
-Pastas acuosas) *<(0))* 0 )* <(0 0) >0,+()% 0 *5(*. S( *++,% % 0 %+)(,>* 8 0 (0)0 */),+*& %9&0 )0,%0 ('0* % %9&0 ,=)*'*+,%0 8* <(0 ,',(80 )* 70'/0&*7(&* 0 )* @%* * +*(* 0 )* 0>*/%&*+, 0) *5(*? +%,5(,0% <(0 ,',(8* )* 70'/0&*7(&* 0 )* @%* 7&*7**. -Pastas grasas) =%&'** /%& ( >0,+()% 5&*% 0 0) <(0 0 0+(07&* ,/0&% )% %),% /()>0&()07%. L* /*7* 5&** 7,00 '*8%& /%0& %+)(,>% <(0 )* *+(%*. Procedimiento de elaboración de pastas:
Pastas acuosas) 1.P0*& )% +%'/%070. 2. M0@+)*& 0 ( &0+,/,070 *0+(*%? 0) /.* 8 0) *9%&9070. 3. E'/*7*& +% 0) *5070 5,&%+/,+% 7&*9**% )* '0@+)* +% 0) /,7,)%. !. D,%)>0& 0) +%0&>*70 0 0) *5(* /(&,=,+** +*)07*% , 0 0+0*&,%. ". I+%&/%&*& )* %)(+, +% 0)
+%0&>*70
*
)*
%'%500,@*+,%.$.E>**&
'0@+)* 0
*70&,%&
&0+,/,070
8
0'/*7*&
*7*
*0+(*%.4.E7,<(07*&
8
/&%+00& * )* ),'/,0@* 0) '*70&,*).
Pastas grasas)1.P0*& )% /.* 8 0+,/,070.2.F(,& 0) 0+,/,070 ),/%=,)% +*)07*% * )* 70'/0&*7(&* 0 ( /(7% 0 =(,%.3.S, 0) /.* % 0 70&'%)*9,)? '0@+)*&)% +% 0) *9%&9070 8 +% 0) 0+,/,070 ),/%=,)% 0 ( &0+,/,070 /&0>,*'070 +*)07*%.!.S, 0) /.* 0 70&'%)*9,)? 0'/*7*& ,&0+7*'070 0) *9%&9070 +% 0) 0+,/,070 ),/%=,),% 8 (* >0@ =&,* )* '0@+)*? ,+%&/%&*&)* )07*'070 %9&0 0) /.*".O9700& (* /*7* =,* 8
9
%'%500* 7&*9**% +% 0) /,7,)%.$.E>**&? 07,<(07*& 8 &0*),@*& )* ),'/,0@* 0) '*70&,*).
"entaas del uso de pastas ? po5adas) 1.N% 0 0+0,7* /0&%*) 0/0+,*),@*% /*&* ( *',,7&*+,.2.S0 */),+* 0 =%&'* 0+,))* 8 , 0+0,*
0
0<(,/*',07%
0/0+,=,+%.3.S(
5&* +*/*+,*
0
*0,>,* %9&0 )* /,0) /0&',70 <(0 )% /.* *+7(0 *7* < % 0),',*% /%& )*>*%.!.L% 0+,/,070 0'/)0*% 0 ( 0)*9%&*+, 7,00 (* *++,% 0'%),070 <(0 0 ('* * )* *++,% '0,+*'07%* 0 )% /.*".S, 0 0+0*&,% 0 /(00 &07,&* =:+,)'070 , &,05% /*&* 0) /*+,070.$.S( =%&'()*+,% /0&',70 %7*&)0 0 '*8%& % '0%& +%,70+,* 05 )* @%* %0 0 >*8* * */),+*& 8 0) 7,/% 0 )0,% <(0 0 >* * 7&*7*&.
#REMAS) 0'(),%0? 07: =%&'** /%& % =*0 ),<(,* ,',+,9)0 07&0 ,? 07*9,),@** /%& ( 0'()5070. Tipos de cremas:
-C&0'* ,&%=,)* % ),/%=%9* 0 &0/&007* +%'% OA ( O. -C&0'* ,&%=%9* % ),/%=,)* 0 &0/&007* +%'% AO % O. Composición de las cremas: - F*0 *+(%*.-F*0 %)0%*.
-S,70'* 0'()5070. enta!as
del
uso
cremas )1.A/),+*+,
de
+%'%*
8
=*+,).2.P&%/%&+,%*% (* ),90&*+, +%7&%)** 0) /.*3.D09,% * ( +%'/%,+,? *+7(* ,0'/&0 +%'% 0'%),070 0 ,&*7*70.
Inconvenientes de las cre5as)-S% ,70'* 70&'%,:',+*'070 ,07*9)0? +%'% 7%* 0'(),%? /%& )% <(0 +% 0) 7,0'/% 7,00 * )* 0/*&*+,% 0 ( =*0? /(,0% ))05*& ,+)(% * )* 0/*&*+,% 7%7*) 0 )* ','*? 0 0%',* &(/7(&* 0 )* +&0'*.
