N` Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf. Lfmlnptf y prbmlbpbfs bmdfrogifrns5 Lf`gafrglbüm, pgrtblbpglbüm, trgmspgrnmlbg y rnmiblbüm in lunmtgs ABA@BFJQGDÏG
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BBB [`gm in gllbüm in Nspg÷g 1;7:-1;72 in `g G`bgmzg pgrg n` Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf (gltug`bzgif g eumbf in 1;78) @g pgrtblbpglbüm lbuigigmg nm n` BBB [`gm in Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf in Nspg÷g. \uaibrnllbüm Jnmnrg` in Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf. Obmbstnrbf in Hglbnmig y Dumlbüm [õa`blg. 1;7:
ZNAJQGDÏG www.hglbnmig.jfa.ns
FAENYBTF\ Lfmflnr n` lfmlnptf in Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf Gprnminr `fs prbmlbpbf bmdfrogifrns in` Jfabnrmf Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf
Ogtnrbgs lfoumns. Ynog <
\gaïg qun @g jfanrmgmzg supfmn um lgoabf in pgrgibjog nm `gs rn`glbfmns giobmbstrgtbvgs, prfpblbgmif `g gifplbüm in pf`ïtblgs põa`blgs lfm `g pgrtblbpglbüm in ibstbmtfs snltfrns põa`blf y prbvgif.
7. N@ JFABNQMF GABNQYF. LFMLN[YF R [QBMLB[BF\ BMDFQOGIFQN\5 LF@GAFQGLBÜM, [GQYBLB[GLBÜM, YQGM\[GQNMLBG R QNMIBLBÜM IN L^NMYG\ 7.7 Jfanrmgmzg põa`blg @gs Giobmbstrglbfmns [õa`blgs inanm gsnjurgr um ogrlf mfrogtbvf nstga`n y gigptgif g `gs mnlnsbigins in munstrfs lbuigigmfs y noprnsgs, qun lfmtrbauyg g sbop`bdblgr sus rn`glbfmns lfm `gs ibstbmtgs Giobmbstrglbfmns [õa`blgs, g onefrgr `g lfopntbtbvbigi in munstrgs noprnsgs y dfrtg`nlnr `g lfmdbgmzg nm `gs bmstbtulbfmns y nm `g lg`bigi in `fs snrvblbfs y inlbsbfmns. Nm n` çoabtf in `g Giobmbstrglbüm Jnmnrg` in` Nstgif, `g Ibrnllbüm Jnmnrg` in Jfanrmgmzg [õa`blg nenrln sus dumlbfmns lfm n` prfpüsbtf in jubgr y ibrbjbr `g gltbvbigi giobmbstrgtbvg insin umg trbp`n pnrspnltbvg5 lffribmglbüm in `g frjgmbzglbüm pgrg gsnjurgr umg gltuglbüm frinmgig pgrg nvbtgr iup`blbigins y g`lgmzgr um usf ginlugif in `fs rnlursfs, nvg`uglbüm in `g jnstbüm giobmbstrgtbvg pgrg onefrgr n` dumlbfmgobnmtf in `fs snrvblbfs, y frbnmtglbüm in `g frjgmbzglbüm y snrvblbfs hglbg n` lbuigigmf. @g jfanrmgmzg põa`blg pnrobtn jubgr y ibrbjbr `g gltbvbigi giobmbstrgtbvg insin umg trbp`n pnrspnltbvg5 lffribmglbüm in `g frjgmbzglbüm pgrg gsnjurgr umg gltuglbüm frinmgig pgrg nvbtgr iup`blbigins y g`lgmzgr um usf ginlugif in `fs rnlursfs, nvg`uglbüm in `g jnstbüm giobmbstrgtbvg pgrg onefrgr n` dumlbfmgobnmtf in `fs snrvblbfs, y frbnmtglbüm in `g frjgmbzglbüm y snrvblbfs hglbg n` lbuigigmf. @gs dumlbfmns in jfanrmgmzg põa`blg sfm insnopn÷gigs pfr `g Ibrnllbüm Jnmnrg` in Jfanrmgmzg [õa`blg. Ybnmn lfof prbmlbpg`ns dumlbfmns `gs in5 - Gmç`bsbs y nvg`uglbüm in `gs nstrulturgs frjçmblgs frjçmblgs in `g Giobmbstrglbüm Jnmnrg` in` Nstgif y sus frjgmbsofs põa`blfs, n`gafrglbüm in ibspfsblbfmns in lgrçltnr frjgmbzgtbvf luyg prfpunstg sng lfopntnmlbg in` Obmbstnrbf in Hglbnmig y Dumlbüm [õa`blg, n`gafrglbüm
11;
nibtfrbg` } lnp
N` Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf
in prfynltfs in lgrçltnr jnmnrg` nm frjgmbzglbüm y prflnibobnmtfs, y rng`bzglbüm in nstuibfs y prfpunstgs frjgmbzgtbvgs pgrg onefrgr `g rglbfmg`bigi y ndblbnmlbg in `gs nstrulturgs giobmbstrgtbvgs. - Gsnsfrgobnmtf y gpfyf tâlmblf tâlmblf nm ogtnrbg ogtnrbg in frjgmbzglbüm frjgmbzglbüm y prflnibobnmtfs g `fs inpgrinpgrtgonmtfs obmbstnrbg`ns y frjgmbsofs põa`blfs, bml`ubig `g rng`bzglbüm in nstuibfs in lfmsu`tfrïg frjgmbzgtbvg. - Jfanrmgmzg y jnstbüm in` \bstnog in Bmdfroglbüm Giobmbstrgtbvg in `fs prflnibobnmtfs, lfm `g lf`gafrglbüm in `g \nlrntgrïg Jnmnrg` in Giobmbstrglbüm Ibjbtg`. - Ibsn÷f, bopu`sf y snjubobnmtf nm n` çoabtf in `g Giobmbstrglbüm Jnmnrg` in` Nstgif in `gs gltuglbfmns pgrg rniulbr `gs lgrjgs giobmbstrgtbvgs y rnju`gtfrbgs, y sbop`bdblgr `fs prflnibobnmtfs giobmbstrgtbvfs. - Onefrg lfmtbmug in `g jnstbüm onibgmtn n` bopu`sf, insgrrf``f y snjubobnmtf in `fs prfjrgogs in lg`bigi nm `fs snrvblbfs põa`blfs, agsgifs nm `g aõsqunig in `g nxln`nmlbg y n` dfonmtf in `g bmmfvglbüm. - Bmspnllbüm y onefrg in `fs snrvblbfs snrvblbfs in `g Giobmbstrgl Giobmbstrglbüm büm Jnmnrg` in` Nstgif y in `fs frjgmbsofs põa`blfs vbmlu`gifs, dbeglbüm in lrbtnrbfs qun dglb`btnm `g gtnmlbüm g `fs lbuigigmfs onibgmtn n` gmç`bsbs bmtnjrg` in qunegs y sujnrnmlbgs, intnrobmglbüm in lrbtnrbfs jnmnrg`ns pgrg `g indbmblbüm in prfjrgogs obmbstnrbg`ns in `gs Bmspnllbfmns Jnmnrg`ns in \nrvblbfs inpgrtgonmtg`ns y snjubobnmtf in su bop`gmtglbüm, prfoflbüm, ibrnllbüm y lffribmglbüm in p`gmns in bmspnllbüm nspnlïdblfs pgrg nvg`ugr `g ndblglbg y ndblbnmlbg in `fs snrvblbfs, y prfoflbüm in prfjrgogs in dfroglbüm nspnlbg`bzgig n bmtnrlgoabf in `gs ontfif`fjïgs y tâlmblgs gp`blgigs. - Binmtbdblglbüm, ibsn÷f ibsn÷f n bopu`sf in prfjrgogs y prfynltfs prfynltfs pgrg dglb`btgr dglb`btgr n` gllnsf in `fs lbuigigmfs y noprnsgs g `fs snrvblbfs põa`blfs, g trgvâs in `fs ibstbmtfs lgmg`ns ibspfmb a`ns, nm lffribmglbüm lfm `fs inpgrtgonmtfs inpgrtgonmtfs obmbstnrbg`ns y ftrgs giobmbstrglbfmns. - Bopu`sf, lffribmglbüm lffribmglbüm y snjubobnmtf in `fs p`gmns y prfjrgogs in jfabnrmf gabnrtf in `fs inpgrtgonmtfs obmbstnrbg`ns nm bmblbgtbvgs frbnmtgigs g` insgrrf``f in `fs prbmlbpbfs in `g trgmspgrnmlbg, `g pgrtblbpglbüm lbuigigmg, `g rnmiblbüm in lunmtgs y `g lf`gafrglbüm, gsï lfof `g prfjrgoglbüm y nenlulbüm in prfynltfs sfarn `g ogtnrbg, sbnmif n` pumtf in lfmtgltf lfm `fs frjgmbsofs bmtnrmglbfmg`ns nm nstg ogtnrbg. - Bopu`sf in `fs p`gmns y prfjrgogs prfjrgogs in trgmspgrnmlbg, bml`uynmif `g gtnmlbüm n bmdfroglbüm g `fs lbuigigmfs nm nstg ogtnrbg y `g jnstbüm in` [frtg` in Yrgmspgrnmlbg garn munvg vnmtgmg in `g Giobmbstrglbüm Jnmnrg` in` Nstgif, gsï lfof n` gpfyf nm `g lffribmglbüm in `gs ^mbigins in Bmdfroglbüm in `g Giobmbstrglbüm Jnmnrg` in` Nstgif.
7.1 Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf N` Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf ns `g ifltrbmg pf`ïtblg qun sfstbnmn qun `gs gltbvbigins in` Jfabnrmf y in `g Giobmbstrglbüm Giobmbstrglbüm [õa`blg inanm nstgr gabnrtgs g tfifs `fs mbvn`ns pfsba`ns pgrg n` nslrutbmbf y `g supnrvbsbüm in `fs lbuigigmfs.
nibtfrbg` } lnp
117
Ogtnrbgs lfoumns. Ynog <
@g Lgrtg Banrfgonrblgmg J.G (1;74) nmtbnmin pfr Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf g` ‐lfmeumtf in onlgmbsofs qun lfmtrbauynm g `g jfanrmgmzg [õa`blg y aunm jfabnrmf, agsgif nm `fs pb`grns in trgmspgrnmlbg, pgrtblbpglbüm lbuigigmg, rnmiblbüm in lunmtgs, lf`gafrglbüm n bmmfvglbüm, bml`uynmif nm `g lbuigigmïg nm n` prflnsf in tfog in inlbsbfmns gsï lfof nm `g bop`nonmtglbüm in pf`ïtblgs põa`blgs‟. [fr su pgrtn Ogmun` Tb``frbg nmtbnmin qun n` Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf ns um ‐pgrgjugs lfmlnptug` qun tfog vg`frns prfpbfs in `g inoflrglbg y surjn pgrg `njbtbogr g` Jfabnrmf‟. Dbmg`onmtn, n` Onofrçmiuo in` nxprnsbinmtn in `fs NN.^^. Agrglc Fagog lfmsbinrg n` Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf lfof gqun` lfm n` faentbvf in ‐Lrngr um mbvn` in gpnrturg nm n` jfabnrmf sbm prnlninmtns y um sbstnog in trgmspgrnmlbg, pgrtblbpglbüm põa`blg y lf`gafrglbüm qun rndfrzgrg `g inoflrglbg, gsnjurgrg `g lfmdbgmzg põa`blg y prfofvbnrg `g ndblglbg y `g ndblbnmlbg juanrmgonmtg`‟.
