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APÉNDICE APÉNDICE IV. LAS ECUACIONES ECUACIONES DE MAXWELL MAXWELL EN UN SOLO SISTEMA AXIOMATICO
Por John Auping con base en dos artículos de José Heras Gómez
1713
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