UNIVERSIDAD MARÍA AUXILADORA – UMA UMA FARMACIA Y BIOQUÍMICA FARMACOQUÍMICA – II II
DOCENTE Mg. Q.F. Juan Roberto Pérez León Camborda INTEGRANTES:
ATACHAGUA ALANIA, Sindy
CERNA VÁSQUEZ, Dilcer
ESCOBAR SAAVEDRA, Emérita
ROJAS ATENCIO, Jovita
SALVATIERRA SULCA, Alejandra Gregoria
CURSO: FARMACOQUÍMICA EQUIPO: B-1
2-II
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UNIVERSIDAD MARÍA AUXILADORA – UMA UMA FARMACIA Y BIOQUÍMICA FARMACOQUÍMICA – II II
I.
INTRODUCCIÓN
Las sulfonamidas fueron los primeros fármacos efectivos administrados por vía general para prevenir y curar las infecciones bacterianas en los seres humanos. La importancia de su descubrimiento y aplicación ulterior desde el punto de vista médico y de salud pública pú blica se reflejó rápidamente en el descenso notable de las cifras de morbilidad y mortalidad por infecciones curables. El advenimiento de la penicilina y otros antibióticos disminuyó la utilidad de las sulfonamidas y en la actualidad ocupan un lugar relativamente pequeño en el armamento terapéutico del médico. No obstante, la introducción a mediados del decenio de 1970 de la combinación de trimetoprim y sulfametoxazol incrementó la aplicación de las sulfonamidas para la pr ofilaxis y tratamiento de ciertas infecciones microbianas. El término sulfonamida se utiliza aquí como nombre genérico de los derivados de la para-aminobencensulfonamida (sulfonamida).
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UNIVERSIDAD MARÍA AUXILADORA – UMA UMA FARMACIA Y BIOQUÍMICA FARMACOQUÍMICA – II II
II.
MARCO TEÓRICO
SULFAMETOXAZOL PROPIEDADES FARMACOLÓGICAS El sulfametoxazol (SMZ), al igual que otras sulfonamidas, inhibe la síntesis del ácido deshidrofólico a partir del ácido p-amino benzoico; el trimetoprim (TMP) inhibe la enzima reductasa de deshidrofolato y evita la síntesis del ácido tetrahidrofólico a partir del ácido dihidrofólico. La acción combinada de ambas sustancias da lugar a un incremento del efecto bacteriostático y bactericida, que es óptimo y muy amplio cuando guarda una proporción de 1:20 (TMP: SMZ). Su espectro antibacteriano incluye a todas las cepas de Streptococcus pneumoniae, Corynebacterium diphtheriae y Nocardia meningitidis . También actúa sobre casi
todas las cepas de Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes, S. faecalis, S. viridans, Escherichia coli, Proteus Pr oteus mirabilis, P. morganii ,
especies de Enterobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, P. pseudomallei, Brucella abortus, Pasteurella
haemolytica,
Yersinia
tuberculosis,
Y.
enterocolitica,
Nocardia
Pneumoc ystis asteroides, Klebsiella y Toxoplasma gondii . También es activo contra Pneumocystis carinii. Su administración da lugar al desarrollo de resistencia bacteriana; sin embargo, la frecuencia es menor que en el caso de los componentes individuales. La mezcla se absorbe rápido y por completo a través de la mucosa gastrointestinal y alcanza concentraciones plasmáticas máximas en 2 a 3 h después de la ingestión oral. Su distribución en el organismo es similar a la de sus componentes individuales, que se metabolizan en particular en el e l hígado. Cerca del 50% de cada producto se excreta en la orina en un lapso de 24 h, la mayor parte del TMP en forma activa y casi todo el SMZ en forma f orma inactiva. A nivel urinario, la proporción que
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UNIVERSIDAD MARÍA AUXILADORA – UMA UMA FARMACIA Y BIOQUÍMICA FARMACOQUÍMICA – II II
INDICACIONES Tratamiento
de
infecciones
por
microorganismos
enteropatógenos
susceptibles, en especial Salmonella y Shigella. Fiebre tifoidea por cepas de Salmonella typhi resistentes resistentes al cloranfenicol. Infecciones agudas y crónicas de vías respiratorias inferiores o de vías urinarias generadas por microorganismos susceptibles.
Prostatitis
bacteriana
crónica.
Nocardiosis.
Neumonía
por Pneumocystis carinii .
CONTRAINDICACIONES Y PRECAUCIONES Contraindicado en casos de hipersensibilidad a alguno de los componentes de la mezcla, uremia, glomerulonefritis, citopenias hemáticas, hepatitis, así como durante el embarazo, en prematuros y en recién nacidos. No se debe administrar en forma simultánea con diuréticos tiazídicos, furosemida o anticonvulsivos, ya que se informa de una aparición alta de trombocitopenia y megaloblastosis. Se
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UNIVERSIDAD MARÍA AUXILADORA – UMA UMA FARMACIA Y BIOQUÍMICA FARMACOQUÍMICA – II II
REACCIONES ADVERSAS Frecuentes: erupción cutánea de diversos tipos, que en algunos casos llega a síndrome de Stevens-Johnson, anorexia, náusea, vómito, cefalalgia, fotosensibilidad. Poco frecuentes: leucopenia, trombocitopenia, megaloblastosis, anemia aplásica, agranulocitosis, hepatitis. Raras: cristaluria, hematuria.