7.< [rbmlbpbfs bmdfrogifrns in` Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf5 Lf`gafrglbüm, Lf`gafrglbüm, pgrtblbpglbüm, pgrtblbpglb üm, trgmspgrnmlbg y rnmiblbüm in lunmtgs N` Ynrlnr [`gm in Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf in Nspg÷g lfmtbnmn 1; onibigs nstrulturgigs nm tfrmf g > jrgmins nens5 Lf`gafrglbüm, [grtblbpglbüm, Yrgmspgrnmlbg, Qnmiblbüm in lunmtgs y Dfroglbüm. \n trgtg in > nens trgmsvnrsg`ns luyf prfpüsbtf ns dfrtg`nlnr `gs agsns in` Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf y snmtgr lbobnmtfs sü`bifs in dfrog qun n` Ynrlnr [`gm mf sn gjftn nm sï obsof sbmf qun sus ndnltfs pnriurnm nm n` tbnopf. [grg n``f, n` [`gm bmlbin nm `fs prbmlbpg`ns onlgmbsofs in Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf lfm n` dbm in dglb`btgr n` trçmsbtf hglbg umg munvg dfrog in hglnr y umg munvg lu`turg qun prfpblbn umgs Giobmbstrglbfmns oçs gabnrtgs, trgmspgrnmtns y pgrtblbpgtbvgs. [fr ftrf `gif, n` [`gm mf inan nmtnminrsn lfof `g suog in `fs p`gmns in `gs ibstbmtgs Giobmbstrglbfmns [õa`blgs, sbmf lfof um p`gm lfm vgrbgs onibigs trgsvnrsg`ns qun dfonmtgm `g lffpnrglbüm bmtnrgiobmbstrgtbvg y nm n` qun tgoabâm sn hgm bml`ubif g`jumgs onibigs in ftrgs Giobmbstrglbfmns [õa`blgs. Dbmg`onmtn, nm g`jõm lgsf, `gs onibigs luarnm oçs in um nen sb abnm sn hgm l`gsbdblgif nm umf prbmlbpg` sfarn n` qun pbvftg.
G. Nen Lf`gafrglbüm N` nen Lf`gafrglbüm rnsu`tg dumigonmtg` pgrg n` dfrtg`nlbobnmtf in um ofin`f in Jfanrmgmzg nm n` qun `fs p`gmns y pf`ïtblgs põa`blgs sn lfmstruy lfmstruynm nm insin n` ibç`fjf lfm `g pgrtblbpglbüm in gltfrns tgmtf põa`blfs lfof prbvgifs. @gs onibigs bml`ubigs nm nstn gpgrtgif in` [`gm tbnmnm pfr faentf rndfrzgr `ïmngs in lf`gafrglbüm tgmtf lfm `g sflbnigi lbvb` lfof lfm `gs ibstbmtgs Giobmbstrglbfmns [õa`blgs y pftnmlbgr `g lffpnrglbüm bmtnrgiobmbstrgtbvg, tnmbnmif nm lunmtg `g rng`bigi in` Nstgif Nspg÷f`. Nm nstn snmtbif, `g prbonrg onibig in` [`gm tbnmn pfr faentf lfmstbtubr um dfrf in Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf lfof nspglbf nstrulturgif in lfmsu`tg y inagtn bmtnjrgif pfr rnprnsnmtgmtns in `fs 111
nibtfrbg` } lnp
N` Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf
trns mbvn`ns in Giobmbstrglbüm [õa`blg y pfr rnprnsnmtgmtns in `g \flbnigi Lbvb`. Nstn dfrf tnmirç pfr faentf inagtbr sfarn n` insgrrf``f in` Ynrlnr [`gm, prfofvnr y lgmg`bzgr prfpunstgs in Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf, bmtnrlgoabgr aunmgs prçltblgs y ibdumibr `gs gltbvbigins y rnsu`tgifs in` prfpbf Dfrf. Ygoabâm sn bmlfrpfrg g` [`gm um lfoprfobsf rn`gtbvf g `g punstg nm ogrlhg in `g Lfobsbüm \nltfrbg` sfarn Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf, lfmstbtubig n` 4 in ogrzf in 1;7:, lfof ürjgmf in lffpnrglbüm nmtrn rnprnsnmtgmtns in `g Giobmbstrglbüm Jnmnrg` in` Nstgif, Lfoumbigins Gutümfogs, Lbuigins Gutümfogs y Nmtbigins @flg`ns, pgrg n` ibç`fjf, `g pgrtblbpglbüm y `g lf`gafrglbüm nm n` bmtnrlgoabf in nxpnrbnmlbgs y n` insgrrf``f in bmblbgtbvgs lfmeumtgs nm ogtnrbg in Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf. Gsbobsof, n` [`gm bml`uyn, g prfpunstg in `g Dninrglbüm Nspg÷f`g in Oumblbpbfs y [rfvbmlbgs (DNO[), umg onibig ibrbjbig g `g prfoflbüm in `g rni in Nmtbigins @flg`ns in trgmspgrnmlbg y pgrtblbpglbüm lbuigigmg. N` trgagef nm rni in `g Giobmbstrglbüm @flg` ns umg gltbvbigi nsnmlbg` pgrg n` bmtnrlgoabf in lfmflbobnmtf, `g lrnglbüm in g`bgmzgs lf`nltbvgs pgrg `g aõsqunig in sf`ulbfmns y n` bopu`sf in bmstruonmtfs qun puninm dgvfrnlnr n` ibsn÷f y pnrdnllbfmgobnmtf in pf`ïtblgs in Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf. Gsbobsof, `g DNO[ `binrgrç umg Lfoumbigi in prçltblgs in Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf nm n` ogrlf in `g frjgmbzglbüm oumibg` in rnprnsnmtglbüm `flg`, lbuigins y jfabnrmfs `flg`ns umbifs. @g prfxbobigi g `fs lbuigigmfs sbtõg g `gs Nmtbigins @flg`ns nm umg pfsblbüm prbvb`njbgig pgrg ``nvgr g lgaf bmblbgtbvgs in Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf. Dbmg`onmtn, nm nstg obsog `ïmng, sn hg qunrbif bml`ubr nm n` p`gm umg onibig rn`glbfmgig lfm gltbvbigins in gpfyf g bmblbgtbvgs in Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf nm n` nxtnrbfr. @g Inl`grglbüm in [grïs rnsu`tgmtn in `g 9ª Luoarn in `g G`bgmzg in Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf, ln`nargig nm iblbnoarn in 1;74, bml`uyn, nmtrn ftrfs lfoprfobsfs, n` gpfyf g pgïsns nm sus pf`ïtblgs in rndfrogs in Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf, gsï lfof n` bmtnrlgoabf in hnrrgobnmtgs y nxpnrbnmlbgs. Nm nstn snmtbif, sn hgm sn`nllbfmgif, g ofif rnprnsnmtgtbvf, g`jumgs gltbvbigins insp`njgigs g mbvn` bmtnrmglbfmg`, nm > pgïsns in 1 lfmtbmnmtns, pfr `g Gjnmlbg Nspg÷f`g in Lffpnrglbüm Bmtnrmglbfmg`. Nstgs gltbvbigins tbnmnm lfof dbm lf`gafrgr nm n` insgrrf``f in pf`ïtblgs bmtnjrg`ns in trgmspgrnmlbg, prfabigi, âtblg y rnmiblbüm in lunmtgs, nm `g bop`nonmtglbüm in p`gmns mglbfmg`ns in rnspfmsgab`bigi sflbg` lfrpfrgtbvg, nm `g prfoflbüm y prftnllbüm in `fs inrnlhfs huogmfs y in` Nstgif in Inrnlhf, n` gpfyf g prflnsfs in gpnrturg y pgrtblbpglbüm nm n` insgrrf``f in pf`ïtblgs põa`blgs f `g onefrg in `fs sbstnogs in bmdfroglbüm nstgiïstblg lfof agsn in pf`ïtblgs põa`blgs bml`usbvgs, ndblglns y frbnmtgigs g `g lfmsnlulbüm in rnsu`tgifs in insgrrf``f. Nm suog, sn prntnmin pftnmlbgr gllbfmns pgrg n` dfrtg`nlbobnmtf bmstbtulbfmg` nm tnogs rn`glbfmgifs lfm n` Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf.
A. Nen pgrtblbpglbüm N` nen [grtblbpglbüm sbtõg g `fs lbuigigmfs nm um pgpn` oçs gltbvf y prftgjfmbstg. Jrglbgs g `g bmdfroglbüm qun rnlbanm y g `fs onlgmbsofs in pgrtblbpglbüm qun sn pfmnm g su ibspfsblbüm `fs lbuigigmfs sfm lgpglns in bmd`ubr nm gqun``fs gspnltfs y inlbsbfmns põa`blgs qun `ns gdnltgm oçs ibrnltgonmtn. nibtfrbg` } lnp
11<
Ogtnrbgs lfoumns. Ynog <
\n bmdfrog pnrf sfarn tfif sn nslulhg onefr g `g sflbnigi lbvb`, sn gtbnminm sus mnlnsbigins lfmlrntgs y sn nstbou`g n` ibç`fjf y pgrtblbpglbüm pnrogmnmtn nm `fs gsumtfs põa`blfs. Insin nstg pnrspnltbvg n` Ynrlnr [`gm in Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf lfmtbnmn vgrbgs onibigs in bmtnrâs. Nm prbonr `ujgr, sn dglb`btg `g pgrtblbpglbüm nm n` prfpbf snjubobnmtf in` Ynrlnr [`gm [`gm onibgmtn `g punstg nm ogrlhg in um nspglbf pgrtblbpgtbvf wna sfarn Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf g ofif in lugirf in ogmif lfm bmdfroglbüm sfarn `g sbtuglbüm in `fs lfoprfobsfs giqubrbifs nm n` [`gm in Gllbüm, grtblu`çmifsn tgoabâm onlgmbsofs qun pnrobtgm `g lfmsu`tg pfr `fs jrupfs gltfrns bmtnrnsgifs y `g rnlfjbig in sus lfmtrbaulbfmns, fpbmbfmns y rngllbfmns g` [`gm. Nm snjumif `ujgr, n` Ynrlnr [`gm lfmtbnmn um lfoprfobsf in ibgjmüstblf in `g pgrtblbpglbüm nm n` çoabtf põa`blf, lfm n` dbm in nvg`ugr su ndblglbg, nm quâ onibig y lfm qun g`lgmln `g fpbmbüm in `fs lbuigigmfs f in sus frjgmbzglbfmns rnprnsnmtgtbvgs sfm tnmbigs nm lunmtg, binmtbdblgmif aunmgs prçltblgs y çrngs in onefrg. \n trgtg in insgrrf``gr um luçirup`n ibgjmüstblf in `g pgrtblbpglbüm5 nm `fs ürjgmfs lfmsu`tbvfs, nm n` trçobtn in bmdfroglbüm põa`blg, nm `fs p`gmns y prfjrgogs põa`blfs y nm `gs pçjbmgs wnas in `g Giobmbstrglbüm Jnmnrg` in` Nstgif. Dbmg`onmtn, sn hgm bml`ubif ifs lfoprfobsfs lnmtrgifs nm çoabtfs oçs nspnlïdblfs pnrf lfm bopfrtgmtn lfopfmnmtn pgrtblbpgtbvf y jrgm pftnmlbg` lfof nxpnrbnmlbg pb`ftf. Gsï, sn hg bmlfrpfrgif umg onibig prfpunstg pfr umg Lfoumbigi Gutümfog sfarn prnsupunstfs pgrtblbpgtbvfs luyf faentbvf ns umg ogyfr trgmspgrnmlbg y ndblglbg nm `g jnstbüm in `fs rnlursfs põa`blfs, grtblu`gmif onlgmbsofs pgrg qun `g sflbnigi lbvb` punig pgrtblbpgr in dfrog ibrnltg nm `g prbfrbzglbüm in intnrobmgigs prfpunstgs y igmtf lunmtg in dfrog l`grg y lfop`ntg in` prflnsf pgrtblbpgtbvf. Ygoabâm sn hg bml`ubif um lfoprfobsf in [grtblbpglbüm in `fs eüvnmns nm `gs pf`ïtblgs põa`blgs qun pgrtn in umg bmblbgtbvg in `g ^mbüm Nurfpng qun prfounvn n` ibç`fjf nstrulturgif, `g pgrtblbpglbüm ndnltbvg in `fs eüvnmns nm `g vbig inoflrçtblg y n` dfonmtf in` inagtn nm `g lrnglbüm in pf`ïtblgs in euvnmtui, dfrogmif umg lbuigigmïg gltbvg nmtrn `g pfa`glbüm efvnm.