10
GEL) E )* /&0/*&*+,%0 0',%),* <(0 07* =%&'** /%& ),<(,% 50),=,+*% +% )* *8(* 0 *5070 =0),=,+*70 */&%/,*%. C%7* 0 % +%'/%070 +%'% ',,'%? (% 0 ),<(,% 8 *+7(* +%'% ,%)>070? 0) %7&% 0 0) *5070 50),=,+*70? 0 0) <(0 500&* )* 07&(+7(&*. Tipos de geles:
SegCn los disolventes)-G0)0 ),/%=,)% % ),/%50)0 % /&0/*&*+,%0 +(8* 9*0 07: +%7,7(,* *9,7(*)'070 /%& /*&*=,* ),<(,*.-G0)0 ,&%=,)% % ,&%50)0 % )% ': 0'/)0*%? /&0/*&*+,%0 +(8* 9*0 % *5(*? 5),+0&%) 8 /&%/,)05),+%) 50),=,+*% +% )* *8(* 0 )% *5070 50),=,+*70 /%),'0&,+% */&%/,*%.
SegCn la viscosidad del gel) -G0)0 =)(,%. -G0)0 0',%),%. -G0)0 %),%. Composición de los geles:
!isolventes o dilu?entes) -A5(* +%'/%070 '*8%&,7*&,% 0 )% ,&%50)0? )% /.* ,&%%)(9)0 0 ,(0)>0 0 0) *5(* 8 /%70&,%&'070 0 ,+%&/%&* 0) *5070 50),=,+*70. -A)+%%) 0 (7,),@* /*&* ,+%&/%&*& /.* /%+% %)(9)0 0 *5(*? /(00 &0*),@*&0 '0,*70 % 7+,+*. -A+0,70 )% /.* ),/%%)(9)0 0 %)(9,),@* 0 *+0,70 8 0 **0 *) 50).
D2*
#ONSER"A#I$N !E &'RMA#OS L* &%5* 8 '0,+*'07% /(00 (=&,& *)70&*+,%0 (&*70 0) '*0%? *)'*+0*',07%? 7&*)*% 8 +%('%? <(0 0 7&*(+0 0 (* /&,* 11
%7*9)0 0 )* *+7,>,* =*&'*+%)5,+* % 0 %&,5,* /&%(+7% 0 05&**+, *)7*'070 7,+%. P%& 0% 0 ,'/%&7*70 700& 0 +(07* )* =0+* 0 >0+,',07%? /&%7050&)% 0 +,0&7% =*+7%&0 +%'% )* )(@? )* 70'/0&*7(&*? 0) *,&0? )* ('0*; 0>**&)% 0 &0+,/,070 *0+(*% +% ( +,0&&0 070&',*% <(0 ,'/,* )* +%7*',*+, 8 )* /&,* 0) +%70,%.
&ec6a de venci5iento 95es* aoF G*&*7,@* 0) )*9%&*7%&,% <(0 0) '0,+*'07% )% /0&0&: 1JK 0 ( *+7,>,* =*&'*+%)5,+*.
Te5peratura) A) *('07*& 1JQC )* 70'/0&*7(&* *'9,070? *('07* 0 2 * ! >0+0 )* >0)%+,* 0 05&**+,. L* 70'/0&*7(&* %=,+,*) 0 0 2JQC. T*7% ( 0+0% 0 +*)%& +%'% 0 =&6% /(00 *)70&*& 0) '0,+*'07%. E. >*+(*.
Lu@) L% '0,+*'07% 0,9)0 * )* )(@ 0 0>** 0 &0+,/,070 %/*+% 8 , 0) &0+,/,070 0 7&*/*&070 0 0>(0)>0 +% /*/0) 05&% % 0 *)(',,% /*&* 0>,7*& &0*++,%0 =%7%<(6',+*. E) 0>*0 <(0 %=&0+0 ': /&%70++, * )* *++, 0 )* )(@ 8 0) %650% 0 0) >,&,% :'9*& % 0 +%)%& +*&*'0)%. L* 0+%'/%,+, /%& 0=0+7% 0) %650% 0 +%' 0 )* &%5* 0 (% =*&'*+(7,+% +%'% >,7*',*? *7,9,7,+%? 070&%,0.
u5edad) L* 07*9,),* 0) '0,+*'07% 0 *)70&* 8* 0* /%& ,&),, 0 *)5 +%'/%070 0) /&0/*&*%? /%& (* &0*++, <(6',+* % /%& /&%),=0&*+, 0 ',+&%%&5*,'%? )% <(0 *)70&* 0) '0,% *% %/*+,*? 7(&9,0@ 8 =)%+()*+,. E. /%'**? *&*90. C%>,00 '*700& 0) ,7,% 0 *)'*+0*',07% 9,0 >07,)*%? &0+%&*% <(0 ',07&* ': +*)%& *8 0 0) )(5*& ': '0% 0 0) *,&0. T*'9,
12
0 090 /&%+00& * 7*/*& +%&&0+7*'070 )% 0>*0 0 )% '0,+*'07%.