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UNIVERSIDAD MARÍA AUXILADORA – UMA UMA FARMACIA Y BIOQUÍMICA FARMACOQUÍMICA – II II
III.
RELACIÓN ESTRUCTURA – ACTIVIDAD (REA)
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UNIVERSIDAD MARÍA AUXILADORA – UMA UMA FARMACIA Y BIOQUÍMICA FARMACOQUÍMICA – II II
IV.
PROPIEDADES FISICOQUÍMICA FISICOQUÍMICAS S (3)
Density:
1.5±0.1 g/cm3
Boiling Point:
482.1±55.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Vapour Pressure:
0.0±1.2 mmHg at 25°C
Enthalpy of Vaporization:
74.7±3.0 kJ/mol
Flash Point:
245.4±31.5 °C
Index of Refraction:
1.641
Molar Refractivity: Refractivit y:
62.5±0.4 cm3
#H bond acceptors:
6
#H bond donors:
3
#Freely Rotating Bonds:
3
#Rule of 5 Violations:
0
ACD/LogP:
0.89
ACD/LogD (pH 5.5):
0.56
ACD/BCF (pH 5.5):
1.49
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UNIVERSIDAD MARÍA AUXILADORA – UMA UMA FARMACIA Y BIOQUÍMICA FARMACOQUÍMICA – II II
Molar Volume:
V.
MATERIALES Y EQUIPOS
Tubos de ensayos Luna de reloj Pipetas de 10ml Bureta Propipetas Picetas Beakers 250Ml Embudos de vidrio Mortero de porcelana Papel filtro Mechero de alcohol Gradillas Pinza de tubos de ensayo Pinza de cromatoplaca Cromatoplacas Cuba Cromatoplaca Capilares Cámara de Revelador de Yodo Baqueta
173.1±3.0 cm3
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UNIVERSIDAD MARÍA AUXILADORA – UMA UMA FARMACIA Y BIOQUÍMICA FARMACOQUÍMICA – II II
Reactivos
Ioduro de potasio Yodato de potasio Cloruro de Bario Metanol Dicromato de potasio Metanol Ácido sulfúrico
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UNIVERSIDAD MARÍA AUXILADORA – UMA UMA FARMACIA Y BIOQUÍMICA FARMACOQUÍMICA – II II
VI.
PROCEDIMIENTO
6.1 ANÁLISIS CUALITATIVO
a) ANÁLISIS ORGANOLÉPT ORGANOLÉPTICO ICO ANÁLISIS ORGANOLEPTICO ASPECTO
Polvo cristalino
COLOR
Blanco
OLOR
Inodoro
SABOR
Amargo
b) SOLUBILIDAD SOLUBILIDAD AGUA
Insoluble
ALCOHOL
Poco soluble
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UNIVERSIDAD MARÍA AUXILADORA – UMA UMA FARMACIA Y BIOQUÍMICA FARMACOQUÍMICA – II II
c) OBSERVACION MICROSCOPICA AUMENTO 400X
OBSERVACIÓN:
Cristales Amorfos
d) CROMATOGRA CROMATOGRAFÍA FÍA EN CAPA FINA Cromatografía en capa fina
SISTEMA
DE
SOLVENTES
Acetona – etanol Hidróxido de amonio
PROPORCIÓN
4 : 1 : 0,5
REVELADOR
VAPORES DE IODO
UMA FYB. B-1 SULFAMETOXAZOL MP B-1 B-1
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UNIVERSIDAD MARÍA AUXILADORA – UMA UMA FARMACIA Y BIOQUÍMICA FARMACOQUÍMICA – II II
e) REACCIONES QUÍMICA QUÍMICAS S REACCIONES
OBSERVACIÓN OBSERVACIÓN
RESULTADO
Rx de ioduro +
+++
Color olor amarill rillo o
yodato de k Rx
Pre Presen sencia cia
de
gr
acido
de
+++
Color rojiza
diazotacion Rx de la rosen
INDICA
Presencia de amina posición P
+++
Color olor naran ranja
Prese resen ncia cia aromatico
de
gr
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UNIVERSIDAD MARÍA AUXILADORA – UMA UMA FARMACIA Y BIOQUÍMICA FARMACOQUÍMICA – II II
CÁLCULOS Análisis de valoración de sulfametoxazol mg = N X Peq. X mL
mg = 0.09 x 253,28 x 5.0 mg = 113,97 Si la cápsula. Peso 1054,6mg y en la cápsula hay una concentración de 800 mg del principio activo diremos. 1054,6mg
(principio
(sulfametoxazol)
activo
más
excipientes)
…………………800mg
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UNIVERSIDAD MARÍA AUXILADORA – UMA UMA FARMACIA Y BIOQUÍMICA FARMACOQUÍMICA – II II
VII-. CUESTIONA CUESTIONARIO RIO
1. Explicar el método cuantitativo cuantitativo del Sulfametoxazol con reacciones químicas. Reacción cuantitativa
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UNIVERSIDAD MARÍA AUXILADORA – UMA UMA FARMACIA Y BIOQUÍMICA FARMACOQUÍMICA – II II
REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁ BIBLIOGRÁFICAS FICAS
https://accessmedicina.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=1552§ioni d=903759
https://accessmedicina.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=1882§ioni d=138616593&jumpsectionID=138616606
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UNIVERSIDAD MARÍA AUXILADORA – UMA UMA FARMACIA Y BIOQUÍMICA FARMACOQUÍMICA – II II