L. Nen Yrgmspgrnmlbg Nm nstn nen sn hgm bml`ubif umg snrbn in lfoprfobsfs ibrbjbifs g dfrtg`nlnr `gs hnrrgobnmtgs g ibspfsblbüm in `g Yrgmspgrnmlbg. @g Yrgmspgrnmlbg lfmstbtuyn umf in `fs pb`grns açsblfs in Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf y n` gllnsf g `g bmdfroglbüm ns lfmiblbüm mnlnsgrbg nm tfig pf`ïtblg in gpnrturg. [grg n``f, ns bopfrtgmtn `g ginlugig punstg g ibspfsblbüm in `fs lbuigigmfs in `g bmdfroglbüm põa`blg mf sf`f nm târobmfs lugmtbtgtbvfs sbmf tgoabâm lug`btgtbvfs. [grg qun rnsu`tn õtb` g `g sflbnigi lbvb`, `g bmdfroglbüm mf sf`f inan snr lfop`ntg sbmf qun tgoabâm tbnmn qun snr l`grg, frinmgig, in dçlb` gllnsf y su rnutb`bzglbüm y pfr n``f `gs hnrrgobnmtgs inanm snr `gs ginlugigs. Gsï, umf in `fs lfoprfobsfs bmlfrpfrgifs g` Ynrlnr [`gm ns `g onefrg in` [frtg` in Yrgmspgrnmlbg in `g Giobmbstrglbüm Jnmnrg` in` Nstgif, gop`bgmif y onefrgmif `g lg`bigi in `g 119
nibtfrbg` } lnp
N` Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf
bmdfroglbüm y su gllnsbab`bigi lfjmbtbvg n bmtrfiulbnmif lgoabfs nm `g grqubtnlturg pgrg `fjrgr aõsqunigs oçs bmtubtbvgs y tfif n``f insin umg pnrspnltbvg pgrtblbpgtbvg nm `f qun sn tnmjgm nm lunmtg `gs gpfrtglbfmns in `g sflbnigi lbvb`. @g onibig prntnmin, gsbobsof, dglb`btgr n` nenrlblbf in` inrnlhf g `g bmdfroglbüm onibgmtn `g sbop`bdblglbüm in` sbstnog in binmtbdblglbüm in `fs bmtnrnsgifs gsï lfof `g gpnrturg g ftrfs lgmg`ns lfof gp`blglbfmns oüvb`ns y rnins sflbg`ns. N` [`gm prnvâ tgoabâm n` bopu`sf in` prfjrgog in gpnrturg g `g bmdfroglbüm in` snltfr põa`blf y su rnutb`bzglbüm qun gagrlg, nmtrn ftrgs gllbfmns, n` insgrrf``f rnj`gonmtgrbf in `g @ny 78/1;7> sfarn rnutb`bzglbüm in `g bmdfroglbüm in` snltfr põa`blf lfm n` dbm in rndfrzgr `g lffpnrglbüm bmtnrobmbstnrbg` y `g punstg g ibspfsblbüm in igtfs põa`blfs nm dfrogtfs dçlb`onmtn gllnsba`ns y rnutb`bzga`ns. \n pnrsbjun gsbobsof, `g gop`bglbüm in` lgtç`fjf mglbfmg` in igtfs gabnrtfs y `g gifplbüm in `g lgrtg Bmtnrmglbfmg` in Igtfs Gabnrtfs. Ftrg in `gs gltuglbfmns in` nen Yrgmspgrnmlbg sn lnmtrg nm `g lgrpntg lbuigigmg in` [umtf in Gllnsf Jnmnrg` in `g Giobmbstrglbüm Jnmnrg` in` Nstgif lfof çrng prbvgig in `fs lbuigigmfs qun sbop`bdblg su gllnsf g `g Giobmbstrglbüm g` fdrnlnr um õmblf pumtf ifmin lfmsu`tgr tfig su bmdfroglbüm pnrsfmg`, lfmflnr n` nstgif in sus nxpnibnmtns, gllninr g sus mftbdblglbfmns y lfmflnr tgoabâm n` bmtnrlgoabf in bmdfroglbüm sfarn sus igtfs nmtrn Giobmbstrglbfmns. Nstn lfoprfobsf sn hg ibsn÷gif, ginoçs, nm l`gvn in lffpnrglbüm bmtnrgiobmbstrgtbvg g` lfmsbinrgr `g punstg g ibspfsblbüm prfjrnsbvg in g`jumg in sus dumlbfmg`bigins in ftrfs mbvn`ns in Giobmbstrglbüm qun sn gihbnrgm. Ygoabâm sn lfmtnop`g n` bopu`sf in` sbstnog Grlhbvn, gp`blglbüm wna in grlhbvf indbmbtbvf y prnsnrvglbüm g `grjf p`gzf in nxpnibnmtns y ifluonmtfs n`nltrümblfs lfof agsn dumigonmtg` pgrg n` luop`bobnmtf pfr `g Giobmbstrglbüm in sus fa`bjglbfmns in trgmspgrnmlbg dglb`btgmif `g nxtrgllbüm in bmdfroglbüm onibgmtn tâlmblgs in abj igtg, nxtrgllbüm in bmdfroglbüm õtb`, ginoçs in `g mnlnsgrbg prftnllbüm in igtfs in lgrçltnr pnrsfmg` (gmfmbobzglbüm). Ygoabâm nm nstg onibig sn hg lfmsbinrgif `g pfsba`n gihnsbüm in ftrgs Giobmbstrglbfmns [õa`blgs. nibtfrbg` } lnp
Bopfrtgmtn N` nen Yrgmspgrnmlbg sn lbnrrg lfm n` insgrrf``f rnj`gonmtgrbf in `g `ny in Yrgmspgrnmlbg y Aunm Jfabnrmf. \n prntnmin lfm n``f glftgr lfmlnptfs, prnlbsgr ibspfsblbfmns in `g `ny n bmlrnonmtgr `g snjurbigi eurïiblg rndfrzgmif gsï `g trgmspgrnmlbg insin `g ifa`n pnrspnltbvg in `g pua`blbigi gltbvg y in` nenrlblbf in` inrnlhf in gllnsf.
11>
Ogtnrbgs lfoumns. Ynog <
I. Nen Qnmiblbüm in Lunmtgs Agef nstn nen in sn hgm qunrbif bml`ubr lfoprfobsfs in ogyfr bmdfroglbüm pgrg `g rnmiblbüm in lunmtgs nm çoabtfs snltfrbg`ns nspnlïdblfs. \n trgtg in onibigs qun rndunrzgm `g trgmspgrnmlbg nm çoabtfs in `g gltuglbüm põa`blg nm `fs qun `g bmdfroglbüm tbnmn um dunrtn vg`fr g÷gibif y dglb`btg in dfrog inlbibig y ibrnltg n` nslrutbmbf pfr `fs lbuigigmfs y `g rnmiblbüm in lunmtgs pfr `fs pfinrns põa`blfs. N` prbonr lfoprfobsf, agef `g rõarblg ‐Eustblbg gabnrtg‟, prntnmin n` bopu`sf in `fs igtfs gabnrtfs lfof bmstruonmtf in trgmspgrnmlbg nm `g Giobmbstrglbüm in Eustblbg nvf`ulbfmgmif hglbg um munvf ofin`f onefrgif in nstgiïstblg euiblbg` qun bmlrnonmtn `g lg`bigi in `g bmdfroglbüm, gutfogtbln su nxtrgllbüm y onefrn `g pfsbab`bigi in nxp`ftglbüm. Gsbobsof, nm n` çmbof in onefrgr n` gllnsf g `g bmdfroglbüm sn prnvâ `g rntrgmsobsbüm nm strngobmj in intnrobmgigs vbstgs euiblbg`ns y dglb`btgr n` gllnsf n`nltrümblf in` nxpnibnmtn euiblbg` lfop`ntf g `fs bmtnrvbmbnmtns nm `fs prflnsfs. N` snjumif lfoprfobsf lfmsbstn nm `g gop`bglbüm in bmdfroglbüm in `g lnmtrg` nlfmüoblf-dbmgmlbnrg, sbnmif nstg umg hnrrgobnmtg ouy pftnmtn in punstg g ibspfsblbüm in` lbuigigmf in igtfs in gltuglbüm in `gs Giobmbstrglbfmns [õa`blgs nm n` çoabtf nlfmüoblf, prnsupunstgrbf y dbmgmlbnrf. Yg` y lfof sn nxprnsg nm `g prfpbg nxpfsblbüm in oftbvfs in `g `ny in trgmspgrnmlbg ‐lugmif `fs lbuigigmfs puninm lfmflnr (…) lfof sn ogmnegm `fs dfmifs põa`blfs (…) pfirnofs hga`gr in` bmblbf in um prflnsf nm n` qun `fs pfinrns põa`blfs lfobnmzgm g rnspfminr g umg sflbnigi qun ns lrïtblg, nxbjnmtn y inogmig pgrtblbpglbüm in `fs pfinrns põa`blfs.‟ Ftrg in `gs onibigs sn rndbnrn g `g onefrg in `fs igtfs bmofab`bgrbfs onibgmtn `g lffribmglbüm lffribmglbüm in` Lgtgstrf y in` Qnjbstrf in `g [rfpbnigi qun tbnmn pfr faentf onefrgr `g lg`bigi in `g bmdfroglbüm bmofab`bgrbg g trgvâs in um bmtnrlgoabf snjurf y lffribmgif in igtfs n bmlrnonmtgr `g snjurbigi eurïiblg nm n` trçdblf bmofab`bgrbf in `g qun sn anmndblbgrçm ibrnltgonmtn `fs fpnrgifrns eurïiblfs y nlfmüoblfs y `g sflbnigi nm jnmnrg`. @g õ`tbog onibig in` nen tbnmn qun vnr lfm n` lfoprfobsf in onefrg in` sbstnog in bmdfroglbüm y ibdusbüm in igtfs rn`gtbvfs g `g vbf`nmlbg lfmtrg `g ouenr qun dglb`btn n` lfmflbobnmtf pfr `g lbuigigmïg nm jnmnrg` y `fs prfdnsbfmg`ns nm pgrtblu`gr in su bmlbinmlbg, `g snmsbab`bzglbüm sflbg` y `g `gafr prfdnsbfmg` in gjnmtns põa`blfs.