Envases) Pueden ser de) aF
"idrio) L* *)+*),,* 0 )% =&*+% 0 >,&,% /(00 *& /&0+,/,7*% % 05&**+, 0 &%5* 07*9)0 * /H :+,%. P%& 0))% 0) >,&,% 0 )* *'/%))* 0 0 9%&%,),+*7%? ,'/0&'0*9)0 *) *,&0 8 * )* ('0* 8 0 / 0(7&%.
8F
Plstico)E70 '*70&,*) 0 /0&'0*9)0 *) %650% 8 * %7&% 5*0. E *)5(% +*% +%7,7(8070 0) /):7,+% /(00 ',5&*& * )* %)(+,? 8 0 %7&% )* &%5* /(00 0& *9%&9,* /%& 0) =&*+%.
cF
oas de alu5inio) S0
(*
/*&* 0>**&
&%5*
,5&%+/,+*
/%&<(0
%
,'/0&'0*9)0 * )* ('0*.
dF
Go5a) 9goteroF S0 +%'/%&7* 0 '*0&* ,',)*& *) /):7,+%.
#ierres) D0 *+(0&% * )* &%5* <(0 +%7,00 8 * )* 0+0,* 0 +%0&>*+, 0) '0,+*'07%? 0 0),50 0) +,0&&0 0 )% 0>*0. H*8 3 7,/% 0 +,0&&0 -
C,0&&0 9(0% 0>,7* )* 07&** 0 (7*+,* ),* 07&**.
-
C,0&&0 /0&=0+7% 0>,7* 07&** 0 (7*+,* ),* 07&** 8
('0*. -
C,0&&0 0&'7,+% 0>,7* 07&** 0 (7*+,* ),*? ('0*? *,&0
8
%7&% 5*0.
#ON#LUSIONES 13
1.
L* =%&'* =*&'*+(7,+* 0',),* % 0%',** *6 /%&<(0 ( +%7*+,* 0 ,70&'0,* 07&0 )% ),% 8 )% )6<(,% 0 *)7* >,+%,*? /0&% % +*/*+0 0 7%% '%'07%? 0 '*700& (* =%&'* **? *(<(0 % /&0070 *)7* &0,70+,* * )* =&*+7(&*? % * )* 07&*++, '*(*) 0) 0>*0? 05 0* 0) +*%.
2.
L* /%'** '()7,=:,+* +%7,7(,* /%& % =*0? ( %&%=9,+* 8 %7&* *+(%* % +%'('070 +%%+,* +%'% +&0'*.
3.
L% 50)0 % =%&'* =*&'*+(7,+* 0 +%,70+,* 0',&&65,*? 500&*)'070 % 7,00 *+0,70 5&*%? 07,*% * */),+*&0 %9&0 )* '0'9&** '(+%*? % 7,00 /%0& 0 /007&*+,? /%& 0% 0 (7,),@* /*&* 00&+0& *++, 7/,+* 0 (/0&=,+,0.
!.
L* +&0'* 07: +%7,7(,* 0 % =*0 (* ),/%=,)* 8 )* %7&* *+(%*. +%7,00 +%,70+,* 9)*+* 8 =)(% 07%,*% % /0(%/)*7,+% /%& ( *)7% +%70,% *+(%%.
BIBLIOGRA&1AS 14
CASTRO TORRES AM? C** V*5(0&% H? C*)@*% S0&&*% LI? O),>0&* S(:&0@ M? P&0@ L)*(50& S? H0&:0@ H0+0'06* FN. M*(*) 0 /&%+0,',07% 0 0=0&'0&6*. L* H*9** C,+,* M,+*; 2JJ".
IRACHE? (* M. F%&'* =*&'*+(7,+* 07,** * )* >6* /0&+(7:0*? F*&'*+,* 8 T0+%)%56* F*&'*+(7,+*? U,>0&,* 0 N*>*&&*? ,/%,9)0
0
77/.(*>.0*,U0&F,)0F,)0J$2"1J11-
+(7*0%./= .
MENDOZA R(,@? A&,** GARCIA S0&/* O%&,%-0-C*7&%? C)*(,*. 2JJ M0,+*'07% *9)*% 0 +*),*. R,% 0 *0,&%. 77/.*9,*,.%&5.9&,'5'0,*M0,+*'07%K2J0/*%)./=.
MINISTERIO DE SALUD PBLICA. 2JJ2 F%&'()*&,% N*+,%*) 0 M0,+*'7%. C07&% /*&* 0) 0*&&%))% 0 )* =*&'*+%0/,0',%)%56*. L* H*9** C,0+,* M,+*.
TORRES M*&760@ M*&6* 8 MONTSERRAT. F%&'* F*&'*+(7,+* S0',),*
C&0'*.
T0+%)%56*
F*&'*+(7,+*
III.
77/0/*.=<(,'.(*'.'*'8*&+,>0&%C&0'*1!3./= .
TORRES G*&+6*? M*5*)8. 2J1J F(*'07% 0 =*&'*+%)%56*. L* H*9** E,7%&,*) C,0+,* M,+*.
R05)*'07% 0 )* L08 G00&*) 0 S*)( 0 '*70&,* 0 C%7&%) S*,7*&,% 0 A+7,>,*0? E7*9)0+,',07%? P&%(+7% 8 S0&>,+,%.
15