7.9 N` ogrlf eurïiblf y `fs p`gmns in Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf nm Nspg÷g G. Gllbfmns in jfabnrmf gabnrtf Insin n` `gmzgobnmtf in `g G`bgmzg pgrg um Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf, nm 1;77, Nspg÷g hg inofstrgif su lfoprfobsf lfm `fs prbmlbpbfs y vg`frns sfarn `fs qun sn dumig iblhg bmblbgtbvg. N` prbonr [`gm in Gllbüm dun prnsnmtgif põa`blgonmtn nm `g B Lfmdnrnmlbg Bmtnrmglbfmg` in `g G`bgmzg, ln`nargig nm Argsb` nm 1;71, lfm onibigs y gllbfmns lfmlrntgs lfm `gs qun n` Jfabnrmf sn ogrlgag umg gjnmig indbmbig. 114
nibtfrbg` } lnp
N` Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf
Lfonmzgag gsï umg munvg dfrog in nmtnminr `g rn`glbüm nmtrn `g Giobmbstrglbüm y `fs lbuigigmfs ogrlgig ginoçs pfr um jrgm rntf5 `g rnlupnrglbüm nlfmüoblg y `g punstg nm ogrlhg in rndfrogs qun pnrobtbnsnm sg`br g Nspg÷g in `g lrbsbs. N` prbonr [`gm in Gllbüm sn lnmtrü nm trns jrgmins faentbvfs5 N` prbonr faentbvf dun n` guonmtf in `g bmtnjrbigi y trgmspgrnmlbg põa`blg y sn pusf in ogmbdbnstf lfm `g gprfaglbüm in `g @ny in Yrgmspgrnmlbg, Gllnsf g `g Bmdfroglbüm y Aunm Jfabnrmf. N` snjumif faentbvf dun g`lgmzgr umg jnstbüm oçs ndblgz in `fs rnlursfs põa`blfs lfm `g gprf aglbüm in `g @ny Frjçmblg in Nstgab`bigi [rnsupunstgrb [rnsupunstgrbgg y \fstnmbab`b \fstnmbab`bigi igi Dbmgmlbnrg y `g rndfrog in `g @ny in \uavnmlbfmns. Dbmg`onmtn, sn pnrsbjubü `g onefrg in `fs snrvblbfs põa`blfs g trgvâs in vgrbfs lfoprfobsfs lfof `g onefrg in `g bmtnrfpnrgab`bigi in `g bmdfroglbüm in `g giobmbstrglbüm in Eustblbg pgrg lfmflbobnmtf bmonibgtf nm rni in `fs igtfs euiblbg`ns, n` bopu`sf in `gs rnins sflbg`ns, `g gjb`bzglbüm in `fs prflnibobnmtfs in lrnglbüm in noprnsgs y `g rnvbsbüm y sbop`bdblglbüm mfrogtbvg, nmtrn ftrfs. Nm tftg`, n` prbonr p`gm nstgag dfrogif pfr 7< lfoprfobsfs. Iurgmtn n` g÷f 1;79 sn n`gafrü um BB [`gm in Gllbüm lfm um tftg` in 7; prfpunstgs. N` snjumif [`gm in Gllbüm in Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf lfbmlbibü lfm `g punstg nm ogrlhg in umg pf`ïtblg in rndfrogs nm ogtnrbg in rnjnmnrglbüm inoflrçtblg sustnmtgig, nmtrn ftrgs nm `g prfpbg `ny in trgmspgrnmlbg, nm onibigs pnmg`ns y prflnsg`ns in `ulhg lfmtrg `g lfrruplbüm bml`ubigs nm `g rndfrog in` lüibjf pnmg`, nm `g `ny frjçmblg in lfmtrf` in `g gltbvbigi nlfmüoblf dbmgmlbnrg in `fs pgrtbifs pf`ïtblfs gsï lfof nm `g @ny rnju`gifrg in` nenrlblbf in` g`tf lgrjf. Nmtrn `fs lfoprfobsfs in` snjumif [`gm instglg `g gpnrturg in` pfrtg` in trgmspgrnmlbg lfof lgmg` in gllnsf pnrogmnmtn g `g bmdfroglbüm in `gs bmstbtulbfmns põa`blgs fa`bjgigs g rnmibr lunmtg in su gltuglbüm. Ftrfs lfoprfobsfs bmlbibnrfm nm n` insgrrf``f in` inrnlhf in gllnsf in `fs lbuigigmfs g `g bmdfroglbüm y `fs snrvblbfs in `g Giobmbstrglbüm lfof lfof n` gllnsf g `fs grlhbvfs nspg÷f`ns, g `fs oblrf-igtfs in` sbstnog mglbfmg` in sg`ui, g `g bmdfroglbüm jnfjrçdblg mglbfmg`, g` pfrtg` in `g Eustblbg f g `fs sbstnogs niulgtbvfs gabnrtfs. @g rnmiblbüm in lunmtgs lfof prbmlbpbf açsblf in `g G`bgmzg in Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf tgoabâm nstuvf prnsnmtn nm `fs lfoprfobsfs jrglbgs g` ogyfr lfmtrf` y trgmspgrnmlbg in `gs suavnmlbfmns põa`blgs g trgvâs in` gllnsf g `g agsn in igtfs in suavnmlbfmns põa`blgs. @g nenlulbüm in` snjumif [`gm Mglbfmg` in Gllbüm sn punin lfmsbinrgr sgtbsdgltfrbg y nm `g onibig in `f pfsba`n sn hgm tnmbif nm lunmtg `gs rnlfonmiglbfmns jnmnrg`ns lfof `gs pgrtblu`grns in lgig lfoprfobsf prfpunstgs pfr n` Onlgmbsof in Qnvbsbüm Bminpnmibnmtn (OQB) g` nvg`ugr n` [`gm. @gs `nllbfmns gprnmibigs y `g nxpnrbnmlbg giqubrbig iurgmtn `g bop`gmtglbüm y insgrrf``f in `fs p`gmns gmtnrbfrns in Gllbüm in Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf hgm pnrobtbif `g gpnrturg in munvfs lgmg`ns nm `gs rn`glbfmns nmtrn Giobmbstrglbüm y lbuigigmfs, qun hgm nmrbqunlbif n` rnsu`-
nibtfrbg` } lnp
11:
Ogtnrbgs lfoumns. Ynog <
tgif dbmg` in `gs pf`ïtblgs põa`blgs y hgm pnrobtbif `g onefrg in` ofin`f in jnstbüm in `gs gllbfmns in Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf, prfofvbnmif umg lu`turg in Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf inmtrf in `g frjgmbzglbüm. Nstn gprnmibzgen, `gs rnlfonmiglbfmns in` OQB y in `g FJ[ eumtf lfm `g nxpnrbnmlbg giqubrbig nm n` insgrrf``f in `fs p`gmns gmtnrbfrns sn hgm tnmbif nm lunmtg nm `g n`gafrglbüm in` prnsnmtn [`gm in Gllbüm 1;7:-1;72. Lgan onmlbfmgr gquï, nm pgrtblu`gr, `gs rnlfonmiglbfmns jnmnrg`ns in` OQB g` snjumif [`gm. Iurgmtn n` prbonr trbonstrn in` g÷f 1;74 sn hbzf põa`blf pfr n` OQB n` bmdfron sfarn n` nstgif in gvgmln in` snjumif p`gm in gllbüm. Nm n` obsof bmdfron in` OQB, ginoçs in rnlfonmiglbfmns pfr lgig lfoprfobsf, sn bml`uynrfm vgrbgs rnlfonmiglbfmns rnlfonmiglbfmns jnmnrg`ns qun inaïgm snr tnmbigs nm lunmtg tgmtf pgrg `g dbmg`bzglbüm in` snjumif [`gm lfof pgrg `g n`gafrglbüm in nstn Ynrlnr [`gm in Gllbüm. @g prbonrg rnlfonmiglbüm in` OQB sn rndbnrn g `g lfmdfroglbüm in um ürjgmf in bmtnr`flulbüm y lffribmglbüm bmtnrjuanrmgonmtg` pgrg grtblu`gr `gs nstrgtnjbgs y gllbfmns in jfabnrmf gabnrtf qun lunmtn lfm rnprnsnmtglbüm in `fs ürjgmfs in pgrtblbpglbüm sua-mglbfmg`, `g pgrtblbpglbüm in `gs frjgmbzglbfmns in `g sflbnigi lbvb` y `g lbuigigmïg nm n` prflnsf in tfog in inlbsbfmns. Nstg rnlfonmiglbüm hg sbif tnmbig nm lunmtg tgmtf g `g hfrg in n`gafrgr n` prnsnmtn p`gm qun hg lfmtgif, lfof sn vnrç, lfm `g pgrtblbpglbüm in `gs ibstbmtgs Giobmbstrglbfmns [õa`blgs y in `g \flbnigi Lbvb`, ogxbobzgmif `g lf`gafrglbüm y n` inagtn nm su lfmlnplbüm y insgrrf``f pnrf tgoabâm g `g hfrg in gifptgr `fs lfoprfobsfs in` [`gm nm n` qun sn prnvâ `g lfmstbtulbüm in um Dfrf in Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf. @g snjumig rnlfonmiglbüm in` OQB p`gmtng onefrgs pgrg grtblu`gr um nspglbf pgrtblbpgtbvf nm `g wna in` pfrtg` in trgmspgrnmlbg, lfof um nspglbf vbrtug` pnrogmnmtn in snjubobnmtf y nvg`uglbüm in` prflnsf FJ[. Nstg rnlfonmiglbüm tbnmn su rnd`nef nm ifs in `fs lfoprfobsfs gifptgifs nm n` Ynrlnr [`gm in Jfabnrmf gabnrtf5 n` rn`gtbvf g` nspglbf pgrtblbpgtbvf wna in Jfabnrmf gabnrtf y n` rn`gtbvf g `g onefrg in` [frtg` in trgmspgrnmlbg nm n` qun sn prnvâ um nspglbf pgrg `g onefrg lfmtbmug in` [frtg` nm l`gvn pgrtblbpgtbvg. Nm `g tnrlnrg rnlfonmiglbüm in` OQB sn sujbnrn `g gpnrturg in um ibç`fjf pgrg qun `gs dunrzgs pf`ïtblgs lfm rnprnsnmtglbüm pgr`gonmtgrbg pgrtblbpnm nm n` prflnsf in insgrrf``f in` Ynrlnr [`gm in gllbüm. G` rnspnltf inan tnmnrsn nm lunmtg qun n` prflnsf in lfmdfroglbüm in` [`gm in Gllbüm nm munstrf sbstnog lfmstbtulbfmg` lfrrnspfmin g` Nenlutbvf. Munstrg Lfmstbtulbüm jgrgmtbzg `g snpgrglbüm in pfinrns, grtblu`gmif um sbstnog in lfmtrf`ns y nqub`barbfs dumigonmtg`ns pgrg `g prnsnrvglbüm in` sbstnog inoflrçtblf. N` insgrrf``f in `fs [`gmns in Gllbüm in Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf lfrrnspfmin g `g Giobmbstrglbüm ibrbjbig pfr n` Jfabnrmf. Yfif n``f inan nmtnminrsn sbm pnreublbf in `fs onlgmbsofs in lfmtrf` in` pgr`gonmtf sfarn `g gllbüm in` Jfabnrmf y in `gs vïgs in ibç`fjf y lf`gafrglbüm qun sn insgrrf``gm nm snin pgr`gonmtgrbg lfm n` dbm in g`lgmzgr n` oçxbof lfmsnmsf nm `g gifplbüm in `gs ibstbmtgs pf`ïtblgs põa`blgs. 118
nibtfrbg` } lnp
N` Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf
N` 4 in ogyf in 1;7:, nstgmif nm gvgmzgif nstgif in insgrrf``f n` Ynrlnr [`gm, [`gm, sn hg rnlbabif umg lgrtg in `g FJ[ nm `g qun p`gmtng umg munvg pf`ïtblg, gprfagig pfr su Lfobtâ in Ibrnllbüm nm snptbnoarn in 1;74, pgrg `g pfsba`n bmvf`ulrglbüm in `fs [gr`gonmtfs nm `fs p`gmns in gllbüm mglbfmg` in Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf. @g vbgab`bigi in nstg munvg `ïmng in Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf inanrç nstuibgrsn in lgrg g` duturf pfr `gs ibstbmtgs bmstbtulbfmns bop`blgigs nm Nspg÷g, tnmbnmif nm lunmtg munstrf sbstnog lfmstbtulbfmg`. N` bmdfron in` OQB p`gmtng umg lugrtg rnlfonmiglbüm rndnrbig g `g indbmblbüm in umg munvg nstrgtnjbg pgrtblbpgtbvg pgrg n` fpnm igtg agsgig tgmtf nm `g trgmspgrnmlbg lfof nm `g rnutb`bzglbüm y dfrtg`nlbobnmtf in `g pua`blbigi gltbvg. N` nvg`ugifr onmlbfmg, ginoçs, g`jumfs nenop`fs in ibstbmtgs bmblbgtbvgs in trgmspgrnmlbg lfof pgrtn in `g onmlbfmgig nstrgtnjbg5 `g gpnrturg in` rnjbstrf onrlgmtb`, `g gpnrturg in tfig `g bmdfroglbüm rn`gtbvg g `g lfmtrgtglbüm põa`blg f `g gpnrturg in `gs gjnmigs in trgagef in `fs lgrjfs põa`blfs. Qn`glbfmgigs lfm nstg rnlfonmiglbüm jnmnrg`, lgan lbtgr ginoçs ifs rnlfonmiglbfmns pgrtblu`grns g` snjumif [`gm in Gllbüm5 umg rn`gtbvg g` ogrjnm in onefrg nm `g bmdfroglbüm pua`blgig nm n` pfrtg` in trgmspgrnmlbg y ftrg nm rn`glbüm lfm `g mnlnsbigi ogxbobzgr `g lfmtrbaulbüm g `g trgmspgrnmlbg põa`blg in` prfynltf Gpfrtg in gpnrturg in `g bmdfroglbüm y su rnutb`bzglbüm. Yfigs nstgs rnlfonmiglbfmns sn tbnmnm nm lunmtg nm n` Ynrlnr [`gm nm n` qun sn bml`uyn um lfoprfobsf in onefrg in` [frtg` in Yrgmspgrnmlbg gop`bgmif `g bmdfroglbüm bmlfrpfrgig g` obsof y n` bopu`sf in` prfjrgog Gpfrtg prflurgmif qun `fs ürjgmfs in `g Giobmbstrglbüm Jnmnrg` in` Nstgif n`gafrnm um [`gm prfpbf in onibigs in bopu`sf nm `g rnutb`bzglbüm in `g bmdfroglbüm, prnvbg lfmsu`tg lfm `fs snltfrns bmtnrnsgifs. N` pfrtg` nspg÷f` in igtfs gabnrtfs igtfs.jfa.ns flupg `g snjumig pfsblbüm nm `g ^mbüm Nurfpng nm mõonrf in igtg snts snjõm n` õ`tbof bmdfron põa`blf in `g gjnmig ibjbtg`, y nm n` ogrlf in` prfynltf in` munvf [frtg` in igtfs gabnrtfs nurfpnf, sn hg n`gafrgif um prbonr nstuibf ifmin sn gmg`bzg n` mbvn` in ogiurnz in `gs bmblbgtbvgs in igtfs gabnrtfs nm `fs nstgifs obnoarfs, `fjrgmif Nspg÷g umg pfsblbüm instglgig. Nm lugmtf g g`jumf in `fs nenop`fs in bmblbgtbvgs lfmlrntgs qun lbtg n` nvg`ugifr lgan pumtug`bzgr `fs sbjubnmtns gspnltfs. Qnspnltf g `g gpnrturg in` rnjbstrf onrlgmtb`, `g lfmsu`tg g `fs igtfs lfmtnmbig nm n` Qnjbstrf Onrlgmtb` Lnmtrg` f nm `fs Qnjbstrfs Onrlgmtb`ns [rfvbmlbg`ns sn rng`bzg in dfrog ibrnltg ‐fm-`bmn‟ pfr onibf in su pçjbmg wna f in `g wna ‐rnjbstrgifrns.frj‟ suobmbstrgmif `g inmfobmglbüm f LBD in `g sflbnigi f noprnsg rnspnltf in `g lug` sn sf`blbtg bmdfroglbüm f mfoarn, gpn``bifs y LBD/MBD in` giobmbstrgifr f gpfinrgif. \farn `g jrgtubigi in iblhf gllnsf nstç pnmibnmtn in trgmspfsblbüm g` inrnlhf bmtnrmf n` grtïlu`f < qugtnr Ibrnltbvg 1;;2/7;7/LN in` [gr`gonmtf Nurfpnf y in` Lfmsnef, in 74 in snptbno arn in 1;;2, tnminmtn g lffribmgr, pgrg hglnr`gs nqubvg`nmtns, `gs jgrgmtïgs nxbjbigs nm `fs Nstgifs obnoarfs g `gs sflbnigins indbmbigs nm n` grtïlu`f 98, pçrrgdf snjumif, in` Yrgtgif, pgrg prftnjnr `fs bmtnrnsns in sflbfs y tnrlnrfs, snjõm ofibdblglbüm bmtrfiulbig pfr `g Ibrnltbvg 1;71/7:/^N in` [gr`gonmtf Nurfpnf y in` Lfmsnef, in 7< in eumbf in 1;71, pfr `g qun sn ofibdblgm `g Ibrnltbvg 82/444/LNN in` Lfmsnef y `gs Ibrnltbvgs 1;;>/>4/LN y 1;;2/7;7/LN nibtfrbg` } lnp
112
Ogtnrbgs lfoumns. Ynog <
in` [gr`gonmtf Nurfpnf y in` Lfmsnef, nm `f qun rnspnltg g `g bmtnrlfmnxbüm in `fs rnjbstrfs lnmtrg`ns, onrlgmtb`ns y in sflbnigins. \njõm n` pumtf 1 in nstn grtïlu`f `fs Nstgifs obnoarfs ‐jgrgmtbzgrçm qun punig ibspfmnrsn, jrgtubtgonmtn, g trgvâs in` sbstnog in bmtnrlfmnxbüm in rnjbstrfs in `gs sbjubnmtns bmiblglbfmns5 g) n` mfoarn y `g dfrog eurïiblg in `g sflbnigi3 a) ifoblb`bf sflbg` in `g sflbnigi sflbnigi y Nstgif obnoarf nm n` qun nstç rnjbstrgig, y, y, ginoçs, l) mõonrf in rnjbstrf rnjbstrf in `g sflbnigi. sflbnigi. Ginoçs in iblhgs bmiblglbfmns, `fs Nstgifs obnoarfs pfirçm fptgr pfr dglb`btgr jrgtubtgonmtn ftrfs gltfs n bmiblglbfmns‟. Iblhf gllnsf jrgtubtf inanrç rfingrsn in tfigs `gs jgrgmtïgs mnlnsgrbgs pgrg nvbtgr n` vglbgif in `gs agsns in igtfs in `fs Qnjbstrfs Onrlgmtb`ns f in` Lnmtrg` y su utb`bzglbüm pgrg dbmns ibstbmtfs in `fs prnvbstfs nm `g Ibrnltbvg. Mf sn punin gutfrbzgr um gllnsf jrgtubtf n bmibslrbobmgif g `gs agsns in igtfs, sng in` Qnjbstrf Onrlgmtb` Lnmtrg` f `f sng g `gs agsns in igtfs in `fs Qnjbstrf Onrlgmtb`ns [rfvbmlbg`ns, puns tfig pua`blbigi inrbvgig in `fs Qnjbstrfs onrlgmtb`ns nxbjn in` Qnjbstrgifr Onrlgmtb` um ‐trgtgobnmtf prfdnsbfmg` in` lfmtnmbif in `fs gsbnmtfs rnjbstrg`ns, in ofif qun sn hgjg ndnltbvg su pua`blbigi ibrnltg y sn jgrgmtbln, g` obsof tbnopf, `g bopfsbab`bigi in su ogmbpu`glbüm f tn`n-vglbgif‟ (grt. 71.7 in` Qnj`gonmtf in` Qnjbstrf Onrlgmtb`). [fr lfmsbjubnmtn, pfirç nstga`nlnrsn nsg jrgtubigi nm `g bmdfroglbüm lfm `gs `bobtglbfmns qun sn nstbonm mnlnsgrbgs pgrg nvbtgr, gpgrtn in `f sn÷g`gif gmtnrbfronmtn, `g lrnglbüm in agsns pgrg`n`gs qun punigm snr lfonrlbg`bzgigs sbm rnspfmsgab`bigi g`jumg pfr noprnsgs iniblgigs g dglb`btgr bmdfroglbüm nlfmüoblg nlfmüoblg f noprnsgrbg` g `fs pgrtblu`grns. Nm lugmtf g `g gpnrturg in tfig `g bmdfroglbüm rn`gtbvg g `g lfmtrgtglbüm põa`blg, n` [frtg` in Yrgmspgrnmlbg bmlfrpfrg, umg lgtnjfrïg bmdfrogtbvg qun bml`uyn bmdfroglbüm gltug`bzgig in Lfmtrgtfs y pnrobtn n` gllnsf g tfifs `fs lfmtrgtfs gieuiblgifs insin n` 7 in nmnrf in 1;79 qun hgm sbif ln`nargifs pfr lug`qubnr ürjgmf in lfmtrgtglbüm qun pnrtnmnzlg g `g Giobmbstrglbüm Jnmnrg` in` Nstgif y sus frjgmbsofs põa`blfs inpnmibnmtns snjõm n` Qng` Inlrntf @njbs`gtbvf
nibtfrbg` } lnp
N` Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf
@g qubmtg y õ`tbog rnlfonmiglbüm jnmnrg` in` OQB lfmsbstn nm umg lgopg÷g in prfoflbüm in `g FJ[ gpfygig nm n` usf in rnins sflbg`ns, gsflbgig g `g lfmdfroglbüm in` munvf p`gm in gllbüm, in `g pf`ïtblg in Jfabnrmf gabnrtf y trgmspgrnmlbg, g dbm in dgvfrnlnr um ogyfr lfmflbobnmtf lbuigigmf pfr nstg bmblbgtbvg y lfmlbtgr `g pgrtblbpglbüm lbuigigmg. Nstg rnlfonmiglbüm sn hg tnmbif nm lunmtg g `f `grjf in` prflnsf in n`gafrglbüm in` [`gm hgabâmifsn ibdumibif `gs ibstbmtgs dgsns in` prflnsf g trgvâs in `gs rnins sflbg`ns in` pfrtg` in trgmspgrnmlbg. Ginoçs, sn hg bml`ubif nm n` p`gm um lfoprfobsf oçs gop`bf in snmsbab`bzglbüm lbuigigmg nm Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf.
Yfon mftg Nm rn`glbüm lfm `g pua`blglbüm in `gs Gjnmigs in trgagef in `fs lgrjfs põa`blfs, sn tnmirç nm lfmsbinrglbüm `g rnlfonmiglbüm in` OQB pgrg su bmlfrpfrglbüm g` [`gm in onefrg in` pfrtg` in trgmspgrnmlbg.
A. Insgrrf``f in` BBB [`gm in Gllbüm in Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf [grg n` insgrrf``f in` Ynrlnr [`gm in Gllbüm in Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf in Nspg÷g sn hgm tnmbif nm lunmtg `gs rnlfonmiglbfmns jnmnrg`ns in` Onlgmbsof in Qnvbsbüm Bminpnmibnmtn umg vnz dbmg`bzgifs `fs ifs prbonrfs p`gmns in gllbüm y `g juïg in n`gafrglbüm in um p`gm in `g FJ[. Nm nstn snmtbif, sn hg prflurgif qun n` prflnsf in n`gafrglbüm in` [`gm rnspfmibnsn g um nmdfqun p`urg`, lfmtgmif lfm `g pgrtblbpglbüm in `gs ibstbmtgs Giobmbstrglbfmns [õa`blgs (Giobmbstrglbüm Jnmnrg` in` Nstgif, Gutfmüoblg y @flg`) y in `g \flbnigi Lbvb`, ogxbobzgmif `g lf`gafrglbüm y n` inagtn nm su lfmlnplbüm y insgrrf``f. Lfm nstg dbmg`bigi sn gprfaü umg hfeg in rutg in` prflnsf in n`gafrglbüm y insgrrf``f in` BBB [`gm in Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf, qun lfoprnmin umg snrbn in gltbvbigins, qun sn insgrrf``gm nm < dgsns5 7. Dgsn prnpgrgtfrbg prnpgrgtfrbg (nmnrf- ogyf 1;7:)5 1;7:)5 - [rnpgrglbüm in` [`gm [`gm in trgagef n binmtbdblglbüm in gltfrns bmtnrnsgifs. - [ua`blglbüm in` Lg`nmigrbf Lg`nmigrbf in` [`gm [`gm in in trgagef trgagef y in `gs prfpunstgs rnlbabigs. - Ibgjmüstblf in sbtuglbüm, sbtuglbüm, vg`frglbüm in prfpunstgs y pua`blglbüm.
nibtfrbg` } lnp
1<7
Ogtnrbgs lfoumns. Ynog <
- Lgopg÷g in snmsbab`bzglbüm snmsbab`bzglbüm y munvf p`gzf in bmdfroglbüm põa`blg. 1. Dgsn in gprfaglbüm in` [`gm5 [`gm5 (ogyf “ eumbf 1;7:)5 - Qnigllbüm in` Afrrgifr in` BBB [`gm - Gprfaglbüm in` BBB [`gm in Jfabnrmf Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf. - Lfmstbtulbüm in` Dfrf Dfrf pgrg n` Jfabnrmf Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf. <. Dgsn in nenlulbüm y nvg`uglbüm in` p`gm (1;7:-1;72) (1;7:-1;72) Yfif n` prflnsf in lrnglbüm in` Ynrlnr Ynrlnr [`gm [`gm sn hg pua`blgif nm n` [frtg` in Yrgmspgrnmlbg, hgabâmifsn hgab`btgif um nspglbf nspnlïdblf, inmtrf in `g \nllbüm in Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf, ``gogif ‐BBB [`gm in Gllbüm in Nspg÷g‟, nm n` qun sn hgm bif bml`uynmif `fs ifluonmtfs qun sn hgm jnmnrgif5 lg`nmigrbf, hfeg in rutg, afrrgifrns in bmblbgtbvgs, lfonmtgrbfs in` põa`blf, bmdfrons in vg`frglbüm in `gs prfpunstgs, mftgs bmdfrogtbvgs in `gs ibstbmtgs gltbvbigins y afrrgifr in` [`gm. G lfmtbmuglbüm sn rnsuonm `fs prbmlbpg`ns hbtfs in` prflnsf5
g. [rnpgrglbüm in` p`gm in trgagef Lfm lgrçltnr prnvbf, insin n` 1< in nmnrf in 1;7: hgstg n` 17 in dnarnrf in 1;7:, dnlhg nm `g qun sn pua`blü `g hfeg in rutg pgrg `g gprfaglbüm in` BBB [`gm in Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf nm n` [frtg` in Yrgmspgrnmlbg, sn nstga`nlbnrfm ibstbmtfs lfmtgltfs y sn ogmtuvbnrfm rnumbfmns pgrg dgvfrnlnr `g pgrtblbpglbüm in `gs ibstbmtgs Giobmbstrglbfmns Giobmbstrglbfmns [õa`blgs (Giobmbstrglbüm Jnmnrg` in` Nstgif, Gutfmüoblg Gutfmüoblg y @flg`), gsï lfof tgoabâm in `fs ibstbmtfs rnprnsnmtgmtns in `g \flbnigi Lbvb` nm iblhf [`gm. Iblhfs lfmtgltfs sbrvbnrfm pgrg gafrigr, nmtrn ftrgs, `gs sbjubnmtns lunstbfmns5 - Ibgjmüstblf in `g sbtuglbüm in pgrtbig nm ogtnrbg ogtnrbg in Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf y Yrgmspgrnmlbg Yrgmspgrnmlbg nm n` çoabtf in `g Giobmbstrglbüm Jnmnrg` in` Nstgif. - Binmtbdblglbüm in `gs bmblbgtbvgs bmblbgtbvgs noprnmibigs noprnmibigs nm `fs çoabtfs gutfmüoblf y `flg` nm ogtnrbg in Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf, nstrulturgs in pgrtblbpglbüm dfrog` n bmdfrog` y p`gtgdfrogs in pgrtblbpglbüm nxbstnmtns nm iblhfs çoabtfs. - Bmdfroglbüm sfarn `ïmngs jnmnrg`ns jnmnrg`ns in` p`gm in trgagef pgrg pgrg `g gprfaglbüm gprfaglbüm in` BBB [`gm in Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf, sfarn `g gpnrturg in munvf p`gzf pgrg prnsnmtgr munvgs bmblbgtbvgs n bmvbtglbüm g pgrtblbpgr g Lfoumbigins Gutümfogs, Gutümfogs, Nmtbigins @flg`ns y \flbnigi Lbvb`. - [rfpunstg in lrnglbüm lrnglbüm in umg nstrulturg in pgrtblbpglbüm pgrtblbpglbüm in `fs trns mbvn`ns mbvn`ns in GiobmbsGiobmbstrglbüm (jrupf bmtnrjuanrmgonmtg`) nm ogtnrbg in jfabnrmf gabnrtf y trgmspgrnmlbg. - [rflnibobnmtf pgrg `g binmtbdblglbüm in frjgmbzglbfmns frjgmbzglbfmns in `g \flbnigi Lbvb` y gltfrns bmtnbmtnrnsgifs l`gvn nm n` çoabtf in` jfabnrmf gabnrtf, y lrbtnrbfs in n`njbab`bigi in gsflbglbfmns y dumiglbfmns sbm çmbof in `ulrf qun jgrgmtblnm su rnprnsnmtgtbvbigi. - \f`blbtui in lf`gafrglbüm lf`gafrglbüm g` Obmbstnrbf in Niulglbüm Niulglbüm Lu`turg y Inpfrtn y g` Lnmtrf in Nstuibfs [f`ïtblfs y Lfmstbtulbfmg`ns, pgrg bmvbtgr g rnprnsnmtgmtns in` oumif glgiâoblf
1<1
nibtfrbg` } lnp
N` Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf
y g lgtnirçtblfs y prfdnsfrns umbvnrsbtgrbfs nxpnrtfs nm jfabnrmf gabnrtf, trgmspgrnmlbg y pgrtblbpglbüm. - Binmtbdblglbüm Binmtbdblg lbüm in ftrgs frjgmbzglbfmns rnprnsnmtg rnprnsnmtgtbvgs tbvgs in bmtnrnsns sflbg`ns y nlfmüoblfs, prflnibobnmtfs in insbjmglbüm y pgrtblbpglbüm, in lgrg g nstga`nlnr um lgmg` rnju`gr in lfoumblglbüm nmtrn Jfabnrmf y \flbnigi lbvb`, pgrg dgvfrnlnr su bmvf`ulrglbüm nm n` ibsn÷f in` lbtgif [`gm y su pgrtblbpglbüm nm um dfrf ou`tbsnltfrbg`. - Bmdfroglbüm g` Jrupf in Yrgagef bmtnrobmbstnrbg` sfarn sfarn n` lg`nmigrbf frbnmtgtbvf in` BBB [`gm lbtgif, sfarn `gs bmblbgtbvgs prnsnmtgigs trgs `g lfmsu`tg rng`bzgig nm `fs onsns in eu`bf g snptbnoarn in 1;74, y sfarn `g pfsbab`bigi in rnlgagr pfsba`ns bmblbgtbvgs giblbfmg`ns nm um duturf munvf prflnsf in lfmsu`tg.
a. [ua`blglbüm in` lg`nmigrbf in trgagef n Bmvbtglbüm g rnprnsnmtgmtns in `g sflbnigi lbvb` g pgrtblbpgr nm `gs rnumbfmns in Jfabnrmf gabnrtf In glunrif lfm `g hfeg in rutg pgrg `g prnpgrglbüm in` Ynrlnr [`gm in Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf in Nspg÷g, trgs `g pua`blglbüm in` lg`nmigrbf in trgagef y in `g hfeg in rutg, sn bmvbtü g pgrtblbpgr nm `gs rnumbfmns prnpgrgtfrbgs g rnprnsnmtgmtns in `g sflbnigi lbvb`, sbjubnmif n` sbjubnmtn prflnsf5
• Gsflbglbfmns y dumiglbfmns sbm sbm çmbof in `ulrf N` 17 in dnarnrf in 1;7: sn bmvbtü, g trgvâs in` [frtg` in trgmspgrnmlbg, g pgrtblbpgr nm `gs rnumbfmns in prnpgrglbüm in` Ynrlnr [`gm in jfabnrmf gabnrtf g `gs frjgmbzglbfmns qun rnumbnsnm `fs sbjubnmtns rnqubsbtfs5 - \nr umg gsflbglbüm gsflbglbüm f dumiglbüm in mgturg`nzg prbvgig y sbm çmbof in `ulrf - Nstgr bmslrbtg nm n` rnjbstrf põa`blf nspg÷f` in çoabtf nstgtg` f gutfmüoblf lfrrnspfmibnmtn g su mgturg`nzg eurïiblg. - Jgrgmtbzgr `g pgrtblbpglbüm inoflrçtblg inoflrçtblg nm su snmf y gltugr in ofif ofif trgmspgrnmtn trgmspgrnmtn nm n` insgrrf``f in su faentf sflbg` gltbvbigins y rnmiblbüm in lunmtgs. - Wun su faentf sflbg` nstuvbnsn rn`glbfmgif rn`glbfmgif lfm lfm gltbvbigins in jfabnrmf gabnrtf y trgmspgtrgmspgrnmlbg. - Hganr insgrrf``gif insgrrf``gif f pgrtblbpgif pgrtblbpgif nm `fs `fs õ`tbofs trns g÷fs nm gltbvbigins f prfynltfs rn`glbfmgifs lfm n` jfabnrmf gabnrtf y `g trgmspgrnmlbg. @gs frjgmbzglbfmns qun, rnumbnmif `fs onmlbfmgifs rnqubsbtfs, tuvbnsnm bmtnrâs nm pgrtblbpgr nm iblhgs rnumbfmns inaïgm luop`bonmtgr, gmtns in` 8 in ogrzf in 1;7:, n` dfrou`grbf punstf g ibspfsblbüm in `gs obsogs nm n` prfpbf [frtg` in Yrgmspgrnmlbg. \n sn÷g`ü qun sn bmvbtgrïg g pgrtblbpgr nm `gs rnumbfmns in prnpgrglbüm in` BBB [`gm in Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf g snbs pnrsfmgs nm rnprnsnmtglbüm in `gs nmtbigins lgmibigtgs qun rnumbnsnm `fs onmlbfmgifs rnqubsbtfs.
nibtfrbg` } lnp
1<<
Ogtnrbgs lfoumns. Ynog <
Nm n` lgsf in qun `gs lgmibigturgs supnrgsnm iblhf mõonrf sn tnmirïg nm lunmtg `g ogyfr bop`gmtglbüm tnrrbtfrbg`, `g ogyfr gmtbjðnigi, `g ogyfr lfmnxbüm in su faentf sflbg` lfm `gs gltbvbigins in jfabnrmf gabnrtf y n` ogyfr mõonrf in gltbvbigins f prfynltfs insp`njgifs nm iblhf çoabtf nm `fs õ`tbofs < g÷fs. [grg tfif n``f, pfirïg sf`blbtgrsn ogyfr bmdfroglbüm g `gs nmtbigins lgmibigtgs. Gsbobsof, pfirïg lfmdnllbfmgrsn lfmdnllbfmgrsn umg `bstg lfm nmtbigins sup`nmtns suslnptba`ns in snr lfmvflgigs. ^mg vnz dbmg`bzgif n` prflnsf, n` `bstgif in nmtbigins pgrtblbpgmtns nm `gs rnumbfmns prnpgrgtfrbgs in` Ynrlnr p`gm quniü lfmdbjurgif lfof sbjun5 - Gllns Bmdf nurfpn - Lbvbf - Yrgmspgrnmlbg Bmtnrmglbfmg` Nspg÷g - Gsflbglbüm Nspg÷f`g in Glrnibtglbüm in `g Yrgmspgrnmlbg - Gsflbglbüm trgmspgrnmlbg [õa`blg - Gsflbglbüm lbuigigmg Fpnmcrgtbf \up`nmtns5 - Bmblbgtbvg Agrln`fmg Fpnm Igtg - Gsflbglbüm in Grlhbvnrfs nspg÷f`ns nm `g Dumlbüm põa`blg
• Qnprnsnmtgmtns in` oumif glgiâoblf glgiâoblf Lfm dnlhg 1< in dnarnrf in 1;7:, sn sf`blbtü g` Obmbstnrbf in Niulglbüm, Lu`turg y Inpfrtn `g insbjmglbüm in lugtrf glgiâoblfs in `g Qng` Glginobg in `gs Lbnmlbgs Ofrg`ns y [f`ïtblgs pgrg su pgrtblbpglbüm nm `gs rnumbfmns prnpgrgtfrbgs in` Ynrlnr [`gm in Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf. N` 17 in ogrzf in 1;7:, `g Qng` Glginobg in `gs Lbnmlbgs Ofrg`ns y [f`ïtblgs glfriü insbjmgr, lfm nstg dbmg`bigi, g `fs sbjubnmtns Glgiâoblfs5 - Iª Gin`g Lfrtbmg - I. Eu`bf Bj`nsbgs in ^ssn` - I. Efsâ @ubs Jgrlïg In`jgif - I. Anmbjmf [nmiçs • Lgtnirçtblfs y prfdnsfrns in in ^mbvnrsbigi Lfm dnlhg 1; in dnarnrf, sn sf`blbtü g` Lnmtrf in Nstuibfs [f`ïtblfs y Lfmstbtulbfmg`ns `g insbjmglbüm in snbs lgtnirçtblfs y prfdnsfrns tbtu`grns in umbvnrsbigi pgrg su pgrtblbpglbüm nm `gs rnumbfmns prnpgrgtfrbgs in` Ynrlnr [`gm in Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf. Qnlbabif um `bstgif in pfsba`ns lgmibigtfs n` 11 in dnarnrf in` 1;7:, y lfmdbrogig su ibspfmbab`bigi pgrg pgrtblbpgr nm `gs rnumbfmns, n` `bstgif in lgtnirçtblfs y prfdnsfrns tbtu`grns in umbvnrsbigi quniü lfmdbjurgif lfof sbjun5
1<9
nibtfrbg` } lnp
N` Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf
- Iª N`bsg Lhu`bç, [rfdnsfrg [rfdnsfrg Ybtu`gr Lbnmlbgs [f`ïtblgs [f`ïtblgs y sflbf`fjïg (^MNI) - I @frnmzf Lftbmf Hunsf, [rfdnsfr tbtu`gr Inrnlhf Lfmstbtulbfmg`-^mbvnrs Lfmstbtulbfmg`-^mbvnrsbigi bigi in Tg`nmTg`nmlbg. - I Efsâ @ubs [b÷gr, Lgtnirçtblf in `g ^mbvnrsbigi \gm [ga`f [ga`f LN^. - I Eu`b [fmln [fmln \f`â, [rfdnsfr [rfdnsfr Ybtu`gr in Inrnlhf Giobmbstrgtbvf ^mbvnrsbigi in Agrln`fmg. - I Ogmun` Tb``frbg, Tb``frbg, Lgtnirçtblf Lgtnirçtblf in Lbnmlbg Lbnmlbg [f`ïtblg y in `g Giobmbstrgl Giobmbstrglbüm-^mbv büm-^mbvnrsbigi nrsbigi Qny Eugm Lgr`fs. - I Gjustï Lnrrb``f Ogrtïmnz, Lgtnirçtblf in Inrnlhf Giobmbstrgtbvf-^mbvnrsb Giobmbstrgtbvf-^mbvnrsbtgt tgt Fanrtg Lgtg`umyg.
• Qnprnsnmtgmtns in in Gsflbglbfmns in lfmsuobifrns lfmsuobifrns y usugrbfs usugrbfs Lfm dnlhg 1; in dnarnrf sn ibrbjbü nslrbtf g `g Gjnmlbg Nspg÷f`g in Lfmsuof, \njurbigi G`bonmtgrbg y Mutrblbüm pgrg `g insbjmglbüm pfr n` Lfmsnef in Lfmsuobifrns y ^sugrbfs in lugtrf rnprnsnmtgmtns in gsflbglbfmns in lfmsuobifrns y usugrbfs pgrg su pgrtblbpglbüm nm `gs rnumbfmns prnpgrgtfrbgs in` Ynrlnr [`gm in Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf. N` 18 in ogrzf in 1;7:, n` Lfmsnef in Lfmsuobifrns y ^sugrbfs prflnibü g tg` insbjmglbüm, sbnmif n` `bstgif rnobtbif in lbmlf gsflbglbfmns5 - Lfmdninrglbüm in lfmsuobifrns y ^sugrbfs (LNL^) - Dninrglbüm ^mbüm ^mbüm Mglbfmg` Mglbfmg` in lfmsuobifrns lfmsuobifrns y Gogs in Hfjgr in in Nspg÷g - Lfmdninrglbüm Nspg÷f`g in Lffpnrgtbvgs Lffpnrgtbvgs in Lfmsuobifrns Lfmsuobifrns y ^sugrbfs ^sugrbfs - Giblgn \up`nmtn - Dninrglbüm in usugrbfs y Lfmsuobifrns Lfmsuobifrns bminpnmibnmtns (D^LB)
l. [grtblbpglbüm in Lfoumbigins Gutümfogs y Nmtbigins @flg`ns N` 4 in ogrzf in 1;7:, sn lfmstbtuyü `g Lfobsbüm \nltfrbg` in Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf lfm pgrtblbpglbüm in `g Giobmbstrglbüm Jnmnrg` in` Nstgif y in `gs Lfoumbigins Gutümfogs, Gutümfogs, Lbuigins Gutümfogs y in `g Dninrglbüm Nspg÷f`g in Oumblbpbfs y [rfvbmlbgs (DNO[) lfof ürjgmf in lffpnrglbüm bmtnrgiobmbstrgtbvg bmtnrgiobmbstrgtbvg y dfrf in bmtnrlgoabf b mtnrlgoabf in nxpnrbnmlbgs y rntfs lfm rnprnsnmtglbüm in `fs trns mbvn`ns in Giobmbstrglbüm [õa`blg. Nm iblhg rnumbüm sn nxpusbnrfm `fs lfoprfobsfs gsuobifs pfr `g pnrtnmnmlbg in Nspg÷g g `g G`bgmzg in` Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf y sn nxp`blü `g hfeg in rutg pgrg `g prnpgrglbüm in` Ynrlnr [`gm in Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf in Nspg÷g, `gs rnumbfmns ogmtnmbigs y prnvbstgs y n` prflnsf in sn`nllbüm in rnprnsnmtgmtns in `g sflbnigi lbvb` pgrg pgrtblbpgr nm `g n`gafrglbüm in` BBB [`gm in Gllbüm. Gsbobsof, sn bmtnrlgoabgrfm nxpnrbnmlbgs in Jfabnrmf gabnrtf y sn lfonmtgrfm `gs gpfrtglbfmns lbuigigmgs y in `fs obmbstnrbfs qun sn prnsnmtgrfm nm 1;74 pgrg g` BBB [`gm in Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf. nibtfrbg` } lnp
1<>
Ogtnrbgs lfoumns. Ynog <
i. Yrçobtns in bmdfroglbüm põa`blg y vg`frglbüm in `gs prfpunstgs rnlbabigs Nm `g prnpgrglbüm in` Ynrlnr [`gm in Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf in Nspg÷g sn garbnrfm ifs trçobtns in bmdfroglbüm põa`blg pgrg `g prnsnmtglbüm in prfpunstgs5 - Nm n` vnrgmf in in 1;74 sn garbü um trçobtn trçobtn in bmdfroglbüm bmdfroglbüm põa`blg y sn rnlbabnrfm 11 prfpunstgs in `g \flbnigi Lbvb`. Gsbobsof, `fs Obmbstnrbfs, g`jumg Lfoumbigi Gutümfog y `g Dninrglbüm Nspg÷f`g in Oumblbpbfs y [rfvbmlbgs hgm prfpunstf um tftg` in 17 prfpunstgs. - Nmtrn n` 7: y n` <; in garb` in 1;7: sn garbü um munvf trçobtn in bmdfroglbüm bmdfroglbüm põa`blg nm n` qun sn rnlbabnrfm 2 gpfrtglbfmns lfm um tftg` in 72 prfpunstgs in `g sflbnigi lbvb`. In glunrif lfm `g hfeg in rutg pgrg `g prnpgrglbüm in` Ynrlnr [`gm in Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf in Nspg÷g, `g gltbvbigi in ‐ibgjmüstblf in sbtuglbüm y vg`frglbüm in prfpunstgs rnlbabigs‟ tuvf pfr faentf tfogr nm lfmsbinrglbüm y hglnr umg prbonrg vg`frglbüm in `gs prfpunstgs yg rnlbabigs nm 1;74 tgmtf in `g \flbnigi Lbvb` lfof in `gs Giobmbstrglbfmns [õa`blgs. [grg n``f, sn tuvbnrfm nm lunmtg `gs gpfrtglbfmns y n` ibgjmüstblf rng`bzgif nm `gs ibstbmtgs rnumbfmns y lfmtgltfs ogmtnmbifs tgmtf lfm n` rnstf in `gs Giobmbstrglbfmns lfof lfm `g \flbnigi Lbvb`. Gsï, nmtrn n` 18 in dnarnrf y n` 9 in garb`, sn ogmtuvbnrfm rnumbfmns lfm Gsflbglbfmns y Dumiglbfmns sbm çmbof in `ulrf, Lgtnirçtblfs y [rfdnsfrns tbtu`grns in ^mbvnrsbigins nspg÷f`gs, rnprnsnmtgmtns in Gsflbglbfmns in Lfmsuobifrns y ^sugrbfs y Glgiâoblfs in `g Qng` Glginobg in `g Lbnmlbgs Ofrg`ns y [f`ïtblgs, lfm `gs Lfoumbigins Gutümfogs, Gutümfogs, Lbuigins Gutümfogs Gutümfogs y `g Dninrglbüm Nspg÷f`g in Oumblbpbfs y [rfvbmlbgs, nm n` snmf in `g Lfobsbüm \nltfrbg` in Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf, y dbmg`onmtn, lfm n` jrupf in trgagef bmtnrobmbstnrbg` in` Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf. Nm n` lursf in `gs rnumbfmns ogmtnmbigs nm `g dgsn in ibgjmüstblf, tfifs `fs gltfrns lfbmlbibnrfm, lfm lgrçltnr jnmnrg`, nm `g bopfrtgmlbg in sn`nllbfmgr um mõonrf ofinrgif in onibigs, qun dunsnm rng`bstgs y prndnrba`nonmtn trgmsvnrsg`ns. \n lfbmlbibü nm `g mnlnsbigi in qun `gs onibigs nstuvbnsnm grtblu`gigs grtblu`gigs nm tfrmf g jrgmins nens y n` p`gm mf dunsn umg onrg rnlfpb`glbüm in prfpunstgs sbm um hb`f lfmiultfr. \n pusf in ogmbdbnstf, bjug`onmtn, `g bopfrtgmlbg in bopu`sgr `ïmngs in lffpnrglbüm bmtnrgiobmbstrgtbvg pgrg grofmbzgr lrbtnrbfs y prçltblgs. Nm indbmbtbvg, n` prfpüsbtf inanrïg snr grtblu`gr um p`gm rng`bstg nm tfrmf g umgs `ïmngs nstrgtâjblgs açsblgs qun pnrobtg snmtgr `umgs agsns sü`bigs pgrg n` duturf bopu`sf in pf`ïtblgs in Jfabnrmf gabnrtf lfhnrnmtns y jnmnrg`bzgigs.
n. [rfpunstgs lbuigigmgs qun hgm igif `ujgr g `g gifplbüm in lfoprfobsfs Iurgmtn `gs rnumbfmns prnpgrgtfrbgs in` Ynrlnr p`gm, sn hbzf âmdgsbs tgoabâm nm `g lfmvnmbnmlbg in sn`nllbfmgr onibigs tnmbnmif nm lunmtg `gs gpfrtglbfmns in tfigs `gs pgrtns y auslgmif pumtfs in nmlunmtrf. nmlunmtrf. 1<4
nibtfrbg` } lnp
N` Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf
Qnspnltf g `gs onibigs bmblbg`onmtn prfpunstgs pfr `fs obmbstnrbfs, nm `fs lfmtgltfs lfm `fs ibstbmtfs gltfrns nm `g dgsn in ibgjmüstblf sn inlbibü sn`nllbfmgr gqun``gs oçs lfmnltgigs lfm n` lfmlnptf in Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf y in lgrçltnr oçs trgsvnrsg` n bmmfvgifr y ogyfr rnlfrrbif, inslgrtçmifsn n` rnstf.
Gtnmlbüm Tgrbgs in `gs prfpunstgs lbuigigmgs hgm igif `ujgr g `g gifplbüm in lfoprfobsfs nm n` Ynrlnr [`gm.
Lgan instglgr, tg` y lfof sn intg``g g lfmtbmuglbüm, qun 7; in `gs 1; prfpunstgs bml`ubigs nm n` p`gm jugrigm rn`glbüm lfm g`jumg in `gs prfpunstgs lbuigigmgs y in` Onlgmbsof in Qnvbsbüm Bminpnmibnmtn.
• Onlgmbsofs in lf`gafrglbüm lf`gafrglbüm Nm prbonr `ujgr, sfm vgrbgs `gs prfpunstgs in `g \flbnigi Lbvb` qun sn hgm rndnrbif g `g lfmvnmbnmlbg in grtblu`gr onlgmbsofs in lf`gafrglbüm, pgrtblbpglbüm y ibç`fjf in `g \flbnigi Lbvb` y in lf`gafrglbüm bmtnrgiobmbstrgtbvg lfm `fs ibstbmtfs mbvn`ns in Giobmbstrglbfmns [õa`blgs y `g lf`gafrglbüm in jfabnrmfs ou`tb-mbvn` bop`blgmif g Nspg÷g nm su lfmeumtf. Nm nstn snmtbif, gtnmibnmif g nstg inogmig y tgoabâm tnmbnmif nm lunmtg `g rnlfonmiglbüm in` Onlgmbsof in Qnvbsbüm Bminpnmibnmtn, sn bml`uyn lfof onibig in` Ynrlnr [`gm `g punstg nm ogrlhg in um dfrf in Jfabnrmf gabnrtf bmtnjrgif pfr n` Jrupf rnprnsnmtgtbvf in `g \flbnigi Lbvb`, eumtf lfm n` Jrupf Bmtnrjuanrmgonmtg`. Nstg prfpunstg hg sbif vg`frgig pfsbtbvgonmtn pfr tfifs `fs gltfrns tgmtf juanrmgonmtg`ns lfof mf juanrmgonmtg`ns nm `gs rnumbfmns in prnpgrglbüm in` p`gm. Gsbobsof, tnmbnmif nm lunmtg nstgs obsogs prfpunstgs, gsï lfof `gs gpfrtglbfmns in vgrbfs in `fs rnprnsnmtgmtns in `g sflbnigi lbvb` iurgmtn `g dgsn in ibgjmüstblf y `g lfmstbtulbüm pfr `fs trns mbvn`ns in Giobmbstrglbüm in umg Lfobsbüm snltfrbg` sn hg bml`ubif lfof munvf lfoprfobsf lfof `g prfpbg lrnglbüm in `g Lfobsbüm snltfrbg` in Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf lfof ürjgmf in lffpnrglbüm bmtnrgiobmbstrgtbvg qun dfrtg`nzlg `g lf`gafrglbüm nmtrn `gs Giobmbstrglbfmns [õa`blgs. Dbmg`onmtn, `g prfpbg Dninrglbüm Nspg÷f`g in Oumblbpbfs y [rfvbmlbgs hg prfpunstf bml`ubr, nm n` Ynrlnr [`gm, umg onibig sfarn n` bopu`sf in `g rni in nmtbigins `flg`ns in
nibtfrbg` } lnp
1<:
Ogtnrbgs lfoumns. Ynog <
trgmspgrnmlbg y pgrtblbpglbüm lbuigigmg, gpfstgmif, gsï, in dfrog inlbibig pfr `g lffpnrglbüm bmtnrgiobmbstrgtbvg nm nstg ogtnrbg.
• [grtblbpglbüm @gs prfpunstgs in `fs lbuigigmfs hgm bmlbibif tgoabâm nm `g mnlnsbigi in nstga`nlnr um ibç`fjf lfmtbmuf lfm `g \flbnigi Lbvb` g trgvâs in onlgmbsofs in pgrtblbpglbüm gltbvg nm rnins sflbg`ns f dfrfs in`banrgtbvfs qun bmvf`ulrnm g rnprnsnmtgmtns in `g Giobmbstrglbüm Jnmnrg` in` Nstgif. Nm `gs rnumbfmns lfm `g \flbnigi Lbvb` pgrg `g vg`frglbüm in prfpunstgs sn lfmsbinrü qun pfirïg snr ginlugig `g bml`usbüm in umg onibig nm n` Ynrlnr [`gm in gllbüm in Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf lfmsbstnmtn nm n` ibgjmüstblf in `fs prflnsfs pgrtblbpgtbvfs nm `g Giobmbstrglbüm qun pnrobtbnsn intnltgr aunmgs prçltblgs y ndnltugr rnlfonmiglbfmns. Gtnmibnmif g nstg inogmig sn hg bml`ubif `g onibig nmtrn `fs lfoprfobsfs in` Ynrlnr [`gm. Ygoabâm Ygoabâm sn hg bml`ubif nm n` [`gm umg onibig pgrg `g onefrg in` Nspglbf pgrtblbpgtbvf nm n` [frtg` in trgmspgrnmlbg, bmspbrgig nm `gs rnlfonmiglbfmns in` OQB y qun rnspfmin g `g inogmig in `g sflbnigi lbvb` in onefrg in `fs onlgmbsofs in pgrtblbpglbüm. • [rfpunstgs sfarn sfarn Yrgmspgrnmlbg y Gllnsf Gllnsf g `g Bmdfroglbüm Tgrbgs in `gs prfpunstgs in `g sflbnigi lbvb` tgmtf nm n` trçobtn in bmdfroglbüm põa`blg lfof iurgmtn `gs snsbfmns prnpgrgtfrbgs hgm bmlbibif nm `g bopfrtgmlbg in onefrgr `g lg`bigi y gop`bgr `g bmdfroglbüm faentf in pua`blbigi gltbvg nm n` [frtg` in trgmspgrnmlbg, y sbop`bdblgr n` sbstnog in binmtbdblglbüm pgrg n` nenrlblbf in` inrnlhf in gllnsf. \n hgm bml`ubif pfr n``f ifs lfoprfobsfs nm nstg `ïmng nm n` [`gm. Ygoabâm sn hg sn÷g`gif `g lfmvnmbnmlbg in prflninr g` insgrrf``f rnj`gonmtgrbf in `g `ny in trgmspgrnmlbg `f qun hg oftbvgif `g bml`usbüm in ftrg onibig nm n` Ynrlnr [`gm. • Dfroglbüm @g \flbnigi Lbvb`, nm vgrbgs in sus prfpunstgs, sn hg rndnrbif g `g bopfrtgmlbg in insgrrf``gr p`gmns dfrogtbvfs in pgrtblbpglbüm lbuigigmg nm `fs prfjrgogs in Niulglbüm y sfarn `fs inrnlhfs in `fs lbuigigmfs g umg Giobmbstrglbüm y um Jfabnrmf ndblbnmtn, trgmspgrnmtn, faentbvf y rnspntufsf lfm `g `ny. Ygoabâm sn hg rnsg`tgif `g bopfrtgmlbg in dfrogr g tfifs `fs dumlbfmgrbfs y onefrgr sus lgpglbigins. Iurgmtn `gs snsbfmns in vg`frglbüm in `gs prfpunstgs nm `gs rnumbfmns prnpgrgtfrbgs, nxbstbü um glunrif jnmnrg`bzgif nm `g mnlnsbigi in bml`ubr nm n` Ynrlnr [`gm in Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf onibigs in dfroglbüm y snmsbab`bzglbüm ibrbjbigs tgmtf g `fs nop`ngifs põa`blfs lfof g `g \flbnigi Lbvb` y tgoabâm nm n` çoabtf niulgtbvf. [fr nstg rgzüm, sn hgm bml`ubif trns lfoprfobsfs nm n` Ynrlnr [`gm.
d. Afrrgifr in` Ynrlnr [`gm y ibdusbüm pgrg fasnrvglbfmns Yrgs `g dgsn in bmdfroglbüm põa`blg in` ons in garb` in 1;7: sn rnigltü um afrrgifr in Ynrlnr [`gm y sn pua`blü n` 71 in ogyf in 1;7: nm n` [frtg` in Yrgmspgrnmlbg bmvbtçmifsn g prnsnmtgr fasnrvglbfmns fasnrvglbfm ns hgstg n` 14 in ogyf in 1;7:. 1<8
nibtfrbg` } lnp
N` Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf
\n rnlbabnrfm um tftg` in 11 fasnrvglbfmns qun puninm lfmsu`tgrsn, eumtf lfm n` lfrrnspfmibnmtn bmdfron in vg`frglbüm nm n` [frtg` in Yrgmspgrnmlbg. In glunrif lfm `g hfeg in rutg sn ln`nargrfm, gsbobsof, n` 19 in ogyf in 1;7: ifs rnumbfmns pgrg inagtbr sfarn n` afrrgifr in` Ynrlnr [`gm5 - Qnumbüm lfm `gs Lfoumbigins Lfoumbigins Gutümfogs, Lbuigins Gut Gutümfogs ümfogs y `g DNO[ DNO[ nm n` snmf in `g Lfobsbüm \nltfrbg` in Jfabnrmf Gabnrtf. - Qnumbüm lfmeumtg lfmeumtg in rnprnsnmtgmtns in `g Giobmbstrglbüm Jnmnrg` in` Nstgif, LfoumbigLfoumbigins Gutümfogs, Lbuigins Gutümfogs y Nmtbigins @flg`ns, lfm `fs rnprnsnmtgmtns in `g sflbnigi lbvb` insbjmgifs pgrg pgrtblbpgr nm n m `gs rnumbfmns prnpgrgtfrbgs in` Ynrlnr [`gm.
nibtfrbg` } lnp
1<2
